Math 1 (B)

Jr Intermediate
MATHEMATICS
I-B
I.P.E STUDY MATERIAL

CONTENTS
S.No TOPIC Page No2
1. LOCUS
KEY POINTS 1
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (SAQ) 1
2. TRANSFORMATION OF AXES
KEY POINTS 9
3. STRAIGHT LINE
KEY POINTS 14
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (LAQ) 15
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (VSAQ) 45
4. PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES
KEY POINTS 56
5. 3D - GEOMETRY
KEY POINTS 77
6. DIRECTION COSINES AND DIRECTION RATIOS
KEY POINTS 82
7. PLANE
KEY POINTS 91
8. LIMITS
KEY POINTS 93
9. CONTINUITY
KEY POINTS 103
10. DIFFERENTIATION
KEY POINTS 107
11. ERRORS AND APPROXIMATIONS
KEY POINTS 153
ROLLE’S THEOREM AND LAGRANGE’S MEAN VALUE THEOREM
12. RATEMEASURE
KEY POINTS 166
13. TANGENTS AND NORMALS
KEY POINTS 171
14. MAXIMA AND MINIMA
KEY POINTS 194
15. PREVIOUS QUESTION PAPERS
March 2015 (AP & TS)
IPE MATHS IB 1
LOCUS
KEY POINTS:
1. Locus: A locus is the set of points satisfying the given geometric condition(s).
Ex. The set of points in a plane which are at a constant distance from a given point is a circle.
2. Equation of Locus: Equation of Locus is obtained by translating the geometric conditions satisfied by the
points on the locus, into equivalent algebraic conditions.
3. The distance between the two points A  x1, y1  ,B  x 2 , y 2  is
AB   x1  x 2 2   y1  y 2 2
4. The distance between the origin  0,0  and P  x, y  is OP  x 2  y 2
1x 1 2 x
3 1 x x
5. Area of the triangle formed with vertices A  x1, y1  ,B  x 2 , y 2  ,C  x 3 , y 3  is   2 y y y y
1 2 3 1
1
 x1  y 2  y 3   x 2  y 3  y1   x 3  y1  y 2 
2
1
6. Area of the triangle formed with O  0,0  , A  x1, y1  ,B  x 2 , y 2  is   x1y 2  x2 y1
2
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (SAQ)

V1 01.A(1,2),B(2,-3) and C(-2,3)are three points. A point’P’ moves such that
PA2  PB 2  2 PC 2 show that the equation to the locus of P is 7 x  7 y  4  0
Ans. Given points are A(1,2),B(2,-3) C(-2,3)

Let P(x,y) be a point on the locus.
Given condition is
PA2  PB 2  2 PC 2 (1M)
2 2 2 2 2 2
  x  1   y  2    x  2    y  3  2  x  2    y  3  AB  ( x1  x2 )  ( y1  y2 ) (1M)
2 2 2
2 2
 x 2  2 x  1  y 2  4 y  4  x2  4x  4  y 2  6 y  9  2  x  4 x  4  y  6 y  9  (1M)
2 2
  a  b   a 2  b2  2ab   a  b   a 2  b2  2ab
 2 x 2  2 y 2  6 x  2 y  18  2 x 2  2 y 2  8 x  12 y  26  14x-14y+8=0  7x-7y+4=0
 The locus of P ( x , y ) is 7x-7y+4=0 (1M)
V1 02. Find the equation of locus of P. if the ratio of the distance from P to (5,-4) and (7,6) is 2:3.
Ans: Given points are A(5,-4),B(7,6)
Let P(x,y) is any point on the locus
PA 2
Given condition is   3PA=2PB
PB 3
S. O. B. S
IPE MATHS IB 2
 9 PA2  4 PB 2 (1M)
2 2 2 2
 9  x  5   y  4    4  x  7    y  6   AB2  ( x1  x2 )2  ( y1  y2 )2
2 2 2 2
 9  x  25  10 x  y  16  8 y   4  x  49  14 x  y  36  12 y  (1M)
2 2
  a  b   a 2  b2  2ab   a  b   a 2  b 2  2ab
 9 x 2  9 y 2  90 x  72 y  369  4 x 2  4 y 2  56 x  48 y  340 (1M)

 5 x 2  5 y 2  34 x  120 y  29  0
 The locus of P ( x , y ) is 5 x 2  5 y 2  34 x  120 y  29  0 (1M)
V1 03.A(5,3) and B (3,-2) are two fixed points. Find the equation of locus of P, so that the area of
traingle PAB is 9 sq.units
Ans. Given points are A(5,3), B(3,-2)
Let p(x,y) is any point on the locus.
Given condition is area of the triangle PAB = 9 sq. units (1M)
1
Area of  PAB  x1  y 2  y3   x 2  y3  y1   x 3  y1  y 2 
2
1
 5  2  y   3  y  3  x  3  2   9  10  5 y  3 y  9  5 x  18 (1M)
2
 5 x  2 y  19  18  x  a  x  a
 5x-2y-19=18 (or) 5x-2y-19=-18  5x-2y-37=0 (or) 5x-2y-1=0 (1M)
 The locus of p(x,y) is (5x-2y-37)(5x-2y-1) =0 (1M)
V1 04.A(2,3), B(-3,4) are two given points. Find the equation of locus of P so that the area of  PAB is 8.5
sq. units
Ans: Given points are A(2,3), B(-3,4)
Given condition is area of  PAB=8.5 (1M)
1
Area of  PAB  x1  y 2  y3   x 2  y3  y1   x 3  y1  y 2 
2
1
 x  3  4   2  4  y   3  y  3  8.5
2
  x  8  2 y  3 y  9  17 (1M)
  x  5 y  17  17   x  5 y  17   17  x  a  x   a (1M)
 -x-5y+17=17 (or) -x-5y+17 = -17  x+5y = 0 (or) x+5y-34 = 0
 The locus of p(x,y) is (x+5y)(x+5y-34)=0 (1M)

V1 05.Find the equation of locus of a point, the differece of whose distances from (-5,0) and (5,0) is 8
Ans: Let P(x,y) is any point on the locus.
Given points are A(-5,0),B = (5,0)
Given condition is PA  PB  8 (1M)
IPE MATHS IB 3
PA  PB  8  PA  8  PB
2
squaring on both side we get, PA2   8  PB 
2
PA2  64  PB 2  16 PB   a  b   a 2  b2  2ab
 PA2  PB 2  64  16 PB (1M)
2 2 2 2
  x  5   y    x  5    y    64  16 PB AB  ( x1  x2 )  ( y1  y2 )
2 2 2
2 2
  x  5    x  5   64  16 PB
 x 2  25  10 x  x 2  25  10 x  64  16 PB
 20 x  64  16 PB  5x  16  4 PB (1M)
squaring on both sides,
2
2  2
25 x 2  256  160 x  16 PB 2  25 x  160 x  256  16  x  5   y 
 25 x 2  160 x  256  16 x 2  16 y 2  160 x  400  9 x 2  16 y 2  144 (1M)
x2 y2
i.e  1
16 9
x2 y2
 The locus of P(x,y) is  1
16 9
V1 06.Find the eqation of locus of P, if A = (2,3), B = (2,-3) and PA+PB=8.
Ans. Method-1:
Given points are A(2,3),B(2,-3)
Let P(x,y) be any point on the locus.
Given condition is PA+PB=8 ------ (1) (1M)
2 2 2 2
Now PA  PB   x  2    y  3    x  2    y  3  AB2  ( x1  x2 )2  ( y1  y2 )2
2 2
2 2 2 2
 PA2  PB 2   x  2    y  3    x  2    y  3 
2
  a  b   a 2  b 2  2ab
2 2
 PA2  PB 2  y  9  6 y  y  9  6 y 2 (1M)
a  b  a 2  b 2  2ab
 ( PA+PB ) ( PA-PB ) = -12y  a 2  b 2   a  b  a  b 
12 y 3 y
 ( PA-PB ) 8 = -12y  PA  PB    (2)
8 2
By Adding (1) & (2)
3 y 16  3y
2PA  8    4 PA  16  3 y
2 2
S .O.B.S
2 2 2
 16 PA2  16  3 y   16  x  2    y  3   16  3 y 
2
(1M)
IPE MATHS IB 4
2 2 2
 16  x  4  4 x  y  9  6 y   16  3 y 
 16 x 2  16 y 2  64 x  96 y  208  256  9 y 2  96 y  16 x 2  7 y 2  64 x  48  0
 The locus of P(x,y) is 16 x 2  7 y 2  64 x  48  0 (1M)
(OR)
Method-2:
Given points are A(2,3),B(2,-3)
Let P(x,y) be any point on the locus.
Given condition is PA+PB=8 (1M)
PA  8  PB
S. O. B. S
2
PA2   8  PB 
2
PA2  64  PB 2  16 PB   a  b   a 2  b 2  2ab
2 2 2 2
 x  2    y  3  64   x  2    y  3   16 PB AB2  ( x1  x2 )2  ( y1  y2 )2
2 2
16 PB   y  3    y  3   64
2 2
16 PB  12 y  64   a  b    a  b   4ab (1M)
4 PB  3 y  16
Squaring on both sides
2
16 PB 2  9 y 2  256  96 y   a  b   a 2  b2  2ab
2 2
16  x  2    y  3   9 y 2  256  96 y
 
16  x 2  4  4 x  y 2  9  6 y   9 y 2  256  96 y
16 x 2  64  64 x  16 y 2  144  96 y  9 y 2  256  96 y (1M)

16 x 2  7 y 2  64 x  48  0
 The locus of P(x,y) is 16 x 2  7 y 2  64 x  48  0 (1M)
V1 07.Find the equation of locus of P, if the line segment joining (2,3) and( -1,5) subtends a right angle at P.
Ans. Given points are A(2,3) B(-1,5) .
let P(x,y) is any point on the locus,
Given condition is A P B  90 0 i.e. AP 2  PB 2  AB 2 (1M)
B
 From a right angle  PAB  AP  PB  AB

le 2 2 2
A P
2 2 2 2 2 2
  x  2    y  3    x  1   y  5    2  1   3  5  AB  ( x1  x2 )  ( y1  y2 )
2 2 2
2
  a  b   a 2  b 2  2ab
 x 2  4 x  4  y 2  6 y  9  x 2  2 x  1  y 2  10 y  25 = 9+4 2 (1M)
a  b  a 2  b 2  2ab
IPE MATHS IB 5
 2 x 2  2 y 2  2 x  16 y  26  0 (1M)
 The locus of p(x,y) is x 2  y 2  x  8 y  13  0 (1M)
V1 08.The ends of the hypotenuse of a right angled traingle are (0,6) and ( 6,0). Find the equation of locus
of its third vertex.
Ans. A(0,6),B(6,0) are the ends of the hypotenuse
Let P(x,y) is the third vertex
Given condition is APB = 900  AP 2  PB 2  AB 2 (1M)
B
 From a right angle  le PAB  AP 2  PB 2  AB 2
A P
2 2 2 2 2 2
  x  0    y  6    x  6    y  0    6  0    0  6  AB  ( x1  x2 )  ( y1  y2 )
2 2 2
2
  a  b   a 2  b 2  2ab
 x 2  y 2  12 y  36  x 2  12 x  36  y 2  36  36 2 (1M)
a  b  a 2  b 2  2ab
 2 x 2  2 y 2  12 x  12 y  0  x 2  y 2  6 x  6 y  0 (1M)
locus of P(x,y) is x 2  y 2  6 x  6 y  0 (1M)
V2 09.Find the equation of the locus of a point P such that the distance of P from the origin is twice the
distance of P from A(1,2)
Ans. Let P(x,y) is any point on the locus.
The given points are O(0,0) A(1,2)
Given condition is OP = 2AP (1M)
squaring on both sides we get
OP 2  4 AP 2
 Distince of p  x , y  from O  0, 0  is OP  x2  y2
2 2
 x  y  4  x 1   y  2 
2 2
 AB 2  ( x1  x 2 ) 2  ( y1  y 2 ) 2
2
 x 2  y 2  4  x 2  2 x  1  y 2  4 y  4    a  b   a 2  b2  2ab (1M)
 x 2  y 2  4 x 2  4 y 2  8 x  16 y  20 (1M)
 The locus of p(x,y) is 3 x 2  3 y 2  8 x  16 y  20  0 (1M)
V2 10. Find the equation of locus of P. if A=(4,0), B=(-4,0) and PA  PB  4 .
Ans: Given points are A(4,0) B(-4,0)
Given condition is PA  PB  4 ------( 1 ) (1M)
PA  PB  4  PA  4  PB
squaring on both side we get,
2 2
PA2   4  PB   PA 2  16  PB 2  8 PB   a  b   a 2  b2  2ab
 PA 2  PB 2  16  8 PB (1M)
IPE MATHS IB 6
2 2 2 2
  x  4    y     x  4    y    16  8 PB
2 2
  x  4    x  4   16   8 PB
2 2
 16 x  16  8PB   a  b    a  b   4ab
 2  x  1   PB (1M)
squaring on both sides
2 2
2
 
4  x  1  PB 2  4 x  2 x  1   x  4   y   a  b   a 2  b2  2ab
2 2
 4 x 2  8 x  4  x 2  8 x  16  y 2
x2 y 2
2 2
 3 x  y  12   1
4 12
x2 y2
 The locus of P(x,y) is  1 (1M)
4 12
V2 11. Find the equation of locus of a point, the sum of whose distances from (0,2) and (0,-2) is 6 units.
Ans. Method : 1
A(0, 2) B (0, 2) are the given points
Given condition is PA+PB = 6-----------------( 1 ) (1M)
2 2 2 2
 PA  PB   x  0    y  2     x  0    y  2   AB  ( x1  x2 )  ( y1  y2 )
2 2 2 2 2
2
  a  b   a 2  b 2  2ab
 PA2  PB 2  x 2  y 2  4 y  4  x 2  y 2  4 y  4 = -8y 2
a  b  a 2  b 2  2ab
 (PA+PB) (PA-PB) = - 8y  a 2  b 2   a  b  a  b 
 (PA-PB) (6) = - 8y
8 y 4 y
 PA  PB   ----( 2) (1M)
6 3
4y 2y
Adding (1) & (2) 2 PA  6   PA  3 
3 3
S. O. B. S
2

2 2y 
 PA   3  
 3 
2 2 4 y2
 x   y  2  9   4y
9
2 2 4 y2
 x  y  4y  4  9   4y (1M)
9
IPE MATHS IB 7
x2 y2
2 2 2
 9 x  9 y  36  81  4 y  9 x  5 y  45   21 2
5 9
x2 y 2
 The locus of p(x,y) is  1 (1M)
5 9
(OR)
Method-2:
A (0,2) B(0,-2) are the given points P(x,y) be a points on locus
Given condition PA+PB=6
PA  6  PB
S. O. B. S (1M)
2
PA2  36  PB 2  12 PB   a  b   a  b  2ab
2 2
2 2 2 2
 x  0   y  2   36   x  0    y  2   12 PB AB2  ( x1  x2 )2  ( y1  y2 )2 (1M)
2 2
12 PB   y  2    y  2   36
2 2
12 PB  8 y  36   a  b    a  b   4ab
3PB  2 y  9
S. O. B. S
2
9 PB 2   2 y  9  (1M)
9 x 2  9 y 2  36  36 y  4 y 2  81  36 y
x2 y2
9 x 2  5 y 2  45   1
5 9
x2 y2
 The locus of P(x, y) is  1 (1M)
5 9
V3 12.Find the equation of locus of a point P, if the distance of P from A(3,0) is twice the distance of P
from B(-3,0)
Ans. Let P(x,y) be any point on the locus and given points are A = ( 3,0 ) and B = ( -3, 0 )
Given condition is PA = 2PB
S. O. B. S
 PA  4 PB 2
2 (1M)
2 2
  x  3  y  4  x  3  y  AB  ( x1  x2 )  ( y1  y2 )
2 2 2 2 2
2
  a  b   a 2  b 2  2 ab
 x  6x  9  y  4  x  9  6x  y 
2 2 2 2
2 (1M)
a  b   a 2  b 2  2 ab
 3 x 2  3 y 2  30 x  27  0  3  x  y  10 x  9   0
2 2
(1M)
 The locus of P(x,y) is x 2  y 2  10 x  9  0 (1M)

IPE MATHS IB 8
V3 13.Find the equation of the locus of a point P such that PA2  PB 2  2c 2 where A   a, 0  ,
B   a, 0  and 0  a  c
Ans. Given points are A   a, 0  , B   a, 0 
Let P  x, y  be a point on the locus

Given condition PA2  PB 2  2c 2 (1M)
2 2 2 2
 x  a   y  0    x  a    y  0   2c 2 AB2  ( x1  x2 )2  ( y1  y2 )2 (1M)
2 2
 x  a
2 2
  x  a   y 2  y 2  2c 2   a  b    a  b   2  a 2  b2 
2  x 2  a 2   2 y 2  2c 2 (1M)
x2  a 2  y 2  c 2
x2  y 2  a2  c 2  0
Locus of P  x, y  is x 2  y 2  a 2  c 2  0 (1M)
IPE MATHS IB 9
TRANSFORMATION OF AXES
KEY POINTS:
1. If the origin is shifted to  h,k  by translation of axes, then
i) We use this relation x  X  h, y  Y  k to find
a) New  X, Y  to old  x, y  coordinates and
b) New transformed equation of the Original equation.
ii) We use this relation
X  x  h, Y  y  k to find
a) Old  x, y  to New  X, Y  coordinates and
b) Original equation of the Transformed equation.
2. The point to which the origin is to be shifted by the translation of axes so as to remove the first degree terms
 hf  bg gh  af 
from the equation ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2gx  2fy  c  0 is  ,  , where h2  ab.
 ab  h2 ab  h2 
3. The point to which the axes be translated to eliminate x, y terms in the equation
 g f 
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2gx  2fy  c  0 is   a ,  b 
 
Rotation of axes:
X Y
x cos   sin 
y sin  cos 
4. When the axes are rotated through an angle '  ' then
i) We use this relation
x  X cos   Y sin , y  X sin   Y cos  to find
a) New  X, Y  to Old  x, y  coordinates and
b) New transformed equation of the original equation
ii) We use this relation
X  x cos   y sin , Y   x sin   y cos  to find
a) Old  x, y  to New  X, Y  coordinates and
b) Original equation of the Transformed equation.

V1 01.When the origin is shifted to the point (2,3) , the transformed equation of a curve is
x 2  3xy  2 y 2  17 x  7 y  11  0 Find the original equation of the curve
Ans: Given (h,k) = (2,3)
We know that the origin  0, 0  is shifted to  h, k  by the translation of axes and  X , Y 
is new coordinates of  x , y  then x  X  h, y  Y  K
 x = X +2; y = Y +3  X = x - 2 ; Y = y - 3 (1M)
Given Transformed equation is X 2  3 X Y  2 Y 2
 1 7 X  7 Y  1 1  0 ----(1)
IPE MATHS IB 10
Substitute x, y values in equation (1) we get ,the original equation is
2 2
 x  2  3  x  2  y  3   2  y  3   17  x  2   7  y  3   11  0 (1M)
 x 2  4 x  4  3 xy  9 x  6 y  18  2 y 2  12 y  18  17 x  34  7 y  21  11  0 (1M)
2
  a  b   a 2  b 2  2ab
 x 2  3 xy  2 y 2  4 x  y  20  0 (1M)

V1 02. When the axes are rotated through an angle , find the transformed equation of
4
3 x 2  10 xy  3 y 2  9
Ans. Given original equation is 3 x 2  10 xy  3 y 2  9 -----(1)
 X Y
 x cos -sin
Angle of rotation of axes is   y sin cos
4
X Y  x  X cos   Y sin 
x = Xcosθ- Ysinθ  X cos  / 4  Y sin  / 4 
2 y  X sin   Y cos 
X Y
y = Xsinθ + Ycosθ  X sin  / 4  Y cos  / 4  (1M)
2
substitute x, y values in equation (1), we get
2 2
 X Y   X  Y  X  Y   X  Y 
The transformed eqation is 3  10    3   9  0 (1M)
 2   2  2   2 
 X 2  2XY Y 2   X 2 Y 2   X 2 Y 2  2XY 
 3   10    3  9  0
 2   2   2 
2 2
  a  b   a 2  b 2  2ab   a  b  a  b   a 2  b2   a  b   a 2  b2  2ab
 3 X 2  6 XY  3Y 2  10 X 2  10Y 2  3 X 2  3Y 2  6 XY  18  0 (1M)
16X 2  4Y 2 18  0  8 X 2  2Y 2  9 (1M)

V1 03.When the axes are rotated through an angle , find the transformed equation of
6
x 2  2 3 xy  y 2  2a 2
 X Y
x cos -sin
Ans: Given original equation is x 2  2 3 xy  y 2  2a 2 --------(1)
y sin cos
  x  X cos   Y sin 
Angle of rotation   y  X sin   Y cos 
6
IPE MATHS IB 11
   3 1 3X  Y
x = Xcosθ - Ysinθ  X cos  Y sin  X    Y   
6 6  2  2 2
  1  3  X  3Y
y = Xsinθ + Ycosθ  X sin  Y cos  X    Y    (1M)
6 6 2  2  2
substitute x, y values in equation (1), we get
2 2
 3X  Y   3X  Y  X  3Y   X  3Y  2
The transformed equation is    2 3  
      2a (1M)
 2   2  2   2 
3X 2  2 3XY  Y 2  3X 2  XY  3XY  3Y 2   X 2  3Y 2  2 3XY  2 (1M)

  2 3       2a
4  4   4 
2 2
  a  b   a 2  b2  2ab   a  b   a 2  b2  2ab
 3X 2  2 3XY  Y 2  6 X 2  4 3XY  6Y 2  X 2  3Y 2  2 3XY  8a2

 8 X 2  8Y 2  8 a 2  X 2  Y 2  a 2 (1M)
V1 04.When the axes are rotated thrugh an angle 450 , the transformed equation of a curve is
17 x 2  16 xy  17 y 2  225 . Find the original equation of the curve.
Ans. Given that the transformed equation of a curve is 17 X 2  16 XY  17Y 2  225 ----(1)
 X Y
x cos -sin
Angle of rotation   450 y sin cos
x y x  y  X  x cos   y sin 
X = xcosθ + ysinθ  x cos 450  y sin 450   
2 2 2 Y   x sin   y cos 
x y x  y
Y = -xsinθ + ycosθ   x sin 45 0  y cos 45 0     (1M)
2 2 2
substitute X, Y values in equation (1), we get
2 2
 x y  x  y   x  y   x  y 
original equation is 17   16     17    225 (1M)
 2   2  2   2 
 x 2  y 2  2 xy   y 2  x2   x 2  y 2  2 xy 
17
    16    17    225 (1M)
 2   2   2 
2 2
  a  b   a 2  b2  2ab   a  b  a  b   a 2  b2   a  b   a 2  b 2  2ab
 17 x 2  17 y 2  34 xy  16 y 2  16 x 2  17 x 2  17 y 2  34 xy  450
 50 x 2  18 y 2  450
 25 x 2  9 y 2  225 (1M)
IPE MATHS IB 12
1  2h 
V1 05.Show that the axes are to be rotated through an angle of Tan 1   so as to remove the xy
2  ab
term from the equation ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0, if a  b and through the angle  / 4 , if a = b
 X Y
x cos -sin
Ans. If the axes are rotated through an angle ' ' then y sin cos
 x  X cos   Y sin 
x = Xcosθ - Ysinθ, y = Xsinθ + Ycosθ y  X sin   Y cos 
Given equation is transformed as
2 2
 a  X cos  Ysin   2h  X cos  Y sin   X sin   Y cos   b  X sin   Y cos   0
 a  X 2 cos2   Y 2 sin2   2XY sin cos   2h  X 2 sin cos  XY cos2   XY sin2   Y 2 sin cos 
 b  X 2 sin 2   Y 2 cos 2   2 XY sin  cos    0

2 2
  a  b   a 2  b2  2ab   a  b   a 2  b 2  2ab (1M)
To remove the XY term, the coefficent of ‘XY’ term must be zero
2  b  a  sin  .cos   2h  cos 2   sin 2    0 (1M)
 sin 2 A  2sin A.cos A

2h cos 2   a  b  sin 2 cos 2 A  cos 2 A  sin2 A
Case (1) if a  b
sin 2 2h 2h sin A
  Tan2    tan A
cos 2 a  b ab cos A
1  2 h  1 1  2 h 
 2  Tan  a  b     2 Tan  a  b  (1M)
   
Case (2) If a = b, then

1 1 
  Tan 1     (900 )    4 5 0 or (1M)
2 2 4
V2 06.When the axes are rotated through an angle  find the transformed equation of
x cos   y sin   p
Ans. Given equation is x cos   y sin   P ------ (1)
 X Y
x cos -sin
and given angle is    . y sin cos
IPE MATHS IB 13
 x  X cos   Y sin 
x = Xcosα - Ysinα , y = Xsinα + Ycosα y  X sin   Y cos  (1M)
Substitute x, y values in equation (1), we get
Transformed equations is
 X cos  Y sin   cos    X sin   Y cos   sin   P (1M)
 X cos 2   Y sin  .cos   X sin 2   Y cos  .sin   P
 X  cos   sin    P  X = P
2 2
 sin 2   cos 2   1 (1M)
 Transformed equations is X = P (1M)
V2 07.When the origin is shifted to (-1,2) by the translation of axes, find the transformed equation of
x2  y2  2x  4 y 1  0
Ans. Given (h, k) = (-1, 2) and the original equation is x 2  y 2  2 x  4 y  1  0 ----(1)
(1M)
The co-ordinates are x = X + h; y = Y + k  x = X -1; y = Y + 2 (1M)
Substitute x, y values in equation (1), we get the transformed equation is
2 2
 X  1  Y  2  2  X  1  4 Y  2  1  0 (1M)
2 2
 X 2  2 X  1  Y 2  4Y  4  2 X  2  4Y  8  1  0  a  b  a2  b2  2ab  a  b  a  b  2ab
2 2
X 2 Y2  4 (1M)
V2 08.When the origin is shifted to the point (-1,2), the transformed equation of a curve is x  2y 2  16  0 . Find the
2
original equation of the curve.

Ans. Given  h, k    1, 2 

(1M)
x  X  h, y  Y  k  X  x  h, Y  y  k  X  x  1, Y  y  2 (1M)
Given tronsfomed equation is X 2  2Y 2  16  0
2 2
Original equation is  x  1  2  y  2   16  0
2
  a  b   a 2  b 2  2 ab
x  2 x  1  2  y  4 y  4   16  0
2 2
2 (1M)
a  b   a 2  b 2  2 ab
x 2  2 x  1  2 y 2  8 y  8  16  0
x 2  2 y 2  2 x  8 y  25  0 (1M)
IPE MATHS IB 14
STRAIGHT LINES
KEY POINTS:
y 2  y1
1. Slope of a non – vertical line containing the points  x1, y1  and  x 2 , y 2  is x  x
2 1
2. Slope of x-axis (or) parallel to x-axis is ‘0’

3. Slope of y-axis (or) parallel to y-axis is ‘undefined’
a
4. Slope of the line ax  by  c  0 is 
b
5. Two non – vertical lines are parallel iff their slopes are equal i.e., m1  m2.
6. Two lines are perpendicular having slopes m1,m2 then m1.m2  1
7. Equation of a straight line in different forms:
a) Slope intercept form : y  mx  c
b) Point slope form : y  y1  m  x  x1 
y 2  y1
c) Two point form : y  y1   x  x1 
x 2  x1
x y
d) Intercept form :  1
a b
e) Normal form : x cos   y sin   p
x  x1 y  y1
f) Symmetric form : 
cos  sin 
g) General form : ax  by  c  0
h) Parametric form : x  x1  r cos 
y  y1  r sin , r is a parameter..
8. Equation of the line passing through  x1, y1  and parallel to ax  by  c  0 is a  x  x1   b  y  y1   0
9. Equation of the line passing through  x1, y1  and perpendicular to ax  by  c  0. is
b  x  x1   a  y  y1   0.
10. The ratio to which L  ax  by  c  0 divides the line segment joining  x1, y1  and  x 2 , y 2  is L11 : L 22
11. Let L  ax  by  c  0
i) The points A  x1, y1  ,B  x 2 , y 2  are pm opposite sides of the line L  0  L11 : L 22  0
ii) The points A  x1, y1  B  x 2 , y 2  are on the same side of the line L  0  L11 : L 22  0
a1x  b1y  c1  0  a1 b1 c1

The lines a 2 x  b2 y  c2  0  are concurrent  a 2 b2 c2  0
12.
a 3 x  b3 y  c3  0  a3 b3 c3
a1a 2  b1b2
13. The angle between the lines a1x  b1y  c1  0, a 2 x  b2 y  c 2  0 is '  ' then cos  
a12  b12 a 22  b22
IPE MATHS IB 15
1 1 m m
14. The angle between the lines having slopes m1,m2 is '  ' then tan   1  m m
1 2
ax1  by1  c
15. The length of perpendicular from  x1, y1  to the straight line ax  by  c  0 is
a 2  b2
c
16. The length of perpendicular from  0,0  to the straight line ax  by  c  0 is
a  b2
2
c1  c2
17. The distance between the parallel lines ax  by  c1  0, ax  by  c2  0 is
a 2  b2
18. The lines a1x  b1y  c1  0, a 2 x  b2 y  c 2  0 are
a1 b
1
i) parallel iff a  b
2 2
ii) perpendicular iff a1a 2  b1b2  0

19. If  h,k  is the foot of perpendicular from  x1, y1  to the line ax  by  c  0 then
h  x1 k  y1   ax1  by1  c 
 
a b a 2  b2
h  x1 k  y1 2  ax1  by1  c 
20. If  h,k  is the Image of  x1, y1  w.r.t the line ax  by  c  0 then  
a b a 2  b2
21. The point of concurrence of the medians of a triangle is called Centroid.
22. The point of concurrence of the altitudes of a triangle is called Orthocenter.
23. The point of concurrence of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle is called Circumcenter.
24. The point of concurrence of the Internal bisector of the angles of a triangle is called Incenter.
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (LAQ)

V1 01. Find the circumcentre of the triangle with the vertices  2,3 ,  2, 1 and  4, 0 
Sol. Let A   2,3 ; B   2, 1 ; C   4, 0 

B
Let S  x , y  be the circumcentre of  le ABC

S
(1M)
C A
We know that S is the circumcentre of triangle ABC then SA = SB = SC

Now, SA =SB
 SA2  SB 2
 IfA  x1 , y1  and B  x2 , y2  are twopoints

2 2 2 2
  x  2    y  3    x  2    y  1 2 2
then AB 2   x1  x2    y1  y2 
2
  a  b   a 2  b 2  2 ab
 x2  4  4x  y2  9  6 y  x2  4  4x  y2 1 2 y 2
a  b   a 2  b 2  2 ab
IPE MATHS IB 16
 x  y  1  0       (1) (2M)
2 2 2 2
Also, SB = SC  SB 2  SC 2   x  2    y  1   x  4    y  0 
 x 2  4  4 x  y 2  1  2 y  x 2  16  8 x  y 2  4 x  2 y  11  0        2  (2M)
Solving (1) and (2)
x y 1
-1 1 1 -1
2 -11 4 2
x y 1 x y 1 9 3 15 5
      x  ;y 
11  2 4  11 2  4 9 15 6 6 2 6 2
3 5
 Circumcentre   ,  (2M)
2 2
V1 02.Find the circumcentre of the triangle whose vertices are 1, 3 ;  0, 2  and  3,1
Sol. Let A  1,3  ; B   0, 2  ; C   3,1

B

S
(1M)
C A
We know that S is the circumcentre of triangle ABC then SA = SB = SC

Now, SA = SB
 SA2  SB 2
 IfA  x1 , y1  and B  x2 , y2  are two points

2 2 2 2
  x  1   y  3    x  0    y  2  2 2
then AB 2   x1  x2    y1  y2 
2
  a  b   a 2  b 2  2 ab
 x2  1  2 x  y 2  9  6 y  x2  y2  4  4 y 2
a  b   a 2  b 2  2 ab
 2 x  10 y  6  0  x  5 y  3  0      (1) (2M)
2 2 2 2
Also, SB = SC  SB 2  SC 2   x  0    y  2    x  3    y  1
 x 2  y 2  4  4 y  x2  9  6 x  y 2  1  2 y
 6x  6 y  6  0  x  y  1  0       2 (2M)
Solving (1) and (2)
x y 1
5 -3 1 5
-1 1 1 -1
x y 1 x y 1 2 1 4 2
     x  ;y  
5  3 3  1 1  5 2 4  6 6 3 6 3
 1 2 
 Circumcentre   ,  (2M)
 3 3
IPE MATHS IB 17
V1 03.Find the orthocentre of the triangle with the vertices  2, 1 ;  6, 1 and  2, 5 .
Sol. Let A   2, 1 ; B   6, 1 ; C   2,5 

Let AD, BE be the altitudes to the sides BC and CA drawn from A and B respectively.
In a triangle the point of intercetion of two altitudes is called orthocentre (1M)
5  1 If theslope of the line joining the points  x , y  and x , y   y2  y1

Slope of BC (m)  1 1 2 2
x2  x1
26
6 3

4 2
Since BC  AD then
1 2 1
Slope of AD=   If m1 , m2 are slopes of two lr lines thenm1m2  1  m2  
m 3 m1
1
Equation of AD is y  y1   x  x1 
m
2
 y 1   x  2  3y  3  2x  4  2 x  3 y  1  0      (1) (2M)
3
y2  y1 5  1 6 3
slope of CA, m  x  x  2  2  4  2
2 1
1 2
Since BE  CA then slope of BE = 
m 3
1
Equation of BE is y  y1   x  x1 
m
2
 y 1   x  6   3 y  3  2 x  12  2 x  3 y  9  0    ( 2 ) (2M)
3
(1) + (2)  2x-3y+1=0
2x+3y-9=0
4x  8  0  x  2
5
from (1), 4  3 y  1  0  3 y  5  y 
3
 5
 Orthocentre   2,  (2M)
 3
V1 04. Find the Orthocentre of the triangle with the vertices  5, 7  ; 13, 2  and  5, 6 
Sol. Let A   5, 7  ; B  13, 2  ; C   5, 6 

Let AD and BE be the altitudes to the sides BC and CA drawn from A and B respectively.
IPE MATHS IB 18
 In a triangle th e p oin t of intercetion o f tw o altitu des is called orth ocentre (1M)
6  2 If theslope of the line joining the points  x , y  and x , y   y2  y1

Slope of BC (m)  1 1 2 2
x2  x1
5  13
4 2

18 9
Since BC  AD then
1 9  If m , m are slopes of two lr lines thenm m  1  m   1

slope of AD =  1 2 1 2 2
m 2 m1
1
 Equation of AD is y  y1   x  x1 
m
9
 y7   x  5   2 y  14  9 x  45
2
 9 x  2 y  31  0      (1) (2M)
y2  y1 6  7 13
slope of CA  m  x  x  5  5  0
2 1
1
since BE  CA then slope of BE = 0
m
1
 Equation of BE is y  y1   x  x1   y  2  0  x  13  y  2  0  y  2 (3M)
m
substitute y  2 in (1)
9 x  4  31  0  9 x  27  0  9 x  27  x  3
 Orthocentre   3, 2  (1M)
V1 05.Find the circumcentre of the triangle whose sides are 3 x  y  5  0; x  2 y  4  0,
and 5 x  3 y  1  0 .
Sol. Given that 3x  y  5  0.......(1) , x  2 y  4  0.........(2) , 5 x  3 y  1  0........(3)
Solving (1) and (2)
x y 1
-1 -5 3 -1
2 -4 1 2
x y 1 x y 1
      x  2, y  1 (1M)
4  10 5  12 6  1 14 7 7
Let A = (2, 1)
Solving (2) and (3)
x y 1
2 -4 1 2
3 1 5 3
IPE MATHS IB 19
x y 1 x y 1
      x   2, y  3 (1M)
2  12 20  1 3  10 14 21 7
Let B = (-2, 3)
Solving (3) and (1)
x y 1
3 1 5 3
-1 -5 3 -1
x y 1 x y 1
      x  1, y   2 (1M)
15  1 3  25 5  9 14 28 14
Let C = (1, -2)
B (-2, 3)
S
Let S  x , y  be the circumcentre of  le ABC A ( 2, 1)
C(1, -2)
We know that S is the circumcentre of triangle ABC then SA = SB = SC (1M)

Now, SA = SB
 SA2  SB 2

2 2 2 2
  x  2    y  1   x  2    y  3  2 2
then AB 2   x1  x2    y1  y2 
2
 a  b  a2  b2  2ab
 x2  4  4x  y2 1  2 y  x2  4  4x  y2  9  6 y 2
 a  b  a2  b2  2ab
 8x  4 y  8  0  2 x  y  2  0    (4)
2 2 2 2
Also, SB = SC  SB 2  SC 2   x  2    y  3    x  1   y  2 
 x 2  4  4 x  y 2  9  6 y  x 2  1  2 x  y 2  4  4 y  6 x  10 y  8  0
 3 x  5 y  4  0         (5) (2M)
Solving (4) and (5)
x y 1
-1 2 2 -1
-5 4 3 -5
x y 1 x y 1 6 2
     x  ; y 
4  10 6  8 10  3 6 2  7 7 7
 6 2 
 circumcentre   ,  (1M)
 7 7
V1 06. Find the circumcentre of the triangle whose sides are x  y  2  0;5x  y  2  0 and x  2 y  5  0.
Sol. Given that x  y  2  0........(1) , 5 x  y  2  0........(2) , x  2 y  5  0............(3)
Solving (1) and (2)
x y 1
1 2 1 1
-1 -2 5 -1
IPE MATHS IB 20
x y 1 x y 1
       x  0, y   2
2  2 10  2 1  5 0 12 6
Let A = (0, -2) (1M)
Solving (2) and (3)
x y 1
-1 -2 5 -1
-2 5 1 -2
x y 1 x y 1
      x  1, y  3
5  4 2  25 10  1 9 27 9
Let B = (1, 3) (1M)
Solving (3) and (1)
x y 1
-2 5 1 -2
1 2 1 1
x y 1 x y 1
      x   3, y  1
4  5 5  2 1  2 9 3 3
Let C = (-3, 1) (1M)
We know that S is the circumcentre of triangle ABC then SA = SB = SC (1M)

Now, SA = SB
 SA2  SB 2

2 2 2 2
  x  0   y  2   x 1   y  3 2 2
then AB 2   x1  x2    y1  y2 
2
  a  b   a 2  b 2  2 ab
 x 2  y 2  4  4 y  x2  1  2 x  y 2  9  6 y 2
a  b   a 2  b 2  2 ab
 2 x  10 y  6  0  x  5 y  3  0       (4) (1M)
2 2 2 2
Also, SB = SC  SB 2  SC 2   x  1   y  3    x  3    y  1
 x 2  1  2x  y 2  9  6 y  x 2  9  6 x  y 2  1  2 y  8 x  4 y  0
 2 x  y  0       (5) (1M)
Solving (4) and (5)
x y 1
5 -3 1 5
1 0 2 1
x y 1 x y 1 3 1 6 2
     x  ;y 
0  3  6  0 1  10 3 6 9 9 3 9 3
IPE MATHS IB 21
 1 2 
 circumcentre   ,  (1M)
 3 3
V1 07.Find the Orthocentre of the triangle formedby the lines x  2 y  0, 4 x  3 y  5  0

and 3 x  y  0
Sol. Given that x  2 y  0......... 1 , 4x  3 y  5  0......... 2 , 3 x  y  0 ........  3 
Solving (1) and (2)
x y 1
2 0 1 2
3 -5 4 3
x y 1 x y 1
      x  2, y   1
10  0 0  5 3  8 10 5 5
Let A = (2, -1) (1M)
Solving (2) and (3)
x y 1
3 -5 4 3
1 0 3 1
x y 1 x y 1
      x   1, y  3
0  5 15  0 4  9 5 15 5
Let B = (-1, 3) (1M)
Solving (3) and (1)
x y 1
1 0 3 1
2 0 1 2
x y 1 x y 1
      x  0, y  0
0  0 0  0 6 1 0 0 5
Let C = (0,0) (1M)
Let AD, BE be the altitudes drawn from A and B to the sides BC and CA respectively.
 In a triangle the point of intercetion of two altitudes is called orthocentre (1M)
03 y2  y1
Slope of BC  m  3 If theslope of the line joining the points  x1 , y1  and x2 , y2  
01 x2  x1
since AD  BC then
1 1  If m , m are slopes of two lr lines thenm m  1  m   1

Slope of AD =  1 2 1 2 2
m 3 m1
1
m
IPE MATHS IB 22
1
 y 1   x  2   3 y  3  x  2  x  3 y  5  0      (4) (1M)
3
y2  y1 0  1 1
Slope of CA  m    
x2  x1 0  2 2
1
since BE  CA then slope of BE = 2
m
1
 Equation of BE is y  y1   x  x1 
m
  y  3  2  x  1  y  3  2x  2  2 x  y  5  0        5 (1M)
Solving (4) and (5)
x y 1
-3 -5 1 -3
-1 5 2 -1
x y 1 x y 1  20  15
     x   4; y   3
15  5 10  5 1  6 20 15 5 5 5
 Orthocentre   4, 3 (1M)
V1 08.If the equations of the sides of a triangle are 7 x  y  10  0, x  2 y  5  0 and x  y  2  0 . Find
the Orthocentre of the triangle.
Sol. Given that 7x  y 10  0........1 , x  2 y  5  0......... 2 , x  y  2  0........ 3
Solving (1) and (2)
x y 1
1 -10 7 1
-2 5 1 -2
x y 1 x y 1
      x  1, y  3
5  20 10  35 14 1 15 45 15
Let A = ( 1, 3) (1M)
Solving (2) and (3)
x y 1
-2 5 1 -2
1 2 1 1
x y 1 x y 1
      x   3, y  1
4  5 5  2 1  2 9 3 3
Let B = (-3, 1) (1M)
Solving (3) and (1)
x y 1
1 2 1 1
1 -10 7 1
x y 1 x y 1
      x  2, y   4
10  2 14  10 1  7 12 24 6
Let C = (2, -4) (1M)
Let AD, BE be the altitudes drawn from A and B to the sides BC and CA respectively.
IPE MATHS IB 23
 In a triangle the point of intercetion of two altitudes is called orthocentre (1M)
4  1 If theslope of the line joining the points  x , y  and x , y   y2  y1

Slope of BC  m   1 1 2 2
x2  x1
23
5

1
5
since AD  BC then
1 1
 1  If m1 , m2 are slopes of two  lines thenm1m2  1  m2  
lr
Slope of AD = m1
m
1
m
 y  3  1 x  1  y  3  x  1  x  y  2  0        4 (1M)
y2  y1 4  3
Slope of CA  m    7
x2  x1 2 1
1 1
since BE  CA then slope of BE = 
m 7
1
 Equation of BE is y  y1   x  x1 
m
1
 y 1   x  3  7 y  7  x  3  x  7 y  10  0        5 (1M)
7
Solving (4) and (5)
x y 1
-1 2 1 -1
-7 10 1 -7
x y 1 x y 1 4 2 8 4
     x  ,y 
10  14 2  10 7  1 4 8 6 6 3 6 3
 2 4 
 Orthocentre   ,  (1M)
 3 3
V1 09.If Q  h, k  is the image of the point P  x1 , y1  w.r.to the straight line ax  by  c  0 then
prove that (h  x1 ) : a  (k  y1 ) : b  2( ax1  by1  c ) : a 2  b 2 (or)
h  x1 k  y1 2  ax1  by1  c 
  and find the image of 1, 2  w.r.to the straight line
a b a2  b2
2x  3y  5  0 .
Sol. Let the equation of a straight line be ax  by  c  0       1
IPE MATHS IB 24
(1M)
Let Q  h, k  be the image of P  x1 , y1  w.r.to (1)
a a
slope of (1)  the slope of the line ax+by+c =0 is 
b b
k  y1 y2  y1
slope of PQ  h  x If theslope of the line joining the points  x1 , y1  and x2 , y2   x  x
1 2 1
clearly, PQ  1 (1M)
 slope of PQ  slope of 1  1  If m1 , m 2 are slopes of two  lines then m1m 2  1

lr
 k  y1   a 
    1  k  y1  h  x1
 h  x1   b  b a
h  x1 k  y1
Let   t       2
a b
h  x1 k  y1
 t ;  t  h  x1  at ; k  y1  bt  h  at  x1 ; k  bt  y1 ---(3) (2M)
a b
Let R be the midpoint of PQ
 h x k  y   x1  x2 y1  y2 
 R   2 , 2   If A  x1 , y1  B  x2 , y2  are twopoints, then mid point of AB= 
1 1
,
  2 2 
R lies on (1)
 h  x1   k  y1  ah  ax1  bk  by1  2c
a    b c  0  0
 2   2  2
 a  at  x1   b  bt  y1   ax1  by1  2c  0  from  3 
 a 2t  ax1  b 2t  by1  ax1  by1  2c  0  t  a  b   2ax1  2by1  2c  0

