CHAPTER 1

Analytic Geometry and the Conic Sections

MATH 26: ANALYTIC GEOMETRY AND CALCULUS I

SECOND SEMESTER AY 2016-2017

MATHEMATICS DIVISION, INSTITUTE OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES AND PHYSICS

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES LOS BANOS

Chapter Title

1 Analytic Geometry and the Conic Sections

2 Limits and Continuity

3 The Derivative and Differentiation

4 Applications of the Derivative

5 Antidifferentiation and the Definite Integral

Chapter Title

1.1 Coordinates and Lines

1.2 Analytic Proof

1.3 Conic Sections

1.4 The Parabola

1.5 The Ellipse

1.6 The Hyperbola

1.7 General Second Degree Equations

O By the end of this chapter,
B the student should be able to:
J 1. Compute distance between two real numbers,
between two points and between a point and a
E line.

C 2. Find midpoint of line segments joining two points.

T 3. Compute slope of a line joining two points.
I 4. Determine whether lines are parallel or
V perpendicular.

E 5. Determine whether a point lies on a line or not.

S 6. Determine equation of a line given certain details.

Absolute value of a real number

The absolute value of a real number a,

denoted by a , is defined as

⎧ a if a≥0
a =⎨
⎪⎩ −a if a<0
Absolute value of a real number

Note that a = a . 2

Interpretation:
On a number line, the absolute value of a
number is the undirected distance of the
number from the origin.

!a########0#########a
Absolute value of a real number

Theorem 1.1.1 Properties of Absoute Value

Let a,b be real numbers. Then

1. a ⋅b = a ⋅ b
a a
2. = ,b ≠ 0
b b
3. −a = a
4. a ± b ≤ a + b
5. − a ≤ a ≤ a
Distance between two real numbers

The distance between two real numbers

a and b is given by
a − b or b − a

a b
 Other properties

Let a,b be real numbers with b > 0. Then,

x − a < b ⇔ −b < x − a < b

⇔ −b + a < x < b + a

x −a >b ⇔ x −a >b or x − a < −b

⇔ x >a +b or x <a −b
Cartesian Coordinate System

Consider)an)ordered)pair) ( x , y ))which)is)
associated)with)point)P.

2)x)gives)the)directed)distance)of)P )from)
))))))the y − axis.
2)y)gives)the)directed)distance)of)P )from)
))))))the)x − axis.
Cartesian Coordinate System

x
( x,y )
y If a point P = ( x,y ),
O x − axis then x and y are the
coordinates of P.

y − axis
Cartesian Coordinate System

2nd$Quadrant 1st$quadrant 2nd$Quadrant

(-,+) 1st$quadrant
(+,+)

3rd$Quadrant 4th$Quadrant 3rd$Quadrant

(-,-) (+,-)
4th$Quadrant
 Distance between two points

The distance between two points

P = ( x 1,y 1 ) and Q = ( x 2 ,y 2 )
P( x1 , y1 )
y2
Q( x2 , y2 )
is given by
y1
P( x1 , y1 )
PQ = ( x 2 − x 1) + ( y 2 − y 1)
2 2

x1 x2
 Midpoint of a line segment

The&midpoint&of&a&line&segment
between&two&points&P ( x1 , y1 ) &and Q
y2
Q ( x2 , y2 ) &is y
M

P
y1
x

⎛ x1 + x2 y1 + y2 ⎞
⎜ , ⎟ x1 x x2
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
 Slope of a line

The&slope&of&the&line&containing
P ( x1 , y1 ) &and&Q ( x2 , y2 ) &is Q

y2 − y1
y2 − y1 P
m= x2 − x1
x2 − x1

Note: The slope of a vertical line is undefined

 Consider the points P ( 2,7 ) and Q = ( −2,−3)
Given'P (2,7 ) 'and'Q ( −2, −3 ) ,
E
 1. find'the'distance'between'P 'and'Q.
X PQ = ( 2 − ( −2 ) ) + ( 7 − ( −3 ) )
2

Given&P (2,7 ) &and&Q ( −2, −3 ) ,

2

A = 16 + 100
2. find&the&midpoint&of&the&segment
M joining&
= P116
&and&Q.

