COORDINATE

GEOMETRY

1
DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS
Y Distance AB = ( x2  x1 ) 2  ( y2  y1 ) 2

Y2 B (X2,Y2) Remember…
Application
of
Y2-Y1 Phytagoras
Theorem
A
Y1
(X1,Y1) X2-X1

X1 X2
X

2
Example 1 :

Find the distance between points

P (2, 3) and Q ( 7, 6)

SOLUTION

3
SOLUTION:

2 2
d  (2  7)  (3  6)
2 2
d  (5)  (3)
d  25  9
d  34
4
Example 2 :

Find the possible values of k if the

distance between A(2,1) and
B(8,k) is 10 units.

SOLUTION

5
SOLUTION:

2 2
(8  2)  (k  1)  10
2 2
6  (k  1)  10
36  k 2  2k  1  100
2
k  2k  63  0
(k  9)( k  7)  0
k  9 or k  7 6
Example 3 :

Find the perimeter of the triangle

ABC ,given the coordinates of
A(2,3) ,B(6,6) and C(0,-2).Give
your answer to 3 decimal places.

SOLUTION

7
SOLUTION: AB  (6  2) 2  (6  3) 2
 25
A
 5 units
BC  (6  0) 2  (6  (2)) 2
 100 B C

 10 units
AC  (2  0) 2  (3  (2)) 2
 29
 5.385 units
Perimeter ABC  5  10  5.385
 20.385 units 8
DIVISION OF A LINE SEGMENT
Midpoint of two Given Points

The midpoint of a line segment is the middle

point that divides two points into two equal
halves.

9
Midpoint of two Given Points
Y A( x1 , y1 )

=
M

=
B ( x2 , y 2 )
X

Given that points A( x1 , y1 ) and B( x2 , y2 )

in a Cartesian plane.The
midpoint of AB is
 x1  x2 y1  y2 
M  , 
 2 2 
10
Example 4 :

Find the midpoint of points P(-1,-5)

and Q(3,1).

SOLUTION

11
SOLUTION:

 1 3  5 1 
The midpo int of PQ   , 
 2 2 
 (1,2)

12
Example 5 :

M(-2,3) is the midpoint of the line

segment joining points A and B.If
the coordinates of A are (4,5), find
the coordinates of B.

SOLUTION

13
SOLUTION:

Let the coordinates of B be (h,k) .

 4 h 5 k 
(2,3)   , 
 2 2 
4h 5 k
 2 and 3
2 2
4  h  4 and 5  k  6
h  8 and k  1
 B (8,1) 14
Example 6 :

If A(4,0), B(p,-2), C(-2,2) and

D(5,r) are the vertices of a
parallelogram ABCD, find the
midpoints of AC and BD.Hence,
calculate the values of p and r.
SOLUTION

15
SOLUTION:

42 02
m AC  , 
 2 2 
m AC  1,1
 p5 2r 
mBD   , 
 2 2 
p5 2r
1 and 1
2 2
p5  2 and 2r  2
p  3 and r4
16
Point that divides a Line Segment
According to a Given Ratio m : n.
Y
m A( x1 , y1 )

R(x,y)
n

B ( x2 , y 2 )
X

Given that points A and B on Cartesian plane.R(x, y) is a

point on the line AB which divides PQ in the ratio of m : n.

 nx1  mx2 ny1  my2 

Coordinate s R   , 
 mn mn 
17
Example 7 :

Find the coordinates of point T

which divides points S(-1,3) and
U(3,1) internally in the ratio of 2:1.

SOLUTION

18
SOLUTION:

 2(3)  1(1) 2(1)  1(3) 

T  , 
 2 1 2 1 
5 5
T  , 
3 3

19
Example 8 :

The coordinates of points P and Q

are (-3,1) and (7,-4) respectively.R
divides PQ in the ratio 2:3.find the
coordinates of R.

SOLUTION

20
  2(7)  3(3) 2(4)  3(1) 
R , 
 3 2 3 2 
R  1,1

21
Example 9 :

If point R(t,2) divides the straight

line joining points P(-1,-2) and
Q(4,3) in the ratio of m:n, find the
value of
(a) m: n
(b) t
SOLUTION

22
(a )U sin g formula ,
 m(4)  n(1) m(3)  n(2) 
 ,   (t ,2)
 mn mn 
3m  2n
2
mn
m  4n
m 4

n 1
 m : n  4 :1

4m  n
(b) t
mn
4(4)  1
t
4 1
t 3 23
Example
10 :
Given point Q(0,2) divides points
P(h,k) and R(6,8) in the ratio
PQ:QR =2:3.Find the values of h
and k.

