324

Chapter 1

Limits and Their Properties

Review Exercises for Chapter 1

2. Precalculus. L 4. 9 1
2

8.25

x f x lim f x

0.1 0.358 0.2

0.01 0.354

0.001 0.354

0.001 0.354

0.01 0.353

0.1 0.349
1

0.5

x0

0.5

6. g x

3x x 2

(a) lim g x does not exist.

x2

(b) lim g x
x0

8. lim Let

x9

3.

Assuming 4 < x < 16, you can choose Hence, for 0 < x x x 3 < 9 < x x 3 3 x x f x 9 < x 5 , you have 3

5 .

> 0 be given. We need

3 <

9 < 5 < 3 < L <

10. lim 9
x5

9. Let

> 0 be given.

can be any positive

12. lim 3 y
y4

34

number. Hence, for 0 < x 9 f x t2 t 9 3 9 < L <

5 < , you have

14. lim
t3

lim t
t3

16. lim

4 x

x0

x0

lim

4 x 1 4

2 1 4

4 4

x x

2 2

x0

lim

18. lim

1 s

s0

s0

lim

1 s

1 1 1

1 1
s0

1 1 1

s s s 1

1 1 1 1 s 1 1 2

s0

lim

1 1 s s 1 1 s

lim

20. lim

x 2

x2 x3

4 8

x 2

lim

x x x x2

2 x 2 2 x2 2x 4 2 2x 4

22.

lim

4x tan x

4 1

x 2

lim

4 12

1 3

Review Exercises for Chapter 1 cos x x 1 cos cos x cos x x 0 1

2 3 7 12

325

24. lim

x0

lim lim 0
3 4

x0

sin x 1

sin x

1 sin x x

x0

lim sin
x0

26. lim f x
xc

2g x

28. f x (a) x

1 x

x 1 1.1 0.3228 1.01 0.3322 1.001 0.3332 1.0001 0.3333

1 3.
3 3

(b)
3

f x 1 x 1 x

x1

lim

x 1

0.333 lim lim 1 x

3

Actual limit is x 1 1 1 1
3 3 3

(c) lim
x1

x 1

x1

x x
3

x 2 x

x1

x 1

1 1 1
3

x x x
2

x2

x1

lim 1 3

30. s t

4.9t2

200

0 t2

40.816 t

6.39 sec

When t lim
ta

6.39, the velocity is approximately sa a st t lim

ta

4.9 a

t 6.39 62.6 m sec.

t6.39

lim

4.9 6.39

32. lim x
x4

1 does not exist. The graph jumps from 2 to 3 4.

34. lim g x
x1

2.

at x

36. lim f s
s 2

38. f x lim f x

3x2 0, x lim

x 1 3x
2

2, x x 2 1

x x 2 5

1 1

x1

x1

x1

lim 3x

0 1

Removable discontinuity at x Continuous on ,1 1,

326

Chapter 1 5 x, 2x 3, x 3 3 1

Limits and Their Properties x 2 x > 2

40. f x lim 5

42. f x lim 1

x x 1 x ,

1 x

x2

x0 x2

lim

2x

Domain: 2

1 , 0, 0

Nonremovable discontinuity at x Continuous on ,2 2, x 2x x 1 2 x 1 2 1 1 1 2

Nonremovable discontinuity at x Continuous on , 1 0, 46. f x tan 2x

44. f x lim

Nonremovable discontinuities when x 1 1, 2n 4 2n 4 1

Removable discontinuity at x Continuous on , 1

Continuous on 1 , 2n 4 1

for all integers n.

48. lim x
x1 x3

1 1

2 4
x1

lim x

Find b and c so that lim x2 Consequently we get Solving simultaneously, 50. C 9.80 9.80 2.50 2.50 x x 1 1 b b

bx c

c 2

2 and lim x2
x3

bx c c

c 4. 4. 52. f x

4.

and 9 3 and

3b

1, x > 0

1x ,0 0 0 1,

(a) Domain: (b) lim f x

x0

C has a nonremovable discontinuity at each integer.