2 2
 t  a 2  b 2   2  ax1  by1  c   0  t  a 2  b 2   2  ax1  by1  c 
2  ax1  by1  c 
t  (1M)
a 2
 b2 
h  x1 k  y1 2  ax1  by1  c 
 from (2),  
a b a2  b2
IPE MATHS IB 25
 (h  x1 ) : a  (k  y1 ) : b  2(ax1  by1  c) : a 2  b 2
Let Q  h, k  be the image of (1, -2) w.r.to 2 x  3 y  5  0
h  x1 k  y1  2  ax1  by1  c 
we know that  
a b a2  b2
h  1 k  2 2  2  6  5 h  1 k  2 2 13 h 1 k  2
         2
2 3 49 2 3 13 2 3
h 1 k2
  2 ;  2  h  1  4 ; k  2  6  h  3 ; k  4
2 3
 Image   3, 4  (2M)
V1 10.If Q(h, k) is the foot of the perpendicular from P  x1 , y1  on the line ax  by  c  0 then prove that
h  x1 k  y1   ax1  by1  c 
(h  x1 ) : a  (k  y1 ) : b  (ax1  by1  c) : a 2  b 2 (or)   . Also find the
a b a 2  b2
foot of the perpendicular from (-1, 3) on the line 5 x  y  18  0 .
Sol. Let the equation of a straight line be ax  by  c  0       1
P(x1,y1)
(1M)
Q(h,k) ax+by+c=0
Let Q(h, k) be the foot of the perpendicular from P  x1 , y1  on (1)
a a
slope of (1) = the slope of the line ax+by+c =0 is 
b b
k  y1 y2  y1
slope of PQ  h  x If theslope of the line joining the points  x1 , y1  and x2 , y2   x  x
1 2 1
clearly, PQ  1
 slope of PQ  slope of 1  1  If m1 , m2 are slopes of two  lines then m1m2  1

lr
 k  y1   a  k  y1 h  x1
     1  
 h  x1   b  b a
h  x1 k  y1
Let   t       2  (2M)
a b
h  x1 k  y1
 t;  t  h  x1  at ; k  y1  bt  h  at  x1 ; k  bt  y1
a b
Q  h, k  lies on (1)
 ah  bk  c  0  a  at  x1   b  bt  y1   c  0  a t  ax1  b t  by1  c  0
2 2
IPE MATHS IB 26
  ax1  by1  c 
 t  a 2  b 2    ax1  by1  c   0  t 
a 2  b2
h  x1 k  y1   ax1  by1  c 
 From (2),   (2M)
a b a2  b2
 (h  x1 ) : a  (k  y1 ) : b  (ax1  by1  c) : a 2  b 2
Let Q  h, k  be the foot of the perpendicular from (-1, 3) on 5 x  y  18  0
h  x1 k  y1   ax1  by1  c 
we know that  
a b a 2  b2
h  1 k  3   5  3  18 h  1 k  3 26
      =1
5 1 25  1 5 1 26
h 1 k 3
  1;  1  h  1  5 ; k  3  1  h  4 ; k  2
5 1
 Foot of the perpendicular =  4, 2  (2M)
V1 11. If p and q are the lengths of the perpendiculars from the origin to the straight lines
x sec   y cos ec  a and x cos   y sin   a cos 2 then prove that 4 p 2  q 2  a 2 .
Sol. Given that
x sec   y cos ec  a  x sec  y cos ec  a  0       1
x cos   y sin   a cos 2  x cos  y sin   a cos2  0      2
Also, P = the length of the perpendicular from the origin to (1)
a c
P The er distancefromorigintoax+by +c = 0 is (2M)
sec2   cos ec 2 a2 +b2
a a a
P  
2 2
1 1 sin   cos  1  sin2   cos 2   1
 2
2
cos  sin  cos 2  sin 2  cos  sin 2 
2
a
P  P  a cos  sin 
 1 
 
 cos  sin  
Also,q = The length of the perpendicular from the origin to (2)
 a cos 2
q  q  a cos 2 (2M)
cos 2   sin 2 
Now, 4 p2  q2  4a2 cos2  sin 2   a2 cos2 2
2
 a 2  2 cos  sin    a 2 cos 2 2
 a2 sin 2 2  a2 cos2 2  2cos  sin   sin 2

IPE MATHS IB 27
 a 2  sin 2 2  cos 2 2   a 2 1  a 2
 4 p 2  q 2  a2 (3M)
V1 12. Find the equations of the straight lines passing through the point of intersection of the lines
3 x  2 y  4  0; 2 x  5 y  1 and whose distance from  2, 1 is 2.
Sol. Given that
3 x  2 y  4  0........... 1  , 2 x  5 y  1  2 x  5 y  1  0...........  2 
solving (1) and (2)
x y 1
2 4 3 2
5 -1 2 5
x y 1 x y 1
      x   2, y  1
2  20 8  3 15  4 22 11 11
 Point of intersection of (1) and (2) = (-2, 1) (2M)
Let the required equation of straight line be
y  mx  c  mx  y  c  0 .......(3) the equationof thelinewithslopemandy-interceptcisy=mx+c
(3) passes through (-2, 1)
2m  1  c  0  c  2 m  1 ........  4 
Also, Theer distance from  2, 1 to  3  2
2m  1  c | ax1  by1  c |
  2 the  ler dis tan ce from P( x1 , y1 )tothe lineax  by  c  0 is
m2  1 a2  b2
2 m  1  2m  1
  2  from  4  
m2  1
4m  2 2 2m  1
 2  2  2m  1  m 2  1
2 2
m 1 m 1
Squaring on both sides
2
  2 m  1  m 2  1  4m 2  1  4m  m 2  1  3m 2  4m  0  m  3m  4   0
4
 m  0 or 3m  4  0  m  0 or m  (3M)
3
case(i): If m = 0
from (4), C = 0+1  C  1
 The equation of straight line is
 0  x  y  1  0  from  3 
 y 1 (1M)
4
case(ii): If m 
3
 4  8 5
from (4), C  2    1  C  1  C 
 3  3 3
IPE MATHS IB 28
 The equation of straight line is
4 5
x  y   0  from  3 
3 3
4 x  3 y  5
  0  4x  3 y  5  0 (1M)
3
V3 13.Show that the origin is with in the triangle whose angular points are (2, 1) (3, -2) and (-4, -1)
A
Sol. Given A   2,1 , B   3, 2  , C   4, 1 

0  0, 0 
B C
 The equation of line passing through thepoints

1  2 y y
Equation of BC is y2  x  3  x1 , y1  and  x2 , y2  is y  y1  2 1  x  x1 
4  3 x2  x1
1 2 1
 y2   x  3  y  2   x  3 7y 14  x  3  x  7y 11  0
4  3 7
L  2,1  2  7 1  11  20  0
L  0, 0   0  0  11  11  0
Since L11  0, L22  0 then the points are same side of L  0
 A, O lie on the same side of BC  (1)
 (2M)
2  1
Equation of AB is y  1   x  2
3 2
3
 y 1   x  2  y 1  3x  6 3x  y  7  0
1
L  4, 1  3  4   1  7  12  1  7  20  0
L  0, 0   0  0  7  7  0
Since L11  0, L22  0 then the points are same side of L  0
 C, O ; lie on the same side of AB  (2)
 (2M)
1  1
Equation of AC is y  1   x  2
4  2
2
 y 1   x  2 3y 3  x  2  x 3y 1 0
6
L  3, 2   3  3  2   1  3  6  1  10  1
L  0, 0   0  0  1  1  0
 B, O lie on the same side of AC  (3)
 (2M)
From (1), (2) and (3) origin lies in the triangle (1M)
IPE MATHS IB 29
V3 14.Find the equation of the straight lines passing through 1, 2  and making an angle of 600 with the line
3x  y  2  0 . (Board Paper)
Sol: Given that 3x  y  2  0 -------(1)
 3 a
slope of (1), m1    3 the slope of the line ax+by+c =0 is  (1M)
1 b
Let the slope of required line be m2  m (1M)
Also, given that the angle between (1) and required line is 600
 If m1 , m 2 are slopes of two lines then angle between

 3m m1  m 2
 tan 6 0 0 
1  3m two lines is  then tan  
1  m1 m 2
 3m 3  m
 3    3  (3M)
1  3m 1  3m
 3m
case(i): 3   3  3m   3  m  2 m  2 3  m  3
1 3m
 The equation of the straight line is y  y1  m  x  x1 
 y  2  3  x 1  
3x  y  2  
3 0 (1M)
 3m
case(ii):  3    3  3m   3  m  4m  0  m  0
1  3m
 y  2  0  x  1  y  2  0 (1M)

V1 15.Transform the equation 3 x  y  4 into (a) slope - intercept form (b) Intercept form and (c) normal
form
Sol. Given that 3 x  y  4 ------------(1)
(a) slope - intercept form:
from (1), y   3x  4
This is in the form of y = mx+c (slope-intercept form)
Where slope, m   3 and Y-intercept, c = 4. (1M)
(b) Intercept form:
Divide (1) with 4
3x y x y
 1   1
4 4  4   4
 
 3
IPE MATHS IB 30
x y
This is in the form of + = 1 (intercept form)
a b
4
Where X-intercept  a  ; Y-intercept(b) = 4 (1M)
3
(c) Normal Form:
Divide (1) with ‘2’
 a 2  b 2  3  1  4  2 
 
3 1
x  y  2  x cos 300  y sin 300  2
2 2
This is in the form xcosα + ysinα = p (normal form)
3 1
Where cos   , sin   , p  2 and   300 (2M)
2 2
x y
V1 16.Transform the equation   1 into the normal form when a>0 and b>0. If the perpendicular
a b
1 1 1
distance of straight line from the origin is P, deduce that 2
 2 2.
p a b
x y bx  ay
Sol. Given that  1  1  bx  ay  ab -----------(1)
a b ab
Divide (1) with a 2  b 2
 b   a  ab
 2 2
x  2 2
y (1M)
 a b   a b  a2  b2
This is in the form of xcosα + ysinα = p
b a
where cos   , sin   (1M)
2 2
a b a  b2
2
ab
and The perpendicular distance from the origin to (1) = =p (1M)
a  b2
2
ab 1 a 2  b2
 p  
a 2  b2 p ab
squaring on bothsides
1 a 2  b2 1 1 1 1 1 1
2
 2 2  2 2 2  2  2  2 (1M)
p ab p b a p a b
V1 17.A straight line through Q  

3, 2 makes an angle  / 6 with positive direction of the X-axis. If the
straight line intersects the line 3 x  4 y  8  0 at P, find the distance PQ.
Sol. Given that Q  

3, 2 = (x1, y1)
IPE MATHS IB 31
(1)
Q  3, 2  P
3 x  4 y  8  0 ---------(1)
  3  1
  cos   cos  ; sin   sin  (1M)
6 6 2 6 2
Let PQ = r
We know that the parametric equations of the line are x  x1  r cos 
y  y1  r sin 
 3 1
 P  x, y    x1  r cos , y1  r sin     3  r. 2 , 2  r . 2  (1M)
 
P lies on (1)
 3  1
 3  3  r.   4  2  r.   8  0  3  3r  8  4r  8  0
 
2   2 2 2

r r
  30  3 r 6
2 2
 PQ  6 units (2M)
3
V1 18.A straight line through Q  2, 3 makes an angle with the negative direction of the X-axis. If the
4
straight line intersects the line x  y  7  0 ate P, find the distance PQ.
Sol. Given Q  x1 , y1    2,3
Let PQ  r
Let P  x, y  be any point on x  y  7  0  (1)

P  x, y 
r
 (1M)
3
Q  2, 3 

4 4
O X

Given   [ with  ve direction of x  axis ]
4
IPE MATHS IB 32
We know that the parametric equations of the line are x  x1  r cos 
y  y1  r sin 
  
 P  x, y    x1  r cos  , y1  r sin     2  r cos 4 , 3  r sin 4 
 
 r r 
P  x, y    2  ,3   (1M)
 2 2
P lies on (1)
r r
 2 3  7  0
2 2
2r 2r
 2  0  2 r 2
2 2
 PQ  2 (2M)
V1 19.Find the points on the line 3 x  4 y  1  0 which are at a distance of 5 units from the point (3, 2).
Sol. Given that 3 x  4 y  1  0 ---------(1)
Let  x1, y1    3, 2 
3 3 a
slope of (1) m    the slope of the line ax  by  c  0 is m =  (1M)
4 4 b
3
 tan    m  tan 
4
4 3
 cos   ; sin  
5 5
Let r  5
Let A, B be the points which are at a distance of 5 units from (3, 2)
 Required points =  x1 ± rcosθ, y 1 ± rsinθ  (1M)
  4  3 
  3  5   , 2  5      3  4, 2  3   3  4, 2  3 ,  3  4, 2  3   7,5  ,  1, 1
 5  5 
 A   7,5  , B   1, 1 (2M)
V1 20.Find the value of k, if the angle between the straight lines 4 x  y  7  0 and kx  5 y  9  0 is 450.
Sol. Given that 4 x  y  7  0 -------(1), kx  5 y  9  0 -------(2)
IPE MATHS IB 33
4 a
slope of (1), m1  4  the slope of the line ax  by  c  0 is m = 
1 b
k k
slope of (2), m2   (1M)
5 5
Given that, the angle between (1) and (2) = 450
We know that m1 , m2 are slopes of two lines and angle between
m1  m 2
two lines is  then tan  
1  m1m 2
k
4
 tan 450  5 20  k 20  k
k 1  1  (1M)
1 4  5  4k 5  4k
5
20  k
case(i): 1   5  4k  20  k  5k  15  k  3 (1M)
5  4k
20  k 25
case(ii): 1   5  4 k  20  k  3k  25 k  (1M)
5  4k 3
25
 k  3 or
3

V1 21. Find the values of k, if the angle between the straight lines kx  y  9  0 and 3x  y  4  0 is .
4
Sol. Given lines are kx  y  9  0 
 (1),  (2)
3x  y  4  0 
a
Slope of (1) is m1   K  the slope of the line ax  by  c  0 is m = 
b
3
Slope of (2) is m2  3 (1M)
1

Given  
4
We know that m1 , m2 are slopes of two lines and angle between
m1  m 2
two lines is  then tan  
1  m1m 2
 K  3 K  3 K 3
 tan  1   1 (1M)
4 1 K 3 1  3K 13K
K  3
Case : i ) 1   K  3  1  3K  2 K  4  K  2 (1M)
1  3K
IPE MATHS IB 34
K  3 1
Case - ii)  1   K  3  1  3K  4K  2  K   (1M)
1  3K 2
1
 K  2 (or) 2
V1 22.Find the equations of the straight lines passing through the point (-3, 2) and making an angle of 450
with the straight line 3x  y  4  0 .
Sol. Given that 3x  y  4  0 -------(1)
3 a
slope of (1), m1   3  the slope of the line ax  by  c  0 is m = 
1 b
Let the slope of required line be m2  m (1M)
Also, given that the angle between (1) and required line is 450
We know that m1 , m2 are slopes of two lines and angle between two lines is  then
m1  m 2
tan  
1  m1m 2
3 m 3 m 3m
 tan 450  1  1  (1M)
1  3m 1  3m 1  3m
3m 1
case(i): 1   1  3m  3  m  4 m  2 m
1  3m 2
The equation of the straight line passingthrough the point  x1 , y1  and slopemis y- y1 = m x- x1 
1
 y2  x  3  2 y  4  x  3  x  2 y  7  0 (1M)
2
3 m
case(ii): 1   1  3m  3  m  2m  4  m  2
1  3m
 y  2  2  x  3  y  2  2 x  6  2 x  y  4  0 (1M)
V1 23.Find the equation of straight line making non-zero equal intercepts on the coordinate axes passing
through the point of intersection of lines 2 x  5 y  1  0 and x  3 y  4  0 .
Sol. Given that 2 x  5 y  1  0 ----------(1), x  3 y  4  0 -----------(2)
solving (1) and (2)
x y 1
-5 1 2 -5
-3 -4 1 -3
x y 1 x y 1 x y
        1  x   23, y   9
20  3 1  8 6  5 23 9 1 23 9
Point of intersection of (1) and (2) = (-23, -9) (1M)
x y
 The equation of straight line have a,b as intercepts is + =1 ..........(3)
a b
IPE MATHS IB 35
Given that, the intercepts are equal  a  b (1M)
x y
Eq.(3) becomes,   1  x  y  a ----------(4)
a a
it passes through (-23, -9)  - 23 - 9 = a  a  32
 The equation of straight line is x  y   32  from  4 

 x  y  32  0 (2M)
V1 24.Find the point on the line 3x  y  4  0 which is equidistant from the points (-5,6) and (3, 2)
Sol. Let P(x, y) is any point on the locus.
Given that PA = PB
S.B.S
PA2  PB 2 (1M)
 If A  x 1 , y1  and B  x 2 , y 2  are two points ,

2 2 2 2
  x  5   y  6   x  3   y  2  2 2
then AB 2   x 1  x 2    y1  y 2 
2
  a  b   a 2  b 2  2ab
 x2  10x  25  y2 12 y  36 = x 2  6 x  9  y 2  4 y  4 2
a  b  a 2  b 2  2ab
10x - 12y + 61 = -6x - 4y + 13

16x - 8y + 48 = 0
2x - y + 6 = 0 ----------- (1) (1M)
Given line 3x + y + 4 = 0 ------------- (2)
solving (1) and (2)
x y 1
-1 6 2 -1
1 4 3 1
x y 1
  
4  6 18  8 2  3
4  6 18  8
x  2 , y  2
23 23
(x, y) = (-2, 2) (2M)
V1 25.A triangle of area 24 sq. units is formed by a straight line and the co-ordinate axes in the first
quadrant.Find the equation of that straight line if it passes through (3,4)
x y
Sol. The equation of straight line have a,b as intercepts is + =1 ..........(1)
a b
IPE MATHS IB 36
(1) passes through (3, 4)
3 4 4 3 a 3 4a
   1   1  b --------(2) (1M)
a b b a a a3
Given that Area of the  leOAB  24
x y 1
Area of the triangle formed by the line   1 with co-ordinate axes = ab
a b 2
1 4a
 ab = 24  a.  48  from  2  (1M)
2 a3
4a 2 a2
  48   12  a 2  12a  36  a 2  12a  36  0
a3 a 3
2
  a  6  0  a6  0  a  6
4  6  24
from(2), b   b8 (1M)
63 3
x y 4x  3 y
 Required equation of the straight line is   1   1  4 x  3 y  24  0 (1M)
6 8 24
V1 26. Find the value of k, if the lines 2 x  3 y  k  0, 3 x  4 y  13  0 and 8 x  11 y  33  0 are
concurrent.
Sol. Given that 2 x  3 y  k  0 ........(1), 3 x  4 y  13  0 .......(2), 8 x  11 y  33  0 .......(3)
Given that (1), (2) and (3) are concurrent.
2 3 k
 3 4 13  0  If three lines areconcurent thenthedeterminent is 0
8 11 33
4 13 3 13 3 4
 2 11 33  3 8 33  k 8 11  0 (2M)
 2 132  143  3  99  104   k  33  32   0  2  11  3  5   k  1  0

 22  15  k  0  7  k  0  k  7 (2M)
Alternate Method:
Given that 2 x  3 y  k  0 .......(1), 3 x  4 y  13  0 .......(2), 8 x  11 y  33  0 .....(3)
Solving (2) and (3)
x y 1
-4 -13 3 -4
-11 -33 8 -11
x y 1 x y 1
      x  11, y  5
132  143 104  99 33  32 11 5 1
 Point of intersection of (2) and (3) = (11, 5)
 (11, 5) lies on (1)
22  15  k  0  7  k  0  k  7
IPE MATHS IB 37
V1 27.If the straight lines ax  by  c  0, bx  cy  a  0 and cx  ay  b  0 are concurrent then prove that
a3  b3  c 3  3abc .
Sol. Given that
ax  by  c  0 -----(1) bx  cy  a  0 ------(2) cx  ay  b  0 ------(3)
a b c
b c a 0  If three lines areconcurent thenthedeterminent is 0
c a b
c a b a b c
a b c 0 (2M)
a b c b c a
 a  bc  a 2   b  b 2  ac   c  ab  c 2   0  abc  a 3  b3  abc  abc  c 3  0
 3abc  a 3  b3  c 3  a 3  b 3  c 3  3abc (2M)

V2 28.If 3a  2b  4c  0 then show that the equation ax  by  c  0 represents a family of concurrent
straight lines and find the point of concurrency.
Sol. Given that 3a  2b  4c  0 ---------(1), ax  by  c  0 ----------(2)
  3a  2b 
from (1), 4c    3a  2b   c  ---------(3) (1M)
4
3a  2b
from (2) and (3), ax  by  0
4
 4ax  4by  3a  2b  0  a  4 x  3  b  4 y  2   0
This is in the form of 1 L1  2 L2  0 (2M)
It represents a family of concurrent straight lines.
The equation of family of lines pas sin g through the po int of
int er sec tion of L1  0and L2  0 is1 L1  2 L2  0
3 1
The straight lines are 4x  3  0 ; 4y  2  0  x  ;y
4 2
3 1
 Point of concurrency =  4 , 2  (1M)
 
V2 29.Find the equation of the line perpendicular to the line 3x  4 y  6  0 and making an intercept -4
on the X-axis.
Sol. Given that 3x  4 y  6  0 ------------(1)
The equation of the line perpendicular to (1) is 4 x  3 y  k  0 ------------(2)
 The equation of the line perpendicular to ax  by  c  0 is bx  ay  k  0
4 x 3 y
 4 x  3 y   k  4 x  3 y  k    1 divide with k  (2M)
k k
IPE MATHS IB 38
x y
  1 x y
 k   k  The equationof line have a, b as int ercepts is  1 (1M)
    a b
 4  3
Given that, X-intercept = -4
k
  4  k  16
4
 The equation of required straight line is 4 x  3 y  16  0  from  2   (1M)
V3 30.Find the equation of the straight line parallel to the line 3 x  4 y  7 and passing through the point
of intersection of the lines x  2 y  3  0 and x  3 y  6  0 .
Sol. Given that
3 x  4 y  7 ---------(1), x  2 y  3  0 -------(2), x  3 y  6  0 -------(3)
solving (2) and (3)
x y 1
-2 -3 1 -2
3 -6 1 3
x y 1 x y 1 21 3
     x , y
12  9 3  6 3  2 21 3 5 5 5
 21 3 
 Point of intersection of (2) and (3) =  5 , 5  (1M)
 
The equation of straight line which is parallel to (1) is 3 x  4 y  k  0 ------------(4)
The equation of straight line which is parallel to ax  by  c  0 is ax  by  k  0 (1M)
 21 3 
it passes through  , 
 5 5
 21  3 63  12  5 k
 3 5   4  5   k  0  5
 0  75  5k  0  5k  75  k  15
   
 The required equation of straight line is 3 x  4 y  15  0  fro m  4   (2M)
V3 31.Find the equation of the straight line perpendicular to the line 2 x  3 y  0 and passing through the
point of intersection of the lines x  3 y  1  0 and x  2 y  4  0 .
Sol. Given that
2 x  3 y  0 ---------(1), x  3 y  1  0 -------(2), x  2 y  4  0 -------(3)
solving (2) and (3),
x y 1
3 -1 1 3
-2 4 1 -2
x y 1 x y 1 10 5
      x  2 , y  1
12  2 1  4 2  3 10 5 5 5 5
 Point of intersection of (2) and (3) = ( -2, 1) (1M)
The equation of straight line which is perpendicular to (1) is 3 x  2 y  k  0 ------(4) (1M)
IPE MATHS IB 39
 The equation of the line perpendicular to ax  by  c  0 is bx  ay  k  0
Eq.(4) passes through (-2, 1)
 3  2   2 1  k  0  6  2  k  0  8  k  0  k  8
 The equation of the required straight line is 3 x  2 y  8  0  from  4   (2M)

V3 32.Find the value of ‘a’ if the distances of the points (2, 3) and (-4, a) fromthe straight line 3x  4 y  8  0
are equal.
Sol. Given A   2,3 , B   4, a 
Given line is 3x  4 y  8  0 
 (1)
3  2   4  3  8
d1 = perpendicular distance from  2,3 to Eq.(1) 
32  42
ax1  by1  c
 Perpendicular distance from P  x1 , y1  to line ax  by  c  0 is
a2  b2
6  12  8 6  12  8 10
   (1M)
32  42 9  16 5 2
3  4   4  a   8
d 2 = perpendicular distance from  4, a  to Eq.(1) 
32  42
12  4a  8 4a  20
  (1M)
9  16 5
Given that d1  d 2
4a  20
2
5
 4a  20  10  4a  20  10
Case (i) : 4a  20  10
30 15
 4a  30  a  4  a  2 (1M)
Case (ii) : 4a  20  10
10 5
 4a  10  a  4  a  2
15 5
a  (or) (1M)
2 2
V3 33.Find the equations of the straight lines passing through (1, 3) and (i) parallel to
(ii) perpendicular to the line passing through the points (3, -5) and (-6, 1)
Sol: Given P 1, 3 , A   3, 5  , B   6,1
 If A  x1 , y1  and B  x 2 , y 2  are two points ,

1 5 6 2
Slope of AB     then slope of AB  y2  y1 (1M)
6  3 9 3 x 2  x1
IPE MATHS IB 40
2  The equation of the line pas sin g through the
(i) Required line is y  3    x  1 po int  x1 , y1  and slope m is y  y1  m  x  x1 
3
 3y  9  2x  2
 2x  3y 11  0 (1M)
3 1
 x  1  If m1 , m2 are slopesof two  lines thenm1m2  1  m2   m
lr
(ii) Required line is y  3 
2 1
 2y  6  3x  3 3x  2y  3  0 (2M)
V3 34.Find the angles of the triangle whose sides are x  y  4  0 , 2 x  y  6  0 ,
5 x  3 y  15  0
Sol. Given lines are x  y  4  0 ------(1), 2 x  y  6  0 -----(2), 5 x  3 y  15  0 -----(3)
B
3 2
C A
1
cosA = angle between the sides (1) and (2)
 If  is the angle between the lines a1 x  b1 y  c1  0

2 1 a1a2  b1b2
 cos A  and a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 then cos  
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 1 2
a1  b1
2 2
a2  b2
2
2 1 3 3 1  3 
    A  cos   (2M)
11 4 1 2 5 10  10 
similarly, cosB = angle between sides (2) and (3)

10  3 1313 1  13 
cos B   
 B  cos   (1M)
4  1 25  9 5 34 170  170 
cosC = Angle between sides (1) and (3)
53 8 1  8 
cos C  
 C  cos   (1M)
1  1 25  9 2 34  68 
V3 35.Line ‘L’ has intercepts a and b on the axis of coordiantes. When the axes are rotated through a
given angle, keeping the origin fixed, the same line ‘L’ has intercepts p and q on the transformed
1 1 1 1
axis prove that 2
 2 2 2.
a b p q
Sol.
IPE MATHS IB 41
Y
Y1
X1
D (0,q) B (0,b)
C (p, 0)
(1M)
X
O A (a, 0)
x y
The equation of a straight line before transformation is   1 -----------(1)
a b
 bx  ay  ab
ab
The perpendicular distance from the origin to (1) =
a  b2
2
c
The perpendiculardistancetheorigintotheline ax  by  c  0 is (1M)
a 2  b2
x y
The equation of the straight line after transformation is   1 --------------(2)
p q
 qx  py  pq
pq
The perpendicular distance from the origin to (2) = (1M)
p2  q2
The perpendicular distances from origin to the lines (1) and (2) are equal.
ab pq
 
a2  b2 p2  q2
squaring on bothsides
a 2b 2 p2q 2 a 2  b2 p2  q 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2
 2 2
 2 2
 2 2  2  2  2  2  2  2  2  2 (1M)
a b p q ab pq b a q p a b p q
V3 36.A (10, 4), B(-4, 9) and C(-2, -1) are the vertices of a triangle. Find the equations of

(i) AB (ii) The median through A
(iii) The altitude through B

(iv) The perpendicular bisector of the side AB .
Sol. Given that A = (10, 4), B =(-4, 9), C = (-2, -1)
 If A  x1 , y1  and B  x 2 , y2  are two points
 94 y2  y1
(i) Equation of AB : slope of AB  then slope of AB 
4  10 x2  x1
5 5
 
14 14
IPE MATHS IB 42
 5  The equation of the line pas sin g through

Equation of AB is y  4   x 10 the po int  x , y  and slope m is y  y  m  x  x 
14 1 1 1 1
 14 y  56  5 x  50  5x  14 y  106  0 (1M)
A(10, 4)
(ii) The median through A:

B D C
Let D be the mid point of BC

 4  2 9 1   6 8   x1  x2 y1  y2 
D ,    ,   If A x1 , y1  B  x2 , y2  aretwopoints, then mid point of AB= 2 , 2 
 2 2   2 2
 D   3, 4 
y2  y1 44
slope of AD = x  x  3  10  0
2 1

 
 The equation of the line AD passing through the point  x1 ,y1  andslopemis y - y1 = m  x - x1 
 y  4  0  x  10   y  4  0 (1M)
(iii) The altitude through B: Let BE be the perpendicular to AC
A E
y2  y1 1  4 5 5
slope of AC, m   
x2  x1 2  10 12 12
B(-4, 9) C
1 12
slope of BE,   If m1 , m2 are slopesof two  ler lines thenm1m2  1
m 5
 1
 Equation of altitude through B ( BE ) is y  y1   x  x1 
m
12
 y 9   x  4   5 y  45  12 x  48  12 x  5 y  3  0 (1M)
5

(iv) The perpendicular bisector of the side AB
Let F be the mid point of AB
 x + x y + y 2   10  4 4  9   13 
F =  1 2 , 1   ,    3, 
 2 2   2 2   2
y2  y1 94 5 5
slope of AB, m  x  x  4  10  14  14
2 1
IPE MATHS IB 43
1 14
slope of perpendicular bisector =   If m1 , m2 are slopes of two  lr lines then m1 m2  1
m 5
 -1
 Equation of perpendicular bisector of the side AB is y - y 1 =  x - x 1 
m
13 14 2 y  13 14
 y   x  3    x  3   10 y  65  28 x  84  28 x  10 y  19  0 (1M)
2 5 2 5
x y
V3 37.A variable straight line drawn through the point of intersection of straight lines   1 and
a b
x y
  1 meets the co-ordinate axes at A and B. Show that the locus of the midpoint of AB is
b a
2  a  b  xy  ab  x  y  .
x y x y  ab ab 
Sol. The point of intersection of   1 and   1 is  ,  (1M)
a b b a ab ab
B
B (0, q)
(x1, y1)
B
O A
(p, 0)
 A=(p, 0) ; B = (0, q)
 x y
equation of AB is   1 -------------(1) (1M)
p q
Let (x1, y1) be the midpoint of AB.
 p q  x1  x2 y1  y2 
 (x1, y1) =  2 , 2   If A x1 , y1  B  x2 , y2  aretwopoints, then mid point of AB= 2 , 2 
 
 p  2 x1 ; q  2 y1
x y x y
 Equation of the straight line is 2x  2 y  1 The equationof linehavea, b as int erceptsis a  b  1 (1M)
1 1
 ab ab 
it passes through  , 
 a b a b 
 ab   ab 
  
ab ab
  ab   1 1   ab   y1  x1 
   1   a  b   2 x  2 y   1   a  b   2 x y   1
2 x1 2 y1  1 1  1 1
 ab  x1  y1   2  a  b  x1 y1
 The locus of the midpoint of AB is 2  a  b  xy  ab  x  y  (1M)

IPE MATHS IB 44
V3 38.Prove that the length of the perpendicular from the point P  x0 , y0  to the straight line
ax0  by0  c
ax  by  c  0 is
a 2  b2
Y
Y1
X1
Sol. Given that (X0 , y0 ) (1M)
X
O
ax  by  c  0 ------------(1)
Let (h, k) =  x 0 , y 0 
we know that x  x1  h, y  y1  k  x  x1  x0 , y  y1  y0 ---------(2) (1M)
from (1) and (2), a  x1  x0   b  y1  y0   c  0

1 1
 ax1  ax0  by1  by0  c  0  ax  by   ax0  by0  c   0 ..........(3) (1M)
 The perpendicular distance from new origin  x0 , y0  to (3)
ax0  by0  c c
  The  er distance from theorigin to (1)  (1M)
a 2  b2 a 2  b2
V3 39.A(-1, 1), B(5, 3) are opposite vertices of a square in the XY-plane. Find the equation of the other
diagonal (not passing through A, B) of the square.
D B (5,3)
Sol. Let ACBD be a square.

A (-1, 1) C
Let A(-1, 1), B (5,3) be the opposite vertices.
 3 1 y2  y1
Slope of AB = m  If A x1 , y1  and B x2 , y2  aretwopoints,then slope of AB 
5 1 x2  x1
2 1
  (1M)
6 3
1
Slope of CD=  3 AB  CD   If m1 , m2 are slopesof two  ler lines thenm1m2  1
m
 x1 + x2 y1 + y 2 
Also, The midpoint of CD = The mid point of AB =  , 
 2 2 
 In the square ABCD , mid po int of AC  mid po int of BDand AC  BD

IPE MATHS IB 45
 1  5 1  3   4 4 
 ,    ,    2, 2  (1M)
 2 2  2 2
-1
 The equation of the other diagonal CD is y - y 1 =  x - x1 
m
 y  2  3  x  2   y  2  3x  6  3 x  y  8  0 (2M)
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (VSAQ)

V1 40.Find the condition for the points (a, 0), (h, k) and (0, b) where ab  0 to be collinear..
Sol. Let A = (a, 0); B = (h, k) ; C = (0, b)
Given that A, B, C are collinear.
 slope of AB = slope of BC
k 0 bk y 2 - y1
   slope of the line passing through  x1 , y 1  &  x 2 , y 2  is
ha 0h x 2 - x1
k bk
   hk  bh  hk  ab  ak  bh  ak  ab
ha h
bh ak h k
  1   1
ab ab a b
V1 41.Transform the equations into normal form (i ) x  y  1  0
 ii  x  y  2  0
Sol. (i) Given that x  y  1  0  x  y  1   x  y  1
Divide with 2  a  b  1  1  2 

2 2
 1   1  1
 x y
 2  2 2
This is in the form of xcosα + ysinα = p (normal form)
1 1 1
where cos   0,sin   0, p 
2 2 2
 5
  Q3      
4 4
5 5 1
 The equation of st.line in normal form is x cos 4  y sin 4 
2
(ii) x  y  2  0  x  y  2
Divide with 2  a  b  1  1  2 

2 2
 1   1   
 x   y  2  x cos  y sin  2
 2  2 4 4
This is in the form of xcosα + ysinα = p  Normal form 
IPE MATHS IB 46
1 1 
where cos   ; sin   and p  2 ,  
2 2 4
V1 42.If the area of the triangle formed by the straight lines x = 0, y = 0 and 3x+4y=a (>o) is 6. Find the
value of a.
Sol. Given that 3x  4 y  a  3 x  4 y  a  0       1
Also, Given that
The area of the triangle formed with (1) and the co-ordinate axes = 6
 area of the traingle formed by the line

2
c c2
 6
2 ab ax  by  c  0 with coordinate axes is
2 | ab |
a2
  6  a 2  144  a  12  a  0
2 3.4
V1 43.Find the area of the triangle formed by the straight line x  4 y  2  0 with the co-ordinate axes.
Sol. Given that x  4 y  2  0
c2
Area of the triangle formed by the line ax  by  c  0 with co-ordinate axes =
2 | ab |
4 1
  sq.units
2 1 4  2
V1 44.Find the equation of the straight line passing through (-4, 5)and cutting off equal non zero intercepts
on the co-ordinate axes.
x y
Sol. Let the equation of a striaght line is   1       1
a b
Given that intercepts are equal
a  b
x y
then the equation of straight line is + =1
a a
 x  y  a --------(2)
it passes through (-4, 5)
 4  5  a  a  1
 Required equation of the straight line is xy1  from  2  
V1 45.Find the equation of the straight line passing through the point (3, -4) and making X and Y- intercepts
which are in the ratio 2:3.
IPE MATHS IB 47
x y
Sol. Let the equation of the straight line be + = 1------ 1
a b
a 2 2b
Given that, a : b = 2 : 3   a       2
b 3 3
x y
 1
from (1) and (2),  2b  b
 3 
3x y 3x  2 y
  1   1  3x  2 y  2b ------------(3)
2b b 2b
it passes through (3, -4)
1
9 - 8 = 2b  2b  1  b 
2
 The required equation of the straight line is 3x  2 y  1  from  3  
V1 46.Find the equation of the straight line passing through the points  at12 , 2at1  and  at 2
2 , 2at2 
Sol. Let A   at12 , 2at1  ; B   at22 , 2at2 
2 at 2  2 at1 If A x , y  and B x , y  aretwopoints,then slope of AB  y2  y1

slope of AB, m  at 2  at 2 1 1 2 2
x2  x1
2 1
2a  t2  t1  2  t2  t1  2
  
 t2  t1   a  b   a  b  a  b 
2 2
a t  t
2
2
2
1  t 2  t1  t2  t1 
The equation of line passing through  x1 , y1  with slope m is y - y1 = m  x - x1 

2
 y  2 at1 
t1  t2
 x  at12 
  t1  t2  y  2at1  t1  t2   2 x  2at12  2 x   t1  t2  y  2at12  2at1  t1  t2 
 2 x   t1  t2  y  2at1  t1  t1  t2   2 x   t1  t2  y  2at1t2
 2 x   t1  t2  y  2at1t2  0
V1 47.Find the distance between the parallel lines 5 x  3 y  4  0;10 x  6 y  9  0
Sol. Given that 5 x  3 y  4  0  10 x  6 y  8  0       1
10 x  6 y  9  0        2 
Distance between the parallel lines (1) and (2)
 The distance between the parallel lines

8  9 c1 - c2
 ax + by + c1 = 0 & ax + by + c 2 = 0 is
100  36 a2 + b2
IPE MATHS IB 48
1 1
  units
136 2 34
V1 48.Find the equation of straight line passing through the point (5, 4) and parallel to the line
2x + 3y+7 = 0.
Sol. The equation of straight line parallel to the line ax + by + c = 0 is ax + by = k.
The equation of straight line parallel to the line 2x + 3y + 7 = 0 is 2x + 3y =k -------- (1)
(5, 4) passes through the equation (1)
2(5) + 3 (4) = k  k = 22 substitute k = 22 in equation (1)
 2x + 3y = 22
2x + 3y - 22 = 0
V1 49. Find the value of y, if the line joining (3, y) and (2, 7) is parallel to the line joining the points
(-1, 4) and (0, 6).
Sol. Let A = (3, y); B = (2, 7)
C = (-1, 4); D = (0, 6)

 
Given that AB is parallel to CD
 slope of AB = slope of CD
7  y 6  4  slope of the line AB m = y 2 - y 1

  
2  3 0 1 x 2 - x1
7 y
  2  7  y  2  y  9
1
V1 50.Find the equation of the straight line passing through (2, 3) and making non-zero intercepts whose
sum is zero.
x y
Sol. Let the equation of the straight line be + = 1       1
a b
Given that a  b  0  b  a ------(2)
from (1) and (2)
x y
  1  x  y  a        3
a a
it passes through (2, 3)
2 - 3 = a  a  1
 Required equation of the straight line is x  y  1  from  3   x  y  1  0

V1 51. Find the equation of the straight line passing through (-2, 4) and making non zero intercepts whose
sum is zero.
x y
Sol. Let the equation of the straight line be + = 1       1
a b
Given that a + b = 0  b  a ------(2)
x y
from (1) and (2);   1  x  y  a        3
a a
IPE MATHS IB 49
it passes through (-2, 4); 2  4  a  a  6
 Required equation of the straight line is x  y  6  from  3    x  y  6  0

V1 52. Find the equations of the straight lines passing through the origin and making equal angles with
the co-ordinate axes.
Y
1350
450
X
O
Sol.
The equation of the straight line which passes through the origin is y = mx ...........(1)
case(i) Inclination of the line   450  m  tan 450  1  m  tan 
 Equation of straight line is y  1.x  from 1 

 y  x  x y  0
case(ii) Inclination of the other line   1350  m  tan1350  1
 Equation of straight line is y  1. x  from 1 

 y  x  x  y  0
V1 53.Find the value of P, if the straight lines x + p = 0, y + 2 = 0, 3x + 2y + 5 = 0 are concurrent.
Sol. Given straight lines x + p = 0, y + 2 = 0, 3x + 2y + 5 = 0 are concurrent then
1 0 P
0 1 2  0  If three lines areconcurent thenthe det volue is 0
3 2 5
1
 1(5  4)  0  P (0  3)  0  1  3P  0  P  3 .
V1 54.If 2 x  3 y  5  0 is the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining (3, -4) and  ,   then find
  .
Sol. Given that 2x - 3y - 5 = 0 ----------(1)
 ,   be the image of (3, -4) w.r.to (1)
We know that  h, k  is the image of  x1 , y1  w .r .t the line ax  by  c  0 then
h  x1 k  y1 2  ax1  by1  c 
 
a b a 2  b2
  3   4 2  6  12  5    3   4 2 13  3  4
         2
2 3 49 2 3 13 2 3
   3  4 ;   4  6    1 ;   2
    1
Alternate Method:
Given that
IPE MATHS IB 50
2 x  3 y  5  0 ------(1)
Let A = (3, -4) ; B =  ,  

Let C be the midpoint of AB
 3  4    If A x , y B x , y aretwopoints, then mid point of AB= x1  x2 , y1  y2 

C   ,  1 1  2 2  2
 2 2 
  2 
C lies on (1)
 3    4    6  2  12  3  10
2   3 5  0   0  2  3  8  0 ------(2)
 2   2  2
Also, (1)  AB
slope of (1)  slope of AB = -1
 2    4 
    1  2  8  3  9  3  2  1  0 ------(3)
 3    3 
Solving (2) and (3)
  1
-3 8 2 -3
2 -1 3 2
  1   1 13 26
        1;   2
3  16 24  2 4  9 13 26 13 13 13
    1  2  1
V1 55. Find the value of k , if the straight lines y  3kx  4  0 and (2k 1)x(8k 1)y60 are perpendicular..
Sol. Given that y  3kx  4  0  3kx  y  4  0 ------(1)
 2k  1 x  8k  1 y  6  0 ------(2)
 3k 
slope of (1), m1   3k
1
  2k  1 2k  1
slope of (2), m2   8k  1  8k  1
 
Given that (1) and (2) are perpendicular
 m1m2  1  If m1 , m2 are slopesof two  ler lines thenm1m2  1
 2k  1 
 3k    1  6k 2  3k  8k  1  6k 2  5k  1  0
 8k  1 
 6k 2  6k  k  1  0  6k  k  1  1 k  1  0   k  1 6k  1  0
1
 k  1  0  or  6k  1  0  k  1 or  k 
6
IPE MATHS IB 51
 
V2 56.If the product of the intercepts made by the straight line x tan   y sec   1 0     on the co-
 2
ordinate axes is equal to sin , find  .
x y
Sol. Given that x tan   y sec   1   1
cot  cos 
x y
This is in the form of + =1
a b
where x - intercept, a = cot  ; y - intercept, b = cos 
Given that, the product of intercepts  sin 
cos  cos2 
 cot  .cos   sin   .cos   sin    1  cot 2   1
sin  sin 2 
 
 cot   1  0      cot   cot 450    450
 2
V2 57. Find the length of the perpendicular drawn from the point (-2, -3) to the straight line 5x2y4 0
Sol. Given that 5 x  2 y  4  0       1
given point  x1 , y1    2, 3

The length of the perpendicular drawn from  2, 3 to (1)
5  2   2  3  4 | ax1  by1  c |

 The lr distancefrom P( x1 , y1 ) totheline ax  by  c  0 is
25  4 a2  b2
10  6  4
 =0
29
V2 58.Find the value of k, if the straight lines 6 x  10 y  3  0 and kx  5 y  8  0 are parallel.