P Given&P (=2,7()4&and&
)(29Q)( −2, −3) ,
⎛ 2 + ( −2 ) 7 + ( −3 ) ⎞
L ⎜ = 2 29 ⎟ = ( 0,2 )
3. determine&the&slope&of&the&lines
,
2
⎝joining& 2 ⎠
P &and&Q.
E
−3 − 7 −10 5
m= = =
−2 − 2 −4 2
 Consider the points P ( 2,7 ) and Q = ( −2,−3)
Given'P (2,7 ) 'and'Q ( −2, −3 ) ,
E
 1. find'the'distance'between'P 'and'Q.
X PQ = (2 − ( −2 )) + (7 − ( −3))
2 2

A = 16 + 100
M = 116
P = ( 4 )(29 )
L = 2 29

E
 Consider the points P ( 2,7 ) and Q = ( −2,−3)
Given&P (2,7 ) &and&Q ( −2, −3 ) ,
E
 2. find&the&midpoint&of&the&segment
joining&P &and&Q.
X
A ⎛ 2 + ( −2 ) 7 + ( −3 ) ⎞
⎜ , ⎟ = ( 0,2 )
M ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
Given&P (2,7 ) &and&Q ( −2, −3 ) ,
P
3. determine&the&slope&of&the&lines
L joining&P &and&Q.
E
−3 − 7 −10 5
m= = =
−2 − 2 −4 2
 Parallel lines

Two non-vertical non-identical lines are said to be

parallel if and only if their slopes are equal.

L1
L2
 Perpendicular lines

Two non-vertical and non-horizontal lines

are said to be perpendicular if and only if
the product of their slopes is -1.

L1 L2
E
 The$slope$of$a$line$$$$$is$2.$$Determine$the$slope$
L 1

of$a$second$line$ L if$the$two$lines$are$$$$$
X
2

a. parallel b. perpendicular
A Solution:
M a. If L1 and L2 are parallel then their slopes are
P equal. Thus, the slope of L2 is also 2.

L b. If L1 and L2 are perpendicular then the

product of their slopes is equal to :1. Thus,
E the slope of L2 is :1/2.
 y
S Q (c,d )
U ⎛a+c b+d ⎞
M =⎜ , ⎟
M ⎝ 2 2 ⎠

M x
P (a, b )
A
R d ( P ,Q ) = PQ
b−d
Y m=
a−c = (a − c ) + ( b − d )
2 2
 Collinear points

Two distinct points determine a unique line.

Theorem. Three distinct points P,Q and R are

collinear if and only if the slopes of the line
segments PQ, PR and QR are equal.
 Example.)Determine(whether(the(points(P(#2,3),(
Q(4,1) and(R(1,(2)(are(collinear.

E
X
A
M
P
L
E
 Example.)Determine(whether(the(points(P(#2,3),(
Q(4,1) and(R(1,(2)(are(collinear.

E
3 1 2 1
X mP Q =
2 4
=
6
=
3
A 3 2 1 1
M mP R =
2 1
=
3
=
3

P 2 1 1 1
mQR = = =
L 1 4 3 3

E
General Equation of a Line

The general equation of a line is given by

Ax + By + C = 0

where A,B and C are constants and not both

A and B are zero.
E
 Determine whether the following points lie on
the line with equation 2 x − y − 3 = 0.
X
a. ( 5,3) b. ( 2,1)
A
Solution:
M A"point"lies"on"the"line"if"and"only"if""its"coordinates"satisfy"the"

P equation"of"the"line.

L a. Given the coordinates ( 5,3) we see that the equation

E becomes 2 ( 5 ) − 3 − 3 = 4 ≠ 0
E
 Determine whether the following points lie on
the line with equation 2 x − y − 3 = 0.
X
a. ( 5,3) b. ( 2,1)
A
Solution:
M A"point"lies"on"the"line"if"and"only"if""its"coordinates"satisfy"the"

P equation"of"the"line.