SOLUTION

24
SOLUTION:

 2(6)  3h 2(8)  3k 
 ,   (0,2)
 23 23 
 12  3h 16  3k 
 ,   (0,2)
 5 5 
12  3h 16  3k
 0 and 2
5 5
h  4 and k  2
25
AREA OF POLYGON
Area Of a Triangle
Y A( x1 , y1 )
B ( x2 , y 2 )

C ( x3 , y3 )
X

1 x1 x2 x3 x1
Area of  ABC 
2 y1 y2 y3 y1
1
Area of ABC  ( x1 y2  x2 y3  x3 y1 )  ( x2 y1  x3 y2  x1 y3 )
2
26
 AREA OF POLYGON
Area Of a Quadrilateral(extend the triangle formula)
Y B ( x2 , y 2 )
A( x1 , y1 )

C ( x3 , y3 )

D ( x4 , y 4 ) X

1 x1 x2 x3 x4 x1
Area of ABCD 
2 y1 y2 y3 y4 y1
1
Area of ABCD  ( x1 y2  x2 y3  x3 y4  x4 y1 )  ( x2 y1  x3 y2  x4 y3  x1 y4 )
2
27
If Area of Polygon is ZERO
A=0

Points Are
COLLINEAR

collinear points - three or more

points that lie in a straight line 28
Example
11 :

Find the area of triangle PQR with

vertices P(0,4), Q(2,0) and R(4,6).

SOLUTION

29
SOLUTION:

10 2 4 0
Area of PQR 
24 0 6 4
1
 (0  12  16)  (8  0  0)
2
1
 28  8
2
 10 unit 2 .

30
Example
12 :

Find the area of quadrilateral

ABCD with vertices A(-1,3), B(3,-1),
C(4,2), D(2,5).

SOLUTION

31
SOLUTION:

1 2 4 3 1 2
Area of ABCD 
2 5 2 1 3 5
1
 ( 4  4  9  5)  (20  6  1  6)
2
1
 4  33
2
1
 (29)
2
 14.5 unit 2
32
Example
13 :

Given that the area of triangle ABC

with vertices A(-1,2), B(k,4) and
C(2,-4) is 15 unit2, find the possible
values of k.

33
SOLUTION: 1 1 k 2 1
Area of ABC 
22 4 4 2
1
15  (4  4k  4)  (2k  8  4)
2
1
15   4k   (2k  12)
2
1
15   6k  12
2
1
 15   6k  12 
2
15  3k  6 or  15  3k  6
k  7 or  3
34
Example
14 :

Given that points A(-4,6), B (t,10)

and C(3t,14) are collinear, find the
value of t.

SOLUTION

35
SOLUTION:

Collinear , Area ABC  0

1  4 t 3t  4
Area of ABC 
2 6 10 14 6
1
 (40  14t  18t )  (6t  30t  56)
2
1
 16  4t
2
0  8  2t
t4
36
Example
15 :
Trial Sabah 2008
Given that the points K(2,1),
L(-2,5h-1), and M(-2h,4) lie on a
straight line, find the possible
values of h.

SOLUTION

37
SOLUTIO 1 2  2  2h 2
A
N 2 1 5h  1 4 1
1
A  [(10h  2)  (8)  (2h)]  [2  (10h 2  2h)  8
2
1
A  6h  16  10h 2
2
1
6h  16  10h 2  0
2
10h 2  6h  16  0
5h 2  3h  8  0
(5h  8)( h  1)  0
8
h   or h  1
5 38
EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE
Y

Y-Intercept : y-coordinate of the point

of intersection of the line with the y-axis.

X-Intercept :x-coordinate of the point of

intersection of the line with the x-axis

39
Gradient of the straight line:

When passes through two points:

Using the x-intercept and y-intercept:

40
Gradient of the straight line:
Y

Y2 B (X2,Y2)

Y2-Y1

A
Y1
X2-X1
(X1,Y1)

X X X
1 2

y2  y1
m AB 
x2  x1
41
Gradient of the straight line:
Y

X
a
y  int ercept
m AB 
x  int ercept
b
m AB 
a 42
 Gradient Form Intercept Form
y  mx  c or
x y
( y  y1 )  m( x  x1 )  1
a b
a=x-intercept
m=gradient, c=y-intercept
b=y-intercept

EQUATION OF A
STRAIGHT LINE

General Form
ax  by  c  0
a,b and c are constant 43
Point Of Intersection of Two Lines

The point of intersection of two

straight lines is found by solving
two simultaneous equations in
two variables . Line 2

Line 1
Point of
Intersection 44
Example
16 :

Find the gradient of a straight line

that passes through points P(2,5)
and Q(4,9).