Sol. Given that 6 x  1 0 y  3  0 ......... 1  , k x  5 y  8  0 ... .... ..  2 
6 3 a
slope of (1), m1    slope of the line ax  by  c  0 is m 
10 5 b
k k
slope of (2), m2  
5 5
Given that (1) and (2) are parallel
3 k
 m1 = m 2    k=3
5 5
V2 59.Find the value of p, if the straight lines 3 x  7 y  1  0 and 7 x  py  3  0 are mutually perpendicular..
Sol. Given that 3 x  7 y  1  0 ------(1), 7 x  py  3  0 ------(2)
3 a
slope of (1), m1   slope of the line ax  by  c  0 is m 
7 b
IPE MATHS IB 52
7 7
slope of (2), m2  
p p
Given that (1) and (2) are perpendicular
 m1m2  1  If m1 , m 2 be the slopes of two non vertical lines are  lr then m1 m 2   1
 3   7 
      1  p3
 7   p 
x y x y
V2 60.If  is the angle between the lines   1,   1 then find the value of sin   a  b  .
a b b a
x y
Sol. Given that   1  bx  ay  ab  0 ------(1)
a b
x y
  1  ax  by  ab  0 ------(2)
b a
Let  be the actu angle between (1) and (2)
 If  is the angle between the lines a1 x  b1 y  c1  0

b b  a  a a1b2  a2 b1
sin  and a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 then sin  
2 2 2 2
b a a b 2
a1  b1
2 2
a2  b2
2
b2  a2 a2  b2
  2  a  b 
b2  a2 a2  b2 a  b2
V2 61.If a portion of a straight line intercepted between the axes of coordinates is bisected at
 2 p, 2q  write the equation of the straight line.
Sol.
x y
Let the equation of the straight line is + =1
a b
 A =(a, 0) ; B =(0, b)
Given that (2p, 2q) bisects AB
 (2p, 2q) = midpoint of AB
a b  x x y  y 
  2 p, 2q    ,  If A x1 , y1  B x2 , y2  aretwopoints, then mid point of AB= 1 2 , 1 2 
2 2  2 2 
 a  4 p, b  4q
x y qx  py
 The equation of the straight line is 4 p  4q  1 
4 pq
 1  qx  py  4 pq
IPE MATHS IB 53
V2 62. Find the foot of the perpendicular drawn from(4, 1) upon the straight line 3 x  4 y  12  0 .
(x1,y1)
Sol. Given that 3 x  4 y  12  0 ------(1)

ax+by+c=0
(h, k)
Let  x1 , y1    4,1
Let (h, k) be the foot of the perpendicular from (4, 1) on (1)
We know that  h, k  is the foot of the  ler from P  x1 , y1  w .r .t
h  x1 k  y1   ax1  by1  c 
the line ax  by  c  0 then  
a b a 2  b2
h  4 k  1  12  4  12 
  
3 4 9  16
h  4 k  1 20 h  4 k  1 4
     
3 4 25 3 4 5
h4 4 k  1 4
 ; 
3 5 4 5
12 16
h4 ; k 1 
5 5
12 16
h  4 ; k 1
5 5
8 21
h  ; k
5 5
 8 21 
 Foot of the perpendicular =  5 , 5 
 
V3 63.Transform the equation  2  5k  x  31 2k  y   2  k   0 into the form L1   L2  0 and find the point
of concurrency of the family of straight lines.
Sol. Given that  2  5k  x  31  2k  y   2  k   0
 2 x  5 kx  3 y  6 ky  2  k  0
  2 x  3 y  2   k  5 x  6 y  1  0
It represents a family of concurrent straight lines are 2 x  3 y  2  0 ------(1)
 The equation of family of lines passing through the point of

5 x  6 y  1  0 ---(2) intersection of L  0 and L  0 is L   L  0
1 2 1 2
Solving (1) and (2)

x y 1
-3 2 2 -3
-6 -1 5 -6
x y 1 x y 1
    
3  12 10  2 12  15 15 12 3
IPE MATHS IB 54
 x  5, y  4
 Point of concurrency = (5, 4) (1M)
V3 64.Find the ratio in which the straight line 2 x  3 y  20  0 divides the join of the points (2, 3) and (2, 10).
Sol. Let the given straight line is L  2 x  3 y  20  0
 x1 , y1    2,3 ;  x2 , y2    2,10 
We know that the ratio in which the line ax  by  c  0 divides the line
joining of  x1 , y1  and  x2 , y2    L11 : L22
=   4  9  20  :  4  30  20 
   7  :14
 7 :14  1: 2
V3 65.Prove that the points (1,11), (2,15) and (-3, -5) are collinear and find the equation of the stright line
containing them.
Sol. Let A = (1, 11); B = (2, 15) ; C = (-3, -5)
5  15 20 y2 -y1
slope of BC (m) =   4 slope of the linepassing through x1 ,y1  & x2 ,y2  is
3  2 5 x2 -x1
Equation of BC is y - y 1 = m(x - x1 )
 y  5  4( x  3)  4 x  y  7  0 .................(1)
put A(1,11) in equation (1)  4(1)  11  7  0
 A(1,11) satisfies equation (1)  the points A,B,C are collinear and the equation of the stright line is
4x-y+7=0
V3 66.Find the orthocentre of the triangle whose sides are given by
4 x  7 y  10  0, x  y  5 and 7 x  4 y  15 .
Sol. Given that 4 x  7 y  10  0 ------(1) , x  y  5  0 ------(2), 7 x  4 y  15  0 ------(3)
4 a
Slope of eq(1)   slope of a line ax  by  c  0 is
7 b
7
Slope of eq(3) 
4
2
4   7 
slope of (1)  slope of  3       1
3
 7  4  1
 Eq(1) and Eq(3) are perpendicular

 (1),(2),(3) forms a right angled triangle
In right angled triangle, the orthocentre is the point of intersection of perpendicular sides.
Solving (1) and (3),
x y 1
-7 10 4 -7
4 -15 7 4
x y 1 x y 1
      x  1, y  2
105  40 70  60 16  49 65 130 65
 Orthocentre = (1, 2)
IPE MATHS IB 55
V3 67.Find the incentre of the triangle whose sides are x  1, y  1, x  y  1
Sol. Given that x  1 ------(1), y  1 ------(2), x  y  1 ------(3)
C (1,0)
L et th e p o in t o f in terse ctio n o f (1 ) & (2 ) is A (1 , 1 ) 3
1
T h e p o in t o f in tersec tio n o f (2 ) an d (3 ) is B (0 ,1 )
T h e p o in t o f in tersec tio n o f (3 ) an d (1 ) is C (1 ,0 ) A (1,1) 2 B (0,1)
a  BC  2 ; b  CA  1 ; c  AB  1
 ax1  bx2  cx3 ay1  by2  cy3 
 Incentre =  a  b  c , a  b  c 
 
 2 1  1 0   11 2 1  11  1 0    2  1 2  1 

 ,    , 
 2 11 2 11 
   2 2 2 2
 
2 1 2 1   1 , 1 
 ,
 2 1 2 2 1 2      2 2 
 
V3 68.If a,b,c are in A.P. then show that ax by  c  0 represents a family of concurrent lines and find the
point of concurrency.
Sol. Given that a,b,c are in A.P.  2b  a  c  c  2b  a ------(1)
Also, ax  by  c  0 ------(2)
from (1) and (2), ax  by  2b  a  0  a  x  1  b  y  2   0
 It represents a family of concurrent lines.It represents the straight lines
 The equation of fam ily of lines pas sin g through the po int of
int er sec tion of L1  0 and L2  0 isL1   L2  0
x 1  0 ; y  2  0  x  1 ; y   2
 Point of concurrency = (1, -2)
V3 69.Find the ratio in which the straight line 2 x  3 y  5 divides the join of the points (0, 0) and (-2, 1).
Sol: Let the given straight line is L  2 x  3 y  5  0
 x1 , y1    0, 0 ;  x2 , y2    2,1
W e know th at the ratio in w hich the line ax  by  c  0 divides the lin e
joining of  x 1 , y 1  and  x 2 , y 2    L11 : L 22
=   0  0  5  :   4  3  5   5 : 6
IPE MATHS IB 56
PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES

KEY POINTS:
1. If h2  ab then ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 represents a pair of straight lines passing through the origin.
2. Let ax 2  2hxy  by 2   1x  m1y    2 x  m2 
 1 2 x 2  1m2 xy  m1 2 xy  m1m2 y 2
 1 2 x 2   1m2  m1 2  xy  m1m2 y 2

After comparing we get a  1 2 , 2h  1m2  m1 2 , b  m1m2
3. The equation of bisector of angles between the lines a1x  b1y  c1  0, a 2 x  b2 y  c2  0 are
a1x  b1y  c1 a 2 x  b2 y  c2

a12  b12 a 22  b22
4.
2 2
 
The equation of bisectors of angles between the lines ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 is h x  y   a  b  xy
5. If '  ' is the acute angle between the pair of lines ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 then
ab
cos  
(i)
 a  b 2  4h2
2 h2  ab
(ii) tan  
ab
(iii) The above lines are mutually perpendicular  a  b  0
(iv) The above lines are coincide  h2  ab  0
6. The equation of the lines passing through  x1, y1  and
(i) parallel to ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 is a  x  x1 2  2h  x  x1  y  y1   b  y  y1 2  0
(ii) perpendicular to ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 is b  x  x1 2  2h  x  x1   y  y1   a  y  y1 2  0

7. The area of the triangle formed by ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 and the line x  my  n  0 is
n2 h2  ab
am2  2hm  b2
8. The product of perpendiculars drawn from a point P  ,   to the pair of lines ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 is
a2  2h  b2

 a  b 2  4h2
9. If ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2gx  2fy  c  0 represents two pair of lines then
(i)   abc  2fgh  af 2  bg 2  ch2  0
(ii) h2  ab,g 2  ac,f 2  bc
IPE MATHS IB 57
10. The point of intersection of the lines represented by ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2gx  2fy  c  0 is
 hf  bg gh  af 
 ab  h2 , ab  h2 
 
11. If the equation ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2gx  2fy  c  0 represents a pair of parallel lines then
(i) h2  ab (ii) af 2  bg 2 and
g 2  ac f 2  bc
(iii) distance between these parallel lines  2 a a  b 
2
b a  b
12. Homogenisation: The equation of the line pair of line joining the origin to the points of intersection of the curve
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2gx  2fy  c  0 and the line x  my  n  0 is
2
 x  my   x  my   x  my 
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2gx    2fy    c  0
 n   n   n 
13. The pair of lines of ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 are at right angles.  x 2coeff.  y 2coeff.  0 (or) a  b  0

V1 01.Find the values of k, if the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the curve
2 x 2  2 xy  3 y 2  2 x  y  1  0 and the line x + 2y = k are mutually perpendicular..
Sol. Given equation of the curve 2 x 2  2 xy  3 y 2  2 x  y  1  0 ........(1)
x  2y
equation of the line x  2 y  k   1....(2) (1M)
k
Homogenise the equation(1) with the help of (2) then
2 x 2  2 xy  3 y 2  (2 x  y)(1)  1(1)2  0 (1M)
IPE MATHS IB 58
2
2 2  x  2y   x  2y 
 2 x  2 xy  3 y  (2 x  y )     0 (1M)
 k   k 
2 2  2 x 2  4 xy  xy  2 y 2   x 2  4 y 2  4 xy  2
 2 x  2 xy  3 y     2   0  a  b  a2  b2  2ab
 k   k 
 2k x  2 k xy  3k y  k  2 x  3 xy  2 y   x  4 y  4 xy  0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
  2k  2k  1 x   2k  3k  4  xy   3k  2k  4  y  0
2 2 2 2 2
(3M)
Given that above lines are perpendicular  coefficient of x 2  coefficient of y 2  0
 2k2+2k-1 + 3k2-2k-4 = 0  5k 2  5  0  k 2  1  k   1 . (2M)
V1 02. Find the angle between the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the curve
x 2  2 xy  y 2  2 x  2 y  5  0 and the line 3x – y + 1 = 0.
Sol. Given equation of the curve x 2  2 xy  y 2  2 x  2 y  5  0  1
Equation of the line 3 x  y  1  0  y  3 x  1 ....... (2) (1M)
Homogenise equation (1) with the help of (2) then
2
x 2  2 xy  y 2   2 x  2 y 1  5 1  0 (1M)
2 2 2
 x  2 xy  y   2 x  2 y  y  3 x   5  y  3 x   0
2
 x 2  2 xy  y 2  2 xy  6 x 2  2 y 2  6 xy  5 y 2  45 x 2  30 xy  0   a  b   a  b  2ab
2 2
 50 x2  28xy  2 y2  0  25 x 2  14 xy  y 2  0 -------(3)

Compare equation (3) with ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 , we get
a =25, 2h = -14, b =1 (3M)
ab
We know that  be an acute angle between above lines then cos  2
 a  b  4h2
25 1 26 26 13
cos    
2 2
 25 1  14 576  196 772 193
1 13
   cos . (2M)
193
V1 03.Show that the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the curve x 2  xy  y 2  3 x  3 y  2  0
and the straight line x  y  2  0 are mutually perpendicular..
Sol. Given equation of the curve x 2  xy  y 2  3 x  3 y  2  0 ..........(1)
x y
equation of theline x  y  2  0  x  y  2   1 .............(2) (1M)
2
Homogenise equation (1) with the help of (2) then
2
x2  xy  y2   3x  3y  (1)  2 1  0 (1M)
IPE MATHS IB 59
2
2 2  x y  x y
 x  xy  y  3  x  y     2  0
 2   2 
2 3x2  3 y 2
2  x 2  y 2  2 xy  2
 x  xy  y  2 0   a  b   a 2  b2  2ab
2 2
2 2 3x2 3y2
 x  xy  y    x 2  y 2  2 xy  0
2 2
3 2 3 2
 x  xy  y 0 (3M)
2 2
3  3 
x 2 coeff  y 2coeff   0
2  2
 The pair of lines ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0represents a pair of
 The lines are perpendicular.. perpendicular lines then coefficient of x 2  coefficient of y 2  0 (2M)
V1 04.Find the condition for the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the circle x2  y 2  a2 and
the line lx  my  1 to coincide.
Sol. Given equation of the circle x 2  y 2  a 2 ..........(1)
equation of straight line is l x  m y  1 .......... (2)
homogenise the equation(1) with help of (2)
2 2
x 2  y 2  a 2 1  x 2  y 2  a 2  lx  my  (2M)
 x  y  a  l x  m y  2lmxy 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 a 2 l 2 x 2  a 2 m 2 y 2  2lma 2 xy  x 2  y 2  0
  a l  1 x  2lma xy   a m  1 y  0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(3M)
here a  a 2 l 2  1, h  a 2 lm , b  a 2 m 2  1
given that lines are coincide
We know that the pair of lines ax 2  2 hxy  by 2  0 reprasentes coincide lines
 h 2  ab
2
  a lm    a l  1 a m  1
2 2 2 2 2
 a 4l 2 m 2  a 4 l 2 m 2  a 2 l 2  a 2 m 2  1  a  l  m   1
2 2 2
(2M)
V1 05. Find the condition for the chord lx+my=1 of the circle x 2  y 2  a 2 (whose center is the origin) to
subtend a right angle at the origin.
Sol. Given equation of the circle x 2  y 2  a 2 ..........(1)
equation of straight line is lx  m y  1 ................. (2)
homogenise the equation(1) with help of (2)
2 2
x 2  y 2  a 2 1  x 2  y 2  a 2  lx  my  (2M)
 x  y  a  l x  m y  2lmxy 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 a 2 l 2 x 2  a 2 m 2 y 2  2lma 2 xy  x 2  y 2  0
  a l  1 x  2lma xy   a m  1 y  0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(3M)
IPE MATHS IB 60
here a  a 2 l 2  1, h  a 2 lm , b  a 2 m 2  1
given that lines are perpendicular
We know that the pair of lines ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 reprasentes perpendicular lines
ab0

2 2 2 2
 
 a l 1  a m 1  0 
 a 2 (l 2  m 2 )  2  0  a 2 (l 2  m 2 )  2 (2M)
2 2
V1 06.Let the equation ax  2hxy  by  0 represent a pair of straight lines.Then the angle  between the
ab
lines given by cos  
(a  b)2  4h2
Sol. Let ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 represent the lines
l1 x  m1 y  0  1
l2 x  m2 y  0   2 
  l1 x  m1 y  l2 x  m2 y   ax 2  2hxy  by 2
 l1l2  a, m1m2  b, l1m2  l2 m1  2h (2M)
Let  be the angle between the lines (1) and (2)
We know that  be the angle between the lines a1 x  b1 y  c1  0 and
a1a 2  b1b2
a 2 x  b2 y  c 2  0 then cos   (1M)
a12  b12 a 22  b22
l1l2  m1m2 ab a b

cos    
2
l1  m1
2 2
l2  m2
2
l
1
2
 m1 2
 l
2
2
 m2 2
 l12l2 2  m12 m2 2  l 2 m2 2  l2 m12
a b
 (2M)
l12l2 2  m12 m2 2  2l1l2 m1m2  l 2 m2 2  l2 m12  2l1l2 m1m2
2
ab  a 2  b 2  2ab   a  b 

2 2 2
l1l2  m1m2    l1m2  l2m1  a 2  b 2  2ab   a  b 
ab
cos   (2M)
(a  b)2  4h2
V1 07.Show that the product of the perpendicular distances from a point  ,   to the pair of
aα2 +2hαβ+bβ2
straight lines ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 is 2
 a-b +4h 2
Sol. let ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 represent the lines

l1 x  m1 y  0  1
l2 x  m2 y  0   2 
IPE MATHS IB 61
 l1l2  a , m1m2  b, l1m2  l2 m1  2h (2M)
l1  m1
The length of the perpendicular from  ,   to line(1) is (1M)
l12  m12
ax1  by1  c
The lengthof the perpendicular from  x1 , y1  to the line ax  by  c  0 is
a 2  b2
l2  m2 
The length of the perpendicular from  ,   to line(2) is
l22  m22
l1  m1 l2  m2 

the product of the perpendiculars is (2M)
l12  m12 l22  m22
 l1  m 1  l2  m2   l1l2 2  l1m 2  l2 m1  m1m2  2

 
l1
2
 m1
2
l 2
2
 m2
2
 2 2 2 2 2
l1 l2  m1 m2  l1 m2  l2 m1
2 2
l1l2 2  l1 m 2  l 2 m1  m1 m 2  2


2 2 2 2 2 2 2
l1 l2  m1 m 2  2 l1l 2 m1 m 2  l1 m 2  l 2 m1  2 l1l 2 m1 m 2
2
l1l2 2   l1m 2  l2 m1    m1m2  2  a 2  b 2  2ab   a  b 
 2
2 2
 l1l2  m1m2    l1m2  l2 m1  a 2  b 2  2ab   a  b 
a 2  2h  b 2
= 2 (2M)
 a  b  4h 2
V1 08.If the equation ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 represents a pair of distinct (i.e., intersecting) lines, then the combined
equation of the pair of bisectors of the angles between these lines is h  x 2  y 2    a  b  xy
Sol Given the equation ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 reprenents lines y  m1 x ........ 1
y  m2 x .........  2 
y
B
2   3
2
  1 A
 1
1 2 x
O
 ax 2  2hxy  by 2   y  m1 x  y  m2 x 
2 h a
m1  m2  , m1m2  (2M)
b b
Let y  mx .....  3 be one of the angular bisector (1M)
IPE MATHS IB 62
Let (1),(2),(3) makes an angle 1 ,  2 ,  with positve direction of X-axis.
Let m1  tan 1 , m2  tan  2 , m  tan  (1M)
since  2      1  1 2  2  tan 1   2   tan 2
tan 1  tan  2 2 tan  tan A  tan B 2tanA
  tan  A  B   tan2A =
1  tan 1 tan  2 1  tan 2  1  tan A tan B 1 - tan 2 A
m1  m2 2m
 
1  m1m2 1  m 2
2h y
2
 b  x 2  2h  2xy  2h  2 xy
a
1 1 y2 b a x2  y2 a  b x2  y 2
b x
 h  x 2  y 2    a  b  xy (3M)
V1 09.Show that the area of the triangle formed by the lines ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 and lx  my  n  0 is
n 2 h 2  ab
sq.units.
| am 2  2hlm  bl 2 |
Sol. ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 represents lines y  m1 x ........1
y  m2 x .........  2 
y
B
2 3
1 A
x
O
ax 2  2hxy  by 2   y  m1 x  y  m2 x 
2 h a
m1  m2  , m1m2  (2M)
b b
given equation of the line lx  my  n  0 ............(3)
solve (1)&(2) we get O=(0,0)
from(1) & (3) lx  mm1 x  n  0   l  mm1  x  n  0

n  m1 n
x and y 
l  mm1 l  m m1
 n m1n 
A , 
 l  mm1 l  mm1 
 n m2 n 
similarly from (2) and (3), we get B  l  mm , l  mm  (2M)
 2 2 
IPE MATHS IB 63
We know that the area of the traingle formed by the vertices
1
O(0,0), A( x1 , y1 ), B  x 2 , y 2   x1 y 2  x 2 y1
2
1   n    m2 n    n    m1n 
      
2  l  mm1   l  mm2   l  mm2   l  mm1 
2
1 n 2  m2  m1  1 n 2  m2  m1 
  2 2
2  l  mm1  l  mm2  2 l  lmm2  lmm1  m m1m2
2 2
1 n  m2  m1   4m1m2
 2 2
  a - b  =  a + b  - 4ab
2 l 2  lm  m1  m2   m 2 m1m2
4h 2 4a
n2 
1 b2 b 1 2n 2 h 2  ab

2 2   2h  a  2 bl 2  2hlm  am 2
l  lm    m2
 b  b
n2 h2  ab
 (3M)
am2  2hlm bl2
V1 10.If the equation S  ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 represents a pair of parallel straight lines, then
show that  i  h2  ab  ii  af 2  bg 2 and (iii) the distance between the parallel lines is
g 2  ac f 2  bc
2 2
a  a  b ba  b .
Sol: Let S=0 represent the lines lx  my  n1  0  1 , lx  my  n2  0   2  (1M)
  lx  my  n1  lx  my  n2   ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c
Comparing the coefficients of like terms on either side
l 2  a, m 2  b, n 1n2  c, 2lm  2h, l  n1  n2   2 g , m  n1  n2   2 f
2
(1) h 2   lm   l 2 m 2  ab (1M)
2 g l  n1  n2  g l
(ii) 2 f  m n  n  
 1 2 f m
g2 l2 g2 a
Squaring on bothsides      af 2  bg 2 (2M)
f 2 m2 f2 b
c1  c2 n1  n2
(iii) The distance between the parallel lines (1) and (2)  2 2 
a b l 2  m2
n  n2 
2
  n1  n2 2  4 n1 n2 
1
      a - b 2 =  a + b  2 - 4ab
 ab 
ab  
IPE MATHS IB 64
 l 2  n1  n2  2  4 l 2 n1 n2   4g2  4 a c   g2  a c 
  2
     2   (2M)
     
 l a  b   a a  b   a a  b 
 The distance between the parallel lines
n1  n2 c1  c 2
Again the distance between the parallel lines = ax  by  c1  0 and ax  by  c 2  0 is
l 2  m2 a 2  b2
2
n  n2    n1  n 2  2  4 n1 n2 
1
      a - b 2 =  a + b  2 - 4ab
 ab 
ab  
 m2  n1  n2 2  4 m2 n1 n2   4 f 2  4 bc   f 2 bc 
      2   (1M)
 2
  
 m a  b   b  a  b   b  a  b 
V1 11. If the second degree equation S  ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 in the two variables x and y
represents a pair of straight lines, then
i) abc  2 fgh  af 2  bg 2  ch2  0
ii) h2  ab, g 2  ac and f 2  bc
Sol. Since S=0 represents a pair of lines, we can write
S   l1 x  m1 y  n1  l2 x  m2 y  n2   0
Comparing the coefficients of like terms on either side
l1l2  a; m1m2  b; n1n2  c; l1m2  l2 m1  2h
l1n2  l2n1  2 g ; m1n2  m2 n1  2h (2M)
(i) 8fgh =  2 f  2 g  2h    m1n2  m2 n1  l1n2  l2 n1  l1m2  l2 m1 
 2 2 2 2
  2 2 2 2

= l1l2 m1 n2  m2 n1  m1m2 n1 l2  n2 l1  n1n2 l1 m2  l2 m1  2l1l2 m1m2 n1n2  2 2 2 2

2 2
 l1l2  m1n2  m2 n1   2m1m2 n1n2   m1m2  n1l2  n2l1   2l1l2 n1n2 
   
2
n1n2  l1m2  l2 m1   2l1l2 m1m2   2l1l2 m1m2 n1n2
 
2
 a 2 + b 2 =  a + b  - 2ab
 a  4 f 2  2bc   b  4 g 2  2 ac   c  4h 2  2ab   2abc

 8 fgh  4  af 2  bg 2  ch 2  abc 
 abc  2 fgh  af 2  bg 2  ch2  0 (3M)
2 2
2  l1m2  l2 m1   l1m2  l2 m1 
(ii) h  ab     l1l2 m1m2     0  h2  ab
 2   2 
2 2
2  l1n2  l2 n1   l1n2  l2 n1 
(iii) g  ac     l1l2 n1n2    0  g 2  ac
 2   2 
2
 m n  m2 n1   m1n2  m2 n1 
f 2  bc   1 2   m1m2 .n1n2    0  f 2  bc . (2M)
 2   2 
IPE MATHS IB 65
V1 12.Find the centroid and area of the triangle formed by the lines 12 x 2  20 xy  7 y 2  0 and 2x – 3y + 4 = 0.
Sol. Given pair of lines 12 x 2  20 xy  7 y 2  0
12 x 2  6 xy  14 xy  7 y 2  0  6 x  2 x  y   7 y  2 x  y   0   6 x  7 y  2 x  y   0
 lines are 6 x  7 y  0.......... 1
2 x  y  0.......................  2 
given equation of line 2 x  3 y  4  0 ...........( 3 ) (1M)
solve 1 &  2  : solve 1 &  3  : solve  2  &  3 
x y 1 x y 1
7 0 6 7 1 0 2 1
we get O   0, 0  : :
3 4 2 3 3 4 2 3
x y 1 x y 1
  ;  
28  0 0  24 18  24 4  0 0  8 6  2
  28  0 0  24   4 0 08 
 ,  ;  , 
  18  14  18  14   6 2 6  2 
=  7, 6  =A ;  1, 2  =B (3M)
We know that the centroid of the  le formed by the vertices
 x  x2  x 3 y1  y 2  y3 
A  x1 , y1  , B  x 2 , y2  , C  x3 , y3  is G   1 , 
 3 3 
 0  7 1 0  6  2   8 8 
 ,  ,  (1M)
 3 3  3 3
1
We know that the area of triangle OAB is   x1 y 2  x 2 y1
2
1 1
=  7  2   1 6  = 8  = 4 sq. units (1M)
2 2
2
V2 13.Show that the straight lines represented by  x  2a   3 y 2  0 and x=a form an equilateral triangle.
2
Sol.
2
Given lines are  x  2a   3 y 2  0   x  2a  
2
 3y  0
 
 ( x  2a  3 y ) x  2a  3 y  0  a - b =  a + b  a - b 
2 2
x  3 y  2a  0 ............. 1
x  3 y  2a  0 .............  2 
and given line is x-a=0..............................(3) (2M)
let 1 be an angle between the lines (1)&(3) then
If  be the angle between the lines a1 x  b1 y  c1  0

cos 
11  3  0
2
a1a2  b1b2
and a2 x  b2 y  c2  0thencos 
12   
3 12  02
a  b12 a22  b22
2
1
IPE MATHS IB 66
1 0 1
 
1 3 1 2
1
co s  1   1  60 0 (2M)
2
Let 2 be an angle between the lines (2)&(3) then
11    
3  0
cos  2  1 0 1 1
2   =
2

1   3  1 02
1 3 1  0 4 2
1
cos  2  0
  2  600 (1M)
2  cos 60
 1   2  3  1800 , 600  600 3  1800  3  1800  120 0  60 0 (1M)
1   2  3
 The given lines form an equilateral triangle. (1M)
2 2 2 2
V2 14.Show that the pair of stright lines 6 x  5 xy  6 y  0 and 6 x  5 xy  6 y  x  5 y  1  0 forms a square.
Sol. Given pairs of lines 6 x 2  5 xy  6 y 2   2 x  3 y  3 x  2 y 

2 x  3 y  0 ............ (1), 3 x  2 y  0 .............(2) (1M)
A 3 C
2 4
O 1 B
and the given another equation is 6 x 2  5 xy  6 y 2  x  5 y  1  0 represents the lines are
2 x  3 y  n1  0 and 3x  2 y  n2  0
 6 x 2  5 xy  6 y 2  x  5 y  1   2 x  3 y  n1  3 x  2 y  n2 
Comparing on bothsides, we get 3n1  2n2  1 , 2n1  3n2  5
By solving, we get n1  1, n2  1
 6 x 2  5 xy  6 y 2  x  5 y  1   2 x  3 y  1 3x  2 y  1
2 x  3 y  1  0 .......(3)
3 x  2 y  1  0 .......(4) (2M)
cleary 1   lr  2  ,  2   lr  3 
 3 lr  4  ,  4  lr 1

and 1 el  3 ,  2 el  4 (1M)
point of intersection of (1) and (2) is (0,0)
The perpendicular distance from origin

1 c
Perpendicular distance from (0,0) to (3)  to the line ax  by  c  0is
94 a  b2
2
IPE MATHS IB 67
1
  OA
13
1 1
Perpendicular distance from (0,0) to (4) =   OB (2M)
49 13
Adjcent sides are perpendicular and O A  O B
 Given pairs of straight lines form a square. (1M)
V2 15.If the equation  x 2  10 xy  12 y 2  5 x  16 y  3  0 represents a pair of straight lines then find 
2 2
Sol. Given equation  x  10 xy  12 y  5 x  16 y  3  0 ---------(1)
Compare equation (1) with ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 , we get
5
a   , h  5 , b  12 , g  , f  8 , c  3 (2M)
2
We know that the equation ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 represents
(1M)
a pair of stright lines then abc  2 fgh  af 2  bg 2  ch2  0
5  25 
   12  3  2  8    5     64   12    3  25   0
2  4 
 36  200  64  75  75  0
 100  200  0
   2 i.e a  2 (4M)
V2 16.Show that the product of the perpendicular distances from the origin to the pair of straight
c
2 2
linesrepresented by ax  2hxy  by  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 is 2 .
a  b  4h 2
Sol. ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 represent the lines l1 x  m1 y  n1  0.............1
and l2 x  m2 y  n2  0............. 2 
  l1 x  m1 y  n1  l2 x  m2 y  n2   ax 2  2 hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c
 l1l2  a ; m1m2  b ; n1n2  c ; l1m2  l2 m1  2h ;
l1n2  l2 n1  2 g ; m1n2  m2 n1  2 f (2M)
The perpendicular distance from (0,0)
n1
c
perpendicular distance from origin to line (1) is 2 2 to the line ax  by  c  0is
l1  m1
a  b2
2
n2
perpendicular distance from origin to line (2) is 2 2 (1M)
l2  m2
n1 n2
it’s product  2 2
.
2 2
l m
1 1 l2  m2
n1n2 c
 
l 1
2
 m1
2
l 2
2
 m2
2
 2 2 2 2
l1 l2  l1 m2  l2 m1  m1 m2
2 2 2 2
IPE MATHS IB 68
c

2 2 2 2 (2M)
 l1l2    mm
1 2 1 2   l1m2    l2m1   2 l1m2  l2m1 
 2l1l2mm
2
c  a 2 + b 2 + 2ab   a + b 

2 2 2
 l1l2  m1m2    l1m2  l2 m1  a 2 + b 2 - 2ab   a - b 
c c
 
2 2 2
 a  b    2h   a  b  4h 2
c
 product of perpendicular distance from origin to the the pair of straight lines is 2
 4h 2
(2M)
a  b
V2 17.Show that the equation 2 x 2  13 xy  7 y 2  x  23 y  6  0 represents a pair of straight lines also find the
angle between them and the co-ordinates of the point of intesection of the lines.
Sol. Given equation 2 x 2  13 xy  7 y 2  x  23 y  6  0 -------(1)
13 1 23
. a=2, h= , b=-7, g  , f  , c=-6 (1M)
2 2 2
Consdier abc  2 fgh  af 2  bg 2  ch 2
2 2 2
 23  1  13   23  1  13 
=  2  7  6   2      2   7   6 
 2  2  2   2  2  2 
299  529  7  169 
= 84   2    6   336  299  1058  7  1014 =0
4  4  4  4 
169  1  529 
h2   2 g2   2 f2  2
4   h  ab ; 4   g  ac and 4   f  bc
ab  14  ac  12  bc  42 
 Given equation represents a pair of straight lines . (2M)
 If the equation ax 2  2 hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 represents
a pair of stright lines then abc  2 fgh  af 2  bg 2  ch 2  0 and
h 2  ab , f 2  bc , g 2  ac
ab
Let acute angle between the lines be  then cos   2
a  b  4 h2
27 5 5 5 1
   
= 2 2
81  169 250 5 10
 2  7    13 10
 1 
  cos 1   (2M)
 10 
We know that the point of indirection to the pair of lines
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 is  2
, 2 
 ab  h ab  h 
IPE MATHS IB 69
  13  23   1   1  13   23  
     7         2   
  2  2   2   2  2   2 
 2
, 2
  13   13  
     2 
2  7       
2 7 
    2  
 299  14 13  92   285 105   19 7 
= ,   ,   ,  (2M)
 56  169 56  169   225 225   15 15 
V3 18.Show that the straight lines represented by 3 x 2  48 xy  23 y 2  0 and 3 x  2 y  13  0 form an equilateral
13
triangle of area sq.units .
3
Sol. 3 x 2  48 xy  23 y 2  0  3 x 2  48 xy  23 y 2  0
 9 x 2  12 x 2  12 xy  36 xy  4 y 2  27 y 2  0
  9 x 2  12 xy  4 y 2   12 x 2  36 xy  27 y 2   0
2 2
  3x   2  3x  2 y    2 y    3  4 x  12 xy  9 y   0
2 2
2 2 2 2
  3x  2 y   3  2 x  3 y   0   3x  2 y    3  2x  3 y    0
  3x  2 y   3  2 x  3 y   3 x  2 y  3  2 x  3 y    0  a 2 - b 2 =  a + b  a - b 
 3x  2 y  2 3x  3 3 y  0 ; 3x  2 y  2 3x  3 3 y  0
3  2 3  x  3 
3  2 y  0................... 1
3  2 3  x  3 3  2  y  0...................  2  (2M)
and given line is 3 x  2 y  13........................  3

cos1 
3 2 3 3 3 3  2  2 a1a2  b1b2
2 2 and a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 then cos 
3 2 3  3 3  2 3   2 2 2
a12  b12 a22  b22
96 36 34 13 13 13 1

    
9  12  12 3  27  4  12 3 9  4 52 13 2 13 13 2 13 2
1
cos 1   1  600 (1M)
2
cos2 
3  2 3 3   3 3  2  2 96 36 34

2 2
3  2 3   3 3  2 3   22 2
9  12  12 3  27  4  12 3  13 
13 13 13 1
   
52 13 2 13 13 2 13 2
IPE MATHS IB 70
1
cos  2    2  600 (2M)
2
 1   2  3  1800 , 600  600 3  1800  3  1800  120 0  60 0
1   2   3
 Given lines form an equilateral triangle (1M)
length of altitude  p  perpendicular distance from origin to line 3 x  2 y  13  0
c 13 13
    13
2 2
a b 94 13
2 The area of an equilateral triangle formed by the lineax  by  c  0 with the pair of straight line
Area 
 13  ax2  2hxy  by2  0is
p2
, where P is the length of the lr from theorigan to the lineax  by  c  0
3 3
13
 squnits . (1M)
3
2 2
V3 19.Show that the lines represented by  lx  my   3  mx  ly   0 and lx+my+n=0 forms an equilateral
n2
triangle with area 3  l 2  m 2  sq.units.
2
Sol.  lx  my 
2 2
 3  mx  ly   0   lx  my  
2
 3  mx  ly   0
 
 lx  my  3  mx  ly  lx  my  3  mx  ly   0   a 2 - b 2 =  a + b  a - b 
  lx  my  3  mx  ly    0 and lx  my  3  mx  ly   0 
 lx  my  3mx  3ly  0 and lx  my  3mx  3ly  0
l    
3m x  m  3l y  0  1
l  3m  x   m  3l  y  0   2
Given line is lx  my  n  0   3 (2M)

let 1 be an angle between (1)&(3) then

cos1 
l 
  
3m l  m  3l m
a1a2  b1b2
2 2 and a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 then cos 
 l  3m   m  3l  l 2
m 2
a12  b12 a22  b22
l 2  3lm  m2  3lm

l 2  3m2  2 3lm  m2  3l 2  2 3lm l 2  m2
l 2  m2 l 2  m2 l 2  m2
  
4l 2  4m2 l 2  m2 2 l 2  m2 l 2  m2 2 l 2  m2 
1
cos 1   1  600 (1M)
2
let 2 be an angle between (2)&(3) then
IPE MATHS IB 71
cos  2 
l   
3m l  m  3l m
2 2
l  3m    m  3l  l 2
 m2
l 2  3lm  m2  3lm

l 2  3m2  2 3lm  m2  3l 2  2 3lm l 2  m2
l 2  m2 l 2  m2 l 2  m2 1
   
4l 2  4m 2 l 2  m 2 2 l 2  m2 2
l m 2 2  l 2
 m 2
 2
1
cos 2    2  600 (1M)
2
 1   2  3  1800 , 600  600  3  180 0  3  180  120  60 0
1   2  3 (1M)
 (1)(2)&(3) from an equilateral triangle
n
lenght of the altitude p   le r
distance from origin to the line (3)  (1M)
l 2  m2
2 The area of an equilateral triangle formed by the lineax  by  c  0 with the pair of straight line
1  n  2
Area   2 2
 ax2  2hxy  by2  0is p , where P is the length of the lr fromtheorigan to the lineax  by  c  0
3  l m  3
1  n2  n2
  2   (1M)
3 l 2  m2 
2
3l m 
V3 20.If  ,   is the centroid of the triangle formed by the lines ax2  2hxy  by2  0 & lx  my  1
  2
 
then prove that bl  hm am  hl 3  bl  2hlm  am 2 
2
Sol. Let ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 represents the lines

l1 x  m1 y  0..............1
l2 x  m2 y  0 ................  2 
 l1l2  a, m1m2  b ; l1m2  l2 m1  2h
given line is lx  my  1  0..........  3 (2M)
Solving (1)&(3)
x y 1
m1 0 l1 m1
m 1 l m
x y 1
 
 m1 l1 l1m  lm1
 m1 l1 
A ,  (1M)
 l1m  lm1 l1m  lm1 
IPE MATHS IB 72
 m2 l2 
similarly the point of intersection of (2) and (3) is B   l m  lm , l m  lm  (1M)
2 2 2 2
  m1  m2 l1 l2 
 0  l m  lm  l m  lm 0  l m  lm  l m  lm 
centroid of OAB is  ,     1 1 2 2
, 1 1 2 2
 (1M)
 3 3 
 
x x x y y y 
The centroid of the triangle formed by the vertices A x1 , y1  , B x2 , y2  , C x3 , y3  is G  1 2 3 , 1 2 3 
 3 3 
 1   m1 m2  1  l1 l2 
     ;      
 3  l1m  lm1 l2 m  lm2    3  l1m  lm1 l2 m  lm2  
1   m  l m  lm2   m2  l1m  lm1   1  l2 m1m  lm1m2  l1m2 m  lm1m2 
  1 2  
3  l1m  lm1  l2 m  lm2   3  l1l2 m2  l1m2lm  l2 m1lm  l 2 m1m2 
1  2l  m m   m  l1m2  l2 m1   1  2lb  m  2h  
  2 1 2 2 
  2 2 
3  am  lm  l1m2  l2 m1   l b  3  am  lm  2h   l  b  
2  bl  hm   2
 
3  am 2  2hlm  bl 2   bl  hm 3  bl 2  2hlm  am 2 
 2
similarly am  hl  3  bl 2  2hlm  am 2 
  2
   (2M)
bl  hm am  hl 3  bl  2hlm  am2 
2
V3 21.Find the value of ‘K’ if the equation 2 x 2  kxy  6 y 2  3 x  y  1  0 represents a pair of straight lines.
Find the point of intesection of the lines and the angle between the straight lines for these value of ‘K’.
Sol. Given equation 2 x 2  kxy  6 y 2  3 x  y  1  0 --------(1)

k 3 1
a=2, h , b  6 , g  , f  , c 1 (1M)
2 2 2
Eq.(1) represents a pair of straight lines  abc  2 fgh  af 2  bg 2  ch2  0
2
 1  3  k   1  9 k 
  2  6 1  2      2     6     1   0 (1M)
 2  2  2   4  4  4 
3k 2 54 k 2
  12      0   48  3k  2  54  k 2  0   k 2  3k  4  0
4 4 4 4
 k 2  3k  4  0   k  4  k  1  0  k=4 ; or k=-1. (1M)
case(i) if k=4
i.e.2h = 4 ,  h  2
IPE MATHS IB 73
We know that the point of indirection to the pair of lines
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 is  2
, 2 
 ab  h ab  h 
 1 3 3 1
  2   2    6   2   2   2    2   2  
    ,      10 2   5 1 
  2  6   4  2 6  4    16 , 16    ,  (1M)
 8 8 
 
 
Let  be an acute angle between two lines then
If  be the angle between the pair of lines
2 6 ab
cos  ax2  2hxy  by2  2gx  2 fy  c  0 then cos 
2
 26 16  a  b
2
 4h2
4 1
 
80 5
 1 
  cos 1   (1M)
 5
1
case(ii) if k  1 i.e. 2h  1  h 
2
We know that the point of intersection to the pair of lines
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 is  2
, 2 
 ab  h ab  h 
  1  1   3   3   1  1
      6          2    
  2  2   2  ,  2  2  2
2 2
=  1   1  
     2 
2  6       
2 6 
    2  
 1  36 3  4   35 7   5 1 
= ,  ,  = ,  (1M)
 48  1 48  1   49 49   7 7
Let  be an acute angle between two lines then
If  be the angle between the pair of lines

2 6 ab
cos  ax2  2hxy  by2  2gx  2 fy  c  0 then cos 
2 2
 2 6  1  a  b
2
 4h2
4 4
= 
64  1 65
 4 
  cos 1   (1M)
 65 
IPE MATHS IB 74
V3 22.Find the centroid and the area of the triangle formed by the following lines
i) 2 y 2  xy  6 x 2  0 ; x  y  4  0
ii) 3 x 2  4 xy  y 2  0 ; 2 x  y  6
Sol.
y
B
2 3
1 A
x
O
Given pair of lines is 2 y 2  xy  6 x 2  0

 6 x 2  xy  2 y 2  0
 6 x 2  4 xy  3 xy  2 y 2  0
 2 x  3 x  2 y   y  3x  2 y   0
  3 x  2 y  2 x  y   0
 3x  2 y  0   (1)
 2x  y  0   (2) (2M)
Given lines is x  y  4  0   (3)
Clearly solving (1) & (2) we set O  0, 0  (1M)
A is Point of intersection of (1) & (3)
x y 1
2 0 3 2
1 4 1 1
x y 1
 
8  0 0  12 3  2
x y 1
 
8 12 1
x  8 , y  12
A  8, 12  (1M)
B = point of intersection of (2) & (3)
x y 1
-1 0 2 -1
1 4 1 1
x y 1
 
4  0 0  8 2  1
x y 1
 
4 8 3
4 8
x ,y
3 3
 4 8 
B ,  (1M)
 3 3 
IPE MATHS IB 75
 4 8 
 O  0, 0  , A   8, 12  , B   3 , 3 
 
 x1  x2  x3 y1  y2  y3 
Centroid of OAB is G x, y   , 
 3 3 
 4 8
 0  8  3 0  12  3 
,
= 3 3

 
 
 24  4 36  8   20 44 
= ,  = ,  (1M)
 3 3 3 3   9 9 
1
O(0,0), A( x1 , y1 ), B  x 2 , y2  is x1 y2  x 2 y1
2
1  8   4  1  64 48
 8       12   
2  3   3  2 3 3
1 64  48 1 112 56
   sq. units (1M)
2 3 2 3 3
ii) Given pair of lines is  3 x 2  4 xy  y 2  0
 3 x 2  3xy  xy  y 2  0
 3x  x  y   y  x  y   0
  x  y  3x  y   0
 x  y  0   (1)
 3 x  y  0   (2)
Given line is 2 x  y  6  0   (3)
y
B
2 3
1 A
x
O
Solving (1) & (2), we set O (0,0) (2M)
Solving (1) & (3), we get A
x y 1
-1 0 1 -1
-1 -6 2 -1
x y 1
 