L a. Given the coordinates ( 5,3) we see that the equation

E becomes 2 ( 5 ) − 3 − 3 = 4 ≠ 0
Slope-intercept form eq’n of a line

The slope-intercept form equation of a line or

equation of a line in slope-intercept form is given by

y = mx + b
where m is the slope and b is the y-intercept of the line
 Find the general equation of the line with a slope
equal to 2 and y-intercept equal to -5.
E Solution:
X y = mx + b
m=2
A b = −5
M Hence, the equation of the line is
y = 2 x − 5.
P
The general form of the equation is
L −2 x + y + 5 = 0.
E
 Find the general equation of the line with a slope
equal to 2 and y-intercept equal to -5.
E Solution:
X y = mx + b
m=2
A b = −5
M Hence, the equation of the line is
y = 2 x − 5.
P
The general form of the equation is
L −2 x + y + 5 = 0.
E
Two-point form equation of a line

Let P ( x1 , y1 ) and Q ( x2 , y2 ) be known points on a line

then the two-point form equation of a line or equation
of a line in two-point form is given by

y 2 − y1
y − y1 = (x − x1 )
x2 − x1
 Give the general equation of the line passing
through the points ( −3,1) and (1,5 ) .
E Solution: y − y1 =
y 2 − y1
(x − x1 )
x2 − x1
X y −1 =
5 −1
( x − ( −3 ) )
1 − ( −3)
A y − 1 = ( x + 1)
M −x + y − 2 = 0
P
L
E
 Give the general equation of the line passing
through the points ( −3,1) and (1,5 ) .
E Solution: y − y1 =
y 2 − y1
(x − x1 )
x2 − x1
X y −1 =
5 −1
( x − ( −3 ) )
1 − ( −3)
A y − 1 = ( x + 1)
M −x + y − 2 = 0
P
L
E
Intercept form equation of a line

Suppose a and b are the x- and y -intercept,

respectively, of a line such that a ≠ 0 and b ≠ 0.
The intercept form equation of a line or
equation of a line in intercept form is given by
x y
+ =1
a b
 Give the intercept form and the general equation
of the line passing through ( 2, 0 ) and ( 0,1) .
E Solution:
X a=2 x y
+ =1
A b =1 a b
x y
M + =1
2 1
P x + 2y = 2
x + 2y − 2 = 0
L
E
 Give the intercept form and the general equation
of the line passing through ( 2, 0 ) and ( 0,1) .
E Solution:
X a=2 x y
+ =1
A b =1 a b
x y
M + =1
2 1
P x + 2y = 2
x + 2y − 2 = 0
L
E
Point-slope form equation of a line

Let m be the slope of a line that passes through

the point ( x1 , y1 ), then the point-slope form
equation of a line or equation of a line in
point-slope form is given by

y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
 Forms of Equations of Lines
S Ax + By + C = 0 , A, B,C ∈R and
U A and B are not both zero.

M
M y = mx + b y − y1 =
y 2 − y1
(x − x1 )
x2 − x1
A
R
x y
Y + =1
a b
y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
Distance between a point and a line

The$distance$d from$a$
(x1 , y1 )
point$$$$$$$$$$$$$to$a$line$L ( x1 , y1 )
Ax + By + C = 0
with$equation$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
is$given$by

Ax1 + By 1 + C
d= .
2 2
A +B
 Example. Determine the distance5
between the point (2,3) and the line
given by x − 3 y + 4 = 0 .
E
X Solution
1( 2 ) − 3( 3 ) + 4
From the formula, we d= .
A have
2
1 + ( −3 ) 2

3
M Then, d =
10
.

P Thus, d =
3 10
10
.

L
E
 Example.
Example. Determine
Determine the the distance
distance55
between
between the
the point
point (2,3)
(2,3) and
and the
the line
line
given by xx −− 33yy ++ 44 == 00 ..
given by
E
Solution
X Solution
From dd ==
11((22))−−33((33))++44
From the
the formula,
formula, we
we ..
A
2 2
have
have 1 2 + ( − 3
1 + ( −3 ) ) 2

33
M Then, dd ==
Then,
10
10
..

P Thus, d =
33 10
Thus, d = 10 .
10
10 .

L
E