30

(c) lim f x
x1

0 0

54. h x

4x 4 x2 2 and x 2

56. f x

csc x

Vertical asymptotes at x

Vertical asymptote at every integer k

58.

x 1 2

lim

x 2x x2 x 1 2x 1 1

60.

x 1

lim

x x4 1 x2

1 1

x 1

lim

x2

1 1 x

1 4

62.

x 1

lim

64. lim
x2

66. lim
x0

sec x x

68. lim
x0

cos2 x x

Problem Solving for Chapter 1 tan 2x x x f x lim tan 2x x 0.1 2.0271 2 0.01 2.0003 0.001 2.0000 0.001 2.0000 0.01 2.0003 0.1 2.0271

327

70. f x (a)

x0

(b) Yes, define f x tan 2x , x 2, x x 0 . 0 0.

Now f x is continuous at x

Problem Solving for Chapter 1

2. (a) Area Area (b) a x PAO PBO Area Area 1 bh 2 1 bh 2 PBO PAO 4 PAO PBO 2 8 4 lim x 2 1 2 2 0 1 1 x 2 1 1 y 2 x2 2 x 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 x (c) Let Q x Area Area ax (c) lim a x
x0

x 2 y 2 x2 2

4. (a) Slope (b) Slope

4 3 3 4

0 0

4 3 Tangent line: y 4 y 3 x 4 3 x 4 3 25 4

x, y 25 x
x3

x, x2 3 4 25 x x x 25 25 3 3 3 3

25

x2

0.1 1 20 1 200 1 10

0.01 1 200 1 20,000 1 100 mx (d) lim mx

x3

lim

x2 3 x2 25

4 16 x2 x x2 4

25 25 4 4 6 4

x2 x2

4 4

x3

lim lim

x0

x3

x 3 25 x x2 4

x3

lim

3 4

This is the slope of the tangent line at P. a bx x 3 a a a bx x bx bx 3 3 3 Thus, a2 3 bx x 3 lim bx bx b bx 6. 3 . a2 3 a a 2 2 1 a a 0 0 1, 2 a a bx bx 3 3

6.

8. lim f x
x0 x0

x0

lim a2 ax tan x

a2

2
x0

lim f x

x0

lim

a because lim

x Letting a Thus,
x0

tan x x

3 simplifies the numerator.

lim

x0

x 3

2 a

x0

lim

Setting Thus, a

b 3 3 3 and b

3, you obtain b 6.

328 10.

Chapter 1
y 3 2 1 1

Limits and Their Properties (a) f

1 4

4 f 3 f 1
1 3

4 0 1

(b) lim f x
x1 x1 x0 x0

1 0

lim f x lim f x

(c) f is continuous for all real numbers except x 0, 1, 1, 1, . . . 2 3

x 1 2 1

lim f x

12. (a)

v2 192,000 r r lim r

192,000 r v2 v02

v02 48

48

14. Let a 0 and let > 0 be given. There exists 1 > 0 L < . such that if 0 < x 0 < , then f x 0 < Let 1 a . Then for 0 < x 1 a , you have x < ax < f ax
1

192,000 v02 48

a
1

v0

192,000 48 v02 48 1920 r v2 v02 4 3 feet sec. v02 2.17 2.17

L < . 1 2 x x 0 . 0

Let v0 (b) v2 1920 r r lim r

As a counterexample, let f x Then lim f x

x0

1
x0

L, 2.

but lim f ax
x0

lim f 0

v2

1920 v02 2.17

v0

1920 2.17 v02 2.17 mi sec v2 10,600 v02 6.99 1.47 mi sec .

Let v0 (c) r lim r

v0

10,600 6.99 v02 6.99 2.64 mi sec.

Let v0

Since this is smaller than the escape velocity for earth, the mass is less.