6  0 0  6 1  2
x y 1
 
6 6 1
IPE MATHS IB 76
x  6, y  6
A  6, 6  (1M)
Clearly solving (2) & (3) , we set B
x y 1
-1 0 3 -1
-1 -6 2 -1
x y 1
 
6  0 0  18 3  2
x y 1
 
6 18 1
6 18
x ,y
1 1
B  6, 18 (1M)
O  0, 0  , A  6, 6  , B  6, 18
 x1  x2  x3 y1  y2  y3 
Centroid of OAB is G x, y   , 
 3 3 
 0  6  6 0  6  18   0 12 
 ,   ,  =  0, 4  (1M)
 3 3  3 3 
1
O(0,0), A( x1 , y1 ), B  x 2 , y2  is x1 y2  x 2 y1
2
1 1 1 72
 6  18    6  6   108  36  72   36 square units (1M)
2 2 2 2
IPE MATHS IB 77
3D - GEOMETRY
KEY POINTS:
1. Distance between O  0,0,0  ,P  x, y,z  is OP  x 2  y 2  z 2
2. Distance between A  x1, y1,z1  ,B  x 2 , y 2 ,z 2  is AB   x2  x1 2   y 2  y1 2   z 2  z1 2

3. If a point P divides the line segment joining A  x1, y1,z1  ,B  x 2 , y 2 ,z 2  in the ratio m:n then
 mx 2  nx1 my 2  ny1 mz 2  nz1 
P , ,
 mn mn m  n 
4. The ratio in which the point P  x, y,z  divides the line segment joining A  x1, y1,z1  ,B  x 2 , y 2 ,z 2  is
x1  x : x  x 2 (or) y1  y : y  y 2 (or) z1  z : z  z 2
5. The line segment joining  x1, y1, z1  and  x2 , y 2 ,z 2  is divided by

i) YZ – plane in the ratio  x1 : x 2
ii) ZX – plane in the ratio  y1 : y 2
iii) XY – plane in the ratio z1 : z 2
6. Three points A  x1, y1, z1  ,B  x 2 , y 2 ,z 2  ,C  x 3 , y 3 , z 3  are collinear then
x1 y1 z1
x2 y2 z2  0
i) AB  BC  AC (or) ii)
x3 y3 z3
7. Centroid of  ABC with vertices A  x1, y1,z1  ,B  x 2 , y 2 , z 2  ,C  x 3 , y 3 , z 3  is

 x  x2  x 3 y1  y 2  y 3 z1  z 2  z 3 
G 1 , , 
 3 3 3 
8. Centroid of the tetrahedron with vertices A  x1, y1,z1  ,B  x 2 , y 2 ,z 2  ,C  x 3 , y 3 ,z 3  ,D  x 4 , y 4 , z 4  is
 x  x 2  x3  x 4 y1  y 2  y 3  y 4 z1  z 2  z 3  z 4 
G 1 , , 
 4 4 4 
V1 01. Find the centroid of the triangle whose vertices are (5,4,6),(1,-1,3) and (4,3,2)
Sol: Given vertices of triangle A( x1, y1, z1 )  (5,4,6); B( x2, y2, z2 )  (1, 1,3); C(x3, y3, z3 )  (4,3, 2)
We know that the centroid of a triangle whose vertices are A  x1 , y1 , z1  , B  x 2 , y 2 , z 2  ,

 x  x 2  x 3 y1  y 2  y3 z1  z2  z 3 
C  x 3 , y 3 , z 3  is G  x , y , z    1 , , 
 3 3 3 
 5  1  4 4 1  3 6  3  2   10 11 
G , ,    , 2, 
 3 3 3   3 3
V1 02.Find the coordinates of the vertex’c’of ABC if its centroid is the orgin and the verices A,B are (1,1,1)
and (-2,4,1) respectively
Sol: Given two vertices of triangle A (1,1,1) B (-2,4,1)
IPE MATHS IB 78
Let the third vertex be C(x, y, z)
Given Centriod G= (0,0,0)
We know that the centroid of a triangle whose vertices are A  x1 , y1 , z1  , B  x 2 , y 2 , z 2  ,
 x  x 2  x 3 y1  y 2  y3 z1  z2  z 3 
C  x 3 , y 3 , z 3  is G  x , y , z    1 , , 
 3 3 3 
 1 2  x 1 4  y 11 z  x 1 y5 z2

 (0, 0, 0)   , ,   0,  0,  0  x  1, y  5, z  2
 3 3 3  3 3 3
Third vertex C = (1,-5,-2)
V1 03.Find the centroid of the tetrahedron whose vertices are (2,3,-4),(-3,3,-2),(-1,4,2),(3,5,1)
Sol: Given vertices of tetrahedron are
A( x1, y1, z1 )  (2,3, 4), B( x2, y2, z2 )  (3,3, 2), C( x3, y3, z3 )  (1,4,2), D( x4 y4 z4 )  (3,5,1)
We know that the centroid of a tetrahedron whose vertices are A x1 , y1 , z1  , B x2 , y2 , z2  ,

 x  x  x  x y  y  y  y z z z z 
C  x3 , y3 , z3  , D x4 , y4 , z4  is G x, y, z    1 2 3 4 , 1 2 3 4 , 1 2 3 4 
 4 4 4 
 2  3  1  3 3  3  4  5 4  2  2  1   1 15 3 
G=  , , = , , 
 4 4 4  4 4 4 
V1 04.If (3,2,-1),(4,1,1) and (6,2,5) are three vertices and (4,2,2) is the centroid of a tetrahedron, find the
fourth vertex.
Sol: given vertices of tetrahedron are A(3,2,-1), B(4,1,1), C(6,2,5)
Let the fourth vertex be D(x,y,z)
Centroid of tetrahedron G = (4,2,2)
We know that the centroid of a tetrahedron whose vertices are A x1 , y1 , z1  , B x2 , y2 , z2  ,
 x  x  x  x y  y  y  y z z z z 
C  x3 , y3 , z3  , D x4 , y4 , z4  is G x, y, z    1 2 3 4 , 1 2 3 4 , 1 2 3 4 
 4 4 4 
 3  4  6  x 2  1  2  y 1  1  5  z   13  x 5  y 5  z 
  4, 2, 2  =  , ,    4, 2, 2    , , 
4 4 4   4 4 4 
13  x 5 y 5 z
 4,  2,  2  13  x  16, 5  y  8,5  z  8
4 4 4
 x  3, y  3, z  3
Fourth vertex D = (3,3,3)
V1 05.Show that the point A(3,-2,4),B(1,1,1),C(-1,4,-2) are collinear.

Sol: Given points are A(3,-2,4) B(1,1,1) C(-1,4,-2)
 The distance between two points A( x1, y1, z1 ), B( x2, y2, z2 )is
2 2 2
AB   31   2 1   4 1 AB   x1  x2 
2 2
  y1  y2    z1  z2 
2
 4  9  9  22
2 2 2
BC  1  1  1  4   1  2   4  9  9  22
IPE MATHS IB 79
2 2 2
AC   3  1   2  4   4  2   16  36  36  88  2 22
 AB  BC  AC
 Given points are Collinear..  If A, B, C are collinear iff AB  BC  CAor BC  CA  AB or CA  AB  BC
V1 06.Show that the points A 1, 2, 3 B  7, 0,1 C  2,3, 4  are collinear (March 2013)
Sol: The given points are A 1, 2, 3 B  7, 0,1 C  2,3, 4 
2 2 2
AB  17  2  0   31 AB   x1  x2 
2 2
  y1  y2    z1  z2 
2
 36  4  4  44  2 11
2 2 2
BC   7  2    0  3  1  4   81  9  9  99  3 11
2 2 2
CA   2  1   3  2   4  3  9  1  1  11  11
 AB  CA  BC
 Given points are collinear  If A, B, Care collinear iff AB  BC  CAor BC  CA  AB or CA  AB  BC
V1 07.Find the fourth vertex of the parallelogram whose consecutive vertices are (2,4,-1),(3,6,-1)and (4,5,1)
Sol: Given three vertices of parallelogram are A(2,4,-1) B(3,6,-1) and C(4,5,1)
Let the fourth vertex be D(x, y, z)
In Parallelogram,Midpoint of AC  midpoint of BD
 Midpoint of A  x1 , y1 , z1  & B  x2 , y2 , z 2 
 2  4 4  5 1  1   3  x 6  y 1  z   x  x y  y z  z 
 , ,   , ,  1 2 1 2 1 2
 2 2 2   2 2 2  is  2 , 2 , 2 
 
 3  x  6, 6  y  9, z  1  0  x  3, y  3, z  1
Fourth vertex D = (3,3,1)
V2 08.Find the ratio in which YZ-plane divides the line joining A(2,4,5)andB(3,5,-4).Also find the point of
intersection.
Sol: Given points A( x1 , y1 , z1 )  (2, 4, 5) ; B( x2 , y2 , z2 )  (3,5, 4)
YZ-plane divides the line joining A  x1 , y1 , z1  and B  x2 , y2 , z2  in the ratio   x1 : x2
= -2 : 3
Let line AB meet plane at P,
P divides AB in the ratio l: m = 2 : 3 externally
 2(3)  3(2) 2(5)  3(4) 2(4)  3(5) 
 point of intersection   2  3 , 2  3 , 23
   0, 2, 23
 
IPE MATHS IB 80
 If P divides the line segment joining A( x1 , y1 , z1 ) B( x2 , y2 , z2 )in the ratio l : m externally

 lx  mx1 ly2  my1 lz2  mz1 
then P   2 , ,
 lm lm l  m 
V2 09.Find x if the distance between (5,-1,7) and (x,5,1)is 9 units.

Sol: Let point A(5,-1,7) B(x,5,1)
Given that AB = 9  AB 2  81
2 2 2
 ( x  5)  (5  1)  (1  7)  81 AB   x  x  2   y  y  2   z  z 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
 ( x  5)2  36  36  81  ( x  5)2  9
 x  5  3  x  5  3  8, x  5  3  2  x  8  or  x  2
V3 10.Show that the points(1,2,3),(2,3,1)and(3,1,2) from an equilateral triangle.
Sol: Let the points A (1,2,3) B(2,3,1) C (3,1,2)
The distance between two points A( x1, y1, z1 ),
2 2 2
AB  1 2   2  3   3 1  1 1  4  6 B( x y z ) is AB   x  x 2   y  y 2   z  z  2
2, 2, 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 2
BC   2  3   3  1  1  2   1 4 1  6
2 2 2
CA   3  1  1  2    2  3  4 11  6
Clearly AB=BC=CA
 Given points form an equilateral triangle.
V3 11. If H,G,S and I respectively denotes orthocentre, centroid, circumcentre and in-centre of a triangle
formed by the points 1, 2, 3 2,3,1 and  3,1, 2  then find H,G,,S,I
The distance between two points A( x1, y1, z1 ), B( x2, y2, z2 )

2 2 2
Sol: AB   2  1   3  2   1  3  6 is AB   x  x  2   y  y  2   z  z 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 2
BC   3  2   1  3   2  1  6
2 2 2
CA  1  3   2  1   3  2   6
 AB  BC  CA
 ABC is an equilateral triangle.
We know that orthocentre(H), centroid(G), circumcentre(S) and incentre( I ) of an equiletral triangle are the same
The centroid of a triangle whose vertices are A x1 , y1 , z1  ,
 1 2  3 2  3 1 3 1 2 
centroid G   3 , 3 , 3    2,2,2 B x2 , y2 , z2  , C  x3 , y3 , z3  is G  x1  x2  x3 , y1  y2  y3 , z1  z2  z3 
   3 3 3 
 H   2, 2, 2  , S   2, 2, 2  , I   2, 2, 2 
IPE MATHS IB 81
V3 12.Show that the points A(-4,9,6) B(-1,6,6) and C(0,7,10) form a right angled isosceles triangle.
Sol: Let the points A  4,9, 6  , B  1, 6, 6  , C  0, 7,10 
2 2 2
AB   4 1  9  6   6 6 AB   x1  x2 
2 2
  y1  y2    z1  z2 
2
 99  3 2
2 2 2
BC   1 0   6  7   6 10  1116  3 2
2 2 2
CA   0  4   7  9  10  6  16  4 16  6
Clearly AB  BC and AB 2  BC 2  CA 2
 Given points form a rightangled isosceles triangle.
V3 13. If the point (1,2,3) is changes to the point (2,3,1) through translation of axes. find the new origin.
Sol: Given  x, y , z   1, 2,3 and  X , Y , Z    2,3,1
We know that the origin is shifted to O '  h, k , l  by translation of axes the co-ordinates
of  x , y , z  changed to  X , Y , Z  then x  X  h, y  Y  k , z  Z  l
  h, k , l    x  X , y  Y , z  Z 
 h, k, l   1 2, 2 3, 31   1,  1, 2 
 O '   1, 1, 2  is the new origin
V 3 14.Find the ratio in which the point P(5,4,-6) divides the line segment joining the points A(3,2,-4) and
B(9,8,-10) . Also,find the harmonic conjugate of P.
Sol: Let the points A  3, 2, 4  B  9,8, 10  and P  5, 4, 6 
P  x, y, z  divides the line segment A  x1 , y1 , z1  , B  x 2 , y 2 , z 2  in the ratio x1  x : x  x2
= 3  5 : 5  9 = 1: 2 internally
Let Q be the harmonic conjugate of P then Q divides AB in the ratio 1 : 2 enternally
If P divides the line segment joining A(x1 , y1 , z1 ) B( x2 , y2 , z2 )in
 1 9   2  3 18   2  2  1  10   2  4  
 , ,  the ratio l : m externally then P   lx2  mx1 , ly2  my1 , lz2  mz1 
 1 2 1 2 1 2   l m l m l m 
 
  3, 4, 2 
 Q  3, 4, 2  is the harmonic conjugate of P  5, 4, 6 
IPE MATHS IB 82
DIRECTION COSINES AND DIRECTION RATIOS

KEY POINTS:
1. Direction Cosines of a line: If a ray makes angles , ,  with the three coordinate axes then
 cos ,cos ,cos   are called direction cosines (d.c’s) denoted by  ,m,n  .
2. If  ,m,n  are direction cosines of a line then  2  m2  n2  1
3. The d.r.’s of the line joining A  x1, y1,z1  ,B  x 2 , y 2 ,z 2  are  x 2  x1, y 2  y1,z 2  z1 
 x 2  x1 y 2  y1 z 2  z1 
4. The d.c.’s of the line joining A  x1, y1, z1  , B  x 2 , y 2 ,z 2  are   , , 
 AB AB AB 
 a b c 
5. The d.c’s of the line whose d.r.’s are  a,b,c  are   2 , , 
2 2 2 2 2
 a  b  c a  b  c a 2  b2  c2 
6. If  a,b,c  are direction ratios,  ,m,n  are direction cosines of a line then a : b : c   : m : n.
7. Two lines having d.r.’s  a1,b1,c1  ,  a 2 ,b2 ,c2  are
1a 1 b1 c
i) parallel  a  b  c
2 2 2
ii) perpendicular  a1a 2  b1b2  c1c2  0

8. If  is the acute angle between the lines whose direction ratios are  a1,b1,c1   a 2 ,b2 ,c 2  then
a1a 2  b1b2  c1c2
cos  
a12  b12  c12 a 22  b22  c 22

V1 01. If a ray makes the angles α,β, γ and δ with four diagonals of a cube then find
cos 2 α + cos 2β + cos 2 γ + cos 2δ .
Sol. Let a be the length of each side of cube.
 
Let one of the vertex of the cube be the origin O and the coordinate axes along the three edges OA, OB and

OC are passing through origin.
The four diagonals are OF , AG, CE and BD .
The coordinates of the vertices of the cube are O(0,0,0) A(a,0,0), B(0,a,0) C(0,0,a) F(a,a,a),
E(a,a,0), G(0,a,a), D(a,0,a).
IPE MATHS IB 83
(1M)
Let  l , m, n  are dc’s of given ray and this ray makes the angles  ,  ,  ,  with the four
diagonals of the cube. (1M)
Dr’s of OF  (a-0,a-0,a-0) Dr's of line joining A  x1 , y1 , z1  , B  x2 , y2 , z2  are  x 2  x1 , y2  y1 , z 2  z1 
=(a,a,a)
Dc's of line joining A  x1 , y1 , z1  , B  x 2 , y2 , z 2 
 a a a  
x2  x1 y 2  y1 z2  z1

 DC’s of OF   2
,
2
,
2
 are 

, , 

 3a 3a 3a   x  x1 
2
 x  x1 
2
 x  x1 
2
 2 2 2 
 1 1 1 
 , , 
 3 3 3
Dr’s of AG   0  a, a  0, a  0    a, a, a 
 a a a   1 1 1 
AG   , ,     , , 
 DC’s of 2 2
3a2
(1M)
 3a 3a   3 3 3
Dr’s of BD   a, 0, 0  a, a  0    a, a, a 
 a a a   1 1 1 
 DC’s of BD   2
, ,    , , 
 3a 3a 2 3a 2   3 3 3 
Dr’s of CE  (a  0, a  0, 0  a )  (a, a,  a)
 a a a   1 1 1 
 DC’s of CE   2
, ,    , ,  (1M)
 3a 3a 2 3a 2   3 3 3 
Let  ,  ,  ,  be the angles made by the ray (l,m,n) with OF , AG, CE , DB respectively then
 1   1   1   Let  be the angle between the lines whose Dc's are

cos   l    m    n 
 3  3   3   l1 , m1 , n1  &  l2 , m2 , n2  then cos  l1l2  m1m2  n1n2
lmn
 cos  
3
IPE MATHS IB 84
l  m  n l mn l mn
similarly we get, cos   , cos   , cos   (1M)
3 3 3
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2  l  m  n  l  m n  l  m n  l  m n
cos   cos   cos   cos     
3 3 3 3
4l 2  4m 2  4n 2 2
   a  b  c   a 2  b 2  c 2  2ab  2bc  2ca
3
4 l 2  m 2  n 2  4
   If l , m , n are Dc ' s of a line then l 2  m 2  n 2  1
3 3
4
cos2   cos2   cos2   cos2   (2M)
3
V1 02.Find the angle between the lines whose direction cosines satisfy the equations l+m+n=0,
l 2 + m 2 - n2 = 0
Sol. Given equations are l  m  n  0  1 , l2  m2  n2  0   2
From equation (1) l  m  n
Substituting in equation (2) (1M)
2
  m  n  m2  n2  0  m2  n2  2mn  m2  n2  0  2m 2  2mn  0  2m  m  n   0
 2m  0 (or) m  n  0  m  0 (or) m  n
Case-(i) put m=0 in (1)  l  n (2M)
l : m : n  n:0: n  1: 0:1
D.r.’s   1, 0,1
 If  a , b , c  are Dr's of a line then its Dc's are

1 1
d.c.’s  (l1 , m1 , n1 )  ( , 0, )  a
,
b
,
c 
2 2  2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
 a b c a b c a b c 
Case(ii) put m=-n in (1) l 0 (1M)

l : m : n  0: n : n  0: 1:1
D.r.’s   0, 1,1
1 1
d.c.’s =  l2 , m2 , n2   (0, , ) (1M)
2 2
We know that  be the angle between the lines whose Dc's are
 l1 , m1 , n1  &  l2 , m2 , n2  then cos   l1l 2  m1m2  n1n2
 1   1   1  1  1
cos      0   0     
 2  2   2  2  2
   60 0 (2M)
V1 03.Find the angle between the lines whose direction cosines are given by the equations
3l + m + 5n = 0 and 6mn – 2nl + 5lm = 0
IPE MATHS IB 85
Sol. Given equation are 3l  m  5n  0  1 , 6mn  2nl  5lm  0   2 
From equation (1) m   3l  5 n (1M)
Substituting in equation (2)
 6  3l  5n  n  2nl  5l  3l  5n   0  18 ln  30 n 2  2 nl  15l 2  25nl  0
2 2
  30 n 2  45 nl  15 l 2  0   15  2 n  3 nl  l   0
 2n 2  3nl  l2  0  2n 2  2nl  nl  l 2  0
 2n  n  l   l  n  l   0   n  l  2n  l   0  nl 0 (or) 2n  l  0 (2M)
Case (i) l  n  0  l   n
from (1); 3n  m  5 n  0  m  2 n
l : m : n   n :  2 n : n   1 :  2 :1
D.r.’s   1, 2,1
 If  a , b , c  are Dr's of a line then its D c's are

 1 2 1   
DC’s are  , ,  a b c
 1 4 1 1 4 1 1  4  1   a 2  b2  c 2 , a 2  b2  c 2 , a 2  b 2  c 2 
 
 1 2 1 
= , ,  = (l1 , m1 , n1 ) (1M)
 6 6 6
Case (ii) If 2n  l  0  l  2n
from (1),  6 n  m  5 n  0  m  n
l : m : n  2 n : n : n   2 : 1 : 1
D.r.s   2,1,1
 2 1 1   2 1 1 
DC’s are  , , = , ,   (l2 , m2 , n2 ) (1M)
 4  11 4 1 1 4 1 1   6 6 6
 l1 , m1 , n1  &  l2 , m2 , n2  then cos   l1l 2  m1m2  n1n2
2 2 1 1
 cos     
6 6 6 6
1
  cos 1   (2M)
6
V1 04. Find the angle between the two lines which are connected by the relations l+m+n=0 and
2mn+3nl-5lm=0
Sol: l  m  n  0  l  (m  n)........(1) , 2mn  3nl  5lm  0......(2) (1M)
From (1) and (2), 2mn  3n  m  n   5m  m  n   0  2mn  3mn  3n 2  5m 2  5mn  0
2
m m
 5m 2  4 mn  3n 2  0  5    4    3  0
n n
IPE MATHS IB 86
m
Above equation is quadratic equation in terms of
n
1 m m2
Let roots be n , n
1 2
1 2 m m 3 c
product of the roots n  n  5 If ,  are the roots of ax2  bx  c  0 then product of roots  
a
1 2
m1m2 n1n2
  .......(3) (2M)
3 5
again n    l  m 
from (2), 2m  l  m   3l  l  m   5lm  0  2lm  2m 2  3l 2  3lm  5lm  0
2
 l   l 
 3l 2  10lm  2m 2  0  3    10    2  0
m m
l1 l2
let roots be m , m
1 2
1 2 l l 2 l1l2 m1m2 l1l2 m1m2

product of the roots m  m  3     ......... (4) (2M)
1 2 2 3 2 3
l1l2 m1m2 n1n2
from (3) and (4),  
2 3 5
l1l2 m1m2 n1n2
let    k  l1l2  2k , m1m2  3k , n1n2  5k (1M)
2 3 5
Now l1l2  m1m2  n1n2  2k  3k  5k  0
If two lines whose Dc's  l1 , m1 , n1  & l2 , m2 , n2  are perpedicular then l1l2  m1m2  n1n2  0
 The lines are perpendicular (1M)
V1 05.Find the direction cosines of two lines which are connected by the relations l+m+n=0 and mn-
2nl-2lm=0
Sol. Given that  (1)
l  m  n  0  l   m  n 
and mn  2nl  2lm  0  (2)
Sustituting in ‘l’ value in (2) (1M)
 mn  2n   m  n   2m   m  n   0
 mn  2 nm  2n 2  2 m 2  2mn  0
 2m 2  5mn  2 n 2  0
 2m2  4mn  mn  2n2  0  2m(m  2n)  n(m  2n)  0
 (m  2n)(2m  n)  0
2m  n  0 or m  2n  0
Case(i): If 2m  n (2M)
From (1) l  m  2m
lm
IPE MATHS IB 87
 l : m : n  m : m : 2m
 1:1: 2
Dr’s of 1st line 1,1  2  (1M)
If  a, b, c  are Dr's of a line then its Dc's are
 1 1 2   
Dc’s of the line=  , ,  a b c
 1  1  4 1  1  4 1  1  4   a2  b2  c2 , a2  b2  c2 , a2  b2  c2 
 
 1 1 2 
 , ;  (1M)
 6 6 6
Case(ii): If m  2n
From (1) l    2n   n  n
ln
 l : m : n  n : 2n : n
 1: 2 :1
Dr’s of second line 1, 2,1 (1M)
 1 2 1   
Dc’s of the line   , ,   a b c
 1 1  4 1 1  4 1 1  4  , , 
2 2 2
 a b c a2  b2  c2 a2  b2  c2 
 1 2 1 
= , ,  (1M)
 6 6 6
 1 1 2   1 2 1 
 Dc’s are  , ;  & , ,  (1M)
 6 6 6  6 6 6
V1 06.Find the direction cosines of two lines which are connected by the relations l-5m+3n=0 and
7l 2 +5m2 - 3n2 = 0
Sol: Given that l  5m  3n  0 ...........(1), 7l 2  5m 2  3n 2  0 ...............(2)
From (1) l  5m  3n
Substituting in equation (2) (1M)
2 2 2
 7  5m  3n   5m  3n  0
 2 2

 7 25m  9 n  30 mn  5m  3n  0
2 2
 175m 2  63n 2  210 mn  5m 2  3n 2  0

 180 m 2  210 mn  60n 2  0
 6 m 2  7 mn  2 n 2  0
 6 m 2  3mn  4mn  2n 2  0
 3m  2m  n   2n  2m  n   0
  3m  2n  2m  n   0
 3m  2n  0 or 2m  n  0
3m  2n 2m  n
3m
n (2M)
2
IPE MATHS IB 88
3m
Case(i): If n 
2
 3m  m
From (1) l  5m  3  
 2  2
m 3m
l:m:n  :m: (1M)
2 2
 1: 2 : 3
Dr’s of first line is 1, 2,3
 1 2 3  a b c 
Dc’s of first line   , ,   2 2 2, 2 2 2, 2 2 2
 1 4  9 1 4  9 1 4  9   a  b  c a b c a b c 
 1 2 3 
 , ,  (1M)
 14 14 14 
Case(ii): If 2m  n
From (1) l  5m  3n
 5m  3  2m  m
l : m : n   m : m : 2n
 1:1: 2
Dr’s of second line is  1,1, 2  (1M)
1 1 2  
Dc’s of second line   , ,
a b
  2 2 2, 2 2 2, 2 2 2
c
 11 4 11 4 11 4   a  b  c a b c a b c 
 1 1 2 
 , ,  (1M)
 6 6 6
V2 07.Find the angle between two diagonals of a cube.
Sol: Let a be the length of each side of cube.
Let one of the vertex of the cube be the origin O and the coordinate axes along the
  
three edges OA, OB and OC are passing through origin. The four diagonals are OF , AG, CE and
BD .
The coordinates of the vertices of the cube are O(0,0,0) A(a,0,0), B(0,a,0) C(0,0,a)
F(a,a,a), E(a,a,0), G(0,a,a), D(a,0,a). (1M)
IPE MATHS IB 89
(1M)
Dr’s of OF  (a-0,a-0,a-0) Dr's of line joining A  x1 , y1 , z1  , B  x2 , y2 , z2  are  x 2  x1 , y2  y1 , z 2  z1 
=(a,a,a)
Dc's of line joining A  x1 , y1 , z1  , B  x 2 , y2 , z 2 
 a a a  
x2  x1 y 2  y1 z2  z1

DC’s of OF   2
, ,  are  , , 
 3a 3a2 3a2  
 x  x1 
2
 x  x1 
2
 x  x1 
2 
 2 2 2 
 1 1 1 
 , ,  (1M)
 3 3 3
Dr’s of AG   0  a, a  0, a  0   a, a, a 
 a a a   1 1 1 
 DC’s of AG   2
, ,     , ,  (1M)
 3a 3a 2 3a 2   3 3 3
Let  is the angle between the diagonals OF & AG
 l1 , m1 , n1  &  l2 , m2 , n2  then cos   l1l 2  m1m2  n1n2 (1M)
1  1  1  1  1  1  1 1 1 1
 cos            
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1  1 
 cos   ,   cos  
3 3
1 1
Hence the angle between two diagonals of a cube is   cos   (2M)
3  
V3 08.The vertices of triangle are A(1,4,2),B(-2,1,2).C(2,3-4)). Find A, B, C
Sol: Given vertices of traingle are A(1,4,2),B(-2,1,2).C(2,3-4)
 Dr ' s of the line joining the points A  x1 , y1 , z1  ,
Dr’s of AB = (-2-1 , 1-4, 2-2) B  x , y , z  are  x  x , y  y , z  z 
2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1
= (-3, -3, 0)
Dr’s of BC  ( x2  x1 , y2  y1 , z2  z1 )
IPE MATHS IB 90
=(2+2 , 3-1 , -4-2)
=(4, 2, -6)
Dr’s of CA  ( x2  x1 , y2  y1 , z2  z1 )
= (1-2, 4-3, 2+4)
=(-1,1,6)
A be the angle between the lines AB and CA then
  be the angle between two lines whose Dr ' s are  a1 , b1 , c1 
(3)(1)  (3)(1)  0(6) a1a 2  b1b2  c1c 2
cos A  and  a2 , b2 , c 2  then cos  
9  9  0 1  1  36 2 2 2 2
a1  b1  c1 a2  b2  c 2
2 2
330
  0
1 8 38
 cos A  0  A  cos 1 (0)  A  900 (2M)
B be the angle between the lines AB and BC then
a1a2  b1b2  c1c2
cos B 
2 2 2 2 2 2
a1  b1  c1 a2  b2  c2
3(4)  3(2)  0(6) 18 18 18 9 3
     
9  9  0 16  4  36 18 56 56 56 28 2 7
3  3 
 cos B   B  cos 1   (2M)
2 7 2 7
a1a2  b1b2  c1c2
and C be the angle between the lines CA and BC then cos C  2 2 2 2 2 2
a1  b1  c1 a2  b2  c2
1(4)  1(2)  6(6) 38 38 19
   
1  1  36 16  4  36 38 56 56 28
19  19 
 cos C   C  cos 1   (1M)
28  28 
IPE MATHS IB 91
PLANE
KEY POINTS:
1. Plane: A plane is a surface such that the line joining any two points on the surface lies entirely on it.
2. Equation of the plane in general form is ax  by  cz  d  0
3. The d.r.’s of the normal to the plane ax  by  cz  d  0 are a,b,c
x y z
4. Equation of a plane in intercept form is   1
a b c
5. Equation of the plane parallel to ax  by  cz  d  0 is ax  by  cz  k  0
6. Equation of the plane passing through  x1, y1, z1  and parallel to ax  by  cz  d  0 is
a  x  x1   b  y  y1   c  z  z1   0
7. Equation of the plane passing through  x1, y1, z1  and perpendicular to the ray having d.r’s  a,b,c  is
a  x  x1   b  y  y1   c  z  z1   0
8. Equation of the plane passing through A  x1, y1,z1  ,B  x 2 , y 2 , z 2  ,C  x 3 , y 3 , z 3  is
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
x 2  x1 y 2  y1 z 2  z1  0
x 3  x1 y 3  y1 z 3  z1
9. Equation of the plane in normal form is x  my  nz  p where  ,m,n  are the d.c’s of the normal to the
plane and ‘p’ is the perpendicular distance to the plane from the origin.
d
10. Perpendicular distance from  0,0,0  to the plane ax  by  cz  d  0 is
a 2  b2  c 2
ax1  by1  cz1  d

11. Perpendicular distance from  x1, y1, z1  to the plane ax  by  cz  d  0 is
a 2  b2  c2
d1  d 2
12. Distance between the parallel planes ax  by  cz  d1  0,ax  by  cz  d 2  0 is
a 2  b2  c 2
a1x  b1y  c1z  d1  0  a1a 2  b1b2  c1c 2

13. If '  ' is the angle between the planes a x  b y  c z  d  0  then cos   a 2  b2  c2 a 2  b2  c2
2 2 2 2  1 1 1 2 2 2
14. The planes a1x  b1y  c1z  d1  0, a 2 x  b2 y  c2z  d2  0 are
1a 1 b1 c
(i) parallel  a  b  c
2 2 2
(ii) perpendicular  a1a 2  b1b2  c1c2  0

V1 01.Find the angle between the planes x+2y+2z-5=0 and 3x+3y+2z-8=0.
Sol Given equation of the planes are x+2y+2z-5=0 and 3x+3y+2z-8=0
a1  1, b1  2, c1  2
Here
a2  3, b2  3, c2  2
IPE MATHS IB 92
We know that the acute angle between two plane a1 x + b 1 y + c1 z + d 1 = 0,
a 1 a 2 + b 1 b 2 + c1 c 2
a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 z + d 2 = 0 is θ then cosθ =
a 1
2 2
+ b1 + c1
2
 a 2
2 2
+ b 2 + c2
2

3 6 4 13
 cos  
1  4  4  9  9  4 3 22
 13 
 Anglebetween planes   Cos 1  
 3 22 
V1 02.Find the angle between the planes 2x-y+z=6and x  y  2 z  7 .
Sol: Given equation of the planes are 2x-y+z=6 and x  y  2 z  7
a1  2, b1  1, c1  1
Here
a2  1, b2  1, c2  2
We know that the acute angle between two plane a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0,

a1 a 2 + b 1 b 2 + c1c 2
a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 z + d 2 = 0 is θ then cosθ =
a
1
2 2
+ b1 + c1
2
 a 2
2 2
+ b 2 + c2
2

2 1 2 3 1
 cos    
 4  1  1 1  1  4 6 2

 Cos  Cos
3

 Angle between the planes  
3
V1 03. Find the equation of the plane whose intercepts on x, y, z axes are 1,2,4 respectively.
Sol: Given intercepts are a=1,b=2,c=4 on x,y,z axes respectively
x y z
We know that the equation of the plane whose x, y,z -intercepts a, b, c is   1
a b c
x y z
    1  4x  2 y  z  4
1 2 4
V1 04. Transform the Equation 4x-4y+2z+5=0 into intercept form.
Sol Given equation of the plane 4x-4y+2z= -5
divide with -5 on both sides
4x 4 y 2z x y z
   1   1
5 5 5  5   5   5 
     
 4  4  2 
IPE MATHS IB 93
LIMITS
KEY POINTS:
I. Standard Limits:
lim x n  a n x n  an
1. 2. lim  n.a n1
x a x a x  a
x m  a m m m n sin x
3. lim  .a 4. lim 1
x a xn  an n x 0 x
tan x
5. lim 1 6. lim cos x  1
x 0 x x 0
1 x
 1
7. lim 1  x  x  e 8. lim 1    e
x 0 x   x
ex  1 ax 1
9. lim 1 10. lim  log a
x 0 x x 0 x
log 1  x  1
11. lim 1 12. lim 0
x 0 x x  x
1
13. lim 0
x  x
II. Indeterminate forms:

0 
, ,0  ,   ,00 ,0 , 0 etc.
0 
III. Left Hand Limit [L.H.L]: If f  x  approaches to '  ' as ' x ' approaches to 'a ' from left, then we say that the
left hand limit of f  x  is '  '
We write this as xlim f x  

a 
IV. Right Hand Limit [R.H.L]: If f  x  approaches to '  ' as 'x' approaches to 'a ' from right, then we say that
the right hand limit of f  x  is '  '
We write this as xlim f x  

a 

 1  x 1 
V1 01.Find lim 
x 0  x
 .
 
 1  x 1   1  x  1  1  x  1 
Sol : lim   = lim   1  x  1   rationlising with 1  x  1

x0 x  x 0 x
    
1  x 1
lim
  a  b  a  b   a 2  b2
= x 0
x  1 x 1 
IPE MATHS IB 94
1 1
 
 1 0 1  2
 3x 1 
V1 02.Find lim  
x0
 1  x 1 
 3x  1   3x  1   1  x  1 
  3 x  1 1  x  1

  
Sol: lim   = lim      lim
x 0  1 x 1 
x0
 1 x 1  x 0
 1 x 1  1 x 1  
 3x  1 
 lim 
x 0
 x  x0
 lim  1 x 1 
ax  1
= (log3)(2) =2 log3 = log9  lim  loge a  log a m  m log a
x 0 x
lim  ex 1 
V1 03.Compute x  0  1  x  1 
 
lim  e x  1  lim e 1   1  x 1   lim  e 1 1 x 1

x
x
 
Sol.        a  b a  b  a2  b2
x  0  1  x  1  = x0  1 x 1   1  x 1  x0
2
1 x  1
2
 
 e 1 
x
1 x 1   lim e 1 lim
x
= lim
x0 1 x 1

 x 
x0
  x0
1 x 1 
ex  1
= 1  
1  0  1  lim
x 0 x
1
 1 2   2
lim a x  1
V1 04.Compute (a  0, b  0, b  1) .
x  0 bx 1
 a x 1   a x 1 
 lim
 x 0  
ax 1 x  x 
lim x  lim  x  
Sol. x 0 b  1 x 0 
b 1   bx  1 
  lim  
 x  x 0  x 
log e a ax  1
  lim  loge a
log e b x 0 x
 log b a
IPE MATHS IB 95
lim sin  a  bx   sin  a  bx 
V1 05.Find
x0 x
lim sin  a  bx   sin  a  bx  2 cos a sin bx

Sol. = lim  sin( A  B)  sin( A  B)  2cos A sin B
x0 x x  0 x
sin bx sin x
 2 cos a lim
bx 0 bx
.b  2cos a(b)  as x  0  bx  0  lim x 0 x
1
 2b cos a
lim  cos ax  cos bx 
V1 06.Find
x  0  x2


 ax  bx   ax  bx 
lim  cos ax  cos bx  2sin  sin  C  D C  D
Sol:    2   2  cosC  cos D  2sin sin
  lim
2
x  0 x x 0 x2 2 2
 ab   ab
sin  x sin  x  a  b  a b  sin nx
 2 lim  2 
lim  2   2     lim n
 2  2  x 0 x
x0 x x  0 x
 a 2  b2   b2  a 2 
      a  b  a  b   a 2  b2
 2   2 
lim
V1 07.Find
x
 x2  x  x . 
2
lim  x2  x  x  x2  x  x   lim 
x2  x  x2
Sol:
x 
 x2  x  x   lim
x
 2
x x x  x
 2
x x x   a  b a  b  a2  b2
x 2  x  x2 x
 lim  lim
x  2 x   1   1 
x xx
x  1   1 as x     0 
x   x 

1 1 1
  
1 0 1 1 1 2
Cosx
lim
V1 08.Find x
  
2 x 
 2
  
Cosx  Sin  2  x  
lim  
Sol:

x     lim   sin  90     cos 
2 x  x 2   x    
 2
  2 
IPE MATHS IB 96
   
 sin  x  2  
  lim    sin

x  0       1  sin      sin  lim 1
 0 
2
 x 2  
   
1  cos 2mx
V1 09.Compute lim
x 0 sin 2 nx
1  cos 2mx 2sin 2 mx
Sol: lim  lim  1  cos 2  2sin 2 
x 0 sin 2 nx x  0 sin 2 nx
2
 sin mx  2
lim
 mx   mx  1 .m 2 sin x
 0 mx   2  lim 1
2
 sin nx 
2
2 1. n 2 x 0 x
 nxlim   nx 
 0 nx 
m2
2
n2
11x3  3x  4
lim
V1 10.Find .
x  13x3  5x2  7
 3x 4  3 4
x 3  11  3  3   
 x x   11  x 2  x 3 
lim  lim  
Sol x 
3 5x2 7  x    5 7 
x  13  3  3   13   3
 x x   x x 
11  0  0 11  1 1 1 
   as x  x , 2 , 3 0
13  0  0 13  x x 
sin  x 1
V1 11. Evaluate Lt
x1 x2 1
Sin  x  1 sin  x  1
Sol: lim 2
 lim  a2  b 2   a  b  a  b 
x 1 x 1 x 1  x  1 x  1
 sin  x  1   1 
  lim   lim 
x 10  x  1  x 1 x  1
  
1 1 sin x
 1.   lim 1
2 2 x 0 x
3
1 x  3 1 x
V1 12.Compute lim
x 0 x
IPE MATHS IB 97
3
1 x  3 1 x 3
1 x 11 3 1 x
Sol: lim  lim ( add and subtrack by 1)
x 0 x x 0 x
3 3
1  x 1 1  x 1
 lim  lim
x 0 1  x 1 x  0 1 x 1
1 1 1 1
1 x 3  13  lim 1 x 3  1 3 1 13 1 1 31 1 xn  an
= lim  1  1  lim  n .a n  1
x 0 1  x  1 x0 1 x  1 3 3 x a xa
1 1 2
  
3 3 3
lim sin  x  a  tan 2  x  a 
V1 13.Find x  a 2
 x2  a 2 
sin  x  a  Tan 2  x  a 
lim
Sol: 2
x a
x 2
 a2 
 sin  x  a   Tan2  x  a 
  lim  x  a  .lim 2  a  b  a  b   a  b
 x  a  x  a 
2 2
 2
 xa x  a  xa
Tan 2  x  a   x  a
1.lim . sin x
= 2 2  lim 1
x a
x  a  x  a x 0 x
2
 Tan  x  a    x  a
  lim 
 .lim

x a  x  a   xa  x  a 2
0
 1. 2
 0 lim tan x  1
 2a  x 0 x
 x sin a  a sin x 
V1 14.Compute lim  
x a
 xa 
 x sin a  a sin x   x sin a  a sin a  a sin a  a sin x 
Sol: lim    lim   [ Add & subtract with ' a sin a ' ]
x a
 xa  x  a
 xa 
 sin a  x  a   a  sin a  sin x     sin a  sin x  

 lim    lim  sin a  a .  
xa
 x  a  x  a
  xa 
 xa xa 
 2 cos 2 sin 2 
 sin x  sin a   sin a  a lim   CD CD
 sin a  a.lim   xa xa sinC  sin D  2cos sin
x a
 xa    2 2
 
IPE MATHS IB 98
 xa 
sin  
 xa   2 .1
 sin a  2a.limcos   .lim
x a
 2  xa  x  a  2
 
 2 
aa sin x
 sin a  a.cos   .1  lim 1
 2  x 0 x
 sin a  a cos a
lim x2
V1 15.Show that x  2  x  2  1
Sol: x  2  x  2  x  2  0
x2   x  2
 x  2    x  2  xlim  lim  1

2 x  2 x 2  x  2 
lim 2 x 
V1 16.Show that x  0  x  x  1  3
 
2 x 
Sol: lim   x  1
x 0
 x 
2 x   2x 
x  0   x  0  x  x = xlim   x  1  lim   x  1  2  0  1  3
0
 x  x 0  x 
lim 8 x  3x
V1 17.Find x   3 x  2 x .
Sol: As x    x  0
x x
8 x  3x 8 x  3x 11x
lim  lim = lim
x  3 x  2x x  3 x  2 x x  x  11
lim
2 x 2
 7x  4
V1 18.Compute x 2
 2 x  1  x 2 .
 2x  7 x  4  2 x  1 x  4  .  
2
2 x2  8x  x  4 x2
lim  lim  lim
x2
 2 x  1  x 2  x 2
 2 x  1  x 2  x 2
 2 x  1  x  2   x  2
 2 x  1 x  4   x  2 
 lim   a  b  a  b   a 2  b2
x 2  2 x  1 x  4 
 2 x  1  x  2  
5 2 2 
= lim 
x 2  2 x  1 3
IPE MATHS IB 99
e x  sin x  1
V1 19.Compute Lt
x 0 x
e x  sin x  1 ex 1 sin x
Sol: Lt  Lt  Lt
x 0 x x 0 x x0 x
ex  1 sin x
 1 1  0  lim 1  lim 1
x 0 x x 0 x
e 3 x  e 3
V2 20.Compute lt
x 0 x
e 3 x  e 3 e3 .e x  e3
Sol: lt = lt
x 0 x x 0 x
e3  ex 1 ex 1 ex  1
 lt  e3 lt  e3 .1  e3  lim 1
x0 x x0 x x 0 x
log e 1  5 x 
V2 21.Compute lt
x 0 x
log e 1  5 x  log 1  5 x 
lt  lt 5
Sol: x 0 x x 0 5x
x  0 as 5 x  0
log 1  5 x  loge  1  x
lt  5  1 5  5 lim 1
5 x0 5x x0 x
e3 x  1
V2 22.Compute lt
x 0 x
e3 x  1 e3 x  1
lt  lt 3
Sol: x 0 x x0 3 x
x  0 as 3x  0
e3 x  1 ex  1
lt  3  1 3  3  lim 1
3 x0 3x x 0 x
x2
V2 23.Compute xlim .
2 x3  8
x  2 lim  x  2
Sol: lim =  a 3  b3   a  b   a 2  ab  b 2 
x 2 x3  8
x  2
 x  2   x2  2 x  4 
1 1 1
= lim 2
 
x 2 x  2x  4 4  4  4 12
IPE MATHS IB 100
 1 4 
V2 24.Compute xlim  2 .
2 
 x2 x 4
 1 4   1 4 
Sol: lim   2  = lim    a 2  b2   a  b  a  b 
x  2  x  2 x  4  x2  x  2  x  2 x  2 
 
x24 x2 1 1
 lim  lim  
   x 2  x  2  x  2 2  2 4
x 2 x  2 x  2
1  cos mx
V2 25.Compute lim ,n  0
x 0 1  cos nx
1  cos mx
Sol: lim
x  0 1  cos nx
 mx 
2sin 2  
 lim  2  
x 0  nx  1  cos  2sin2
2 sin 2   2
 2 
2
 mx 
 sin   mx 2
lim 2 .
 mx mx   2 
 2 0  m
2
 2  1.
m2
 42  2
2
 nx  sin x
sin  2 n n  lim 1
 2  nx  1.
x 0 x
 nxlim nx    4
 2 0   2 
 2 
x 3
lim 0
V2 26.Show that x 3
x2  9
x3
lim
Sol: Given x 3
x2  9
x 3  lim
 x 3  x 3 
For x 2  9, lim  a 2  b2   a  b  a  b 
x 3
x2  9
x 3
 x  3  x  3
x 3 33
 lim  0
x 3 x3 33
IPE MATHS IB 101
tan  x  a 
V2 27. Compute lim
x a x2  a 2
tan  x  a   lim tan  x  a 

