Introduction

• In India 100 million animals – IDD risk Bedi (2000)

• No state in India is free from IDD (254/312)

Moorthy (2003)

• Sub Himalayan region

• Goat More susceptible Pachauri (1999)

• Bluish black, Solid & Sublime

• Halogen – Heat & Alkaline

 Iodine contents
Grass 60-120 µg/kg DM
• Green fodders
fodders 100-330 µg/kg DM

• Concentrates Grains 40-90 µg/kg DM

Oilseed cakes 100-200 µg/kg DM
• Straws 150-500 µg/kg DM

• Meat meals 100-200 µg/kg DM

• Milk and milk products 200-

400 µg/kg DM

• Fishmeal 800-8000 µg/kg DM

Bedi (1993)
 Requirement of Iodine in different species

Iodine requirements in
Species
total diet (ppm)

Beef cattle 0.5

Dairy Cattle 0.25 to 0.5

Sheep & Goat 0.1 to 0.8

Poultry 0.3 to 0.4

Swine 0.14

NRC (2001)
 Iodine Metabolism
Absorption
Feeds, water – organic iodide
80 % - Rumen
Chemical form
Lungs, Skin
Distribution
10 – 80 % Thyroid
Placenta and mammary gland

Stansbury, (1996)
 Iodine recycling
Thyroid Extra Neonatal Calf,
Uterus
gland thyroidal placenta &
and fetus
Iodine pool fluids

Mammary
Gland Milk loss
Blood Plasma
Kidney Urine Loss

Saliva and Liver

Rumen
Abomasum

Oral Intake Lower GI tract Faeces Loss

Miller et al., 1975

 Storage
 80 % - Thyroid
 20% - Uterus, Cartilage, Hair, Ovary, Mammary,
Lungs, Kidney, Lymph Nodes, Spleen & liver
Downer et al., (1981)

Excretion
 Urine – 49 % - Free iodine
 Faces – 22 % - Organic iodine
 Milk - varies with species
(Cow 8 -10 %; Goat 22 %; Sheep 39 %)

Miller et al., (1975)

 Iodine T3, T4 Synthesis
PBI
Iodine
Incorporation NaK dep.ATPase
Thyroid

Activation Peroxidase

Iodine *
Tyrosine

T3, T 4

T4
5’-Deiodinase
Cell
T3
 Thermo Cellular Oxidation
regulation

IM BMR

Carotene to Growth and

Vitamin A cell activity

Reproduction Hair, Feather follicle

Brain
Development
Brody, (1999)
 Iodine deficiency
• Iodine Deficiency Disorder(IDD)
• Sub Himalayan region & Terai
Moorthy et al., (2003)

Iodine deficiency

Gross Conditional

Other dietary
Goitrogens
factors

Rapeseed meal Mustard cake

Leucaena
Brassica species
leaf meal

Pachauri (1981)
 Iodine Cycle
Air
0.7 µg/ml

Rain 4.8 -8.5 µg/L

Land

Sea 50 µg/L
Bedi (1999)
 Manifestation / Clinical signs /
Hypothyroidism

• Enlarged thyroid gland Raina and pachuri (1984)

• Growth depression and stunted reproduction

• Abortion in Goats – 47%

Mannar et al., (1997)

• Reduced quantity and quality of wool

(Jain, 1995)
• Retardation of foetal brain development
Potter et al., (1981)

• Decreased male reproductive performance

Rajendran et al., (2002)

• Irregular Oestrus Hatzel et al., (1986)

• Chronic deficiency – Milk yield & feed intake

Bedi et al., (1999)
Iodine Status Assessment in Animals
Serum
PBI
3-4 µg/dl l

Plasma Thyroxin Urine

Cow 4.2-8.6 µg/dl
Sheep 2.1-5.2 µg/dl Human 50 µg/g
Goat2.1- 2.5 µg/dl of creatine
Iodine

Milk Thyroid
<1-2.5 µg/dl 0.2 -0.5 g% DM
 Graded levels of Iodine intake
and performance

 No significant difference in feed intake, milk

production, milk fat, body weight at 6.8 & 68 mg/day
in cow

 Milk I content increased

Hemken et al., (1973)
 Effect of iodine supplementation on
performance of goats
Attribute control 40 µg/d KI 80 µg/d KI
Daily nutrient intake
DM (g) 483.1 494.7 496.2
Kg/BW 2.61 3.06 2.87
g/kg W0.75 54.1 61.0 58.1
DCP (g/kg W0.75) 4.27 4.55 4.27
ME (kcal/kg W0.75) 112.26 123.87 115.80
Nutrient digestibility (%)
DM 63.05 61.05 60.47
OM 65.08 63.38 62.57
CP 63.20 59.15 58.98
EE 57.75 57.46 58.12
Live weight changes (kg)
Net gain -0.07 1.53 2.70
ADG (g) -0.53 +12.77 +22.50
Bedi (2000)
Effect of iodine supplementation
on blood parameters of goats
Attribute 0 µg/day 40 µg/day 80 µg/day