45
 95
m
42
m2 n ext
.let se e
h ?…
y h u
Eas

46
Example
17 :

Given that the gradient of a straight

line passes through points A(3,k)
and B(-3,2) is  4 , find the value
3
of k.

47
 4 k 2
 
3 3  (3)
4 k 2
 
3 6
3k  6  24
k  6
48
Example
18 :

Find the equation of a straight line

which passes through points (5,6)
and (4,2).

49
 62
m
54
m4
y  mx  c,
6  4(5)  c or 2  4( 4)  c
c  14
 y  4 x  14
50
Example
19 :
x y
Given the straight line  1
4 b
Find its gradient in terms of b.

51
 b
m
4

52
Example
20 :

Given the straight line 3x  5 y  30  0

intersects the x-axis at point N.
By writing the equation in the
intercept form, find the coordinates
of N.

53
3 x  5 y  30
3x  5 y
1
30
x y
 1
10  6
 N (10,0)
54
Example
21 : Y

A D
3 F 1
y x 1
4
C
B
0 4 X

The diagram above shows a straight line AB

intersects another straight line CD, at point
F.Given that the equation of the straight line
1
CD is y  4 x  1 , find
(a)The equation of the straight line AB,
55
(b)The coordinates of point F.
(a) Equation AB
x y
 1
4 3

x y
(b)  1
4 3
3
y   x3
4
1
y  x 1
4
simul tan eous equation
3
F (2, )
2 56
PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES
Parallel Lines

m1

m2

Two lines with gradient m1 and

m2 are parallel if and only if
m1=m2
57
Given A, B and C are points on a
straight line

If A, B, C are collinear ,then

AB and BC have equal
gradients

A B C
58
Example
22 :

Given points P(-4,8), Q(-1,5) ,R(-7,5)

and S(-1,-1), determine whether PQ
and RS are parallel lines.

59
SOLUTION:

85
Gradient PQ, mPQ 
 4  (1)
mPQ  1

60
Example
23 :

Find the equation of a straight line that

passes through point (2,3) and is parallel to
the straight line 2 y  6 x  9

61
SOLUTION:

2 y  6x  9
9
y  3x 
2
Gradient , m  3
y  y1  m( x  x1 )
y  3  3( x  2)
y  3x  3
62
Example 24
:
Find the equation of a straight line that passes
through point (-4,1) and is parallel to the
straight line joining points (1,8) and (-3,-2)

63
SOLUTION:

(8  (2))
gradient , m 
(1  (3))
10 5
gradient , m  
4 2
5
y  1  ( x  4)
2
5
y  x  10  1
2
5
y  x  11
2
64
Example 25
:
Given the points P(-2,t) and Q(4,7).If PQ is
parallel to the straight line 3 y  4 x  1  0
find the value of t.

65
SOLUTION:

3 y  4x 1
4 1
y  x
3 3
4
m
3
7t 4
gradient , m  
42 3
4
7  t  ( 6)
3
7t  8
66
t  1
PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES
Perpendicular Lines

m1 m1m2  1

m2
Two lines with gradient m1 and
m2 are perpendicular if and only
if m1m2=-1
67
Example 26
:
Find the equation of the straight line that
passes through point (1,-5) and is
perpendicular to the straight line 3 y  2 x  4

68
SOLUTION: 3y  2x  4
3 y  2x  4
2 4
y  x
3 3
2
 m1 
3
3
m2  
2
3
y  (5)   ( x  1)
2
3 3
y5   x
2 2
3 7
y  x
2 2 69
Example 27
:
Find the equation of the straight line that
passes through point (4,-5) and is
perpendicular to the straight line that joins
points (2,-5) and (6,1).

70
SOLUTION:
 5 1
m1 
26
3
m1 
2
2
 m2  
3
2
y  (5)   ( x  4)
3
2 8
y5   x
3 3
2 7
y  x
3 3
71
Example 28
:
The coordinates of A and B are (2,3) and (6,-1)
respectively.Find
(a)The middle point of AB
(b)The equation of the perpendicular bisector of
AB.

72
SOLUTION:

 2  6 3 1 
(a)midpo int AB   , 
 2 2 
 4,1

1 3
(b) m AB 
62
4

4
 1
 m2  1
Equation passes through midpo int (4,1)
y  1  1( x  4)
y  x 3 73
Example 29
:
KEDAH TRIAL SPM
2008
The straight line x+py=q passes through the
point (1, 2) and is perpendicular to the line
2x-y+7=0. Find the value of p and of q.