Sol: lim x  a  x  a  x  a 
 a 2  b2   a  b  a  b 
x a x2  a 2
tan  x  a  1 1 1 tan x
 lim lim   lim 1
 x  a  0  x  a x a x  a a  a 2a x 0 x
x 2  sin x
V2 28.Compute lim
x  x2  2
 sin x    sinx  1  
x2 1   1    
x2  x  x  
x 2  sin x  lim   1Lt   2
Sol : lim 2 x  2  0  1 
x  x 2 x 2 1  2  x
 1  2   
 x   x 
1 0 1  1 1  sin x
   1  as x    , 2  0   lim 1
1 0 1  x x  x 0 x
sin ax
V2 29.Compute lim , b  0, a  b
x0 sin bx
sin ax  sin ax bx a 
Sol: lim  lim  . . 
x 0 sin bx x  0
 ax sin bx b 
a sin ax bx

b
lim
ax  0 ax
. lim
bx  0 sin bx
 as x  0, ax  0 and bx  0 
a a sin x
 .1.1   lim 1
b b x 0 x
lim lim
V3 30.Compute x2
 x   x  and x2
 x   x  .
lim
Sol: x2
 x  x  = lim
x2
 2  x  = 2+2=4  x  2   x   2   x  1   x  x
lim
x2
 x  x  = lim
x2
1  x  =1 + 2= 3  x  2   x  1
lim  2 x  3 
V3 31. Find x    2 
 x 1 
 3  3
x2   x2  
lim  2 x  3   lim  x x
 lim 
Sol:  2
x    x  1 
 x 1 x  1  As x  , x   x 
x 1 2 x 1 2
x x
20
  2
1 0
IPE MATHS IB 102
V3 32.Compute xlim

 x 1  x . 
 x 1  x    x 1  x 
Sol: lim
x 
 x  1  x  lim
x    x 1  x  [ rationalize with x 1  x ]
x 1  x
 lim   a  b  a  b   a 2  b2
x
x 1  x
1
1
 lim x
x   1   lim 1
x  1   1 1  0 1 as x    0
x  x 1 1 x
 x
0 0
  0
1 0 1 2
x
V3 33.Show that lim does not exist
x0 x
 x if x  0
Sol: We know that x 
 x if x  0
x
lim f  x   lim  lim 1  1
x  0 x0 x x0
x
lim f  x   lim  lim  1  1
x0 x 0 x x 0
lim f  x   lim f  x 
x 0  x 0
x
 lim does not exist
x 0 x
sin ax
V3 34.Compute lim
x 0 x cos x
sin ax sin ax 1
Sol: lim  lim lim
x 0 x cos x x 0 x x 0 cos x
 sin ax  1 sin x
  lim  a  lim 1
 ax 0 ax  cos 0  1.a.1  a x 0 x
log e x
V3 35.Evalute lim
x 1 x 1
Sol: Put x  1  y as x  1then x  1  0
 y0
loge x log 1 y  loge  1  x

lim  lim e 1 lim 1
x1 x 1 y0 y x0 x
IPE MATHS IB 103
CONTINUITY
KEY POINTS:
I. Continuity: A function f  x  is said to be continuous iff.
(i) xlim f  x   f  a  (or)

a
(ii) xlim f  x   lim f  x   f  a 

a  x a 
1. If f is not continuous it is said to be discontinuous.

 cos ax  cos bx
 if x  0
x2
f  x  
V1 01.Show that  1  b2  a2  where a and b are real constants, is continuous at x= 0.
if x  0
 2
 ax  bx   ax bx 
cos ax  cos bx 2sin sin  C  D C  D
Sol: lim f  x  lim 2  lim  2   2   c o s C  c o s D   2 s in sin
x0 x 0 x x0 x2
2 2
 ab   ab 
sin  x sin  x
 2   2 
 2lim lim
x 0 x x 0 x
  a b     a b  
 sin   x  a b  sin  x
  2     2    a  b 
 2 Lim .  Lim . 
  ab  x0  a  b    2    ab x0  a  b    2  2M
  2    x    2    x 
  2     2  
2 2
 a b   a b  b  a sin x
 2.1.  .1.  lim  1  a  b a  b  a2  b2 1M
 2   2  2 x 0 x
b2  a2
Given f  0  
2
 lim f  x   f  0 
x 0
 f  x  is continuous at x =0 1M
 sin 2 x
 if x  0
V1 02.Is ‘ f ’ defined by f  x    x continuous at x  0 ?
 1 if x  0
 sin2x  sin x
Sol: lim f  x  lim  .2  1.2  2 (as x  0  2 x  0 ) lim 1
x0 2 x0
 2x  x 0 x
IPE MATHS IB 104
 lim f  x   2 2M
x0
Given that f  0   1
lim f  x   f  0 1M
x0
lim f  x   f  a 
x a
 f  x  is not continuous at x  0 1M
Thenf is continuous
V1 03.Check the continuity of ‘ f ’ given by
 x  9  /  x  2 x  3  if 0  x  5 and x  3
2 2
f  x   at the point x  3 .
 1.5 if x  3
x2  9  x  3  x  3 
Sol: lim f  x   lim = lim  a 2  b2   a  b  a  b 
x 3 x 3 x 2  2 x  3 x  3  x  3  x  1
6 3
   1.5 2M
4 2
Given that f  3  1.5
 lim f  x   f  3 
x3
lim f  x   f  a 
x a
 f  x  is continuous at x=3. 2M
Thenf is continuous
V1 04.Check the continuity of the following function at x  2 .
1 2
 2  x  4  if 0  x  2

f  x   0 if x  2
2  8 x 3 if x  2


1 2 1
Sol: lim f  x   lim
x2 x 2 2
 x  4    4  4  0
2
 lim f  x   0 1M
x2
 8  8
lim f  x   lim  2  3    2     2  1  1
x 2 x 2
 x   8
 lim f  x   1 1M
x 2
Given that f  2   0
 lim f  x   lim f  x  1M
x 2 x2
But xlim f  x   0  f  2
2 
IPE MATHS IB 105
 lim f  x  lim f  x  f  a
xa xa
 f is left continue at x = 2 1M
Then f is continuous
k 2 x  k if x  1
V2 05.If ‘ f ’ given by   
f x  , is a continuous function on R, then find the
 2 if x  1
values of k.
Sol: lim f  x   2 1M
x 1
lim f  x   lim  k 2 x  k   k 2  k 1M
x 1 x 1
Given that f  x  continuous on R,
 lim f  x  lim f  x  f  a
 lim f  x   lim f  x  xa xa
x 1 x 1 Then f is continuous
 k 2  k  2  k 2  k  2  0   k  2  k  1  0  k  2  or   1 2M
V3 06.Find real constants a,b so that the function f given by
sin x if x  0
 2
x  a if 0  x  1
f  x  
bx  3 if 1  x  3 is continuous on R.
3 if x  3
Sol: L.H.L.= xlim f  x   lim sin x  0

0 x 0
R.H.L. = xlim f  x   lim  x 2  a   0  a  a

0 x 0
 f  x  is continuous on R
L.H.L = R.H.L ,  0  a ,  a  0 2M
L.H.L = xlim f  x   lim  bx  3  3b  3

3 x 3
R.H.L = xlim f  x   lim  3   3

3 x 3
 f  x  is continuous on R.
 lim f  x  lim f  x  f  a
xa xa
L.H.L. = R.H.L.
3b  3  3  3b  6  b  2 2M
 a  0, b  2
IPE MATHS IB 106
 x2 if x 1
V3 07.Is the function f defined by f  x    continuous on R?
x if x  1
Sol : If x = 1, f 1  12  1 1M
lim f  x   lim x 2  12  1 1M
x 1 x 1
lim f  x   lim x  1 1M
x 1 x 1
 lim f  x   lim f  x   f 1

x 1 x 1
 lim f  x  lim f  x  f  a
xa xa
 f continuous at x =1
Hence f  x  continuous on R 1M
x x
V3 08.Show that f , given by f  x   ,  x  0  is continuous on R  0
x
 x if x  0
Sol: We know that x 
  x if x  0
x   x 2x
lim f  x  lim  2 1M
x0 x0 x x
x   x
lim f  x  lim 0 1M
x0 x0 x
 lim f  x   lim f  x 
x 0 x 0
 f is discontinuous at x  0 1M
 lim f  x  lim f  x  f  a
xa xa
 f is continuous on R  0 1M
IPE MATHS IB 107
DIFFERENTIATION
KEY POINTS:
f  x  h  f  x 
I. From First principle differentiation of f  x  is f '  x   lim
h0 h
II. Derivatives of some standard functions:

d d
1.
dx
x  1 2.
dx
 
x n  nx n1
d x d
3.
dx
 
e  ex 4.
dx
 
a x  a x log a
d 1 d  1  1
5.  log x   6.  
dx  x  x 2
dx x
d
7.
d  1

dx  x n

 x
n
  n1 8. dx
 x   2 1x
III. Derivatives of Trigonometric functions:
d d
9.  sin x   cos x 10.  cos x    sin x
dx dx
d d
11.  tan x   sec2 x 12.  cot x    cos ec2 x
dx dx
d d
13. sec x   sec x tan x 14.  cos ec x    cos ec x cot x
dx dx
IV. Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric functions:
d 1 d 1
15. dx

sin1 x  
1  x2
16. dx

cos1 x  
1  x2
d 1 d 1
17.
dx

tan1 x  
1  x2
18.
dx

cot 1 x  
1  x2
d 1 d 1
19. dx

sec 1 x   20. dx

cos ec1x  
x x2  1 x x2  1
V. Derivatives of Hyperbolic functions:
d d
21. sin h x   cos hx 22.  cos hx   sin hx
dx dx
d d
23.  tan hx   sec h2 x 24.  cot hx    cosec h2 x
dx dx
d d
25.  cosec hx    cosec hx cot hx 26. sec hx    sec hx tan hx
dx dx
VI. Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic functions:
d 1 d 1
27. dx

sinh1 x  
1  x2
28. dx

cosh1 x   x2  1
IPE MATHS IB 108
d 1 d 1
29.
dx

tanh1 x 
1  x2
 30.
dx
 
coth 1 x 
1  x2
d 1 d 1
31. 
sech1 x   32. dx

cosec h1 x  
dx x 1  x2 x 1  x2
d
33.  f  g  x     f '  g  x   .g'  x 
dx 
34. If u, v are two functions of ‘x’ then
d d d
(i)  u.v   u  v   v  u
dx dx dx
d d
v.  u  u.  v 
(ii) d  u   dx dx
dx  v  v2
35. If y  f  x g  x  then log y  log f  x g  x   log y  g  x  .log f  x 
dy g x   1 
  f x g  x  . .f '  x   log f  x  .g '  x  
dx  f x 
dy
dy g 't
 dt 
36. If x  f  t  , y  g  t  then dx dx f '  t 
dt

2 2 dy 1 y2
V1 01.If 1 x  1 y  a (x  y) then show that  .
dx 1 x2
Sol. Given 1  x 2  1  y 2  a  x  y 
Put x  sin 1 and y  sin  2  1  sin 1 x,  2  sin  1 y (1M)
Now 1  sin 2 1  1  sin 2  2  a  sin 1  sin  2 
 cos 2 1  cos 2  2  a  sin 1  sin  2  1  sin2   cos2 
 cos 1  cos  2  a  sin 1  sin  2   a2  a (1M)
C D C D
 cos C  cos D  2cos   cos  
                 2   2 
 2cos  1 2  cos  1 2   a2cos  1 2  sin  1 2  C D CD
 2   2   2   2  sin C  sin D  2cos   sin  
 2   2 
   2 
cos  1 
 2  a  1   2  cos
  1   2   cot  a   cot (3M)
sin    2  sin
 2 
IPE MATHS IB 109
1   2   1  sin  1 x 
  co t  1  a   1   2  2 cot 1  a   1

2   2  sin y 
1 1 1
 sin x  sin y  2 cot  a  (1M)
Diff. w.r.to x
1 1 dy d 1 d
1 x 2

1  y dx2
0 
dx
 sin1 x 
2
  k  0
1 x dx
1 dy 1 dy 1 y2 1 y2
  
  (1M)
1  y 2 dx 1 x2 dx 1  x2 1  x2
 1  x2  1  x2 
1
V1 02.If y  Tan   for 0  x  1, find dy
2 2
 1  x  1  x  dx
 1  x2  1  x2 
1
Sol. Given y  Tan  
 1  x 2  1  x 2 
1 1 2
Substitute x 2  cos 2    cos x (1M)
2
1
 1  cos 2  1  cos 2 
we get y  Tan  1  cos 2  1  cos 2  (1M)
 
 2 cos 2   2 sin 2  
 Tan 1  
 2 cos 2   2 sin 2   1  cos2 A  2cos2 A 1  cos2A  2sin2 A
 2  cos  sin    1 cos  1  tan  

 
y  Tan1    Tan  
 2  cos  sin     cos 1  tan   
    1  tan  
 Tan1  tan           tan     tan1  tan   
 4  4 1  tan 4 
 1
y   cos 1  x 2  (3M)
4 2
Differentiating w.r.to ‘ x ’ we get
dy 1 1 d 1
dx
 0 
2 1  x4
 2x 
dx
 cos1 x  
1  x2
x
 (2M)
1  x4
IPE MATHS IB 110
cos x dy
V1 03.If y  x tan x   sin x  , find .
dx
cos x
Sol. y  xtan x   sin x 
cos x
Let y 1  x tan x and y 2   sin x  Then y  y1  y 2 (1M)
Diff. w.r.to x on both sides
dy d y1 d y 2
   1  (1M)
dx dx dx
y1  x tan x
Applying log on both sides, log y1  log  x tan x 
 log y1  tan x.log x log xn  nlog x

Differentiating with respective ‘ x ’ on both sides
1 dy1 d d
  tan x  log x   log x  tan x  |
  uv   uv |  vu|
y1 dx dx dx
dy1  Tanx  d 1 d
  y1   sec 2 x log x    log x  ,   tan x  sec2 x
dx  x  dx x dx
dy1  tan x 
 xtan x   sec2 x.log x    2 (2M)
dx  x 
cos x
y2   sin x 
cos x
Applying log on both sides, log y 2  log  sin x 
 log y2  cos x.log  sin x  log xn  nlog x

Differentiating with respective ‘ x ’ on both sides
1 dy2 d d
 cos x log  sin x    log  sin x   cos x  |
 uv  uv|  vu|
y2 dx dx dx
1 dy  1  d 1 d
 y dx  cos x  sin x  cos x   sinx log  sin x 
2
  log x    cos x   sin x
2   dx x dx
dy2
  y2  cos x.cot x  sin x log  sin x  
dx
dy2 cos x
   sin x  cos x.cot x  sin x.log  sin x     3 (2M)
dx
Substituting (2) & (3) in equation (1) we get
dy  tan x  cos x
 x tan x   sec2 x.log x    sin x  cos x.cot x  sin x log  sin x  (1M)
dx  x 
IPE MATHS IB 111
log x
V1 04.Find the derivative of  sin x   xsin x with respective x.
lo g x
Sol. Let y   s in x   x s in x
log x
Now let y1   sin x  ; y2  x sin x then (1M)
y  y1  y2
dy dy1 dy2
  (1M)
dx dx dx
log x
Now y1   sin x 
log x
Taken log on both sides, log y1  log  sin x 
 log y1  log x.log  sin x  log xn  nlog x

Differentiating both sides with respect to x then
d d
 log y1    log x log  sin x  
dx dx
1 dy1 d d
  log x  log  sin x    log  sin x   log x  |
 uv  uv|  vu|
y1 dx dx dx
1 dy1 1 1 d 1 d
  log x cos x  log  sin x    log x    sin x  cos x
y1 dx sin x x dx x dx
dy1  log  sin x   cos x

  y1  log x cot x     cot x
dx  x  sin x
dy1  log  sin x  

  sin x log x  cot x log x   .................................(2) (2M)
dx  x 
Now y2  xsin x
Taken log on both sides, log y2  log xsin x  log y2  sin x log x log xn  nlog x
d d
Differentiating both sides with respect to x then  log y2    sin x.log x
dx dx
1 dy d d
 y . dx  sin x. dx  log x   log x. dx  sin x 
2 |
 uv  uv|  vu|
2
dy2  1  d 1 d
  y2  sin x.  log x.cos x    log x  ,   sin x   cos x
dx  x  dx x dx
dy2  sin x 
  xsin x   log x.cos x  ...........................(3) (2M)
dx  x 
Substitute (2) and (3) in (1) then
dy log x  1  1 
  sin x   cot x log x  log  sin x    xsin x  sin x  cos x log x  (1M)
dx  x  x 
IPE MATHS IB 112
dy  yx y 1  y x log y 
y x b
V1 05.If x  y  a then show that dx    x y log x  xy x 1  .
 
Sol. Let y1  x y and y 2  y x
Then given equation is y1  y 2  a b
Diff w.r.to x we get
dy1 dy 2 d
  0  1   k  0 (1M)
dx dx dx
Now y 1  x y
Applying log on both sides, log y1  log x y
log y1  y log x log xn  nlog x

Diff w.r.to x
1 dy1 d 1 dy1 d dy
   y log x     y  log x   log x  |
 uv  uv|  vu|
y1 dx dx y1 dx dx dx
1 d y1 1 dy d 1
 y  d x  y x  lo g x d x   log x 
1 dx x
dy1 y dy  dy y y dy 
  y1   log x   1  x   log x 
dx x dx  dx x dx 
dy1 dy am mn
  x y 1. y  x y .log x ----(2)  n a (2M)
dx dx a
also, y 2  y x
Applying log on both sides, log y2  log y x  x log y log xn  nlog x

differentiate w.r.tox
1 dy2 d 1 dy d d
   x log y    2  x  log y   log y  x  |
 uv  uv|  vu|
y2 dx dx y2 dx dx dx
1 dy 1 dy dy  x dy  d 1
  log x 
2 2
 y dx  x y dx  log y.1  dx  y 2  y dx  log y 
2   dx x
dy x  x dy  dy dy am
2
 dx  y  y dx  log y  
2
 y x 1 . x  y x log y ------(3)  n  amn (2M)
  dx dx a
Substituting (2) and (3) in equation (1)
dy dy
x y 1 . y  x y log x.  y x 1 .x  y x log y  0
dx dx
dy y

dx
 x log x  y x 1 x     y x log y  x y 1 y 
IPE MATHS IB 113
dy   y x log y  x y 1 y 
  (2M)
dx x y log x  y x 1 x
dy
2 2 2 2 2

V1 06.If y  x a  x  a log x  a  x then prove that  dx
 2 a2  x2
Sol.
2 2 2 2 2
Given y  x a  x  a log x  a x  
Differentiating w.r.to x on both sides
dy d  x d d
dx
 a2  x2
dx
x
dx
 
a 2  x2  a 2 .
dx

log x  a2  x2  |
 uv  uv|  vu| (1M)
dy 2x 1 d

dx
 a 2  x 2  x.
2
2 a x 2
 a2 .
2
x a  x 2 dx
x  a 2  x2   (1M)
d

d
dx
 x   1 dx  x   2 1x d
  xn   nxn1
dx
d 1 d
  log x    k  0
dx x dx
dy x2 a2  1 d 2 2 

dx
 a 2  x2   1   a  x  (1M)
a 2  x2 x  a 2  x2  2 a  x dx
2 2

dy 2 2 x2 a2 1 1 
  a  x      2x  
dx a 2  x2 x  a 2  x2 1 2 a  x
2 2

dy 2 2 x2 a2  a2  x2  x 
 dx  a  x     (2M)
a2  x2 x  a 2  x 2  a 2  x 2 
dy 2 2 x2 a2 a 2  x2
 dx  a  x    a2  x2 
a2  x2 a2  x2 a2  x2
dy a2  x2
 dx  a2  x2  a  a a
a2  x2
dy
  a2  x 2  a2  x2  2 a2  x2 (2M)
dx
2  1/2  a cos x  b 
2
V1 07. If a  0, b  0 and 0  x   and f ( x )  ( a  b ) cos  1   then
 a  b cos x 
f 1( x )  (a  b cos x )1
1 / 2  b  a cos x 
Let f  x    a  b  cos  1 
2 2
Sol. 
Diff w.r.to. ‘x’ we get
|
2 1/2  1  b  a cos x 
f  x   a  b
| 2
 cos  a  b cos x 
  
IPE MATHS IB 114
 
 |
2 1/ 2  1  b  a cos x  
 a  b  
2
 a  b cos x  
d
  cos1 x 
1
2
(1M)
 1   b  a cos x   dx 1  x2
   
 
 
| |
1/2  1   a  b cos x b  a cos x   b  a cos x  a  b cos x 
  a2 b2    2   u | vu|  uv|
    v   v2 (1M)
2
  b  acos x  a  b cos x
 1 2 
  a bcos x 
 b  acos x bsin x  a bcos x asin x 

1/2 (a bcos x)
  a b 
2 2   2   d  cos x  sin x (2M)
  a bcos x2  b  acos x2   a  b cos x 
   dx
1/2   a bcos x b2 sin x  absin x cos x  a2 sin x  absin x cos x 

  a2 b2   2 2 2  2 
2 2 2
 a  b cos x  2abcos x b  a cos x  2abcos x  a bcos x 
2
 a  b  a2  2ab  b2
 
 a  b 2 1/ 2   a2  b2  sin x 
2
   a  b cos x  a2  b2 1  cos2 x  (2M)
    
 
2 1/ 2  a 2  b 2 a 2  b 2 sin x 
 a  b2
 1  cos 2   sin 2 
  a  b cos x  a 2  b 2 sin x 
   
1/ 2 1/ 2

a 2
 b2  a 2
 b2 

1
1
 a  b cos x   a  b cos x 
1
f |  x    a  b cos x  (1M)
1
 1 x2 1
V1 08.If  
f x  Tan   , g  x  Tan1x then. Differentiate f  x  with respect to g  x 
 x 
 
1
 1  x2 1 
Sol. Given f  x   Tan 



 x 
Put x  tan  then   Tan1  x 
 1  Tan2  1   sec2  1 
f  x   Tan1    Tan1  
 Tan   Tan  1  tan2   sec2  (1M)
   
IPE MATHS IB 115
 1 1
  
 sec 1  Tan1  cos 1  1 sin
 Tan1   sec  , tan 
 tan   sin  cos cos
 cos 
 1 cos 
 
 Tan1  cos 
 sin 
 cos 
 1 cos  1  2sin2  / 2  2 A A A
 Tan1    Tan   1  cos A  2sin sin A  2sin cos (1M)
 sin   2sin / 2 cos / 2  2 2 2
 sin / 2  1   sin
 Tan1    Tan  tan 2  tan 
 cos / 2    cos
1
 Tan  x 
   tan1  tan   
2 2
1 1 d 1
f 1  x     tan1 x  
2 1 x 2
dx 1  x2
1 1
 f  x 
21 x2 
1 1
g x   T a n 1 x  g  x  (1M)
1  x2
1
f 1
 x 2 1  x 2  1
1
  (1M)
g  x 1 2
1  x2
dy y2 y2
y
V1 09.If y  x then show that   .
dx x(1  log y ) x(1  y log x )
Sol. Given y  x y
Applying log on both sides, log y  log x y  y log x .........(1) log xn  nlog x (1M)

d d
 log y    y log x 
dx dx
1 dy d d d 1
  y  log x   log x  y  
dx
log f  y  
f  y
 
f |  y   uv |  uv |  vu |
 
y dx dx dx
IPE MATHS IB 116
1 dy 1 dy dy  1 log x  y d 1
   y   log x        log x  (1M)
y dx x dx dx  y 1  x dx x
dy 1  y log x  y dy y y y2
      (1M)
dx  y  x
 dx x 1 y log x x 1  y log x 
dy y2
  (from(1)) (1M)
dx x 1  log y 
dy y
V1 10.If x 2/ 3  y 2 / 3  a 2 / 3 then  3
dx x
Sol: Given x 2/ 3  y 2 / 3  a 2 / 3
Differentiating w.r to ‘x’
2 23 1 2 23 1 dy d n d n dy d
3
x  y .  0  x  nx
3 dx dx
n1
dx
 
 y   ny n1   k  0
dx dx
(1M)
1 1 1 1
2 2 dy 2 dy 2
 x3  y3. 0  y3.  x3 (1M)
3 3 dx 3 dx 3
1
2 1 1
 x3 3
dy  y  y  3  y m
  3 1  1       3   
am a
 
1
dx 2 3  x  x xm  m x (2M)
y x3 bm b
3
V2 11. If y  a cos x   b  2 x  sin x , then show that y " y  4cos x
Sol. Given y  a cos x   b  2 x  sin x
Diff. w.r.t x on both sides
| | | |
y|  a  cos x    b  2 x  sin x   sin x  b  2 x    uv   uv |  vu |
d d d
 y|  a   sin x    b  2x  cos x  sin x  2 dx  cos x    sin x  sin x   cos x k  0
dx dx
1
 y   a sin x   b  2 x  cos x  2 sin x (1M)
Again diff.w.r.t x on both sides
11
 y  a cos x   b  2x  sin x   cos x  2  2cos x
|
  uv   uv |  vu | (1M)
11
 y  a cos x   b  2 x  sin x  4cos x
11
 y   a cos  b  2x  sin x   4cos x (1M)
 y11   y  4 cos x  y11  y  4cos x (1M)
3at 3at 2 dy
V2 12. If x  3
, y  3 . Find
1 t 1 t dx
3at 3at 2
Sol: Given x  , y 
1 t3 1 t3
3at
consider x  ,
1 t3
IPE MATHS IB 117
Differentiating w.r to ‘t’
 3 d d 3 
dx d  3at   1  t  dt  t   t dt 1  t   | | |
  3a    u  vu  uv
dt dt  1  t 3  2    (1M)
 1  t 3   v v2
 
 1  t 3  1  t  0  3t 2  
 3a   d
 3 2    xn   nxn1
 1  t   dx
 3   
dx 1 t  3t 3   1 2t 3 
 3a  3a (2M)
dt  1 t 3 2   1 t 3 2 
   
3at 2
consider y  ,
1 t3
Differentiating w.r to ‘t’
 d d 

dy d 3at 2
  1  t 3   t 2   t 2 1  t 3  
dt dt | | |
   3a    u  vu  uv
3  2    (1M)
dt dt  1  t   1  t 
3
 v v2
 
 1 t 3   2t   t 2  0  3t 2  
 3a   d
 3 2    xn   nxn1
  
1  t  dx
 
dy  2t  t 4 
 3a (2M)
dt  1  t 3 2 
 
 
 2t  t 4 
dy 3a
 1  t 3 2  dy
dy   2t  t 4
  dt   dy dt
dx dx  3  1  2t 3 dx  dx (1M)
1  2t 
dt 3a 
 1  t 3 2  dt
 
1 x  x 
V2 13. If f  x  S in and g  x  Tan1 then show that f ' (x)  g '(x)(  x   ) .
   x
1 x
Sol. Given f  x   Sin
 
IPE MATHS IB 118
1 d  x    d 1 
f 1  x    
1
x 
2 dx      2d 1
 x     dx    sin1 x 
1   dx (1M)
    1  x2

d
1
 f  x 
1

1 d  x 
 
x   dx     

dx
 x   2 1x  a2  a
1 x    2

1    
  d d
 f 1  x 
1
 
1   k  0   x  1
   x 2 x   dx dx
 
    1 1 1
 f 1  x     f  x  1 (2M)
 x 2 x   2   x x   
 x 
g  x   Tan 1   Differentiating w.r.to x on both sides
 x 
1 d x
g1  x   2
x    dx   x d 1

1     tan1 x  (1M)
 dx 1  x2
   x 
d
1 1
 g  x  1 x  
1 d  x  
  
x   dx    x 

dx
 x   2 1x
 2
1  x  x
 d d 
  x dx  x     x    dx   x 
| | |
1 x  u  vu  uv
1
 g  x       
  x  x  2 x    x
2
v v2
 
 x  
x x    x    x    1  d d

1
 g  x       x  1 ,   k  0
  2 x    x 
2
 dx dx
  x    x   x  x   
 g  x 
1
 2

    2 x      x  
  x    x     1 x
 g  x   g  x  2 x     x   x
1

    2 x     x 2
1
g1  x     2
2   x x    (2M)
IPE MATHS IB 119
From (1) & (2) f 1  x   g 1  x  (1M)
3 3
1  2x  1  3x  x  1  4x  4x  dy 1
V2 14. If y  Tan  1 x2   Tan  2 
 Tan  2 4  then show that 
   1 3x   1 6x  x  dx 1  x 2
3 3
1  2x  1  3x  x  1  4x  x 
Sol. Given y  Tan  2   Tan  2   Tan  2 4
 1 x   1 3x   1 6x  x 
Put x  Tan    Tan 1  x  (1M)
3
 2tan 
1 1  3tan  tan   1  4tan  tan2  
y  Tan  2 
 Tan  2   Tan  2 4  (2M)
 1 tan    1 3tan    1 6tan   tan  
2tan A 3tan A  tan3 A 4tan A  tan2 A

tan2A  tan3 A  tan4 A 
1  tan2 A 1  3tan2 A 1  6tan2 A  tan4 A
1 1 1
 y  Tan  tan 2   Tan  tan 3   Tan  tan 4  (1M)
 y  2  3  4  5  4 tan1  tan   
 y    Tan1 x (1M)
Diff w.r.to ‘ x ’ we get
dy 1 d 1
   tan1 x  (2M)
dx 1  x 2 dx 1  x2
1  2 x   2x 
V2 15. Find the derivative of f ( x )  Tan  2  w.r .to
g ( x )  Sin1  2 
 1 x  1 x 
1  2x 
Sol. Given f  x   Tan  2 
1 x 
Put x  Tan    Tan1  x  (1M)
 2Tan 
f  x   Tan 1  2 
 1  Tan  
2tan A
 f  x   Tan 1  tan 2  tan2A 
1  tan2 A
 2 tan1  tan   
 f  x   2Tan 1 x (1M)
Diff. w.r.to ‘ x ’
1 2 d 1
f 1  x  2 2 
f 1 x    tan1 x  (1M)
1 x 1 x2 dx 1  x2
 2x 
g  x   Sin  1  2 
1 x 
IPE MATHS IB 120
Put x  Tan    Tan1  x 
 2Tan 
g  x   Sin  1  2  (1M)
 1  Tan  
2tan A
 g  x   sin 1  sin 2   2 sin2 A  2 sin1  sin   
1  tan A
 g  x   2T a n 1  x 
Differentiating w.r.to x
1 2 d 1
g 1  x   2.
1 x 2

1  x2

dx
 tan 1 x  
1  x2
(1M)
f 1 x 2 /1  x 2
Now g 1 x  1 (2M)
  2 /1  x 2
d2y h 2  ab
2 2
V2 16.If ax  2hxy  by  1 then prove that dx 2 
 hx  by  . (Mar 2008)
3
Sol. Given ax 2  2hxy  by 2  1

Differentiating w.r.to “x” on both sides.
d 2 d d d
a
dx
 x   2h  x. y   b  y 2   1
dx dx dx
 dy  dy d d
a  2x   2h  x  y   2by  0   xn   nxn1  uv|  uv|  vu|   k  0 (1M)
 dx  dx dx dx
dy dy dy
 2ax  2hx  2hy  2by  0  2  ax  hy   2  hx  by   0
dx dx dx
dy   ax  hy 
      1  (1M)
dx hx  by
Again differentiating w.r.to “x” on both sides
d  dy  d  ax  hy 
    (1M)
dx  dx  dx  hx  by 
 d d 
d y 2
  hx  by   ax  hy    ax  hy   hx  by   | | |
  dx dx  u  vu  uv
2 2    
dx   hx  by   v v2
 
  dy   dy  
  hx  by   a  h dx    ax  hy   h  b dx  
      d
  hx  by 
2
   kx   k
  dx
 
IPE MATHS IB 121
 2 dy dy dy 2 dy   dy 2 2 
 hax  h dx  x  aby  hby dx  hax  bax dx  h y  hby dx   dx  h x  bax   y  ab  h  
  2    2 
  hx  by    hx  by  
   
   ax  hy  y  ab  h 2  

hx  by
 h 2
x  bax  
1

   from eq 1 
  2    
  hx  by  
(2M)
 
   ax  hy   h 2 x  bax   y  ab  h 2   hx  by  
  3

  hx  by  
  h 2 ax 2  a 2 bx 2  h 3 xy  habxy  habxy  b 2 ay 2  h 3 xy  h 2 by 2 
  3

  hx  by  
 h 2  ax 2  by 2  hxy  hxy   ab  ax 2  by 2  hxy  hxy  

  3

  hx  by  
 h 2  ax 2  2 hxy  by 2   ab  ax 2  2 hxy  by 2  
 3

  hx  by  

 ax 2
 2 hxy  by 2  h 2  ab 
3 [ Given ax 2  2 hxy  by 2  1 ]
 hx  by 
d2y h 2  ab
 (2M)
dx 2  hx  by 3
d2y
V2 17.If x  a (t  sin t ), y  a(1  cos t ) then find .
dx 2
Sol. Given x  a (t  sin t ), y  a(1  cos t )
Differentiating w.r.to " t " on both sides
d
  co s x    sin x
dx dy dx d d
 a 1 cos t  ;  a   sin t  d  k   0  x  1 (1M)
dt dt  sin x   c o s x dx dx
dx
dy t t
2sin cos
dy dt  a sin t  sin t dy 2 2  cot t sin A 2sin Acos A 1cos A 2sin2 A (1M)
     
dx dx a 1  cos t  1  cos t dx t 2 2 2 2
2sin2
dt 2
IPE MATHS IB 122
Again differentiating w.r to ‘x’
d 2 y d  dy  d  dy  dt d t  dt  t 1  dt
2 =        cot       cos ec2   (1M)
dx dx  dx  dt  dx  dx dt  2  dx  2 2  dx
t
cos ec 2
1 t 1 1 2
cos ec 2  
=2 2 a 1  cos t  2 a  2sin 2 t
2
1 t t 1 t 1
  cos ec2  cos ec2  cos ec4  1
4a 2 2 4a 2 4a sin4 t  cos ec   (1M)
sin 
2
2 3 
1  3a x  x
V2 18.Find derivative of tan  2 2 
 a(a  3x ) 
1  3a 2 x  x 3 
Sol. Let y= tan  2 2 
 a(a  3x ) 
x x
put x  a tan    tan     tan 1   (1M)
a a
 3a3 tan   a 3 tan 3    a 3  3 tan   tan 3   

1 1
 y  tan    y  tan  3  (1M)
 a 3
 3a 3
tan 2
  
 a 1  3 tan 2
  
 3 tan   tan 3   3tan A  tan3 A

 y  tan 1  2   y  tan 1  tan 3  tan3A 
 1  3 tan   1  3tan2 A
1  x 
 y  3  y  3 tan   tan1  tan    (1M)
a
Diff. w.rto ‘x’ we get
dy 1 1
3 2 d 1
dx  x a
1   
dx
 tan1 x 
1  x2
a
dy a2 1 dy 3a
 3 2   2 (1M)
dx 2
a x a dx a  x 2
dy
V2 19.If y x  x sin y then find
dx
Sol : Given y x  x sin y
Apply log on both sides
 log  y   log  x 
x sin y
 x log y  sin y  log x  log xn  nlog x (1M)

IPE MATHS IB 123
Diff. w.r.to ‘x’ we get
d d d d
 x.  log y   log y.   x    sin y  log x   log x sin y |
 uv  uv|  vu|
dx  dx  dx dx
1 dy 1 dy d 1 d d
 x.  log y. 1  sin y  log x  cos y    log x    x  1   sin x  cos x (1M)
y dx x dx dx x dx dx
x dy dy sin y
  log x  cos y    log y
y dx dx x
 x  y log x  cos y   dy sin y  x log y (1M)
  
 y  dx x
sin y  x log y
dy x y  sin y  x log y 
  
dx x  y log x  cos y  x  x  y log x  cos y   (1M)
y
1` 1 x dy
V2 20.If y  Tan | x | 1 , then find .
1 x dx
1 x
Sol. Given y  Tan
1
1 x
 x  1
cos  1 x
Put x  cos 2  2  cos x   
1
(1M)
2
2
1 1 cos2 1 2sin 
y  Tan  Tan 1  cos2A  2cos2 A 1  cos2A  2sin2 A
1 cos2 2cos2 
Tan 2  Tan 1  tan    y   tan  tan   

1 1
 y  Tan (1M)
cos 1 x
 y (1M)
2
Differentiate w.r.to " x " on both sides
dy 1 1 dy 1 d 1
 
dx 2 1  x 2 

dx 2 1  x 2

dx
 cos1 x  (1M)
1  x2
2 3
dy (1  2 x ) 3 (1  3 x ) 4
V3 21.Find of the function y  5 6

dx (1  6 x ) (1  7 x ) 7
6
2 3
(1  2 x ) 3 (1  3 x ) 4
Sol. Given y  5 6
(1  6 x ) 6 (1  7 x ) 7
IPE MATHS IB 124
 2 3 
 (1  2 x) (1  3x ) 4 
3
log y  log  6 
Apply ‘log’ on both sides, 5 (1M)
 (1  6 x ) 6 (1  7 x) 7 
 
a
 log y  log 1  2 x 
2/ 3
1  3 x 
3/ 4
  log 1  6 x 5/ 6 1  7 x 6/ 7  log    log a  log b (1M)
     b
2/3 3/4 5/6 6/7  lo g  a b   lo g a  lo g b (1M)

 log y  log 1 2x  log 1 3x  log 1 6x  log 1 7x
2 3 5 6 log xn  nlog x (2M)
 log y  log 1  2x   log 1 3x   log 1 6x   log 1  7x 
3 4 6 7
1 dy 2  2  3 3 5  6  6 7 d 1 d
      log x    k   0
y dx 3 1  2 x  4 1  3 x  6 1  6 x  7 1  7 x  dx x dx
dy  4 9 5 6 
 y     (2M)
dx  3 1  2 x  4 1  3 x  1  6 x  1  7 x  
1  b  a sin x 
V3 22.Find derivatives of the sin  a  b sin x  (a  0, b  0)
 
1  b  a sin x 
Sol. Let y= sin  a  b sin x  (a  0, b  0)
 
dy 1 d  b  asinx 
   d 1
dx  b  asinx  dx  a  b sin x    sin1 x 
2
1  dx (1M)
 1  x2
 a  b sin x 
dy 1   a  b sin x  a cos x    b  a sin x  b cos x  

  2 
dx  b  asinx  
2
 a  b sin x  
1  
 a  b sin x 
| ||
 u  vu  uv d
   2   sin x   cos x
v v dx
dy 1  a 2 cos x  ab sin x cos x  b 2 cos x  ab sin x cos x 

  2 
dx 2
 a  b sin x    b  a sin x 
2
  a  b sin x   (3M)
2
 a  b sin x 
IPE MATHS IB 125
1 a2 cos x b2 cos x

  2 
a2 b2 sin2 x  2absin x b2  a2 sin2 x 2absin x   a bsin x  2
2
 a  b  a2  2ab  b2
 a bsin x

 a  b sin x    a 2  b 2  cos x 
 
 a 2  b 2  cos x
  a  b sin x   a 2  b 2 1  sin 2 x  (2M)
2
 a 2
 b 2
  sin 2
x  a 2
 b 2

  a  b sin x 
a 2  b 2 a 2  b 2 cos x
 1  sin 2   cos 2 
 a  b sin x  a 2  b2 cos 2 x
a 2  b 2 cos x

 a  b sin x  cos x
dy a 2  b2
 (1M)
dx  a  b sin x 
   t   dy
V3 23.If x  a  cos t  log  tan  2    , y  a sin t then find
     dx
   t  
Sol : Given x  a  cos t  log  tan  2    , y  a sin t
    
Diff. w.r.to ‘t’ we get
 
dx  1 t 1 
 a   sin t  .sec 2 .  d d 1 d
dt t 2 2   cos x  sin x   log x    tan x  sec2 x
 tan dx dx x dx
 2 
 
 
 
 
1 1 
 a  sin t  .
 t t sin 1
 sin 2cos2  tan  sec 
2 2 cos cos
 t 
 cos 
 2 
 
 1   1 
 a   sin t    a   sin t  A A
t t  sin t  sin A  2sin cos
 2sin cos  2 2
 2 2
IPE MATHS IB 126
2 2
dx  a 1  cos t   a sin t  a sin t
dt
 sin t  sin t 1  cos2   sin2  (2M)
 
and Given y  a sin t
dy d
  a cos t   sin x   cos x (1M)
dt dx
dy
dy dt a cos t cos
    cot t cot 
dx dx a sin t (1M)
sin
dt
1t  2
dy 2bt
V3 24.Find of the functions x  a  2  and y  2
dx 1 t  1 t
 1 t2 
Sol. Given x  a  2 
1 t 
Put t  tan 
 1  tan 2   1  tan2 A
x  a 2  = a cos 2 cos2A 
 1  tan   1  tan2 A
Diff with respect to 
dx d
 a  2 sin 2   2a sin 2   cos x   sin x (1M)
d dx
2bt
consider y 
1 t2
Put t  tan 
 2 tan   2tan A
y  b 2   b sin 2 sin2A 
 1  tan   1  tan2 A
Diff with respect to 
dy
 b  2 cos 2   2b cos 2 ( 1M)
d
 dy 
dy  dθ  2b cos 2 b cos
 =   cot 2
dx  dx  2a sin 2 a   cot (1M)
  sin
 dθ 
b  cot 2   1  cot 2 A  1
    cot 2 A 
a  2 cot   2cot A
IPE MATHS IB 127
1 
1 
b  t 2 1 1
  
a  2. 1  cot   tan   t
 
 t 
 1  t 2  b  t  1
2
 b   ( 1M)
 2at  2at
1  x2
V3 25.If f ( x )  | x | 1 then find f 1 ( x)
1  x2
1  x2
Sol: Given f ( x ) 
1 x2
Let y  f  x 
1
Let x  cos 2  2  cos  x     cos  x 
2 1 2 1 2
(1M)
2
1  x2
y ............(1)
1  x2
1  cos 2 2 cos 2 
  1  cos2A  2cos2 A 1  cos2A  2sin2 A
1  cos 2 2sin 2 
cos
 y  cot 2   cot    cot
sin
 cot 1 y  
1
 cot 1 y  cos 1  x 2  (1M)
2
Diff with respect to x
1 dy 1 1 d 1
  . .  2x d 1
2
1  y dx 2 1  x 2 2  
cot 1 x     cos1 x 
  dx 1  x2 dx 1  x2
1 dy x dy  1 y2 
    x 
1  y 2 dx 1  x4 dx 4
 1 x 
 
 
dy 2
  x  1 x2 2
dx  1 x2   from 1 , y2
 2
 1 y2 
 4  1 x 1 x2
 1 x 
IPE MATHS IB 128
2x

