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Class X
Objectives
1. Cartesian Coordinate
system and Quadrants
2. Distance formula
3. Area of a triangle
4. Section formula
IntroductIon
What is co-ordinate geometry ?
+ve direction
Y-axis : Y’OY
2
X-axis : X’OX 1
X’ O X
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-ve direction
Origin -1
+ve direction
-2
-ve direction
Y’ -3
Quadrants
Y
(-,+) (+,+)
X’
II O
I X
III IV
(-,-) (+,-)
Y’
Coordinates
Y
3
2
(2,1)
Abcissa
1
X’ O X
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
Ordinate
-2
(-3,-2)
Y’ -3 (?,?)
Y
(-,+) (+,+)
X’
II O
I X
III IV
(-,-) Y’
(+,-)
Ist? IInd?
Q : (1,0) lies in which Quadrant?
Y-axis
Q(x2,y2)
y2
y1
P(x1,y1)
X-axis
0 x2
x1
Distance Formula
Let us now find the distance between any two points P(x1, y1) and
Q(x1, y2)
Y
Draw PR and QS ⊥ x-axis. Q(xA2 , y2)
perpendicular from the point P on
QS is draw to meet it at the point T
T
So, OR = x1 , OS = x2 , P (x1 , y1)
PR = PS = y1 , QS = y2
Then , PT = x2 – x1 ,
QT = y2 – y1 O R S
x
Now, applying the Pythagoras theorem in ΔPTQ, we get
PQ = PT + QT
2 2 2
Therefore
PQ = ( x2 − x1 ) 2
+ ( y2 − y1 )
2
= ( x − 0) 2 + ( y − 0) 2
= x2 + y2
Applications of Distance Formula
To check which type of triangle is
formed by given 3 coordinates.
and
Rhombus
Prove all 4 sides are equal
Applications of Distance Formula
Rectangle
Prove opposite sides are equal and diagonals are
equal.
Applications of Distance Formula
Square
Prove all 4 sides are equal and diagonals are equal.
Collinearity of Three Points
m1 x2 + m2 x1
x=
m2 + m1
Section Formula
For y – coordinate
Taking m1
=
( y − y1 )
m2 ( y2 − y )
or m1 ( y2 − y ) = m2 ( y − y1 )
or m1 y2 − m1 y = m2 y − m2 y1
or m1 y2 + m2 y1 = y ( m2 + m1 )
m1 y2 + m2 y1
y=
m2 + m1
Midpoint
Midpoint of A(x1, y1) and B(x2,y2)
m:n ≡ 1:1
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
∴P ≡ ,
2 2
C(x3, y3)
X’ O M L N X
Y’
Area of ∆ ABC =
Area of trapezium ABML + Area of trapezium ALNC
- Area of trapezium BMNC
Area of a Triangle
Area of Δ ABC = Area of trapezium ABQP + Area of
trapezium BQRC– Area of trapezium APRC.
We also know that ,
1
Area of trapezium = ( sum of parallel sides )( distance between them )
2
Therefore,
1 1 1
Area of Δ ABC = ( BQ + AP ) QP + ( BQ + CR ) QR − ( AP + CR ) PR
2 2 2
1 1 1
= ( y2 + y1 )( x 2 − x1 ) + ( y2 + y3 )( x3 − x2 ) − ( y1 + y3 )( x3 − x1 )
2 2 2
1
= [ ( y2 x2 − y2 x1 + y1 x2 − y1 x1 ) + ( y2 x3 − y2 x2 + y3 x3 − y3 x2 ) − ( y1 x3 − y1 x1 + y3 x3 − y3 x1 ) ]
2
1
= [ x1 ( y3 − y2 ) + x2 ( y1 − y3 ) + x3 ( y2 − y1 ) ]
2
Area of Δ ABC
PROJECT