微積分 Homeworks 10

1. If P(−1, 3,1) , Q(0, 5, 2) and R(4, 3, − 1) , find (1) the area of the triangle PQR ; (2) a
vector is othogonal to plane that contains the points P, Q and R .
Sol: PQ = 1, 2, 1  , PR = 5, 0, − 2   PQ  PR = −4, 7, − 10 
(1) Choose  −4, 7, − 10  is othogonal to plane that contains the points P, Q and R .
1 165
(2)The area of the triangle PQR is A = | PQ  PR |= .
2 2

 
2. Find the volume of the parallelepiped determined by the vectors a = 1, 2, 3  , b = −1,1, 2 

and c = 2,1, 4  .

1 2 3
  
Sol: V =| (a  b )  c |=| − 1 1 2 |= 9
2 1 4

3. If P(−2,1, 0) , Q(2, 3, 2) , R(1, 4, − 1) and S (3, 6,1) , find the volume of the parallelepiped

with adjacent edges PQ , PR and PS .

Sol: PQ = 4, 2, 2  , PR = 3, 5, − 1  and PS = 5, 5, 1 
The volume of the parallelepiped with adjacent edges PQ , PR and PS is

4 2 2
V =| ( PQ  PR)  PS |=| 3 3 − 1 |= 16
5 5 1

4. Suppose A(1, 3, 2) , B(4, 3, − 1) , C (1, − 2, 3) , D(2, 3, 3) and E (−2, x, 2) are five points.
(1) Find the volume of the tetrahedron(四面體) with vertices A , B , C , D .
(2) If A , B , C , E are coplanar(共平面), find x .
Sol: (1) Since AD = 1, 0, 1  , the volume of the tetrahedron with vertices A , B , C , D is
1 3 1
V = | ( AB  AC)  AD |= | 5, 1, 5    1, 0, 1 |= | 5 + 0 + 5 |= 5
6 6 2
(2) Since y = 2 and A , B , C , E are coplanar(共平面), we have AE = −3, x − 3, 0  and
the volume of the tetrahedron with vertices A , B , C , E is V = 0 , that is,
1 3 1
V = | ( AB  AC)  AE |= | 5, 1, 5    −3, x − 3, 0 |= | −15 + x − 3 |= 0
6 6 2
This implies x = 18 .
 x − 2 y +1 z − 3
5. Find an equation of the plane that contains the line L : = = and the point
3 2 −2
P(5, 3, 1) .

Sol: Choose a point P0 ( 2, − 1, 3) in L and


a directional vector v = 3, 2, − 2  of L , then

P0 P = 3, 4, − 2  and


P0 P  v = −4, 0, − 6 = −2  2, 0, 3  .


Choose a normal vector n = 2, 0, 3  and a point P0 ( 2, − 1, 3) of the plane and an equation

of the plane is
2( x − 2) + 3( z − 3) = 0 or 2x + 3z = 13 .

6. (1) Find the angle between the planes E1 : x + y + z = 1 and E 2 : x + 2 y + 2 z = 1 .

(2) Find parametric and symmetric equations for the line L of the intersection of the planes
E1 and E 2 .
 
Sol: (1) Choose n1 = 1, 1, 1  and n2 = 1, 2, 2  to be normal vectors of the planes E1 and
E 2 , respectively. Then the angle between the planes E1 and E 2 is the angle between the
 
vectors n1 and n 2 . By using the Formula of the Dot Product,
 
n1  n2 11 + 1 2 + 1 2 5
cos =   = =
| n1 || n2 | 12 + 12 + 12 12 + 22 + 22 3 3
5
  = cos −1 .
3 3
(2) We first need to find a point on L . Letting z = 0 in the equations of E1 and E 2 ,

x + y = 1
  x = 1, y = 0 .
x + 2 y = 1
So the point (1, 0, 0) is on L .
Since L lies in both E1 and E 2 , it is perpendicular to both the normal vectors. Thus,
  
v = n1  n2 = 0,−1, 1 
is a directional vectors of L .

Directional vector: v = 0,−1, 1  ; point (1, 0, 0)

 x = 1,  x = 1,
 
Parametrc equations:  y = −t ; Symmetric equations:  y z
z = t  − 1 = 1

7. Find the distance between the parallel planes E1 : 2 x − 3 y + z = 4 and E 2 : 4 x − 6 y + 2 z = 3 .
Sol: Choose a point P1 (2, 0, 0) in E1 , the distance between E1 and E 2 is the
distance from P1 to E 2 , so the distance is
• P1
| 42 − 60 + 20 −3| 5
D= =
4 + (−6) + 2
2 2 2 56

5 14
=
28

8. Find the distance between the skew lines(歪斜線)

x = 1 + t  x = 1 + 2s • P1
E
 
L1 :  y = 1 + 6t and L2 :  y = 5 + 15s .
 z = 2t  z = −2 + 6 s
 
• P2
Sol:
 
v1 = 1, 6, 2  and v 2 = 2, 15, 6  are directional vectors of L1 and L2 , respectively and
choose P1 (1, 1, 0) and P2 (1, 5, − 2) on L1 and L2 , respectively,
Since L1 and L2 are skew, the distance between L1 and L2 is the distance from L1 to
the plane E that contains L2 which is parallel to L1 .
 
Thus, the vector v1  v 2 = 6,−2, 3  is perpendicular to the plane E , that is,

n = 6,−2, 3  is a normal vector of E and P2 (1, 5, − 2) is on E since P2 is on L2 .
Then the plane E has an equation
6( x − 1) − 2( y − 5) + 3( z + 2) = 0 or 6 x − 2 y + 3z + 10 = 0 .
The distance from P1 (1, 1, 0) to the plane E is

| 6  1 − 2  1 + 3  0 + 10 | 14
D= = = 2.
6 2 + (−2) 2 + 3 2 49