(2M)
1  x  2
1  x4

V1 26.Find the derivative of the following functions from the first principles w.r.to x.
i) cos2 x ii) tan 2x
iii) x 1 iv) sec 3x
v) cos  ax  vi) sin 2x
vii) x sin x viii) logx
ix) ax 2  bx  c x) a x
Sol. (i) cos 2 x
Given f  x  cos2 x
f  x  h  f  x 
From first principle, f |  x   Lt (1M)
h 0 h
cos 2  x  h   cos 2  x 
 lt
h 0 h
1 sin2  x  h  1 sin2 x

 lt 1  sin2   cos2 
h0 h
1  sin 2  x  h   1  sin 2 x sin 2 x  sin 2  x  h 

 lt  lt
h0 h h0 h
sin  x  x  h sin  x  x  h
 lt  sin 2 A  sin 2 B  sin  A  B  sin  A  B  (1M)
h0 h
sin  2 x  h  sin   h  sin   h 

 lt  lt sin  2 x  h  . lt (1M)
h 0 h h0 h0 h
sinh
  lt sin  2 x  h  . lt  sin      sin 
h 0 h 0 h
s in x
  sin 2 x.1   sin 2 x  lt  1
x 0 x
 f 1  x    sin 2 x (1M)
(ii) f  x   tan 2 x
f  x  h  f  x 
h 0 h
tan 2  x  h   tan 2 x
 lt
h0 h
IPE MATHS IB 129
sin  2x  2h  sin 2 x
 sin
tan  2 x  2h   tan 2 x cos  2 x  2h  cos 2 x tan 
 lt  lt cos
h0 h h0 h
cos 2 x sin  2 x  2h   sin 2 x cos  2 x  2h 

 lt (1M)
h 0 h cos 2 x cos  2 x  2h 
sin  2 x  2h  2 x 
 lt  sin A cos B  cos A sin B  sin  A  B 
h 0 h cos 2 x cos  2 x  2h 
sin 2h 1
 lt  lt (1M)
h0 h h  0 cos2x cos  2x  2h
1
2  2 sec 2 2 x (1M)
cos 2 2 x
(iii) f  x  x 1
f  x  h  f  x 
h 0 h
1 x  h 1  x 1
 f  x  hlt
0 h
1 x  h 1  x 1 x  h 1  x 1
 f  x  hlt0   rationalising with x  h  1  x  1 
h x  h 1  x 1 
2 2
1
f  x  lt
  
x  h 1  x 1 
  a  b a  b  a2  b2 (1M)
h0
h  x  h 1  x 1
x  h 1 x 1 h 1
 f 1  x  lt  lt  lt
h0
h  x  h 1  x 1 h0
h  x  h 1  x 1 h0 x  h 1  x 1 (1M)
 
1 1
  (1M)
x 1  x 1 2 x 1
(iv) f  x   sec 3x
f  x  h  f  x 
h 0 h
1 1
 1
sec  3  x  h    sec3x cos  3x  3h cos3x sec 
f 1  x  lt  lt cos
h 0 h h0 h
IPE MATHS IB 130
 3x  3h  3x   3x  3h  3x 
2sin   sin  
cos3x  cos  3x  3h  2   2 
 lt  lt (1M)
h0 cos3x cos  3x  3h  h h0 h cos3x cos  3x  3h 
CD CD
 cos C  cos D  2 sin   sin  
 2   2 
 3h   3h
 2 sin  3 x   sin
 2  2
 lt
h0 cos 3 x cos  3 x  3 h  h
3h
sin
 3h  1 2 3
 lt 2sin  3x   lt lt  3 
2  cos3x cos  3x  3h 3  m ultiply & divide w ith  (1M)
h 2
h 0 h 0 h  0
  2 
2
3h
sin
1 3 2
 2  sin 3 x   lt
cos 3 x  cos 3 x 2 h  0 3h
2
s in x
 tan 3 x  sec 3 x  3  1  lt  1
x 0 x
 3 sec 3 x tan 3 x (1M)
(v) f  x   cos a x
f  x  h  f  x 
h 0 h
 ax  ah  ax   ax  ah  ax 
1
cos a x  h  cos ax 2sin   sin  
f  x  lt  lt  2   2  (1M)
h0 h h0 h
C  D  C  D 
 cos C  co s D   2 sin   sin  
 2   2 
 ah   ah  ah
2 sin  ax   sin   sin
 ah
2   2   2 lt sin  ax   lt 2
 lt   h 0
h 0 h h 0
 2  h
ah
sin
 2 sin  ax  0  lt 2 a  a
h0 ah 2 multiply &divide with  (1M)
 2
2
a sin x
 2 sin ax 1    lt 1
 2 x 0 x
IPE MATHS IB 131
asin ax (1M)
(vi) f  x   sin 2 x
f  x  h  f  x 
h 0 h
sin 2  x  h   sin 2 x sin  2 x  2 h   sin 2 x
f 1  x   lt 1
 f  x   hlt
h 0 h 0 h
 2x  2h  2x   2x  2h  2x 
2cos   sin   sin C  sin D  2cos  C  D  sin  C  D 
 f 1  x  lt  2   2      (1M)
h0 h  2   2 
2cos  2x  h sin  h sinh

 lt  2 lt cos  2 x  h  lt (1M)
h0 h h 0 h0 h
s in x
 2 cos  2 x  0   1 lt 1  lt  1
x 0 x
 2cos 2x (1M)
(vii) x sin x
let f  x   xsinx
f  x  h  f  x 
h 0 h
 ( x  h) sin( x  h)  x sin x 
= hLt
0  
 h 
 x sin  x  h   h sin  x  h   x sin x 

 Lt  
h 0
 h 
 x sin  x  h   sin x   h sin  x  h  

 Lt   
h 0
 h 
  xh x  xhx 
 x.2 cos   sin    h sin  x  h  
 2   2 
 Lt    sin C  sin D  2cos  C  D  sin  C  D 
h 0
 h   2   2  (1M)
   
 
  2x  h  h 
 2 x co s  2 
 s in   h sin  x  h  
 Lt   2 
h 0
 h h 
 
h
sin  
= 2 x Lt cos 2 x  h Lt  2   Lt sin( x  h ) (1M)
h 0 2 h  0 h h 0
IPE MATHS IB 132
 2x  0   1  sinh
 2 x cos      sin x  lt 1
 2  2  h 0 h
 x cos x  sin x (1M)
(viii) f  x   log x
f  x  h  f  x 
h 0 h
 xh
log   a
1
log  x  h  log x  x  log a  log b  log   (1M)
f  x  lt  lt  b
h0 h h0 h
1/ h
1  xh  h
f 1  x   lt log    lt log 1  
h0 h
 x  h0  x
1/ x
  h x/ h  1  h
x/h
lt log   1     lt log 1   log xn  nlog x (1M)

h 0  x   h0 x
 x
 
x/h
1  h 1 1  h  1/ x
 lt log  1    lt1 log 1  x  as
 1h  0 then  0   lt log  1  x  1 (1M)
x h  0
 x x x0 x  x  x 0
ix) ax 2  bx  c
Given f  x   ax 2  bx  c
f  x  h  f  x 
h 0 h
2
a  x  h   b  x  h   c   ax 2  bx  c 
 lt
h0 h
a  x2  h2  2xh  b  x  h  c   ax2  bx  c 2
 lt   a  b   a 2  2ab  b 2 (1M)
h0 h
ax 2  ah 2  2 axh  bx  bh  c  ax 2  bx  c
 lt
h0 h
h ah  2ax  b 
 lt (1M)
h 0 h
 lt
h 0
 ah  2 ax  b   0  2 ax  b  2 ax  b
 f |  x   2ax  b (1M)
x
x) a x Given f  x   a
f  x  h  f  x 
h 0 h
IPE MATHS IB 133
a xh  a x a x .a h  a x
 lt  lt amn  am .an (1M)
h 0 h h0 h
a x  a h  1 x a h
 1
 lt =  a lt (1M)
h 0 h h 0 h
|
 f  x   a log e a x
 lt
 a 1  log a
x
(1M)
e
x0 x
dy log x
V1 27.If x  e y x y 
, then show that dx 1  log x 2 .
Sol. Given x y  e x  y
Applying log on both sides, log x y  log ex y   x  y log e log xn  nlog x
 y log x   x  y  .1 loge  1
x
 y log x  y  x  y  log x  1  x  y  (1M)
log x  1
Differentiating w.r.t. x on both sides
d d
dy 
dy d  x  log x  1  x   x  log x  1 |
 u  vu  uv
| |
  dx dx   
   (1M)
dx dx  log x  1  dx  log x  1
2
v v2
1
dy
 log x  1  x   log x  1  1 d 1 d d
  x   x 2   log x    k  0   x 1 (1M)

dx  log x  1
2 1 xlog x  dx x dx dx
dy log x

 dx 1  log x  2 (1M)
dy sin 2 (a  y )
V1 28. If sin y  x sin ( a  y ), then show that  (a is not a multiple of  )
dx sin a
Sol. Given sin y  x sin  a  y 
sin y
x  (1M)
sin  a  y
Diff. w.r.to y
| |
dx sin  a  y  sin y   sin y  sin  a  y  
| | |
 u  vu  uv
   
dy sin 2  a  y  v v2
sin  a  y  cos y  sin y cos  a  y  d d

   cos x   sin x   sin x   cos x (1M)
sin 2  a  y  dx dx
IPE MATHS IB 134
dx sin  a  y  y 
   sin A cos B  cos A sin B  sin  A  B 
dy sin 2  a  y 
dx sin a
  2 (1M)
dy sin  a  y 
2
dy sin  a  y 
  (1M)
dx sin a
dy
V1 29.Find for the functions, x  a (cos t  t sin t ), y  a (sin t  t cos t ) .
dx
Sol. Given x  a  cos t  t sin t 
Differentiating w.r.to t on both sides
dx

dt
a  cos t   t  sin t   sin t t  
| | | |
  uv   uv |  vu |
dx d d d
 a   sin t  sin t. 1  t  cos t     cos x   sin x  sin x  cos x dx  x 1
dt dx dx
dx dx
 a   sin t  sin t  t cos t    at cos t (1M)
dt dt
y  a  sin t  t cos t 
Differentiating w.r.to “t” on both sides
dy
dt

 a cos t   cos t. 1  t   sin t    |
 uv  uv|  vu|
dy d d
 a  cos t  cos t  t sin t    cos x   sin x   sin x   cos x
dt dx dx
dy
  at sin t (1M)
dt
dy
dy at sin t
 dt   tan t 
sin 
 tan 
 dx dx at cos t cos 
dt
dy
  tan t (2M)
dx
V1 30.If y  a x n  1  b x  n th e n P .T x 2 y ''  n ( n  1) y .
Sol. Given y  ax n 1  bx  n ...........................(1).

Differentiating w.r.t " x " on both sides
dy d
  n  1 ax n 11    n  bx  n 1   xn   nxn1
dx dx
IPE MATHS IB 135
dy
 a  n  1 x n  bnx  n 1
dx
Again differentiating w.r.t. on both sides
d  dy  d
  xn   nxn1
n 1 n 11
   na  n  1 x  bn  n 1 x
dx  dx  dx
d2y
  n  n  1 axn1  bx n 2 
dx2
Multiply with x 2 on both sides
d2 y
 x
2
2
 n  n  1 a.xn1 x2  bxn 2 .x2 
dx
2 11
 x y  n  n  1   ax
n 1  2
 bx  n  2  2   n  n  1  ax n 1  bx  n 
 x2 y11  n  n  1 y ( from (1) )

dy
V1 31.If y  sec  tan x  , Find
dx
Sol. Given y  sec  tan x 
Differentiating w.r.t " x " on both sides
d d d
dx
 y   sec
dx
 
tan x  sec   
tan x .tan tan x  dxd tan x 
dx
 sec x  sec x tan x
d
 sec tan x . tan  tan x 2 1 d
tan x dx
tan x 
dx
 x   2 1x
1 d
 sec tan x.tan  tan x . 2 tan x
sec2 x 
dx
 tan x  sec2 x
sec2 x
 .sec tan x.tan tan x
2 tan x
2
V1 32. Find the derivative of the function f  x   a x .e x
2
Sol. Given f  x   a x .e x
Diff. w.r.to. ‘x’ we get
2 | |
  e
f |  x   a x ex x2
a  x |  uv  uv|  vu|
d d d
  2
f |  x   a x e x 2 x  e x  a x  log a
2
  ex   ex   xn   nxn1   ax   ax .log a
dx dx dx
2
 f
|
 x   a x e x  2 x  log a 
IPE MATHS IB 136
dy e y
V1 33.If x  tan  e y  , then show that  .
dx 1  x 2
Sol. Given x  tan  e y   tan 1  x   e  y
d d

dx
 tan 1  x     e  y 
dx
1 dy d 1 d y dy

1 x 2
 e  y .
dx

dx
 tan1 x  2
1  x dx
 e   ey
dx
1
dy 1  x 2 e y
  
dx e y 1  x2
V1 34.If f ( x)  log(sec x  tan x), find f 1 ( x )
Sol. Given f ( x)  log(sec x  tan x),
1 d d 1
f 1  x    sec x  tan x    log x 
sec x  tan x dx dx x
1 d d
  sec x. tan x  sec 2 x   secx  = secxtanx  tanx  = sec 2 x
sec x  tan x dx dx
sec  tan x  sec x 

  sec x
sec x  tan x
1 3 2
dy

V2 35. If y  Cot x  , find
dx
.
2
Sol. Put u  cot 1 x 3 so that y  u
dy dy du
Then   ;
dx du dx
dy 1 d n d -1
 2u  .3 x 2   x  = nxn-1  cot -1 x  =
dx 1  x 
6
dx dx 1 + x2
dy 2
co t  1  x 3 
  6 x
dx 1  x6
dy
1

V1 36.If y  log sin  e  then find
x
 dx
.
Sol.
1

Given y  log sin  e 
x

IPE MATHS IB 137
dy 1 |
d 1

dx sin  e 
1 x 
. sin 1  e x   
dx
 logx =
x
dy 1 1 |
 .
 dx sin  e  1  e x 2
1 x  ex  
d
 sin-1x  =
1
  dx 1- x2
dy 1

 dx sin 1 e x . 1  e x 2
 ex  d x
 e  = ex
    dx
dy

e  x
 dx s in  1  e x  . 1  e 2 x
V1 37.If f  x   x 2 2 x log x  x  0  , then find f |  x 
Sol. Given f  x   x 2 2 x log x  x  0 

| | | |
f |  x   x 2 2 x  log x   x 2 log x  2 x   2 x log x  x 2   uvw = uvw| +uwv| + vwu|
1 d 1 d x
2 x
=x 2  x 2 log x 2 x log 2  2 x log x  2 x    logx =
dx x dx
 a  = a x .loga dxd  xn  = nxn-1
x
= x 2 x  x 2 log x 2 x log 2  2 x log x  2 x 
f |  x   x 2 x 1  x log x log 2  2log x 

dy
V1 38.If y  cos log  cot x   , then find
dx
Sol. Given y  cos log  cot x  
dy | d
  sin  log  cot x    log  cot x     cosx  = -sinx
dx dx
1 | d 1
  sin  log  cot x    cot x    logx =
cot x dx x
 sin  log  cot x   d

   cos ec x  2   cotx  = -cosec2x
cot x dx
cos ec 2 x .sin  log  cot x  


cot x
dy
V1 39.If y  log  cosh 2 x  then find
dx
IPE MATHS IB 138
Sol. Given y  log  cosh 2 x 

dy 1 | d 1
  cosh 2 x    logx =
dx cosh 2 x dx x
1 d
  sin h 2 x  2    coshx  = sinhx
c o sh 2 x dx
sinh 2 x sinhθ
2  2 tanh 2x  tanhθ =
cosh 2 x coshθ
dy
V1 40.Find , if y  sin 1 x
dx
Sol: Given y  sin 1 x
dy 1 d
dx

2
.
dx
 x 
d
 sin -1 x  = 1
1  x dx 1 - x2
d

1
1 x
 1 
. 
2 x

dx
 x  = 2 1x
1 1
 
2 x 1  x  2 x  x2
ax  b
V1 41.Find the derivative of f  x  
cx  d
Sol: Diff w.r.to. ‘x’ we get
ax  b
y  f x  
cx  d
dy  cx  d  a   ax  b  c |
| |
 u  uv - vu d d
 2   =  k  = 0  x = 1
dx  cx  d  v v 2
dx dx
acx  ad  acx  bc ad  bc
 2
 2
 cx  d   cx  d 
1  1  dy
V1 42. y  sec  2  find
 2x 1  dx
1  1 
Sol: Given y  sec  2 
 2x 1 
put x  cos 
   cos 1  x 
IPE MATHS IB 139
 1  1  1 
 y  sec 1  2   sec    2cos2 A -1  cos2A
 2 cos   1   cos 2 
 sec 1  sec 2   2 sec-1  secθ = θ
y  2.cos 1 x
Differentation w.r.to x
dy 2.   1  2 d -1
   
dx
 cos-1x  =
dx 1 x2 1  x2 1- x2
dy
V1 43. If x3  y3  3axy  0, find .
dx
Sol. Given x3  y3  3axy  0
Differentiating w.r.to " x " on both sides
dy  dy  d n d dy
3x 2  3 y 2
dx
 3a  x  y   0
 dx 
 uv =uv| +vu| 
|
dx
 x  = nxn-1 
dx
 
y n  ny n 1
dx
2 2 dy dy
 3x  3 y  3ax  3ay  0
dx dx
 2 2 dy dy 
 3  x  y dx  ax dx  ay   0
 
dy 2 dy 2 dy ay  x 2
 x  ay    y  ax   0   y  ax     x2  ay    ay  x2  
2

dx dx dx y 2  ax
V1 44.Find the derivative of the following functions w.r.to x.
1  cos x
i) Cos 1  4 x3  3x  ii) Tan1
1  cos x
Sol. (i) Let y= cos 1  4 x 3  3x 
Put x  cos     cos1 x

y  cos 1  4 cos 3   3cos    y  cos 1  cos 3   y  3  y  3 cos 1 x
1 d d
Diff. w.r.to x on both sides y  3 cos x
dx dx
dy 1 dy 3 d -1
 dx  3.   
dx
 cos-1x  =
1 x 2 dx 1  x2 1- x2
1  cos x
(ii) tan 1
1  cos x
 1  cos x   2 sin 2 x / 2  A A
Let y  tan 1  
 1  cos x 
 tan 1  
 2 cos 2 x / 2  1- cosA = 2sin2 1 + cosA = 2cos 2
    2 2
IPE MATHS IB 140
 sin x / 2 
 tan 1  
 cos x / 2 
 x sinθ
 tan 1  tan  tanθ =
 2 cosθ
x
 y tan-1  tanθ = θ
2
d d 1
Diff. both sides w.r.to x then  y   .x
dx dx 2
dy 1 d 1 1 d
  . x  .1   x = 1
dx 2 dx 2 2 dx
dy
V1 45.If x=at2, y= 2at find
dx
Sol. Given x=at 2 , ; y = 2at
Diff. w.r.to ‘t’ we get ; Diff. w.r.to ‘t’ we get
dx d n dy d

dt
=a  2t  
dx
 
x = nxn-1 ; 
dt
=2a  1   x =1
dx
dx dy
 =2at ;  =2a
dt dt
dy
dy dt 2a 1
 =
dx dx = 2at = t
dt
V1 46.Differentiate f  x  with respect to g  x  if f  x   e x , g  x   x
Sol. Given f  x   e x , g  x   x
f  x   e x  1 ; g  x   x   2 
d
Diff (1) w.r.to x then f |  x   e x   ex   ex
dx
d
|
Diff (2) w.r.to x then g  x  
2 x
1

dx
 x   2 1x
Now diff. f(x) w.r to ‘g(x)’
f |  x ex
|
  2e x x
g  x 1
2 x
IPE MATHS IB 141
V1 47. Find the derivative of the following functions w.r.to x.
 1  x2 1 
1 1  1  x 
i) Tan   ii) tan  
 x   1 x 
 
1
 1  x2 1 
Sol. (i) Let y= T a n  
 x 
 
Let x  tan     tan 1 x
 1  tan 2   1   sec   1 
y  tan 1    y  tan 1 
 tan    tan  
 secθ = 1+ tan2θ
 
 1  sec  1 
 y  tan  tan   tan  
 
 1 cos  cos   1  1  cos   1 sinθ

 y  tan 1      y  tan   secθ = tanθ =
 cos sin  sin    sin   cosθ cosθ
 2sin 2  / 2  A A A
 y  tan 1   1- cosA = 2sin2 sinA = 2sin cos
 2sin  / 2 cos / 2  2 2 2
 
 y  tan 1  tan 
 2
 1
 y  y  tan 1 x tan-1  tanθ = θ
2 2
d 1 d
Diff. both sides w.r.to x then y tan 1 x
dx 2 dx
dy 1 1 dy 1 d 1
 .
dx 2 1 x2
 
dx 2 1 x2 

dx
 tan-1x =
1+ x2
1  1  x 
(ii) Let y  tan  
 1 x 
Put x  tan     tan 1  x 
 1  tan  
 y  tan 1  
 1  tan  
   1 + tanA π 
 tan 1  tan        tan  + A 
 4  1- tanA  4 
 
     tan 1 x  tan -1  tanθ  = θ
4 4
dy 1 1 d 1
Diff. w.r.to x, we get
dx
 0
1 x 2

1  x2

dx
 tan-1x =
1+ x2
IPE MATHS IB 142
dy
V2 48.If x  3cos t  2cos3 t, y  3sin t  2sin3 t , then find .
dx
Sol. Given x  3cos t  2cos3 t, y  3sin t  2sin3 t
Now, x  3cos t  2 cos 3 t
Diff. w.r.to ‘t’ we get
dx d d
 3sin t  2.3cos 2 t   sin t    xn   nxn1   cos x   sin x
dt dx dx
dx dx
  6sin t cos 2 t  3sin t   3sin t  2 cos 2 t  1
dt dt
dx
  3sin t cos 2t 2cos2 A  1  cos2 A (1M)
dt
also, y  3sin t  2sin 3 t
Diff. w.r.to. ‘t’ we get
dy d d
 3cos t  2.3sin 2 t cos t   xn   nxn1   sin x   cos x
dt dx dx
dy dy
  3cos t  6 cos t sin 2 t   3cos t 1  2sin 2 t 
dt dt
dy
 3cos t cos 2t  1  2 sin 2 A  cos 2 A (1M)
dt
dy dy / dt 3cos t cos2t
   cot t (2M)
dx dx / dt 3sin t cos2t
dy y  x log y  y 
V2 49. If x y  y x then show that dx  x y log x  x .
 
y x
Sol. Given x  y
Applying log on both sides, log x y  log y x  y log x  x log y (1M)
Diff w.r.to x on both sides
d d d d |
y  log x  log x  y  x  log y  log y  x  uv  uv|  vu|
dx dx dx dx
1 dy 1 dy d 1 d
 y x  log x. dx  x. y . dx  log y.1   log x    x  1 (2M)
dx x dx
y dy x dy d y  lo g x x  lo g y y
 x  log x. dx  y . dx  log y  d x  1  y   1  x (2M)
 
dy  y log x  x  x log y  y dy y  x log y  y 

     dx  (2M)
dx  y  x x  y log x  x 
IPE MATHS IB 143
dy y 1  log x log y 
V2 50.If x log y  log x then show that dx  x log 2x
Sol. Given x log y  log x
Take ‘log’ on both sides, log  x log y   log  log x  (1M)
 log y.log x  log  log x  log xn  nlog x

d d d
log y.  log x   log x  log y    log  log x    uv|  uv|  vu|
dx dx dx
1  1  dy 1 1 d 1
 log y    log x   .      log x  (2M)
 x  y  dx log x  x  dx x
log x dy 1 log y
   (2M)
y dx x log x x
log x dy 1  log x.log y dy y 1  log x.log y 
    (2M)
y dx x log x dx x(log x) 2
x 1
1  2  dy
V2 51.If y  sin 1  4 x  then find
  dx
 
 2 x 1  1  2.2 x 
1
Given y  sin 1  4 x   sin
Sol : 1   2 x  2  amn  am .an
   
Put tan   2 x    tan 1  2 x  (1M)
1  2 tan   2tan A
  sin  sin 2   2 sin2A 
1
Then y  sin  2 2 sin1  sin   
 1  tan   1  tan A
 y  2 tan 1  2 x  (1M)
Diff. w.rto ‘x’ we get
dy 1 d
  2. .  2x  d 1
dx 2
1   2 x  dx

dx
 tan1 x 
1  x2
dy 2 d x
  .2 x log 2   a   ax log a
dx 1   4 
x
dx
dy 2 x 1.log 2
  am .an  amn (2M)
dx 1  4x
V2 52.If y  log(4 x 2  9) then find y11
Sol : Given y  log(4 x 2  9)
IPE MATHS IB 144
1 8x d 1 d
y|  .4  2 x   2
2
  log x    xn   nxn1 (2M)
4x  9 4x  9 dx x dx
Again diff. w.r.to ‘x’ we get
y ||

 4x 2
 9  8 1  8 x  8 x  0  |
 u  vu  uv
| |
d d
2     x  1 k   0
 4 x2  9  v v2 dx dx
32 x 2  72  64 x 2  32 x 2  72 8 4 x 2  9 
  
2 2 2 (2M)
4x 2
 9 4 x 2
 9 4 x 2
 9
1  2 x  dy
V2 53. If y  sin  2  , then find
1 x  dx
1  2 x 
Sol. Given y  sin  2 
1 x 
put x  tan     tan 1 x
 2 tan   2tanA
 y  sin 1  2
1
  sin  sin 2  sin2A =
 1  tan   1+ tan2 A
 2  2 tan 1 x sin-1  sinθ  = θ

dy 1 2 d 1
dx
 2.
1 x 2

1 x2

dx
 tan-1x =
1+ x2
3 3 x 1
V2 54. If f ( x )  7 x ( x  0), then find f ( x ) .
3
3x
Sol. Given f  x   7 x
d  d x
 f |  x  7x
3
3 x
log 7
dx
 x  3x  
dx
 a   ax .log a
d n
 7 x 3 x log 7  3 x 2  3   x  nx
3
dx
n1
 
3
 7 x 3 x 3  x2  1 log7
dy
V2 55. If x  a cos 3 t , y  a sin 3 t , find .
dx
Sol: Given that x  a cos3 t , y  a sin 3 t
3
Now x  a  cos t 
d d 3
Diff b.s. w.r.to t then , xa  cos t 
dt dt
IPE MATHS IB 145
dx 2 d dx d n d

dt
 a.3 cos t  . cos t   3a cos2 t   sin t 
dt dt

dx
 
x = nxn-1   cosx  = -sinx
dx
dx
  3a cos 2 t sin t  1
dt
Now y  a  sin t 3
Diff b.s. w.r.to t then
d d dy 2 d d
dt dt
3
y  a  sin t    a.3  sin t  .  sin t 
dt dt

dx
 x n  = nx n-1
dy d
  3a sin 2 t  cos t    2    sinx  = cosx
dt dx
dy dy / dt
From (1) and (2),  ;
dx dx / dt
dy 3a sin 2 t cos t

dx 3a cos 2 t sin t
dy sinθ
   tan t tanθ =
dx cosθ
dy
V2 56. y  log  sin  log x   , find
dx
Sol Given y  log  sin  log x  
Diff.w r.to ‘x’ we get
dy 1 | d 1

dx sin  log x 
 sin  log x     logx =
dx x
1
.cos  log x  log x   d  sinx  = cosx
|

sin  log x  dx
cos  log x  1
= sin log x . x
 
dy cot  log x   c o tθ =
c o sθ

dx x sin θ
dy
V2 57.If y  x x then find dx .
Sol. given y = x x
take ‘log’ on both sides we get
log y  log  x x   log y  x log x  logxn = nlogx
Diff. w.r.to ‘x’
IPE MATHS IB 146
1 dy | |
 x  log x   log x  x  |
 uv =uv| +vu|
y dx
1 dy 1 d d 1
  x  log x 1    x =1   logx =
y dx x dx dx x
dy
  y 1  lo g x 
dx
dy
  x x
1  lo g x 
dx
V2 58.If f  x   x e x sin x, then find f 1  x 
Sol. Given f  x  xex sin x

Here u  x   x, v  x   ex , w x   sin x
d d d
f |  x   xe x  sin x   x sin x  e x   e x sin x  x  |
  uvw  = uvw | + uw v | + vw u |
dx dx dx
d d x d
f 1  x  xex cos x  xex sin x  ex sin x 
dx
 sinx  = cosx
dx
 e  = ex   x  = 1
dx
 e x  x cos x  x sin x  sin x 
V2 59.If y  aenx  be  nx then prove that y "  n 2 y .

Sol. Given that y  ae nx  be  nx  1
d d
Diff b.s. w.r.to x then y   ae  be 
nx  nx
dx dx
d nx d
y1  a
dx
 e   b  e  nx 
dx
d ax
y1  a.e nx .n  b.e  nx   n  
dx
 e  = ae ax
1 nx  nx
 y  ane  bne   2 
Again diff. b.s. w.r.to x then
d 1 d d
y  an enx  bn e nx
dx dx dx
d ax
 y11  ane nx .n  bne  nx  n  
dx
 e  = aeax
 y11  an 2 enx  bn 2e  nx
 y11  n 2  ae nx  be  nx   y11  n 2 y  from 1 
IPE MATHS IB 147
dy
V2 60.If y  sin  log x  , find .
dx
Sol. y  sin  log x 
Diff. both sides. w.r.to x
d d d
y  cos  log x   log x    sinx  = cosx
dx dx dx
dy 1 d 1
  cos  log x  .   logx =
dx x dx x
dy 1
  cos  log x 
dx x
dy
V2 61.If y  cos ec 1 (e 2 x 1 ) , find
dx
Sol. Given y  cos ec 1  e 2 x1 
diff. w.r.to ‘x’ , we get
dy 1 d 2 x 1

dx e 2 x 1 2 dx
e  
d
 cosec-1 x  =
-1
e 2 x 1
1 dx x x2 -1
1 d
 2  e2 x 1    eax  =eax
2 x 1 4x2
e e 1 dx
2

e 4 x 1  1
1  cos 2 x dy
V2 62.If y  then Find
1  cos 2 x dx
1  cos 2 x 2sin 2 x
Sol: Given y  1+ cos2A = 2cos2 A 1 - cos2A = 2sin 2 A
1  cos 2 x 2 cos2 x
sinθ
y  Tan 2 x tanθ =
cosθ
dy d n d
dx
 2 tan x  sec2 x  
dx
 x  = nxn-1
dx
 tanx  = sec 2 x
ax
V2 63.If f ( x )  then find f 1 ( x)
ax
ax
Sol. Given f  x  
ax
IPE MATHS IB 148
d d
a  x a  x  a  x a  x u
|
vu | - u v |
|
f  x  dx dx   =
a  x
2
v v2

 a  x  1   a  x 1 d d
2   x =1 k  = 0
a  x dx dx
a  x  a  x 2a
 2
 2
a  x a  x 
dy
V2 64. If y  sin 1  3 x  4 x 3  then find
dx
Sol. Given y  sin 1  3 x  4 x 3 
put x  sin     sin 1 x
y  sin 1  3sin   4 sin 3  
-1
 sin  1  sin 3   3  sin3A = 3sinA - 4sin3 A sin  sinθ  = θ
 3 sin  1 x
dy 1 3 d 1
 3.  
dx
 sin-1x  =
dx 1  x2 1 x 2
1- x2
V3 65.If ay 4  ( x  b)5 then show that 5 yy 1 1  ( y 1 ) 2
Sol : Given ay 4  ( x  b)5
5
 y
 x  b4
1
4
a
Differentiate w.r.to " x " on both sides
5 1
5 1 5
 x  b4  x  b 4
d d
y|  4 1
4 1   xn   nxn1   k  0 (1M)
dx dx
a4 a4
Again differentiate w.r.to " x " on both sides
1 3
5 1 1 5
.  x  b 4  x  b 4
y| |  4 4 1  16 1 
d d
 k   0   x n   nx n 1 (1M)
dx dx
4
a a4
3
 5
  5  x  b  4 
R.H .S  5 yy||  5 
 x  b  4
 16
 1   1  (1M)
 a 4 
  a 4 

IPE MATHS IB 149
2
2 1
    
25   x  b  4   5  x  b  4
    y| 2  L.H .S
 (1M)
16  2   4  1  
4
 a    a4 
V3 66.Show that f ( x) | x | is differentiable at any x  0 and is not differentiable at 0.
 x, if x  0  x, if x  0
Sol: Given f ( x) | x |    x  (1M)
 x, if x  0  x, if x  0
 f(x) is continuous at x=0
f  x  f 0 x0 f  x  f  a
f |  0   lt   lt  1  f |  a   lt  (1M)
x 0 x0 x 0 x xa x a
f  x  f 0 x  0 f  x  f  a
f |  0   lt   lt   1  f |  a   lt  (1M)
x0 x 0 x 0 x xa xa
 f |  0   f |  0 
 f(x) is not differentiable at x=0
so f(x) is differentiable at any x  0 (1M)
3  x x0
V3 67.Check the differentiability of function f ( x)   at 0
3  x x0
3  x x0
Sol: Given f ( x)   at 0
3  x x0
Right hand derivative at x=0

f  x   f  0 3 x 3 f  x  f  a 
f |  0   lt   lt  1  f |  a   lt  (1M)
x 0 x0 x 0 x xa xa
Left hand derivative at x=0
f  x   f  0 3 x  3 f  x  f  a
f |  0   lt   lt   1  f |  a   lt  (1M)
x 0 x0 x  0 x xa xa
 f |  0   f |  0  (1M)
 f(x) is not differentiable at x=0 (1M)
V3 68.If f ( x )  1  x  x 2  .....  x100 then find f 1 (1) .
Sol. Given f  x   1  x  x 2  x3 .....  x100
Diff. both sides. w.r.to x .
d n
f 1  x   1  2 x  3 x 2  .....  100 x 99 
dx
 x  = nxn-1
1
 f 1  1  2  3  ..............  100
n  n  1 n  n +1
f 1 1  here n  100 1+ 2+ 3+.........+n =
2 2
IPE MATHS IB 150
1 100 100  1
 f 1   f 1 1  50 101  5050
2
dy ay
then prove that dx 
1
V3 69.If y  e a sin x
1  x2
1
Sol. Given y  e a sin x
dy | d ax
dx
 e a sin x a  sin 1 x  
1
dx
 e  = ae ax
1 d 1
= a.e
a sin 1 x
.
dx
 sin -1 x  =
1 x 2
1 - x2
1
a .e a si n x
ay
 
1 x2 1  x2
V3 70.Find the derivative of 20log tan x
log  tan x 
Sol: y  f  x   20
dy d d x
dx
 20   log 20.  log  tan x  
log tan x
dx

dx
 a  = ax .loga
log  tan x  1 d d 1
 20 log 20.  tan x    logx =
tan x dx dx x
log  tan x  sec 2 x 

d
 20 log 20.  tanx  = sec2x
tan x dx
V3 71.Find the derivative of f ( x )  e x ( x 2  1) w.r.t x
Sol. Given f  x   e x  x 2  1
diff. w.r.to ‘x’ we get
d 2 d
f |  x   ex
dx
 x  1   x 2  1  e x 
dx
|
 uv =uv| +vu|
d n d x d
 e x  2 x  0    x 2  1 e x  
dx
 x  = nxn-1
dx
 
e = ex
dx
k  = 0
 e x  2 x  x 2  1  e x  x  1
2 2
 a +b = a2 + 2ab +b2
2
 f |  x   e x  x  1
100 dy
V3 72.If y   x3  6 x 2  12 x  13 then find
dx
100
Sol. Given y   x 3  6 x 2  12 x  13
IPE MATHS IB 151
diff. w.r.to ‘x’, we get
dy 99 d d n
dx
 100  x 3  6 x 2  12 x  13  .  x 3  6 x 2  12 x  13
dx

dx
 x  = nxn-1
99
 100  x3  6 x 2  12 x  13 .  3 x 2  12 x  12 
99
 300  x3  6 x 2  12 x  13 .  x 2  4 x  4 
dy 99 2
  300  x3  6 x 2  12 x  13 .  x  2  a2 + 2ab +b2   a +b 
2
dx
V3 73.If f ( x)  log 7 (log x) then find f 1 ( x)
Sol. Given f  x   log 7  log x 
log  log x  loga

f  x  logba =
log 7 logb
1 1 d d 1
f |  x   log x    logx =
log 7 log x dx dx x
1 1 1 1
 
log 7 log x x x log 7 log x
1 dy
V3 74.If y  2 then find
ax  bx  c dx
1
Sol. Given y  2
ax  bx  c
dy 1 d  
 2  ax 2  bx  c   d  1  = -1 2 f |  x 
dx  ax 2  bx  c  dx dx  f  x    f  x  
  2ax  b  d d
 d
2   xn   nxn1   x =1 k  = 0
 ax 2
 bx  c  dx dx dx
1  3 x 
V3 75.If f ( x )  sinh   then find f 1 ( x)
 4 
1  3 x 
Sol. Given f  x   sinh  
 4 
1 d  3x 
f |  x    d 1
 3 x  dx  4   sinh-1x  =
2

1   dx 1+ x2
 4 
IPE MATHS IB 152
1 3
   d
9x  4 
2
  kx  = k
1 dx
16
1  3
   3
16  9 x 2  4  
16  9x 2
4
cos x dy
V3 76.If y  then find
sin x  cos x dx
cos x
Sol. Given y 
sin x  cos x
| | |
dy  sin x  cos x  cos x    cos x  sin x  cos x   u  vu -uv
| |
 2   =
dx  sin x  cos x  v v2
dy  sin x  cos x   sin x    cos x  cos x  sin x  d d

 2   sinx = cosx  cosx  = -sinx
dx  sin x  cos x  dx dx
 sin 2 x  sin x cos x  cos 2 x  sin x cos x

 2
 sin x  cos x 
  sin 2 x  cos 2 x  1
 
 sin x  cos x 
2
 sin x  co s x 
2
cos 2θ + sin2θ = 1
IPE MATHS IB 153
ERROR AND APPROXIMATIONS

KEY POINTS:
1. Let y  f  x  be a differential function. If x is the change in x, y is the corresponding change in y then
i) y  f  x  x   f  x 
ii) dy  f '  x  x
We know that y  dy
2. If y  f  x  be a differentiable function, then f  x  x   f  x   dy, where x is the change in x, dy is the

change in y.
3. If y  f  x  be a differentiable function, then
i) y is called error in y..
y
ii) y is called relative error in y
y
iii)  100 is called percentage error in y..
y

V1 01. Find the approximate value of 82
Sol. Let f  x   x
x = 81, and x  1
approximate value of 82 = f  x + Δx  f  x +f |  x Δx

1
11 1 d 1x2
 x 2  x 2 x
2

dx
 x = 
2 x 2
1 1 1
 81 2  81 2 1
2
1 1 1
 9  9   9   9  0.056  9.056
2 18
V1 02.Find the approximate value of 3
65 .
Sol. Let f  x   3 x
x = 64, and x  1
approximate value of 3 65  f  x + Δx  f  x +f |  x Δx

IPE MATHS IB 154
-2
1 1 2 d 1
x 3
 x 3 x
3

dx
 
3
x = x3
3
1 1 2 1
  64   64  3 1  4   4  0.0208  4.0208
3 
3 48
V1 03.The time t, of a complete oscillation of a simple pendulum of length ‘l’ is given by the equation
l
t  2 where ‘g’ is gravational constant. Find approximate percentage error in ‘t’ when the
g
perecentage of error in ‘l’ is 1%.
l l
Sol. Given  100  1 and t  2
l g
Take log on both sides
  l 1/ 2 
 log t  log  2  g  
   
1 l 
 log t  log 2  2 log  g 
 
 
 log  ab  log a  log b log x  n log x
n
1 a
 log t  log 2   log l  log g  log    log a  log b
2  b
t 1  l   g is a c o n s ta n t
 t  0  2  l  0 th e n ch a n g e in lo g g  0
 
t 1 l 1 1
  100    100 = 1 =
t 2 l 2 2
1
 The percentage error in time ‘t’ is
2
V2 04.Find the approximate value of cos  60º 5|  (  10=0.0174 radians)
Sol. Let f  x   cos x

º
|  5  5
x  60º and x  5   60   60  0.0174 radians
 
approximate value of cos 600 5| = f  x + Δx  f  x +f

|
 x Δx
 5 
 cos x    sin x  x   cos 60º  sin 60º    0.0174  d  cosx  = -sinx
 60  dx
1
 0.5  0.8   0.0174  0.5  0.00124  0.4987
12
IPE MATHS IB 155
V2 05.(i) If the increase in the side of a square is 4% . Then find the approximate percentage of increase in
the area of square.
(ii) If the increase in the side of a square is 2% . Then find the approximate
percentage of increase in the area of square.
Sol. Let the side of the square be ‘x’ units.
x
Given  100  4
x
Area of square = x2 i.e. A = x2
logA = logx2
logA = 2logx  loge xn = nloge x
A x 1
2 change in logx = Δx
A x x
A x
 100  2  100 = 2 x 4 = 8
A x
 percentage change in area of a square = 8
(ii) Let the side of the square be ‘x’ units.

x
Given  100  2
x
Area of square = x2 i.e. A = x2
logA = logx2
logA = 2logx  loge xn = nloge x
A x 1
2 change in logx = Δx
A x x
A x
 100  2  100 = 2 x 2 = 4
A x
 percentage change in area of a square = 4
V2 06.If the radius of a sphere is increased from 7cm to 7.02cm then find the approximate increase in the
volume of the sphere
Sol. Given radius of sphere r  7 cm
and r  0.02cm
4 3
Volume of sphere  V  = πr
3
4 2 changeinr3 = 3r2Δr
The change in V is V   3r .r
3
2  22 
= 4  7   0.02  = 4  (49)(0.02)  12.32 cm3
7
IPE MATHS IB 156
V2 07.If y  f  x   kx n show that the approximate relative error in y is n times the relative error in x where
n and k are constants.
Sol: Given y  kx n
log y  log kx n
 log y  log k  log x n  log  ab  = loga + logb
 log y  log k  n log x log  xn  = nlogx
1 1
 y  0  n. x
y x
y x
  n.
y x
Relative error in y = n.(relative error in x)
V2 08.The diameter of sphere is measured to be 40cm. If an error of 0.02cm is made in it. Then Find ap-
proximate errors in volume and surface area of the sphere.
Sol. Given diameter of a sphere = 40cm = d
 d  0.02 cm
3
4 3 4 d d
Volume of sphere  V  = πr      Diameter of sphere is d = 2r  r =
3 3 2 2
 3
V d
6
 2  2
V  3d .d =  40   0.02  = 16 cm3
6 2
Surface area of sphere S  4 r 2
2
d
S  4     d 2
2
S   .2d .d  2  40  0.02  = 1.6 cm 2

V3 09.Find the approximate value of 3
7.8
Sol. Let f  x   3 x
x = 8 and x  0.2
approximate value of 3 7.8  f  x + Δx  f  x +f |  x Δx

-2
1 1 2 d 1
x 3
 x 3  x 
3

dx
 
3
x = x3
3
1 1 2 1 1 1
 8 3  8 3  0.2   2     0.2   2   2  0.016  1.984
3 3 4 60
IPE MATHS IB 157
V1 10.Find y and dy if y  x 2  3x  6 . When x = 10, x  0.01 .
Sol. Given f  x   x 2  3 x  6
x = 10 and x  0.01
(i) Δy = f  x + Δx  - f  x 
2
  x  x   3  x  x   6   x 2  3 x  6   a +b2 = a2 + 2ab +b2
 
2
 2 xx   x   3x   2 x  x  3 x   23.01 0.01  0.2301
(ii) dy = f |  x  .Δx
d n d
 2 x  3 x 
dx
 x  = nxn-1
dx
k  = 0
 [2(10)  3](0.01)  (23)(0.01)  0.23
V1 11. Find y and dy if y  x 2  x , at x = 10, x  0.1
Sol. Given f  x   x 2  x
x = 10, x  0.1
(i) Δy = f  x + Δx  - f  x 
2
  x  x    x  x     x 2  x   a +b2 = a2 + 2ab +b2
 