Glucose
45.8 58.4 59.2
(mg/dl)

Alkaline
phosphatase 50.53 63.53 75.83
(U/ litre)

Bedi (2000)
 Iodine deficiency
• Iodine Deficiency Disorder(IDD)
• Sub Himalayan region & Terai
Moorthy et al., (2003)

Iodine deficiency

Gross Conditional

Other dietary
Goitrogens
factors

Rapeseed meal Mustard cake

Leucaena
Brassica species
leaf meal

Pachauri (1981)
 Iodine and Rapeseed feeding

• Traditional protein source

Rapeseed
feeding

Altered Pregnant animal

Thyroid structure Hypoplasia in calves

Stedman et al .,(1983) Ballow et al., (1995)

• Iodine 10mg /d - Rapeseed Glucosinolate effect (50mMol/day)

Zech et al ., (1995)
 Iodine & Mustard cake

• Mustard Cake - 6.16% glucosinolates

(Pailahan and Singhal 1998)
• T3 & T4

• Milk - iodide Thiocyanate

• 1ppm Iodine rat

( Pailahan and Singhal 2003)
 Intake and digestibility of nutrients by goats fed leucaena
leaf meal as influenced by iodine supplementation

80
70 control
60
50
40 LLM + 0.04mg/head/day
%

30 KI
20
10
0
DMI* DCP* ME* DM OM CP* EE* TCHO
g/kg g/kg kcal/
w0.75 w0.75 w0.75
Intake and digestibility of nutrients

Pattanaik (2000)
 Blances of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus by goats fed leucaena leaf meal as
influenced by iodine supplementation

15

10

0
% N intake % N absorbed % Ca % P retention
-5 rentension
%

-10
control
-15
LLM + 0.04mg/head/day KI
-20

-25

Balances of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus Pattanaik (2000)

 Iodine
3,4 DHP Shastry, (1989)
glucosinolase, paik et al., (1980)
Thiocyanate, thioglucosidase Stedman et al., (1983)
Isothiocyanate, Nitriles,

Thyroid

Iodine *
Oxozolidine 2– thiones Tyrosine High F, Ca, As, Low Mn
Stedman et al., (1983) Underwood (1981)

T3, T4
 Iodine and Reproduction
• I – deficiency libido semen quality
(Underwood.,1981)
• T4 testosterone
(Aruldhas et al ., 1982)

• I supplementation Enhances sperm motility

• % live spermatozoa in goat with

LLMdiet

• Initial fructose concentration

• Iodine improves male reproduction

(Senani and Singhal 1992)
 Effect of iodine supplementation on semen of
bucks fed leucaena leaf-mal
Iodine Days post-feeding
supplementation 0 30 60 90
Libido
0 ++++ +++ ++ -
100 µg ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++
Volume (ml)
0 0.60 0.33 0.30 0.33
100 µg 0.73 0.37 0.30 0.26
Sperm concentration (109 ml)
0 2.95 2.65 3.64 1.71
100 µg 2.20 2.49 3.84 4.48
Plasma testosterone (ng /ml)
0 2.15 ND ND 0.19
100 µg 2.14 ND ND 1.42

Rajendran et al., (2002)

 Milk Iodine
• Milk 50 –130 µ/litre Downer et al., (1979)

• More intake -more milk Iodine Travinicek et al., (2001)

• Chemical form

• Stage of lactation

• Dietary goitrogen

• Teat drips, Iodine udder wash

Supplemental iodine and Milk iodine
Supplemental Iodine
Milk iodine µg/litre
mg/d
0 8

1.6 28
12.7 78
20 267

68 694
Pandav & Rao (1997)
Iodine and mineral interaction
• Flurosis - hypothyroidism in cattle
Sahoo et.al ., (2003)
• Goiter in S.Africa –due to more F

• Thyroid structural change –

desensitization TSHR
(Jooste et al., 1999)

• Anemia (Fe) T3 & T4

Hess (2002)
 Se pellet Wichtel (1996)

T4

Berdenair et al ., (1998)
Cell 5’-Deiodinase Se

GSH-Px Se
Hetzel et al ., (1997)

T3

I Se (Wichtel 1996)
Goitre
 Iodine supplementation

• Pure iodide – effective

• Iodized salt – @ 0.0076%

(Venkatesh mannar 1997)

• K iodide, Na iodide EDDI

• Iodised salt through UMMB –Effective

( Singh and Madhu Mohini 1998)

• Intraruminal lasted 6 years

Judson (1996)

• 4.9% loss in MM (BIS)

(Singh et al ., 1998)
 Iodine toxicity
(NRC2001)
• Possibilities
• MTL – 50 ppm (cattle, sheep & Goat)
Clinical Signs
• Cough • Alopecia
• Hyperemia • Tachycardia
• Naso – occular • Nervousness
discharge • Weight loss
• Dermatitis • Exoptholmus

(White et al ., 1998)
 Conclusion
• India
• 80µg/head/day
• Feed supplement – Milk iodine
• Goitrogenic feeds
– G + Iodine
• Male reproduction
• Selenium