74
SOLUTION: x q
y 
p p
1
m2    (1)
p
Subst . po int(1,2) :
2 p  1  q  (2)
2x  y  7  0
y  2x  7
m1  2
1 1
 
p 2
p  2.
2(2)  1  q
75
q5
EQUATION OF LOCUS

Application of
LOCUS DISTANCE
( x2  x1 ) 2  ( y2  y1 ) 2

76
Locus Of A Moving Point That Its Distance From A Fixed Point
Is A Constant.
P(x,y)
Dis tan P(x,y)
If point ce OP  Dis tan ce OA
is moving
with a constant distance 5 A
unit from 2
( x  3)  ( y  4) O  5
a fixed point 2
5
(3,4) , equation of the locus 5
2 2
( x  3)  ( y  4) the 25
can be formed using O Fixed point
formula
2
of distance
2 0(3,4)
x  6 x  9  y  8 y  16  25
x 2  y 2  6 x  8 y  25  25
 Equation of locus P,
2 2
x  y  6x  8 y  0

77
Locus Of A Point That Its Distance From Two Fixed Points Is At
A Constant Ratio

Let P

PA:PB

= =
=
B
=

PA always have same

distance with PB
A

78
 Example 30
:
Find the equation of the locus of a moving point
P which is always 5 cm from a fixed point A(1,3)

79
SOLUTION:

Let P ( x, y ),
DPA  5
2 2
( x  1)  ( y  3)  25
2 2
x  2 x  1  y  6 y  9  25
2 2
x  y  2 x  6 y  15  0

80
 Example 31
:
A point P moves such that its distance from a
fixed point A(2,1) is 3 units.Find the equation of
the locus of P.

81
SOLUTION:

Let P( x, y ),
DPA  3
2 2
( x  2)  ( y  1)  3
2 2
x  4x  4  y  2 y 1  9
2 2
x  y  4x  2 y  4  0

82
Example 32
:
Given a moving point P that is always
equidistant from fixed point s A(2,3) and
B(-1,5).Find the equation of the locus of P.

83
 SOLUTION:

DPA  DPB
( x  2) 2  ( y  3) 2  ( x  1) 2  ( y  5) 2
2 2 2 2
x  4 x  4  y  6 y  9  x  2 x  1  y  10 y  25
 6 x  4 y  13  0

84
Example 33
:

Trial Johor 2008 (P1)

The point A is (4,-3) and the point B is

(1,-2) .The point P moves such that
PA:PB =3:2.Find the equation of the locus of P.

85
SOLUTION:

PA 3

PB 2
2 PA  3PB
2 ( x  4) 2  ( y  3) 2  3 ( x  1) 2  ( y  2) 2
 
4 x 2  8 x  16  y 2  6 y  9  9[ x 2  2 x  1  y 2  4 y  4]
4x 2
y 2
 8 x  6 y  25  9[ x 2 2
 y  2 x  4 y  5]
 5 x 2  5 y 2  14 x  12 y  55  0
5 x 2  5 y 2  14 x  12 y  55  0
86
 Example 34
:

A point P(x,y) moves such that PA=2PB, where

A is (0,9) and B is ( 0,-3).
(a)Show that the equation of the locus of P is
2 2
x  y  14 y  15
(b)If the point Q(0,h) lies on the locus of P, find
the possible values of h.

87
SOLUTION:

(a) ( x  0) 2  ( y  9) 2  2 ( x  0) 2  ( y  3) 2

x 2  y 2  18 y  81  4 x 2  y 2  6 y  9 
x 2  y 2  18 y  81  4 x 2  4 y 2  24 y  36
 3 x 2  3 y 2  42 y  45  0
x 2  y 2  14 y  15

(b) h 2  14h  15
h 2  14h  15  0
(h  15)( h  1)  0
88
h  15, h  1
 Example 35
:

A point P moves so that its distance from the

origin is half times its distance from the point
A(2,0) .
2 2
(a)Show that 3 x  3 y  4 x  4  0 is the equation
of the locus P.
(b)Find the point of intersection of the locus of
P and the x-axis.
89
 1
SOLUTION: (a ) x 2  y 2  ( x  2) 2  y 2
2
22 ( x 2  y 2 )  x 2  4 x  4  y 2
4x2  4 y 2  x2  4x  4  y 2
3x 2  3 y 2  4 x  4  0

(b) y  0,
3x 2  4 x  4  0
(3 x  2)( x  2)  0
2
x , x  2
3
Po int of int er sec tion are
2
( ,0) and (2,0)
3
90