2
 2xx   x   x   2 x  x  1 x  = ( 21.1) (0.1)= 2.11
1
(ii) dy = f |  x  .Δx
d n d
  2 x  1 x  = (21) (0.1)= 2.1 
dx
 x  = nxn-1
dx
k  = 0
1
V1 12.Find y and dy If y  when x = 8, x  0.02
x2
1
Sol. Given f  x  
x2
x = 8; x  0.02
(i) Δy = f  x + Δx  - f  x 
1 1 x 0.02
   
 x  x   2 x  2  x  x  2 x  2  10.02 10 = - 0.0001996
(ii) dy = f |  x  .Δx
1
 2
x  d  1  = -12
 x  2 dx  x  x
IPE MATHS IB 158
0.02
 = - 0.0002
100
V1 13.Find y and dy for y  e x  x , when x = 5, x  0.02
Sol. Given f  x   e x  x
x = 5 and x  0.02
(i) Δy = f  x + Δx  - f  x 
=  e x x  x  x    e x  x 
 e5.02  5.02   e5  5   e5  e 0.02  1  0.02
(ii) dy = f |  x  .Δx
d x d n
  e x  1 x   e5  1  0.02  
dx
 e  =ex
dx
 x  = nxn-1
V2 14.Find y and dy if y  cos x, x  600 and x  10

Sol: Given y = f(x) = cos x , x  600 and x  10
(i) Δy = f  x + Δx  - f  x 
 cos  600  10   cos 60 0  cos  610   cos 600
 0.4848  0.5  0.0152 cos610 = 0.4848 cos600 = 0.5

(ii) dy = f |  x  .Δx
d
  sin x.x    sin 600 10    cosx  = -sinx
dx
   0.866  0.0174   0.015 10 = 0.0174c sin600 = 0.866
ROLLE’S THEOREM AND LAGRANGE’S MEAN VALUE THEOREM

V1 15. f  x    x  1 x  2  x  3 prove that there is more than one ‘c’ in 1,3 such that f '  c   0
Sol: f  x    x  1 x  2  x  3 is polynomial which is continuous and differentiable on R
f is continuous on 1,3
f is differentiable on 1,3
f 1  1  11  2 1  3  0
f  3   3  1 3  2  3  3  0
 f 1  f  3  0  f a   f b 
 f ( x ) satisfies all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem

IPE MATHS IB 159
f ' x    x  1 x  2    x  1 x  3   x  2  x  3
' d
 uvw  u'  vw  u v'  w   uv  w'  x  1
dx
 3 x 2  12 x  11
By Rolle's theorem , f |  c  = 0
 3c 2  12c  11  0
2
  12    12   4  311 -b ± b2 - 4ac
c if ax2 +bx +c = 0  x =
2  3 2a
12  144  132 12  2 3
c c
6 6
1
c  2   1,3 
3
V1 16.Find the value of c in Rolle’s theorm for the function y=f(x) = x2 + 4 on [-3,3]
Sol: f(x) = x2 + 4 as x2 + 4 is polynomial which is continuous and differentiable on R
f is continuous on [-3,3]
f is differentiable on (-3, 3)
f(3) = (3)2 + 4 = 13 and f(-3) = (-3)2 + 4 = 13
 f  3   f  3 
 f ( x ) satisfies all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem  f a  = f b 
d n
f ' ( x)  2 x 
dx
 x  = nxn-1
2c = 0  c = 0  (-3, 3)
Thus Rolle’s theorm is verified.
V1 17.Find the value of ‘c’ from Rolle’s theorem for the function f  x   x 2  1 on  1,1
Sol: f is continuous on  1,1
f is differentiable on  1,1
2 2
f  1   1  1  0 and f 1  1  1  0
 f   1  f 1
d n
f '
x  2x 
dx
 x  = nxn-1
IPE MATHS IB 160
 2c  0
 c  0   1,1
1
V2 18.It is given that Rolle’s theorm holds for the function f(x) = x3 + bx2 + ax on [1, 3]with c  2  .
3
Find the values of a and b
Sol: f(x) = x3 + bx2 + ax is polynomial which is continuous and differentiable on R
f is continuous on [1, 3]
f is differentiable on 1,3
By Roll’s theorem f(a) = f(b)  f 1  f  3

2 2
 13  b 1  a 1  33  b  3  a  3
 a  4b  13  0
 a  4b  13 ....................(1)
d n
f |(x) = 3x2 + 2bx + a 
dx
 x  = nxn-1
3c2 + 2bc + a = 0
2
 1   1 
 3 2    2b  2    4b  13  0 ( From (1) )
 3  3
 1 4  2b 2
 3 4     4b   4b  13  0  a +b = a2 + 2ab +b2
 3 3 3
12 2b
 13    13  0
3 3
 b  6
From (1)  a=-4(-6)-13=111
V2 19.Verify Rolle’s theorem for function f(x) = sin x – sin 2x on [0,]
Sol: Let f(x) = sin x – sin 2x is continuous and differentible on R
f is continuous on [0, ]
f is differentiable on  0, 
f  0   sin 0  sin 2  0   0
f     sin   sin 2    0
 f (0) = f()

IPE MATHS IB 161
d
f | (x) = cos x – 2 cos 2x 
dx
 sin  ax  = acos  ax
 cos c – 2 cos 2c = 0
 cos c – 2 (2 cos2c – 1) = 0  cos2A = 2cos 2 A -1
 cos c – 4 cos2 c + 2 = 0
 4cos2 c – cos c – 2 = 0
1  1  32 1 33 -b ± b2 - 4ac
cos c   if ax2 +bx +c = 0  x =
2 4  8 2a
 c  Cos 
1 1 33
8
  0, 
Thus Rolle’s theorem is verified.
V2 20.Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function (x2 – 1) (x – 2) on [-1, 2]. Find the point in the interval where
the derivate vanishes.
Sol: f(x) = (x2 – 1) (x – 2) is polynomial which is continuous and differentiable on R
f is differentiable on (-1,2)
f(x) = x3 – 2x2 – x + 2
f(-1) = (-1)3 – 2(-1)2 – (-1) + 2 = -1 -2 + 1 + 2 = 0
f(2) = (2)3 – 2(2)2 – 2 + 2 = 8 – 8 – 2 + 2 =0
f(-1)=f(2)
 f ( x ) satisfies all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem f  a = f  b
d n
f |
 x   3x 2  4 x  1 
dx
 x  = nxn-1
 3c2 – 4c – 1 = 0
4  16 12 -b ± b2 - 4ac
c  if ax2 +bx+c = 0  x =
6 2a
4  28 2  7
    1, 2 
6 3
V2 21.Verify the conditions of the Lagrange’s mean value theorem for the following functions In each
case find a point c in the interval as stated by the theorem.
i) x2 – 1 on [2, 3] ii) sin x – sin 2x on [0, ] iii) log x on [1, 2]
Sol: i) f(x) = x2 – 1 is polynomial which is continuous and differentiable on R
f is differentiable on (2,3)
IPE MATHS IB 162
d n
f | (x) = 2x 
dx
 x  = nxn-1
| f  b  - f a 
By Lagrange’s mean value theorem f  c  =
b -a
1 f  3   f  2 83 5
f c    2c   2c = 5  c    2,3
32 32 2
Thus Lagrange’s mean value theorem is verified.
ii) f(x) = sin x – sin 2x
f is continuous on [0, ]
f is differentiable on (0, )
d
f |(x) = cos x – 2 cos 2x 
dx
 sin  ax  = acos  ax
| f  b  - f a 
b -a
f    f  0 
f ' c 
 0
 cos c – 2cos 2c = 0
 cos c – 2 (2 cos2 c – 1) = 0  cos2A = 2cos2 A -1
 cos c – 4 cos2 + 2 = 0 .
 4 cos2 c – cos c – 2 =0
1  33 -b ± b2 - 4ac
 cos c  if ax +bx +c = 0  x =
2
8 2a
1  33
 c = cos-1   0,  
8
iii) f(x) = log x
f is differentiable on 1, 2 
1 d 1
f 1  x =   logx =
x dx x
| f  b  - f a 
b -a
f  2  f 1
 f |(c) =
2 1
1 log 2  log 1
 
c 2 1
IPE MATHS IB 163
1 1
  c  log 2  log2 e
 log 2
c e
V3 22.Verify Rolle’s theroem for the function f  x   x  x  3 e  x / 2 on  3, 0
Sol f  x   x  x  3 e  x / 2
f is differentiable on (-3,0)
3
f  3   3  3  3  e 2  0
f  0   0  0  3 e 0  0
 f  3  f  0
 1 
f '  x   1 x  3 e  x / 2  x 1 e  x / 2  x  x  3 e  x / 2  
 2 
d d
'
 uvw = u'  vw +u v'  w+  uv w'
dx
 x = 1
dx
 e ax  = ae ax
2
'  x / 2  2 x  6  2 x  x  3x 
 f  x   e  
 2 
2
' x/2  x  x  6 
  
f x  e  2 
 
 c2  c  6 
 ec /2  0
 2 
 c 2  c  6  0  c 2  3c  2c  6  0  c  c  3  2  c  3  0
  c  2  c  3  0
 c  3  0  c  3   3,0 
 c  2  0  c  2   3, 0 
V3 23.Show that there is no real number ‘k’ for which the equation x 2  3x  k  0 has two distinct roots in
[0, 1]
Sol: Let f  x   x 2  3x  k is polynomial which is continuous and differentiable on R
Let  ,  are two distinct roots of f  x   0 , 0      1
 f    0, f     0
IPE MATHS IB 164
f is continuous on  ,  
f is differentiable on  ,  
 f    f   
 f ( x ) satisfies all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem f  a =f  b
d n
f '  x   2x  3 
dx
 x  = nxn-1
3
 2c  3  0  c     ,  
2
 f(x) has two distinct roots in [0,1] for no real value of k
' f b   f  a 
V3 24.Find c so that f  c   in the following cases
ba
11 13
i) f(x) = x 2 – 3x – 1, a = ,b= ii) f(x) = ex, a = 0, b = 1
7 7
11 13
Sol: i) f(x) = x2 – 3x – 1, a = ,b=
7 7
 13  169 39 169  273  49 153

f(b) = f     1  
49
7 49 7 49
 11  121 33 121  231  49 303

f a   f    1  
 7  49 7 49 49
d n
f | (x) = 2x – 3 
dx
 x  = nxn-1
f  b  - f a 
f | c  =
b -a
153 303

49 49  456/49 19
 2c – 3 = 13 11 24/7 =
 7
7 7
19 2 2 1
 2c = 3 = c =
7 7 7 7
x
ii) f(x) = e , a = 0, b = 1
f(b) = f(1) = e1 = e
f(a) = f(0) = e0 = 1
d x
f(x) = ex  f | (x) = ex

dx
 e  =ex
IPE MATHS IB 165
f  b  - f a 
f | c  =
b -a
e 1
ec   ec  e  1  c  loge e 1
1 0

V1 25.State Rolle’s theorem
Sol: If f :  a, b   R be a function satisfying the following conditions
(i) f is continuous on  a, b 
(ii) f is differentiable on  a, b 
(iii) f  a   f  b  then there exists at least one c   a, b  such that f '  c   0
V1 26.State Lagrange’s theorem

Sol: If f :  a, b   R be a function satisfying the following conditions
(i) f is continuous on  a, b 
(ii) f is differentiable on  a, b  then there exists atleast one c   a, b 
| f b   f  a 
such that f  c   .
ba
IPE MATHS IB 166
RATE MEASURE
KEY POINTS:
1. Rectilinear motion: Let a particle move along a straight line OX, started from a fixed point ‘O’. After ‘t’ units
ds
of time, the particle be a P and OP  s, then is called velocity, denoted by ‘v’. The rate of change of
dt
velocity is called acceleration, denoted by ‘a’ (or) ‘f’
 ds   d2s 
i.e., (i) Velocity v   dt  (ii) Acceleration a   2 
at t  dt at t

V1 01.A particle is moving in a straight line so that after t seconds its distance is s(in cms) from a fixed
point on the line is given by s  f (t )  8t  t 3 . find
(i) the velocity at time t=2sec (ii)the initial velocity (iii) acceleration at t = 2sec.
Sol: Given S  8t  t 3
ds d
Velocity  V  =  8  3t 2 ------------(1)   xn   nxn1 (1M)
dt dx
2
(i) Vt  2  8  3  2   20 cm / sec (1M)
(ii) initial Velocity is Vt 0  8  3(0) 2  8cm / sec for initial Velocity,t=0 (1M)
d 2s dV dV
(iii) Accleration is a = =  6t accleration  a  
dt 2 dt dt
2
 a t  2  6  2   12 cm / sec (1M)
V1 02.The distance -time formula for the motion of a particle along a straight line is given
S  t 3  9t 2  24t  18 . Find when and where the velocity is zero.
Sol Given S  t 3  9t 2  24t  18
dS d
Velocity  V  =
dt
 3t 2  18t  24  xn  nxn1
dx
 
Now v = 0
 t 2  6t  8  0  t 2  4t  2t  8  0
 t  t  4   2  t  4  0   t  2  t  4   0  t  2, 4 (2M)
S t  2  23  9  2 2   24  2   18  2units (1M)
S t  4  43  9  4 2   24  4   18  2units (1M)
IPE MATHS IB 167
V1 03.A point P is moving on the curve y  2 x 2 .The x co-ordinate of P is increasing at the rate of 4 units per
second. Find the rate at which the y co-ordinate is increasing when the point is at (2,8).
dx
Sol: Given y  2 x 2 ,  4 units / sec (1M)
dt
dy  dx  d n dx
dt
 4x  
 dt 

dt
 x   nxn1
dt
(1M)
 dy 
  dt   4(2)(4)  32unit / sec (2M)
 (2,8)
V1 04.A container in the shape of an inverted cone has height 12cm and radius 6cm at the top.if it is filled
with water at the rate of 12cm3 / sec ,what is the rate of change in the height of water level when the
tank is filled 8cm?
Sol Let r, h, V are radius,height, volume of cone at time t.
Let AC  h; CD  r
dv
Given OB  6; OA  12;  12cm3 / sec
dt
O B
C D
From figure the triangles AOB and ACD are similar   A O B   A C D 

OB OA 6 12 h
    r  (2M)
CD CA r h 2
2
1 1  h  h3
Volume of cone  V  = πr 2h     h 
3 3  2 12
dV  dh  2 dh d n dx
  3h 2 
dt 12 dt
 12   3h 
12 dt

dt
 x   nxn1
dt
dh 48
  (1M)
dt  h 2
dh 48 dh 3
When h  8 ,  2   cm / sec (1M)
dt  (8) dt 4
V1 05.The volume of a cube is increasing at a rate of 9 cubic centimeters per second. How fast is the sur-
face area increasing when the length of the edge is 10 centimetres?
Sol: Let x, S,V are side, surface area, volume of cube at time ‘t’
dV
Given  9cm3 / sec , x=10cm (1M)
dt
Volum e of cube  V   x 3
IPE MATHS IB 168
dV dx d n dx
dt
 3x2
dt

dt
 x   nxn1
dt
dx dx 3
 9  3x 2   ................(1) (1M)
dt dt x 2
Also surface area of cube  S   6 x 2
dS dx d n dx
dt
 12 x
dt

dt
 x   nxn1
dt
 3  36
 12 x  2   (from (1)) (1M)
x  x
dS 36
when x  10cm ,   3.6cm 2 / sec (1M)
dt 10
V1 06. The volume of a cube is increasing at the rate of 8 cm3 / sec . How fast is the surface area increasing
when the length of an edge is 12cm .
Sol: Let x, S,V are side, surface area, volume of cube at time ‘t’
dV
Given  8cm3 / sec , x=12cm (1M)
dt
The volume of the cube is V   x 3
dV dx d n dx
dt
 3x 2
dt

dt
 x   nxn1
dt
dx dx 8
 8  3x 2   2 ................(1) (1M)
dt dt 3 x
Also surface area of cube  S   6 x 2
dS dx d n dx
dt
 12 x
dt

dt
 x   nxn1
dt
ds  8 

dt
 12 x  2   from 1 
 3x 
ds 32
  (1M)
dt x
ds 32
When x  12cm ,   2.666 cm 2 / sec (1M)
dt 12
V1 07. A stone is dropped into a quiet lake and ripples move in circles at the speed of 5cm/sec.At the instant when the
radius of circular ripple is 8cm, how fast is the enclosed area increases?
Sol: Let r,A are radius, area of circle at time t.
dr
Given  5cm / sec, r  8cm (1M)
dt
area of circle  A    r 2 (1M)
IPE MATHS IB 169
dA dr d n dx

dt
   2r 
dt

dt
 x   nxn1
dt
(1M)
dA
When r  8   2 (8)(5)  80 cm2 / sec (1M)
dt
V1 08.A balloon,which always remains spherical on inflation, is being inflated by pumping in 900cubic centi-
meters of gas per second.Find the rate at which the radius of balloon increases when the radius is
15cm.
Sol: Let r,V are radius , volume of sphere at time t.
dV
Given  900cm3 / sec, r  15cm (1M)
dt
4 3
Volume of sphere V   r (1M)
3
dV 4 dr d n dx
    3r 2 
dt 3 dt

dt
 x   nxn1
dt
(1M)
4 2 dr dr 1
When r  15cm , 900  .  315   cm / sec (1M)
3 dt dt 
V2 09.Suppose we have a rectangular acuarium with dimensions of length 8m,width 4m and height
3m.Suppose we are filling the tank with water at the rate of 0.4m3 / sec . How fast is the height of
water changing when the water level is 2.5m?
Sol Let l,b,h,V are length,breadth , height , volume of rectangular aquarium at time t.
dV
Given l  8m, b  4m.h  3m ,  0.4m3 / sec (1M)
dt
Volume of rectangular box V   lbh (1M)
dV dh
  lb (1M)
dt dt
dh dh 1
 0.4   8  4   m / sec (1M)
dt dt 80
V2 10.The total cost C(x) in rupees associated with production of x units of an item is given
by C ( x)  0.005x3  0.02 x 2  30 x  500 .Find the marginal cost when 3 units are produced.
Sol Given C  x   0.005x3  0.02 x2  30 x  500
Let M be the marginal cost
d  C  x 
M  marginal cost  m   rate of change of total cos t (1M)
dx
d n
 
 0.015 x 2  0.04 x  30 dx x  nx
n1
(2M)
2
 M x  3  0.015  3   0.04  3   30  30.015 (1M)
IPE MATHS IB 170
V3 11. Find the average rate of change of s = f(t) = 2t2 + 3 between t = 2 and t = 4.
Sol: Given s = f(t) = 2t2 + 3
2
f  4   2  4   3  35
2 (2M)
f  2   2  2   3  11
f  4  f  2 average rate of change of s = f  t2   f  t1 

average rate of change of s  t2  t1
42
35  11
=  12 (2M)
2
V3 12.The radius of a circle is increasing at the rate of 0.7cm/sec.What is the rate of increase of its circum-
ference.
Sol: Let r,S are radius , surface area of circle at time t.
dr
Given  0.7cm / sec (1M)
dt
circumference of circle  S  =2 r (1M)
ds dr
  2  2  0.7   1.4 cm / sec (2M)
dt dt
V3 13.The radius of an air bubble is increasing at the rate of 1/2 cm/sec.At what rate is the volume of the
bubble increasing when the radius is 1cm?
Sol: Let r,V are radius ,volume of sphere at time t
dr 1
Given  cm / sec, r  1cm (1M)
dt 2
4 3
Volume of sphere V   r (1M)
3
dv dr d n dx

dt
 4 r 2
dt

dt
 x   nxn1
dt
(1M)
dV 2 1 dV
When r  1 ,  4 1     2 cm 3 /sec (1M)
dt 2
  dt
IPE MATHS IB 171
TANGENT AND NORMALS

KEY POINTS:
1. Let y  f  x  be a curve and P be a point on the curve then the slope of tangent to the curve y  f  x  at P is
 dy 
 
 dx P
 dy 
2. If m   dx  then
 P
i) The equation of the tangent at P  x1, y1  to the curve y  f  x  is y  y1  m  x  x1 
1
ii) The equation of the normal at P  x1, y1  to the curve y  f  x  is y  y1   x  x1 
m
 dy
3. Let P  x1, y1  be a point on the curve y  f  x  and let m   dx  then
 P
y1 1  m2
i) The length of the tangent to the curve at P is m
2
ii) The length of the normal to the curve at P is y1 1  m
y1
iii) The length of sub tangent to the curve at P is
m
iv) The length of subnormal to the curve at P is y1m

V1 01.If the tangent at any point P on the curve x m y n  a m n  mn  0  meets the coordinate axes in A and
B then show that AP : BP is a constant.
Sol. Given equation is xm . yn  amn
Differentiating w.r.t.’x’
dy n m1 d dy d n
xm .nyn1
dx
 y .mx
. 0 
dx
 y n   ny n1
dx
 u.v   uv|  vu|  x  nx
|
dx
n1
m n 1 dy m 1 n dy  m.x m 1 . y n my
 x .n. y  m.x . y   m n 1
 (2M)
dx dx n.x . y nx
my1  dy 
Slope of the tangent at P  x1 , y1    nx (=m) slope  m   
1  dx at p
IPE MATHS IB 172
Equation of the tangent at P is y  y1  m  x  x1 
my1
 y  y1    x  x1  (1M)
nx1
 nx1 y  nx1 y1  my1 x  mx1 y1
 m y 1 x  n x1 y   m  n  x1 y1
my1 x nx1 y x y
  1   1 .......1
.x1 
 m  n x1 y1  m  n x1 y1 mn m  n  y1 (1M)
m n
Since (1) meets the coordinates at A and B
 m n   m n 
A   x1,0 B   0, y1  If the line x  y  1 meets theco-ordinate axes then A   a,0 , B   0, b (1M)
 m   n  a b
m n  p  x, y  devides the line joining points

Let P divides AB in the ratio x  x : x  0
m
1 1 1
A  x1 ,y1  & B  x2 ,y 2  intheratio x1  x : x  x2
mn mnm n
=  1:1 = :1 = :1 = n:m
m m m
 P divides AB in the ratio  n : m is constant (2M)
2 2 2
V1 02.If the tangent at any point on the curve x 3  y 3  a 3 intersects the coordinate axes in A and B,
then show that the length AB is a constant.
Sol. Given curve is x 2 / 3  y 2 / 3  a 2 / 3  1
(1M)
Let P  a cos3  , a sin 3   is a point on the curve.

Diff equation (1) w.r.to x on both sides
2 2
2 3 1 2 3  1 dy d d dy
.x  y 0  xn  nxn1   y n   ny n1
3 3 dx dx dx dx
1 / 3 1/ 3
2  13 dy 2  13 dy  x y
 y   x   1 / 3  1 / 3 (2M)
3 dx 3 dx y x
1/ 3
 dy 
 
 a sin 3     sin    dy 
slope  m   
  1/3 slope of tangent
 dx  at P  a cos3   cos   dx at p
IPE MATHS IB 173
Equation of tangent at P is y  y1  m  x  x1  (1M)
sin 
 y  a sin3   
cos 
 x  a cos3    y cos   a sin 3  cos    x sin   a sin  cos3 
2 2
 x sin  y cos  a sin cos3   a sin3  cos  xsin  y cos  asin cos cos   sin  
 x sin  y cos  a sin  cos sin2   cos2   1

x sin  y cos  a sin  cos 
  
a sin  cos  a sin  cos  a sin  cos 
x y
   1   2 (2M)
a cos a sin
The tangent meets the co-ordinate axes at A and B then A   a cos  , 0  and B  0 , a sin  
x y
 If the line   1 meets theco  ordinate axes then A   a,0 , B   0, b
a b
2 2 2 2
Now AB   acos  0   0  asin   AB   x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2
  a cos    a sin    a 2 cos2   a 2 sin2 
AB  a 2  cos 2   sin 2    a 2 1  a is a constant. sin2   cos2   1

 The length of AB is a constant. (2M)
2
V1 03.Show that the curves y  4  x  1  and y  36  9  x  intersect orthogonally..
2
Sol. Given equation are y 2  4  x  1  1 ; y 2  36  9  x    2 

Solving (1) & (2)
4  x 1  36 9  x  x 1  9  9  x   x  1  81  9 x  10 x  80  x  8
Sub. ' x ' in (1) y  4  8  1  y  36  y  6

2 2
(2M)
 The points of intersection of two curves are P  8, 6  , Q  8, 6 
from (1), y 2  4  x  1 
dy dy 2 d n dy
Diff. w.r.t. ‘x’, 2 y . dx  4  dx  y 
dx
 y   nyn1
dx
2 1  dy 
Slopes of the tangent at P    m1 slope  m   
6 3  dx at p (2M)
y 2  36  9  x 
dy dy  18 d dy
Diff. w.r.to ‘x’ 2 y. dx   36  dx  y 
dx
 y n   ny n1
dx
IPE MATHS IB 174
18  dy 
Slope of the tangent at P   3  m2 slope  m    (2M)
6  dx at p
1 When m1 .m 2   1
m1m2   3   1 given two lines are perpendicular
3
 (1) & (2) curves intersect orthogonally at P..
Similarly we can prove (1) & (2) intersect orthogonally at Q. (1M)
V1 04.Find the angle between the curves y 2  4 x and x 2  y 2  5
Sol. Given equations are y 2  4 x  1 ; x 2  y 2  5   2 
Solving (1) & (2) x 2  4 x  5  x 2  4 x  5  0
2
 x  5x  x 5  0  x x  5 1 x  5  0
  x  5 x 1  0  x  1 or  5
y 2  4 x ; x  1  y 2  4  y  2 (2M)
x  5 then y 2   2 0 which is false.

Let P  (1, 2), Q  (1, 2)
Differentiating (1) w.r.t. x
dy dy 4 2 d
2 y. 4     xn  nxn1
dx dx 2 y y dx
2  dy 
slope of tangent at P , m1  1 slope  m    (1M)
2  dx at p
Differentiating (2) w.r.t. x
dy dy x d
2x  2 y 0   xn  nxn1
dx dx y dx
1  dy 
slope of tangent at P, m 2  slope  m    (1M)
2  dx at p
m1  m2
Let  be the req. angle between the curves with slopes m1, m2 then tan  
1  m1m2
1 3
1
 tan   2  2 3    tan  1  3  (1M)
1 1
1
2 2
 dy 
At Q, m1 
2
 1 slope  m   
2  dx at p
IPE MATHS IB 175
1 1
m2   (1M)
2 2
m1  m2
1  m1m2
 1  1/ 2    tan 1  3  (1M)
 tan   3
11/ 2
V1 05. Find the angle between the curves 2y2 – 9x = 0, 3x2 + 4y = 0 (in the 4th quadrant).
Sol: 2y2 – 9x = 0 ……..(1) , 3x2 + 4y = 0 ……… (2)
2y 2
From (1): x  sub In (2)
9
 4y 4   y3  y3
 
 3  81  + 4y = 0  4y   1   0  y  0    1
or
   27  27
 y  0 or  y  3 (2M)
2y 2
Sub in x 
9
2 2
 x  0  or  x   3  x  0 or  x  2 (1M)
9
P (2, 3)  Q4
From (1):  2y 2  9x
Diff. w.r to x
dy d dy d
 2  2y 
dx
 9 1 
dx
 y n   ny n1   x  1
dx dx
dy 9
 
dx 4y
at P(2, -3)
9 3  dy 
 m1   slope  m    (1M)
4  3  4  dx at p
From (2)  4y  3x 2

Diff. w.r to x
dy d
 4.  3  2x   xn  nxn1
dx dx
dy  3 x
 
dx 2
at P(2, -3)
IPE MATHS IB 176
3  dy 
 m2  2   3 slope  m    (1M)
2  dx at p
m1  m2
1  m1m2
3
3
 4
9 9 (2M)
 tan 
9
    tan1  
1 13  13 
4
V1 06.At any point ‘t’ on the curve x = a (t + sin t), y = a (1 – cos t), find the lengths of tangent, normal,
subtangent and subnormal.
Sol. Given x  a  t  sin t   1 and y  a 1  cos t    2
Diff (1), (2) w.r.to t on both sides
dx dy d d
 a 1  cos t  ,  a     sin t     sin x   cos x   cos x   sin x
dt dt dx dx
dx t t dy  
  a 2 cos 2  2 a cos 2 ,  a sin t 1  cos  2cos2  
dt 2 2 dt  2
t t
2sin cos
dy dy / dt a sin t 2 2  tan t
m    2  sin
dx dx / dt a 1  cos t  2 t  2 1  cos  2cos  2   tan (2M)
2cos     cos
2
y 1+m2
Now, Length of the tangent 
m
t t
t2 a  2 sin 2  sec
a 1  cos t  1  tan 2 2
 2  t    sin
t sin 1  cos  2sin2     tan
tan 2  2  cos
2 t
cos
2
t t
2a sin sec
 2 2 t
t  2a sin (2M)
sec 2
2
Length of the normal  y 1  m 2

IPE MATHS IB 177
t
 a 1  cos t  1  tan 2
2
t t t sin t / 2 1
 1  tan 2   sec  sec 
2
= a  2sin sec  2a sin .
2 2 2 cos t / 2 cos
t t sin
Length of the normal  2a sin .tan   tan (1M)
2 2 cos
y a 1  cos t 
Length of the sub tangent = 
m t
tan
2
 t
a  2 sin 2 
 2
t    sin
= sin 1  cos  2sin2     tan
2  2  cos
t
cos
2
t t t
 2a sin cos  a sin 2    a sin t  sin 2  2 sin  cos  (1M)
2 2  2
Length of the sub normal = ym
t 2 t sin t / 2 sin 2  
= a 1  cos t  tan 2  a  2sin    tan 1  cos  2sin  
2 cos t / 2 cos  2
t t
 2 a sin 3 .sec (1M)
2 2
V1 07.At a point  x1 , y1  on the curve x 3  y 3  3axy show that the tangent is
x1
2
  2

 ay1 x  y1  ax1 y  ax1 y1
Sol: Let p  x1 , y1  be any point on the curve

Given equation x 3  y 3  3axy ................(1)
Differentiating with respect to ‘x’
dy  dy  d d dy
3x2  3 y 2
dx
 3a  x  y   x n  nxn1
 dx  dx dx
 
y n  ny n 1
dx
|
 u.v   uv |  vu|
dy dy
x2  y2  ax  ay
dx dx
IPE MATHS IB 178
dy dy
 y2  ax  ay  x 2
dx dx
dy
  y 2  ax    ay  x 2 
dx
dy  ay  x 
2
  2 (2M)
dx  y  ax 
 dy 
 slope of the tangent  m =  
ay1  x1
 2
 2

(1M)
 dx at x1 ,y1  y1  ax1  
y-y 
 ay  x   x  x  Equation the tangent at p  x , y 
1 1
2
1 1
Equation of tangent 1
with slope m is y  y  m  x  x  1 (1M)
 y  ax  1
2
1
1 1
  y-y   y  ax    ay  x   x  x 
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 3 2 3
 yy1  ayx1  y1  ax1 y1  axy1  ax1 y1  xx1  x1
2 2 3 3
 yy1  ayx1  axy1  xx1  x1  y1  ax1 y1  ax1 y1
 2
  2

 y y1  ax1  x x1  ay1  3ax1 y1  2ax1 y1  from (1) 
 yy  ax   x  x  ay   ax y
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 (3M)
V1 08.Find the value of K so that the length of the sub-normal at any point on the curve xy k  a k 1 is a
constant.
Sol : Let p  x1 , y1  be any point on the curve
Given equation xy k  a k 1 . . . . . .. . . . (1)
dy d n n1 dy
  u v   u v |  vu |   y   ny
|
xky k 1  y k 1  0
dx dx dx
dy  yk  yy k 1  y
    (2M)
dx xky k 1 xky k 1 xk
 dy  y
Slope of the tangent  m      1 (1M)
 dx at p x1k
T h e len gth of th e su b n orm al  y 1 . m
 y1  y1
 y1.
x1k
 y1.
a k 1
 from 1 
k. k
y1
2 k k 2
y1 . y1 y
 k 1
 1 k 1 (2M)
k .a k .a
IPE MATHS IB 179
Length of subnormal is constant at any point on the curve if it is independent of x1 & y1
 k  2  0  k  2 (2M)
V1 09.(i) Define angle between two curves

(ii)Find the angle between the curves xy = 2, and x2 + 4y = 0
Sol : ( i ) Angle between two curves is defined as the angle between the tangents drawn at the point of
intersection of two curves.
(ii )xy = 2………..(1) ,x2 + 4y= 0 ………. (2)
x 2
From (2) y =
4
 x 2  3
But xy = 2  x  4  = 2  x3 = -8  x3   2   x = -2
 
x 2 4
y     1
4 4
P = (-2, -1) (2M)
2
xy = 2  y =
x
dy 2 d  1  1
 2    2
dx x dx  x  x
 dy  2 1  dy 
Slope of equation (1) is m1     slope  m    (2M)
  dx at p
 dx  p 4 2
x2
from equation (2) x2 + 4y = 0  y = 
4
dy 2x x d
   xn  nxn1
dx 4 2 dx
 dy  2
Slope of equation (2) m2     1 (2M)
 dx  p 2
m1  m 2
Let  be the angle between the given curves with slopes m1 and m2 then tan  
1  m1m 2
1
 1
 tan  2 3    tan1 3 (1M)
 1
1   1
2
V2 10.Find the angle between the curves y 2  8 x, 4 x 2  y 2  32
Sol. Given equations of the curves are y 2  8 x , 4 x 2  y 2  32
IPE MATHS IB 180
solving above equations
4 x 2  8x  32  4 x 2  8 x  32  0  x2  2 x  8  0
 x2  4x  2x  8  0  x  x  4  2  x  4  0
  x  4  x  2   0
x = -4 and x = 2
If x = -4, y 2  8  4  32, not possible
If x  2 , y2  8 2  16
y  4 (2M)
points of intersection of the curves are P   2, 4  Q   2, 4 
y2  8x ; 4 x 2  y 2  32
diff w.r.to x ; diff w.r.to x
dy dy d d dy
2y 8 ; 8x  2 y 0  xn  nxn1   y n   ny n1
dx dx dx dx dx
dy 4 dy 8 x 4 x
 ;  
dx y dx 2 y y
 dy  4  dy  4. 2  dy 
m1      1 ; m2     2 slope  m    (4M)
 dx P 4  dx P 4  dx at p
m1  m 2
1  m1m 2
1 2
 tan  3    tan1  3 (1M)
1 2
1 1
V2 11. Show that the curves 6x2 – 5x + 2y = 0 and 4x2 + 8y2 = 3 touch each other at  , 
2 2
2 2 2
Sol: Given curves 6x – 5x + 2y = 0 ----------- (1) and 4x + 8y = 3-----------(2)
from (1) 6x2 – 5x + 2y = 0  2y = 5x – 6x2
differentiate w.r.to x
dy dy 5  12x d
2.  5  12x    xn  nxn1
dx dx 2 dx
1
5  12    dy 
 2   5  6  1 slope  m   dx  (3M)
1 1
Slope of equation (1) at p  2 , 2  m   at p
  1
2 2 2
from (2) 4x2 + 8y2 = 3
dy d d dy
8x + 16y. 0  xn  nxn1   y n   ny n1
dx dx dx dx
IPE MATHS IB 181
dy
 16y .  8 x  dy   8 x   x
dx dx 16y 2y
1

 11 11  2  1  dy 
At P  ,   m 2 
p ,
Slope of equation (2) at  2 2  1 2 slope  m   dx  (3M)
 2 2 2  at p
2
 m1  m2 If m1  m2 thenthe twolines toucheachother
  1 1
 The given curves touch each other at P  2 , 2  (1M)
1 1 1
V2 12.Show that the equation of tangent at the point  x1 , y1  on the curve x  y  a is xx1 2  yy1 2
a 2
Sol. Given equation is x  y  a
d
1 1
Diff. w.r.t. ‘x’ 2 x  2 y . dx  0
dy

dx
 x   2 1x
1 dy 1 dy y
    (2M)
2 y dx 2 x dx x
y1  dy 
m= slope at P  x1 , y1    slope  m    (1M)
x1  dx at p
y1 Theequation of the tangent at P  x1 , y1 

Equation of the tangent at P is y  y1    x  x1  (1M)
x1 with slope m is y  y1  m  x  x1 
 x1  y  y1    y1  x  x1 
 y x1  y1 x1   y1 x  y1 x1
 x y1  y x1  x1 y1  y1 x1  x1 y1 x1  y1 (2M)
 x y1  y x1  x1 x1 y1  y1 y1 x1
 x y1  y x1  x1 y1  x1  y1 
x y1 y x1 x y
   x1  y1    a
x1 . y1 x1 . y1 x1 y1
 x.x11/ 2  y. y11/ 2  a1/ 2 (1M)

V2 13.Find the lengths of sub tangent,sub normal at a point t on the curve
x  a  cos t  t sin t  , y  a  sin t  t cos t 
Sol : Given Equation of the curves are x  a  cos t  t sin t  .. . . . . .. .(1)
y  a  sin t  t cos t  . . . . . . . . (2)

Differentiating equation (1) w.r to ‘t’
IPE MATHS IB 182
dx d d
 a   sin t   t cos t  sin t    sin x   cos x  u.v 
|
 uv|  vu|  cos x    sin x
dt dx dx
 at cos t (1M)
Differentiating equation (2) w.r to ‘t’
dy d d
 a  cos t   t   sin t   cos t 1     sin x   cos x  u.v 
|
 uv|  vu|  cos x    sin x
dt dx dx
 a cos t  at sin t  a cos t  at sin t (1M)
dy dy / dt at sin t
    tan t   m  (1M)
dx dx / dt at cos t
y1 a  sin t - t cos t 
Length of sub tangent = 
m tant
1
 a cot t  sin t  t cos t  cot  (2M)
tan
Length of subnormal = y 1 m  a  sin t  t cos t  tan t
 a tan t  sin t  t cos t  (2M)
V2 14.Find the angle between the curves x 2 y  4, y  x 2  4   8 .
Sol : Given curves x 2 y  4 ..... .. .... .(1), y  x 2  4   8 ...........(2)
2 4
from (1) x 
y
substitute x 2 in equation ( 2 )
4 
y.   4   8
y 
4   4  4y 
y.   4   8  y  8
y   y 
 4y  8 4  4  y 1
4 4
x2   4  x  2 (2M)
y 1
Points of intersection are P  2,1 , Q  2,1
2 4
From (1)  x y  4  y 
x2
dy 2 8 d  1  2
  4. 3  3   2  3
dx x x dx  x  x
IPE MATHS IB 183
 dy  8  dy 
Slope m1      1 slope  m    (2M)
 dx  2,1 8  dx at p
From (2) y  x 2  4   8
dy d
y  2 x  0   x2  4  0  xn  nxn1  uv |  uv|  vu|
dx dx
dy
  x2  4   2 xy
dx
dy 2 xy
  2
dx  x  4 
 dy  2  2 1 1  dy 
slope m2      slope  m    (2M)
 dx at P  2  4 
2
2  dx at p
m1  m 2
1  m1m 2
1 
 1    1 
1
 tan    2  2 1
 1  1 3
1   1   1
 2 2
1
  tan 1   (1M)
3
V2 15.Show that the condition for the orthogonality of the curves ax 2  by 2  1 and a1 x 2  b1 y 2  1 is
1 1 1 1
  
a b a1 b1 .
Sol. Given equations are ax 2  by 2  1  1 ; a1 x 2  b1 y 2  1   2 
Let assume that (1) & (2) intersect at P  x1 , y1 

ax12  by12  1  0   3  ; a1 x12  b1 y12  1  0   4 
Solving (3) & (4)
x 12 y 12 1
b 1 a b
b1 1 a1 b1
x12 y12 1 b b 2 aa a1 a1 x12 b b

   x12  1 , y1   2
 1   5  (2M)
b  b1  a1  a ab1  a1b ab1  a1b 1
abab 1 a1b
1 ab y1 a  a1
IPE MATHS IB 184
dy d d n dy d
Differentiating (1) w.r.t. ‘x’ 2ax  2by.
dx
0  xn  nxn1
dx dx
 y   nyn1
dx dx
 k 0
dy ax
 
dx by
 dy  ax1  dy 
Slope equation (1) m1   dx    by slope  m    (1M)
 p 1  dx at p
dy d d dy d
Differentiating (2) w.r.t. ‘x’ 2 a1 x  2 b1 y .
dx
 0  xn  nxn1
dx dx
 
y n  ny n1
dx dx
 k 0
dy ax
  1
dx b1 y
 dy  a1 x1
Sloep of equation (2) m2   dx    b y (1M)
 P 1 1
Since (1) & (2) intersect orthogonally

We know that the two lines are int er sec t orthogonally if m1m2  1
ax1  a1 x1 aa1 x12 x12 bb

  .  1  2
 1  2   1   6  (1M)
by1 b1 y1 bb1 y1 y1 aa1
b1  b bb1 b1  b a1  a
From (5) & (6) a  a   aa  bb  aa
1 1 1 1
b1 b a a 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
   1          (1M)
bb1 bb1 aa1 aa1 b b1 a a1 a b a1 b1
3
V3 16.If the slope of the tangent to the curve y = x log x and a point on it is , then find the equations
2
of tangent and normal at that point.
Sol: y = x log x...................(1)
dy d d
 x  log x   log x  x 
dx dx dx
dy 1 d 1 d
 x.  log x.1  1  log x   u . v |  u v |  v u |  log x  dx  x  = 1 (1M)
dx x dx x
3 1 logb a  m  a  bm
Given 1  log x   loge x =  x = e1/2 = e
2 2
1
1 e
 y = e . log e = e log e 2
 e log e = (from(1) )  log e  1
2 2
 e

P=  e ,  (2M)
 2 
IPE MATHS IB 185
Equation of the tangent is y  y1  m  x  x1 
e 3 2 y  e 3x  3 e
y
2

2
x e   
2

2
 2 y  e  3x  3 e  3x – 2y - 2 e = 0 (2M)
1
Equation of the normal is y  y1   x  x1 
m
e 2 2 y  e 2 x  2 e
 y
2
 x e
3
  
2

3
 6 y  3 e  4x  4 e  4x + 6y – 7 e = 0 (2M)
V3 17.Show that the square of the length of subtangent at any point on the curve by2 = (x + a)3 (b  0)
varies with the length of the subnormal at that point.
Sol: Given equation by2 = (x + a)3
Diff w.r.t x
dy 2 d d
2by  3x  a  xn  nxn1 , k  0
dx dx dx
2
dy 3  x  a 
  (=m) (1M)
dx 2by
2
we know that, Length of the sub normal = ym  y.3

x  a  (2M)
2by
y 2by 2by 2
Length of the sub tangent =  y  (2M)
m 2 3 x a 2
3 x  a 
4b 2y 4
2 3 4 3 4
 L.S .T  9 x a 4
  8b y 
8b y
8b
  2 
L .S .N 3 x a 2 27  x  a 
6
27 by
2
  27
2b

 L.S .T   cons tan t
L.S .N
(L.S.T)2  L.S.N (2M)
V3 18.Find the equations of the tangents to the curve y = 3x2 – x3, where it meet the X – axis.
Sol: y = 3x2 – x3
Equation of x – axis is y = 0
point of intersection of the curve and x-axis
3x2 – x3 = 0  x2 (3 – x) = 0  x = 0 , x = 3
The curve crosses x-axis O (0,0) and A(3,0) (2M)
2 3
y = 3x – x
IPE MATHS IB 186
dy d
 6x  3x 2  xn  nxn1
dx dx
dy 
At O(0,0), slope of the tangent (m)    = 6  0   3  0 2  0 (2M)
 dx  0,0
Equation of the tangent at  x1 , y1  with slope m is y  y1  m  x  x1 

 y - 0 = 0 (x – 0)  y=0
 dy   dy 
At A(3,0), Slope of the tangent (m)   slope  m   
  dx at p
 dx  3,0
=6(3) – 3(32)= 18 –27= - 9 (2M)
Equation of the tangent at  x1 , y1  with slope m is y  y1  m  x  x1 
 y - 0 = -9(x – 3)
 y = -9x + 27  9x + y = 27 (1M)

V1 19. Show that the length of the subnormal at any point on the curve y2 = 4ax is a constant.
Sol: Equation of the curve is y2 = 4ax
Differentiating w.r. to x
dy d dy d
2y
dx
 4a 
dx
 y n    ny n1 
dx
  kx   k
dx
dy 4a 2a
   (1M)
dx 2 y y
 dy  2a
Slope of the tangent is m =    (1M)
 dx  p  x,y  y
2 a = 2a = constant.
 Length of the sub-normal = y m  y . (2M)
y
V1 20. Show that the length of the sub tangent at any point on the curve y = ax (a > 0) is a constant.
Sol: Equation of the curve is y = ax
Differentiating w.r.to. x
dy d x
 a x log a  y.log a   a   ax loga (1M)
dx dx
 dy 
Slope of the tangent is m =    y log a (1M)
 dx p x,y
y y 1
 Length of the sub-tangent  m  y log a  log a =constant. (2M)
IPE MATHS IB 187
a  ax ax 
V1 21.Find the lengths of normal and sub normal at a point on the curve y  e  e 
2 
Sol : Given equation of the curves is
x x
a   x e x  e x
y   ea  e a   a cosh   cosh x 
2  a 2
dy  x 1  x d d
 a.sinh   .  sinh     cosh x  sinh x  ( x )  1 (1M)
dx a a a dx dx
 dy  x
slope of tangent at any point m =    sinh  
 dx p x,y  a
2   x
2  x
 Length of normal = y 1+ m  a cosh  a  1  sinh  a 
 x x x
 a cosh   cosh 2  a cosh 2   1  sinh2 x  cosh2 x (2M)
a a a
   x x
Length of sub normal = ym  a cosh  a  .sinh  a  (1M)
   
V1 22. Find the equations of tangent & normal to the curve y  x 2  4 x  2 at (4, 2)
Sol: Equation of the curve is y  x 2  4 x  2

dy d d d
 2x  4  xn  nxn1   k   0   kx   k
dx dx dx dx
 dy 
slope of the tangent = 2(4)-4 = 4 (=m)  slope  m    dx  (1M)
at p
 Equation of the tangent passing through

Equation of the tangnet at P is y - 2 = 4 (x - 4)  x1 , y1  with slope m is y - y1 = m  x - x1 
y-2 = 4x - 16  4x - y - 14 = 0 (2M)
1 1
Slope of the normal =  
m 4
The equation of the normal through  x1 , y1 

1
Equation of the normal at P is y  2   x  4 with slope m is y  y  1  x  x 
4 1
m
1
 4y - 8 = -x + 4  x + 4y - 12 = 0 (1M)
x/a
V1 23. Show that at any point (x, y) on the curve y = be , the length of the sub tangent is a constant and
the length of the sub normal is y 2 / a
Sol: Equation of the curve is y = bex/a
IPE MATHS IB 188
dy 1 y d x d
 b.e x / a .    
e  ex   kx   k (1M)
dx a a dx dx
dy y
Slope of tangent at point m =    (1M)
 dx p x,y  a
y y
 Length of the sub-tangent  m   y   a  constant (1M)
 
a
y y2
Length of sub normal = ym  y.  (1M)
a a
V1 24. Find the equations of tangent and normal to the curve xy = 10 at (2, 5)
Sol: Equation of the curve is xy = 10
10
xy=10  y 
x
dy 10 d  1  1
   
dx x2 dx  x  x 2
 dy  10 5
slope of tangent at point m =     (1M)
 dx p x,y  4 2
5  Equation of the tangent passing through

Equation of the tangent is y  5    x  2  x1 , y1  with slope m is y - y1 = m  x - x1 
2
 2y-10= -5x+10  5x + 2y - 20 = 0 (2M)
2
Equation of the normal is y  5  ( x  2) 1
5 with slope m is y  y1   x  x1 
m
 5y - 25 = 2x - 4  2x - 5y + 21 = 0 (1M)
4
V1 25. Find the equations of the tangent and the normal to the curve y = 5x at the point (1, 5)
Sol: Given point is p(1, 5) and
y = 5x4
dy d
 20 x 3  xn  nxn1
dx dx
 dy  5
slope of tangent at point m =   = 2 0 1  = 2 0 (1M)
 dx p1,5 

Equation of the tangent at p(1,5) is y - 5 = 20 (x - 1)  x , y  with slope m is y - y = m  x - x 
1 1 1 1
IPE MATHS IB 189
y-5= 20x - 20  20x -y-15=0 (1M)
1 1
Slope of the normal to the curve at (1, 5) is  m   20

1
Equation of the normal of p(1, 5) is y-5 =  (x-1) with slope m is y  y  1  x  x 
20 1
m
1
 20y - 100 = -x + 1  x + 20y = 101 (2M)

V1 26.Show that the tangent at any point  on the curve x  C sec  , y  C tan  is
y sin   x  C cos 
Sol: Given curves are x  C sec .........(1), y  C tan  ...............(2)
The point of intersection of the curves is P  x, y    C sec  , C tan   (1M)
Differentiating equation (1) w.r to ‘ ’
dx d
 c sec  tan    sec   sec tan
d dx
Differentiating equation (2) w.r to ‘ ’
dy d
 c sec 2    tan   sec2 
d dx
dy 1
2
dy c sec  sec cos 1
  d     sin 1
dx dx c sec tan tan sin sin (=m) cos  tan sec  cos (1M)
d cos
 Equation of the tangent is y  c tan   x  c sec   x , y  with slope m is y - y = m  x - x 
sin 1 1 1 1
 y sin   c sin  tan   x  c sec 

 y sin   x  c sec   c sin  tan 
 y sin   x  c (sec   sin  tan  )
sin   1
 1
 y sin   x  c   sin  sec 
 cos
 cos cos  
 1  sin 2   sin
 y sin   x  c  tan 
 cos
 cos  
 cos2  
 y sin   x  c   1  sin2   cos2 
 cos  
 y sin   x  c cos  (2M)
2 2
V1 27.Find the angle between the curves x  y  2  0 , x  y  10 y  0
Sol: Given equation of the curvers are x  y  2  0 --------(1), x 2  y 2  10 y  0 -------(2)
From (1) , x    y  2 
2
put x value in equation (2), we get  y  2   y 2  10 y  0
2
y 2  4 y  4  y 2  10 y  0   a  b   a 2  2ab  b 2
IPE MATHS IB 190
 2 y2  6 y  4  0  y2  3 y  2  0   y  1 y  2   0
 y  1 or  y  2
If y  1  x  3
If y  2  x  5
 The points of intersection of the curves are P  3,1 , Q  5, 2  (1M)
From (1), x  y  2  0
Diff. w.r. to ‘x’
dy dy d d
1 0 0  1  ( x)  1  (k )  0
dx dx dx dx
 dy 
 the slope of equation (1) is m1 =   = -1 (1M)
 dx P -3,1
From (2) , x 2  y 2  10 y  0
dy dy d d dy
2x  2 y  10  0  xn  nxn1   y n   ny n 1
dx dx dx dx dx
dy dy 2 x x
  2 y  10   2 x   
dx dx 2 y  10 5  y
 dy  3 3
 slope of equation (2) is m 2 =     (1M)
 dx  P -3,1 5  1 4
m1  m2
We know that  be the angel between the two curves then tan  
1  m1m2
3
1 
 tan   4  1    tan 1  1 
3 7 7 (1M)
1  
4
V2 28.Find the equations of tangent and normal to the curve y  x3  4 x 2 at (-1, 3)
Sol: Equation of the curve is y  x3  4 x 2

Differentiating equation w.r to ‘x’
dy d
 3x 2  8x  (xn)  nxn1
dx dx
 dy 
m = Slope of the tangent = 312  81 =3 - 8 = - 5 slope  m   
 dx at p (1M)

Equation of the tangent  y - 3 = -5(x+1)  x , y  with slope m is y - y = m  x - x 
1 1 1 1
y-3=-5x-5  5x + y + 2 = 0 (2M)
IPE MATHS IB 191

1
Equation of the normal  y  3  x  1 with slope m is y  y  1  x  x 
5 1
m
1
 5y - 15 = x + 1  x - 5y + 16 = 0 (1M)
4 3
V2 29.Find the equations of tangent and normal to the curve y  ax at (a,a)
Sol : Given curve is y 4  ax3 ....... (1 )
Differentiating equation (1) w.r to ‘x’
dy d dy d
4 y3
dx
 a  3x 2  
dx
 
y n  ny n 1
dx
 xn  nxn1
dx
dy a  3x 
2
  (1M)
dx 4 y3
 dy  3a  a2  3
Slope m =     (1M)
 dx  a,a 4a3 4

Equation of tangent is y - a   x  a  x1 , y1  with slope m is y - y1 = m  x - x1 
4
 4 y  4a  3x  3a  3 x  4 y  a  0 (1M)

-4
Equation of normal is y - a   x  a  with slope m is y  y  1 x  x
3 1  1
m
 3 y  3a  4 x  4a  4 x  3 y  7a  0 (1M)

V3 30.Find the slope of the normal to the curve x  a cos3  , y  a sin 3  at  
4
3
Sol: x = a cos 
Differentiating equation w.r to ‘ ’
dx d d
 a  3cos 2     sin   = -3a cos2  . sin   xn  nxn1   cos x   sin x
d dx dx
y = a sin3 
Differentiating equation w.r to ‘ ’
dy d n d
 a 3 sin 2   cos = 3a sin2  cos   x = nxn-1   sin x  cos x
d   dx dx
 dy 
 
dy  d  3a sin 2  cos sin  sin
     tan   tan
dx  dx


  3a cos2  sin  cos cos
(2M)
 d 
IPE MATHS IB 192
  
At   , slope of the tangent = - tan = -1 tan  1 (1M)
4 4 4
1
Slope of the normal =  =1. (1M)
m
V3 31. Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y = x3 - 3x + 2 at the point whose X co-ordinate is 3.
Sol: Equation of the curve is y = x3 - 3x + 2
dy d d d
 3x 2  3  xn  nxn1   k   0   kx   k (2M)
dx dx dx dx
 dy 
At x = 3, slope of the tangent m =  
 dx  at x=3
= 3(3)2 - 3= 27 - 3 = 24 (2M)
V3 32.Find the points at which the tangent to the curve y  x3  3x 2  9 x  7 is parallel to the x - axis
Sol: Equation of the curve is y  x3  3x 2  9 x  7

dy d d d
 3x 2  6 x  9  xn  nxn1   k   0   kx   k (1M)
dx dx dx dx
The tangent is parallel to x - axis
slope of the tangnet = 0  3x2 - 6x - 9 = 0 tangent parallel to x  axis thenslope m  0
 x2 - 2x - 3 = 0  x 2  3 x  x  3  0
 (x - 3) (x + 1) = 0
 x = 3 or - 1 (1M)
y  x3  3x 2  9 x  7
if x = 3  y = 27 - 27 - 27 + 7 = -20
if x = -1  y = -1-3+9+7=12
The required points are (3, -20), (-1, 12). (2M)
V3 33.Show that the length of the subnormal at any point on the curve xy = a2 varies as the cube of the
ordinate of the points.
a2
Sol: Equation of the curve is xy = a2  y  .......... (1)
x
Differentiating equation (1) w.r to ‘x’
dy  a 2  a 2  y 2 
d  1  1
  4  2 ( from (1)   (2M)
dx  x  x 2
dx x2 a a
2
y
 dy   y2
slope of tangent at any point =   
 dx  p  x,y  a2
IPE MATHS IB 193
 y2 y3
 Length of sub normal = ym  y.  (2M)
a2 a2
V3 34. Find a point on t he gr aph of t he cur ve y = x 3 where the tangent is parallel to chord joining the points
(1, 1) and (3, 27).
Sol: y = x3
dy d
 3x 2   xn  = nxn-1
dx dx
Let A  x1 , y1   1,1 , B  x2 , y2    3, 27 
27  1 y -y
Slope of chord AB=  13 slope = 2 1
3 1 x2 - x1
Given the tangent is parallel to the chord joining the points A and B
i.e. Slope of tangent = slope of chord
 3x 2  13
13 13  3 39
x  
3 3  3 3
3
 39  13 39
y    
 3  9
 13 13 39 
 Point=  , 
 3 9 
IPE MATHS IB 194
MAXIMA AND MINIMA

KEY POINTS:
1. Let ‘f’ be a function defined on a neighborhood of A of a real number ‘a’. Then ‘f’ is said to be
(1) increasing at ‘a’ if (i) x  A, x  a  f  x   f  a  (ii) x  a  f  x   f  a 
(2) decreasing at ‘a’ if (i) x  A, x  a  f  x   f  a  (ii) x  a  f  x   f  a 
2. A function ‘f’ is said to be stationary at ‘a’ if f '  a   0
Further the point  a,f  a   is called stationary point (or) turning point of ‘f’’
3. (i) A differentiable function f  x  is increasing at ‘a’  f '  a   0
(ii) A differentiable function f  x  is decreasing at ‘a’  f '  a   0
4. Let f  x  be a differentiable function in a given interval, f '  x  exists at ‘a’ and if
i) f '  a   0,f "  a   0 then f  a  is a Local Maximum.
ii) f '  a   0,f "  a   0 then f  a  is a Local Minimum

V2 01. Find two positive numbers whose sum is 15 so that the sum of their squares is minimum.
Sol: Let x, y be the two positive numbers
Given x  y  15  y  15  x .................... (1) (1M)
Let f ( x)  x 2  y 2 = x 2  (15  x )2 .......................(2)
d
f | ( x)  2 x  2(15  x)(1)  2 x  2(15  x)   xn   nxn1
dx
f || ( x)  2(1)-2(0-1)=2+2=4 (2M)
For maximum or minimum f 1  x   0
15
 2 x  2(15  x )  0  2 x  2(15  x )  x  15  x  2 x  15  x  2 (2M)
15
At x  , f || ( x ) = 4>0 (1M)
2
15 15 15
f ( x) has minimum value at x  , y  15  x =15  
2 2 2
15 15
The numbers are , (1M)
2 2
V2 02. A manufacturer can sell x items at a price of rupees(5-x/100)each.The cost price of x items is Rs.
(x/5+500).Find the number of items that the manufacturer should sell to earn maximum profits.
 x 
Sol: Selling price of x items= x  5  
 100 
x
The cost of x items =  500 (1M)
5
IPE MATHS IB 195
 x  x 
profit = selling price of x items-cost of x items= x  5   -   500  (1M)
 100   5 
x2 x 24 x x2
= 5x    500 =   500
100 5 5 100
24 x x2
Let f ( x)    500.............(1)
5 100
24 2 x 2 d d
f | ( x)  -  f || ( x)    constant  0   xn   nxn1 (1M)
5 100 100 dx dx
For maximum or minimum f 1  x   0 (1M)
24 2 x 2 x 24 24  100
- =0  =  x  x  240 (1M)
5 100 100 5 2 5
2
At x  240 , f || ( x)  <0 (1M)
100
f ( x ) has maximum value at x=240
The manufacturer earn maximum profit by selling 240 items (1M)
V2 03.Prove that the radius of the right circular cylinder of greatest curved surface area which can be inscribed
in a given cone is half of that of the cone
Sol: Let h be the height and r be the radius of the cone then AO=h, OC=r
Let x be the radius and y be the height of the cylinder then OR=QE=y, QR=x
(1M)
AOC , QEC are similar triangles

OA OC
 
QE EC
h r h( r  x)
 = y ................... (1) (1M)
y rx  r
The curved surface area of cylinder  2 xy
 h(r  x )  2 h(rx  x 2 )
= 2 x  =
 r  r
2 h(rx  x 2 )
Let f ( x)  ..........................(2)
r
IPE MATHS IB 196
2 h(r  2 x ) d n d
f | ( x) 
r
..............................(3) 
dx
 x   nxn1   constant  0
dx
2 h( 2) 4 h d
Clearly f || ( x)  =   x  1 (1M)
r r dx
2 h( r  2 x ) r
 =0  r  2 x =0  2x =r  x = 2
r
r 4 h
At x = , f || ( x)   <0
2 r
r
f ( x) has max value at x = (2M)
2
 The radius of the cylinder of greatest curved surface area which can be incribed in a given
r
cone is . (1M)
2
V3 04.If the curved surface of right circular cylinder inscribed in a sphere of radius’r’ is maximum, show
that the height of the cylinder is 2 r
Sol: Let h be the height and R be the radius of the cylinder. Let r be the radius of the Sphere
(1M)
From  le OAB .
2 2
h 2 2 2 2 h
   R  r  R  r  ...............  (1) (1M)
2 4
Curved surface area of cylinder (S)=2 Rh
2
 h  2
2 2
 s 2  4 2 R 2 h 2 = 4  r  h  from  1  
 4 
= 4 2 r 2 h 2   2 h 4
let f (h)  4 2 r 2 h 2   2 h 4
d
 f | (h)  4 2 r 2 (2h)   2 (4h3 )   xn   nxn1
dx
 f | | (h)  8 2 r 2 (1)  4 2 (3h 2 )  8 2 r 2  12 2 h 2 (2M)
IPE MATHS IB 197
For maximum or minimum f 1  h  0
 8 2 r 2 h  4 2 h 3  0  8 2 r 2 h  4 2 h 3  2r 2  h 2  h  2r
when h  2r , f ''(h)  8 2 r 2 12 2 (2r 2 )  8 2 r 2  24 2 r 2  16 2 r 2  0 (2M)
f ( h) has maximam value at h  2 r
The curved surface area of cylinder is maximum at h  2 r (1M)
V3 05.From a rectangular sheet of dimensions 30cmx80cm.four equal of side xcm.are removed at the
corners,and the sides are then turned up so as to form an open rectangular box.Find the value of
x,so that volume of the box is the greatest.
Sol: Consider a rectangular sheet of length 80cm and bredth 30cm. Let x be the lenght of square removed from
each corner.
(1M)
Now Length of the box (l )  80  2 x

breadth of the box (b)  30  2 x
height of the box ( h)  x
The volume of the rectangular box is V= lbh
 (80  2 x)(30  2 x) x  (1) (1M)
 (2400  160 x  60 x  4 x 2 ) x  2400 x  220x 2  4 x3
Let f ( x )  4 x 3  220 x 2  2400 x  f | ( x)  12 x 2  440 x  2400  f | | ( x)  24 x  440 (1M)
 12 x 2  440 x  2400  0  3 x 2  110 x  600  0
 3 x 2  90 x  20 x  600  0  3 x( x  30)  20( x  30)  0  (3 x  20)( x  30)  0
20
 x  30  0(or )3 x  20  0  x  30 (or) x  3 (2M)
At x  30 , b  30  60  30  0 which is false (1M)

20 || 20
at x  , f ( x) = 24( )  440 =160-440=-280<0
3 3
20
 f ( x) is maximum when x  cm (1M)
3
V3 06.A window is in the shape of a rectangle surmounted by a semicircle. If the perimeter of the window
is 20ft.find the maxmum area.
Sol: Let 2x be the length and y be the breadth of the rectangle.
Let x be the radius of the semi circle.
IPE MATHS IB 198
Given perimeter =20 feet
 2 x  2 y   x  20
 2 y  20   x  2 x ..................(1) (1M)
Area of the window = Area of the rectangle + Area of semicircle

 A re a o f re cta n g le = le n g th  b r ea d th
1 2  r2
Area = 2 xy   x A re a o f s e m i c ir c le =
2 2
1 2  x2 2 2  x2
= x(2 y )   x = x(20   x  2 x )  = 20 x   x  2 x 
2 2 2
 x2
= 20 x   2x2 (1M)
2
 x2
Let f ( x)  20 x   2 x 2 ...............(2)
2
 d n d
 f | ( x)  20  (2 x)  4 x = 20   x  4 x  x  nx n 1   x  1
2 dx dx
 f ''  x     4

 20   x  4 x =0  20=  x  4 x = (  4)x
20
 x ..................(3) (2M)
 4
20
Clearly at x  , f || ( x)    4  0
 4
20
f ( x ) has max. value at x  (1M)
 4
From eq.(2)
2 2
 20   20    20   20 
 Maximum area is f    4  = 20    4      2 
    2  4  4
400  400  400  400(  4)  200  800

   2   
  4 2   4 2    4 2


    4
2
IPE MATHS IB 199
400  1600  200  800 200  800 200(  4) 200

 2
 2
 2  sq. feet (1M)
  4    4   4   4
V3 07.A wire of length ‘l’ is cut into two parts which are bent respectively in the form of a square and a
circle.What are the lengths of the pieces of the wire respectively so that the sum of the areas is
the least
Sol:- Let x be the side of the square and r be the radius of circle
 P erim eter of sq uare =4  sid e

Given 4 x  2 r  l P erim eter of circle=2  r
 4 x  l  2 r  2 r  l  4 x
l  4x
 r ...................(1) (2M)
2
2
sum of areas = x 2   r 2  Area of square =  side  Area of circle = r 2
2 2
2 l  4x 
 x   2 l  4x 
 x 
 2  4
2
Let f ( x )  x 2

l  4x  ................(2) (1M)
4
2(l  4 x )( 4) 2(l  4 x) d d

f | ( x)  2 x  = 2x    constant  0   xn   nxn1
4  dx dx
|| 2 8
(also f ( x)  2  ( 4) = 2  ) (1M)
 
2(l  4 x) 2(l  4 x)
 2x   0  2x  (1M)
 
l
  x  l  4 x   x  4 x  l  (  4)x  l  x    4 ...............(3)
l 8
At x  , clearly f || ( x)  2  >0
 4 
l
 f ( x ) has min value at x  (1M)
 4
4l
required length of square part = 4 x  units
 4
4l  l  4l  4l l
and length of circular part = l  4 x = l  =  units (1M)
 4  4  4
IPE MATHS IB 200
V3 08. Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum of f (x)  8x3  81x2  42x  8 on  8,2
Sol: f ( x) = 8 x 3  81x 2  42 x  8
d n d d
f | ( x)  24 x 2  162 x  42 
dx
 x   nxn1   x  1   constant  0
dx dx
f || ( x)  48 x  162 (1M)
 24 x 2  162 x  42  0  4 x 2  27 x  7  0 (1M)
1
 4 x 2  28 x  x  7  0  ( x  7) (4 x  1) =0  x  7 =0(or) (4 x  1) =0  x  7 (or) x  4 (1M)
1
 -7, are in [-8,2]
4
f(-8)= 8(8)3  81(8) 2  42(8)  8 =-4096+5184+336-8 =1416
f(-7) = -2744+3969+294-8 =1511
1
f   = f  0.25  =0.125+5.0625-10.5-8 =-13.3125
4
f(2) = 8(2)3  81(2) 2  42(2)  8 =64+324-84-8=296 (2M)
 maximum value= 1511 1 (1M)
minimum value= -13.3125 (1M)
V3 09.Find the absolute maximum value and the absolute minimum value of the function
f ( x)  x  sin 2 x in 0,  
Sol: f ( x)  x  sin 2 x
d
f | ( x)  1  2 cos 2x   sin x  cos x (1M)
dx
1 2 4
 1  2 cos 2x =0  cos 2 x   2  2 x  3 , 3
 2  2
x , crictical points are 0, , , (2M)
3 3 3 3
f (0)  0  sin 0  0  0  0
   2  3
f     sin  
3 3 3 3 2
 2  2 4 2 3
f   sin  
 3  3 3 3 2
f       sin 2   (2M)
IPE MATHS IB 201
     2  
absolute maximum of f  max  f  0  , f  3  , f  3  , f     (1M)
     
    2  
absolute manimum of f  min  f  0  , f  , f  , f    0 (1M)
 3  3  
V3 10.Find the maximum area of the rectangle that can be formed with fixed perimeter 20.
Sol: Let x and y denote the length and the breadth of a rectangle respectively.
Given that the perimeter of the rectangle is 20.
i.e., 2(x + y) = 20  Perimeter of rectangle=2 l  b
i.e., x + y = 10 ......(1) (1M)

Let A denote the area of rectangle. Then A = xy.....(2)  Area of rectangle = length  breadth (1M)
from Eq(1), y = 10 - x ......(3)
from (3) and (2), we have
A = x(10 - x)= 10x -x2 ......(4) (1M)
Differentiating (4) w.r.t x we get
dA d d
 10  2 x   x  1   xn   nxn1 ......(5)
dx dx dx
dA
For maximum or minimum 0
dx
The stationary point is a root of 10 - 2x = 0.
 x = 5 is the stationary point. (2M)
Differentiating (5) w.r.t. x, we get
d2A d
2
 2  0  f ( x) maximum if f | | ( x)  0   constant  0 (1M)
dx dx
Therefore by second derivative test the area A is maximized at x = 5
From eq.(3), y = 10 - 5 = 5,
and the maximum area is A = 5(5) = 25 sq.units (1M)
Intermediate Public Examinations
MATHEMATICS - IB 2015 (AP)
SECTION - A
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions 10 X 2 = 20
Answer all the questions. Each question carries 2 marks
1. Find the area of the triangle formed by the straight line 3x  4y  12  0 with co-
ordinate axes.
2. Find the equation of straight line passing through  2,4  and making non-zero
intercepts whose sum is zero.
3. Find the angle between the planes 2x  y  z  6, x  y  2z  7.
4. If  3,2, 1 ,  4,1,1 ,  6,2,5  are three vertices and  4,2,2  is the centroid of a tetrahedron,
find the fourth vertex.
ax 1
5. Compute Lt ;  a  0,b  0,b  1
x 0 b x 1
2 x 
6. Find Lt    x  1
x 0  x 
1  2x  dy
7. If y  tan  ,
2  find .
1  x  dx
8. If y  ae nx  be nx , then prove that y "  n2 y
9. If y  f  x   x 2  x, x  10, x  0.1, find y,dy
10.
2
 
Verify Rolle’s theorem of the function log x  2  log 3 on  1,1
SECTION – B
II. Short Answer Type Questions 5 X 4 = 20
Answer the any 5 questions. Each questions carries 4 marks.
11. Find the equation of the locus of P, if A   2,3  ,B   2, 3  and PA  PB  8.

12. When the axes rotated through an angle , find the transformed equation of
6
x 2  2 3 xy  y 2  2a 2 .
13. Find the points on the line 3x  4y  1  0 which are at a distance of 5 units from the
point  3,2 .
 x2  9
 2 if 0  x  5 and x  3
Verify the continuity of f  x  given by    x  2x  3
f x 
14. at the
 1.5 if x  3
point 3.
15. Find the derivative of x sin x from the first principle.
16. The volume of a cube is increasing at the rate of 8 cm3 /sec . How fast is the surface
area increasing when the length of an edge is 12 cm?
17. A particle is moving in a straight line so that after ‘t’ seconds its distance is ‘S’ (in
cms) from a fixed point on the line is given by S  f  t   8t  t3 . Find (i) the velocity at
time t  2 sec (ii) initial velocity (iii) acceleration at t  2sec.
SECTION - C
III. Long Aanswer Type Questions 5 X 7 =35
Answer any 5 questions. Each question carries 7 marks.
18. Find the orthocenter of the triangle formed by the vertices  2, 1 ,  6, 1 and  2,5 
19. If the equation S  ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2gx  2fy  c  0 represents a pair of parallel
straight lines, then prove that (i) h2  ab (ii) af 2  bg 2 and
g 2  ac f 2  bc
(iii) distance between the parallel lines  2 a a  b 
2
b a  b
20. Show that the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the curve
x 2  xy  y 2  3x  3y  2  0 and the straight line x  y  2  0 are mutually
perpendicular.
21. Find the angle between two diagonals of a cube.
22.
2 2 2
 2
If y  x a  x  a log x  a  x
2
 then show that dy
dx
2 a 2
 x2
23. Find the positive integers x and y such that x  y  60 and xy3 is maximum.
1 1
24. Show that the curves 6x 2  5x  2y  0,4x 2  8y 2  3 touch each other at  , 
2 2
MATHEMATICS - IB 2015 (TS)
SECTION - A
1. Find the equation of the straight line passing through  4,5  and cutting off equal
and non zero intercepts on the co-ordinate axes.
2. Find the equation of the straight line perpendicular to the line 5x  3y  1  0 and
passing through the point  4, 3  .
3. Find the co-ordinates of the vertex C, of  ABC, if its centroid is the origin and the
vertices A, B are 1,1,1 and  2,4,1 respectively.
4. Find the angle between the planes x  2y  2z  5  0 and 3x  3y  2z  8  0.
tan  x  a 
5. Compute lim a  0  .
x a x2  a 2
ex  1
6. Compute lim
x 0 1  x 1
7. Find the derivative of y  2x  3  7  3x.
1  2x 
8. Find the derivative of y  sin  .
 1  x2 
9. Find y and dy for the function y  x 2  3x  6 at x  10 and  x  0.01.
10. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function y  f  x   x2  4 in  3,3.
SECTION – B
11. A 5,3  and B  3, 2 are two fixed points. Find the equation of the locus of P, so that
the area of triangle PAB is 9.
12. When the axes are rotated through an angle 45, the transformed equation of a
curve is 17x 2  16xy  17y 2  225. Find the original equation of the curve.
13. A straight line with slope 1 passes through Q  3,5  and meets the straight line
x  y  6  0 at P. Find the distance PQ.
k 2 x  k if x  1
14. If f, given by f  x    is a continuous function on R, then find the
2 if x  1,
values of k.
15. Find the derivative of x 3 from the first principle.
16. A particle is moving along a line according to S  f  t   4t3  3t2  5t  1, where S is
measured in meters and t is measured in seconds. Find the velocity and acceleration
at time t. At what time the acceleration is zero?
2
17. Determine the intervals in which f  x    x  1  18x  x  R  0 is strictly increasing
and decreasing.
SECTION - C
18. If the equations of the sides of a triangle are 7x  y  10  0, x  2y  5  0 and
x  y  2  0, find the orthocenter of the triangle.
19. Show that the lines represented by  x  my 2  3  mx  y 2  0 and x  my  n  0 from
n2
.
an equilateral triangle with area

3  2  m2 
20. Find the values of ‘k’, if the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the
curve 2x 2  2xy  3y 2  2x  y  1  0 and the line x  2y  k are mutually perpendicular.
21. Find the angle between the lines, whose direction cosines are given by the
relations 3  m  5n  0 , 6mn  2n  5 m  0.
dy
22. If y   sin x log x  x sin x , then find .
dx
2 2 2
23. If the tangent at any point on the curve x 3  y 3  a 3 intersects the co-ordinate axes
in A and B, then show that the length AB is a constant.
24. A window in the shape of a rectangle surmounted by a semi-circle. If the perimeter of
the window is 20 ft, find the maximum area.
SECTION - A
1. Transform the equation 4x  3y  12  0 into
(a) Slope intercept form (b) Intercept form
2. Find the length of the perpendicular drawn from the point (3, 4) to the line
3x  4y  10  0
3. Find the coordinates of the vertex ‘C’ of ABC, if its centroid is the origin and vertices
A, B are 1,1,1 and  2,4,1 respectively then find C.
4. Reduce the equation x  2y  3z  6  0 of the plane to the normal form.
x 2  8x  15
5. Compute the limit of lim
x 3 x2  9
x 2  sin x
6. Compute lim
x  x2  2
7. If f  x   2x 2  3x  5 then prove that f '  0   3f '  1  0
dy
8. If x  a cos3 t, y  a sin3 t, find
dx
9. Find y and dy if y  5x 2  6x  6,x  2, x  0.001
10. Verify the condition of the Lagrange’s mean value theorem for the function
f  x   x 2  1 on 2,3
SECTION – B
11. If the distance from P to the points  2,3  and  2, 3  are in the ratio 2 : 3, then find
the locus of P.
12. When the origin is shifted to  1,2  by the translation of axes, find the transformed
equation of 2x 2  y 2  4x  4y  0
13. Find the points on the line 3x  4y  1  0 which are at a distance of 5 units from the
point  3,2
x sin a  a sin x
14. Compute lim
x a xa
15. If f  x   sec 3x  x  R  then find f '  x  by first principle.
x
16. Find the lengths of subtangent at subnormal at a point on the curve y  bsin
a
17. The volume of a cube is increasing at the rate of 9 cubic centimeters per second. How
fast is the surface area increasing when the length of an edge is 10 centimeters?
SECTION - C
18. Find the orthocenter of the triangle whose vertices are  5, 7  , 13,2  and  5,6 
19. If the second degree equation S  ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2gx  2fy  c  0 in two variables x
and y represents a pair of straight lines then prove that
i) abc  2fgh  af 2  bg 2  ch2  0 ii) h2  ab,g 2  ac and f 2  bc
20. Find the angel between the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of
the curve x 2  2xy  y 2  2x  2y  5  0 and the line 3x  y  1  0
21. Show that the lines whose d.c’s are given by   m  n  0, 2mn  3n  5m  0 are
perpendicular to each other.
 1  x2  1  x2 
22. If y  tan 1
  for 0  x  1, find dy
 1  x 2  1  x 2  dx
23. Find the angle between the curves y 2  4x, x2  y 2  5

24. From a rectangle sheet of dimension 30 cm  80 cm, four equal square of side x cm are
removed at the corners and the sides are then turned up so as to form and open
rectangular box. Find the value of x, so that the volume of the box is greatest.
SECTION - A
1. Transform the equation 3x  y  4 into
i) slope intercept form ii) Intercept form
2. Find the value of p if the straight lines 3x  7y  1  0 and 7x  py  3  0 are mutually
perpendicular.
3. Show that the points 1,2,3  ,  7,0,1 ,  2,3,4  are collinear.
4. Reduce the equation x  2y  3z  6  0 of the plane to the normal form.
x 2  8x  15
5. Compute L im .
x 3 x2  9
e x  sin x  1
6. Compute L im .
x 0 x
7.
1 3
 
Find the derivative of sin 3x  4x with respect to ‘x’.
dy
8. If 2x 2  3xy  y 2  x  2y  8  0, then find .
dx
9. Find y and dy of y  f  x   x2  x at x  10 when x  0.1.
x
10. Find the length of subtangent and subnormal at a point on the curve y  b sin   .
a
SECTION – B
11. Find the equation of locus of a point, the sum of whose distances from  0,2  and
 0, 2 is 6.
12. When the origin is shifted to the point  2,3  the transformed equation of a curve is
x 2  3xy  2y 2  17x  7y  11  0. Find the original equation of curve.
13. Find the equation of the straight line parallel to the line 3x  4y  7 and passing
through the point of intersection of the lines x  2y  3  0, x  3y  6  0.
 4  x 2 if x  0 ; x  5 if 0  x  1
14. Check the continuity of ‘f’ given by f  x    2 at 0,
 4x  9 if 1  x  2 ; 3x  4 if x  2
1, 2.
dy
15. If x  a  cos t  t sin t  , y  a  sin t  t cost  find .
dx
x
16. Find the equation of tangent and normal to the curve y  2e 3 at the point where the
curve meets the y-axis.
17. A point P is moving on the curve y  2x 2 . The x coordinate of P is increasing at the
rate of 4 units per second. Find the rate at which y coordinate is increasing when
the point is at  2,8 
SECTION - C
18. The base of an equilateral triangle is x  y  2  0 and the opposite vertex is  2, 1 .
Find the equations of the remaining sides.
19. If the second degree equation S  ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2gx  2fy  c  0 in two variables x
and y represents a pair of straight lines, then prove that
i) abc  2fgh  af 2  bg 2  ch2  0
ii) h2  ab,g 2  ac, f 2  bc
20. Find the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the curve
7x 2  4xy  8y 2  2x  4y  8  0 with the straight line 3x  y  2 and also the angle
between them.
21. Find the direction cosines of the two lines which are connected by the relations
  5m  3n  0, 72  5m2  3n2  0.
dy  yx y 1  y x log y 
22. y x
If x  y  a b then prove that dx    y x 1 
.
 x log x  xy 
23. If the curved surface of right circular cylinder inscribed in a sphere of radius ‘r’ is
maximum, show that the height of the cylinder is 2 r.
24. If ax 2  by 2  1, a1x 2  b1y 2  1, then show that the condition for orthogonality of above
1 1 1 1
curves is a  b  a  b .
1 1
SECTION - A
1. Find the slopes of the lines x  y  0 and x  y  0
2. Transform the equation x  y  1  0 into normal form.
3. If  3,2, 1 ,  4,1,1 and  6,2,5  are three vertices and  4,2,2  is the centroid of a
tetrahedron find the fourth vertex.
4. Find the angel between the planes 2x  y  z  6 and x  y  2z  7
e7x  1
5. Evaluate lim
x 0 x
x 2  5x  2
6. Compute lim
x  2x 2  5x  1
7. Find the derivative of 5sin x  e x log x
1  1  1 
8. Find the derivative of sec  2 0  x  
 2x  1   2
9. Find y and dy of y  f  x   x 2  x at x  10 when x  0.1

10. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function y  f  x   x 2  4 in  3,3
SECTION – B
11. A 1,2  ,B  2, 3  ,C  2,3  are three points. A point P moves such that PA 2  PB2  2PC2
then find the locus of P.

12. When the axes are rotated through an angle , find the transformed equation of
4
3x 2  10xy  3y 2  9.
13. Find the value of ‘P’ if the lines 3x  4y  5, 2x  3y  4, Px  4y  6 are concurrent.
1 2
 
 2 x  4 , if 0  x  2

f  x   0 , if x  2
14. Check the continuity of f given by  3 at the point 2.
2  8x , if x  2

15. Find the derivative of cot x from the first principle.
16. A particle is moving in a straight line so that after ‘t’ seconds its distance is S(in cms)
from a fixed point on the line is given by s  f  t   8t  t3 .
Find (i) the velocity at time t  2 sec.
(ii) the initial velocity (iii) acceleration at t  2 sec.
17. Find the equation of tangent and normal to the curve xy  10 at  2,5 
SECTION - C
18. Find the circumcenter of the triangle whose vertices are  2,3  ,  2, 1 ,  4,0 
19. Show that the area of the triangle formed by the lines ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 and
n2 h2  ab
x  my  n  0 is am2  2hm  b2
20. Find the value of K, if the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the
curve 2x 2  2xy  3y 2  2x  y  1  0 and the line x  2y  K are mutually perpendicular.
21. Find the angel between the lines whose direction cosines satisfy the equations
  m  n  0, 2  m2  n2  0
dy
22. Find , if y  sin x log x  x sin x
dx
23. Find the angle between the curves xy  2, x 2  4y  0
24. A wire of length  cut into two parts which are bent respectively in the form of a
square and a circle. What are the lengths of pieces of the wire respectively so that
the sum of areas is the least?
SECTION - A
1. Find the value of y, if the line joining  3, y  and  2,7  is parallel to the line joining
the points  1,4  ,  0,6 
2. Find the value of ‘p’, if the straight lines x  p  0 , y  2  0, 3x  2y  5  0 are
concurrent.
3. Find the fourth vertex of the parallelogram whose consecutive vertices are
 2,4, 1 ,  3,6, 1 and  4,5,1
4. Find the angle between the planes x  2y  2z  5  0 and 3x  3y  2z  8  0.
2 1
5. Compute lim x sin
x 0 x
8 x  3x
6. Compute xlim
 3 x  2x
3
7. If f  x   7x  3x
 x  0  then find f ' x 
dy e y
8. If tan e 
y
then show that 
dx 1  x 2
9. Find y and dy of y  f  x   x 2  x at x  10 when x  0.1
10. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function f :  3,8  R be defined by f  x   x 2  5x  6
SECTION – B
11. A 5,3  ,B  3, 2 are two points. Find the locus of P so that the area of  PAB is 9
square units.

12. When the axes are rotated through an angle , find the transformed equation of
4
3x 2  10xy  3y 2  9.
13. x  3y  5  0 is the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining the points A, B.
If A   1, 3  , find the coordinates of B.
 cos ax  cos bx
 2
, if x  0
f x   x
14. Show that  1 b2  a 2 where a, b are real, is continuous at ‘0’.
 2  
, if x  0
15. If ay 4   x  b 5 then prove that 5yy "   y '2

16. Find the lengths of subtangent, subnormal at a point ‘t’ on the curve
x  a  cos t  t sin t  , y  a  sin t  t cos t 
17. The volume of a cube is increasing a rate of 9 cubic centimeters per second. How fast
is the surface area increasing when the length of the edge is 10 centimeters?
SECTION - C
18. Find the orthocenter of the triangle whose vertices are  5, 2  ,  1,2 and 1,4 
19. Show that the area of the triangle formed by the lines ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 and
n2 h2  ab
x  my  n  0 is am2  2hm  b2
20. Find the condition for the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the
circle x 2  y 2  a 2 and the line x  my  1 to coincide.
21. Find the direction cosines of the two lines which are connected by the relation
  m  n  0 and mn  2n  2m  0
2 2
dy 1  y2
22. If 1  x  1  y  a  x  y  then prove that 
dx 1  x2
23. At a point  x1, y1  on the curve x 3  y 3  3axy, show that the tangent is
x2
1   
 ay1 x  y12  ax1 y  ax1y1
24. A window is in the shape of a rectangle surmounted by a semicircle. If the perimeter
of the window be 20 ft, find the maximum area.

Math 1 (B)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Math 1 (B)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Jr Intermediate

I.P.E STUDY MATERIAL

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (SAQ)

Ans. Given points are A(1,2),B(2,-3) C(-2,3)

 9 x 2  9 y 2  90 x  72 y  369  4 x 2  4 y 2  56 x  48 y  340 (1M)

 The locus of p(x,y) is (x+5y)(x+5y-34)=0 (1M)

 25 x 2  160 x  256  16 x 2  16 y 2  160 x  400  9 x 2  16 y 2  144 (1M)

 ( PA+PB ) ( PA-PB ) = -12y  a 2  b 2   a  b  a  b 

16 x 2  64  64 x  16 y 2  144  96 y  9 y 2  256  96 y (1M)

 From a right angle  PAB  AP  PB  AB

 The locus of P(x,y) is x 2  y 2  10 x  9  0 (1M)

Ans. Given points are A   a, 0  , B   a, 0 

Let P  x, y  be a point on the locus

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (SAQ)

3X 2  2 3XY  Y 2  3X 2  XY  3XY  3Y 2   X 2  3Y 2  2 3XY  2 (1M)

 3X 2  2 3XY  Y 2  6 X 2  4 3XY  6Y 2  X 2  3Y 2  2 3XY  8a2

 b  X 2 sin 2   Y 2 cos 2   2 XY sin  cos    0

 sin 2 A  2sin A.cos A

Case (2) If a = b, then

original equation of the curve.

We know that the origin  0, 0  is shifted to  h, k  by the translation of axes and  X , Y 

2. Slope of x-axis (or) parallel to x-axis is ‘0’

ii) perpendicular iff a1a 2  b1b2  0

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (LAQ)

Sol. Let A   2,3 ; B   2, 1 ; C   4, 0 

Let S  x , y  be the circumcentre of  le ABC

We know that S is the circumcentre of triangle ABC then SA = SB = SC

 IfA  x1 , y1  and B  x2 , y2  are twopoints

Sol. Let A  1,3  ; B   0, 2  ; C   3,1

Let S  x , y  be the circumcentre of  le ABC

We know that S is the circumcentre of triangle ABC then SA = SB = SC

 IfA  x1 , y1  and B  x2 , y2  are two points

Sol. Let A   2, 1 ; B   6, 1 ; C   2,5 

5  1 If theslope of the line joining the points  x , y  and x , y   y2  y1

Sol. Let A   5, 7  ; B  13, 2  ; C   5, 6 

 In a triangle th e p oin t of intercetion o f tw o altitu des is called orth ocentre (1M)

6  2 If theslope of the line joining the points  x , y  and x , y   y2  y1

1 9  If m , m are slopes of two lr lines thenm m  1  m   1

We know that S is the circumcentre of triangle ABC then SA = SB = SC (1M)

 IfA  x1 , y1  and B  x2 , y2  are two points

Let S  x , y  be the circumcentre of  le ABC

We know that S is the circumcentre of triangle ABC then SA = SB = SC (1M)

 IfA  x1 , y1  and B  x2 , y2  are two points

V1 07.Find the Orthocentre of the triangle formedby the lines x  2 y  0, 4 x  3 y  5  0

 In a triangle the point of intercetion of two altitudes is called orthocentre (1M)

1 1  If m , m are slopes of two lr lines thenm m  1  m   1

 In a triangle the point of intercetion of two altitudes is called orthocentre (1M)

4  1 If theslope of the line joining the points  x , y  and x , y   y2  y1

Let Q  h, k  be the image of P  x1 , y1  w.r.to (1)

clearly, PQ  1 (1M)

 slope of PQ  slope of 1  1  If m1 , m 2 are slopes of two  lines then m1m 2  1

 a 2t  ax1  b 2t  by1  ax1  by1  2c  0  t  a  b   2ax1  2by1  2c  0

 t  a 2  b 2   2  ax1  by1  c   0  t  a 2  b 2   2  ax1  by1  c 

Let Q(h, k) be the foot of the perpendicular from P  x1 , y1  on (1)

 slope of PQ  slope of 1  1  If m1 , m2 are slopes of two  lines then m1m2  1

x cos   y sin   a cos 2  x cos  y sin   a cos2  0      2

Also, P = the length of the perpendicular from the origin to (1)

 a2 sin 2 2  a2 cos2 2  2cos  sin   sin 2

Sol. Given A   2,1 , B   3, 2  , C   4, 1 

 The equation of line passing through thepoints

 If m1 , m 2 are slopes of two lines then angle between

 The equation of the straight line is y  y1  m  x  x1 