Linear Graph Sec 1

LEVEL 9 WEEK 15
TOPIC: Linear Graphs

If I Can’t then I Must
Level 9 Linear Graphs
Essential Notes
Rene Descartes (1595 − 1650) “I think therefore I am”
Rene Descartes was a famous French mathematician, scientist and philosopher. When he was
a child, he was often sick, so the teachers at his boarding school let him stay in bed until
noon.
One day, Descartes noticed a fly crawling around on the ceiling. He wanted to know how tell
someone else exactly where the fly was. He realised he could describe the position of the fly
by its distance from the walls in his room. With that discovery, he invented the Cartesian
Coordinate System.
The system employs the use of two axes, a horizontal 𝑥𝑥-axis and a vertical 𝑦𝑦-axis. The two
axes intersect at right angle at a point called the origin.
Maths Vocabulary
 Origin: the point of intersection between the 𝑥𝑥- and 𝑦𝑦-axis, with the coordinates (0, 0)
 Point of intersection: the point where two lines, or two axes, meet
 Function: the relationship between two variables 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦, such that every input, 𝑥𝑥,
produces only one output, 𝑦𝑦
1.1 Cartesian coordinates
𝐴𝐴 (4, −2)
Each point on the graph is represented by a pair of coordinates (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦). In the graph above,
point 𝐴𝐴 has coordinates (4, −2). The 𝑥𝑥-coordinate of 𝐴𝐴 is 4 and the 𝑦𝑦-coordinate is −2.
L9 / S1 / W15 © Adam Khoo Learning Centre Pte Ltd. All rights reserved. Page | 1
1.2 Reading the Cartesian Coordinate Plane
The graph below shows four points, 𝐴𝐴, 𝐵𝐵, 𝐶𝐶 and 𝐷𝐷 whose positions are plotted on the
coordinate plane.
(a) Note point 𝐴𝐴, we will read the 𝑥𝑥-value as 2 and its 𝑦𝑦-value as 3, then write its position
as (2, 3).
(b) Note point 𝐵𝐵, we will read the 𝑥𝑥-value as ______ and its 𝑦𝑦-value as ______ , then write its
position as __________.
(c) Note point 𝐶𝐶, we will read the 𝑥𝑥-value as ______ and its 𝑦𝑦-value as ______ , then write its
(d) Note point 𝐷𝐷, we will read the 𝑥𝑥-value as ______ and its 𝑦𝑦-value as ______ , then write its
(e) Label the four quadrants of the coordinate plane in the graph below.
Quadrant ______ Quadrant ______
Quadrant ______ Quadrant ______
Example 1
Label the following points on the given graph paper below. Find out the animal behind the
points.
(−8, 0), (−7, 1), (−6, 1.6), (−5, 2), (−4, 2.2), (−2.4, 2), (−1, 1), (0, 0)
(1, −1), (2, −2), (4, −3), (4, 0), (−8, 0), (−7, −1), (−6, −1.6), (−5, −2)
(−4, −2.2), (−2.4, −2), (−1, −1), (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2), (4, 3), (4, 0)
Example 2
Label the points on the rabbit’s head.
1.3 Gradient of a straight line
(a) The equation of a straight line is 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 + 𝑐𝑐, where 𝑚𝑚 is the gradient of the line and 𝑐𝑐
is the 𝑦𝑦-intercept (point where the line cuts the 𝑦𝑦-axis).
When the gradient, 𝑚𝑚, is positive, the line slopes upwards from left to right.
When the gradient, 𝑚𝑚, is positive, the line slopes upwards from left to right.
(b) The steepness of a line is determined by the absolute value of its gradient, 𝑚𝑚. The
greater the absolute value of 𝑚𝑚, the steeper the line will be.
The gradient of any line can be found by calculating
vertical distance 𝑦𝑦2 − 𝑦𝑦1

=
horizontal distance 𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑥1
We can use any two points on the line to find the gradient.
3−(−2)
Gradient =
4−(−3)
5
=
7
(c) Special cases:
Parallel lines have equal gradients
The gradient of a horizontal line is 0
The gradient of a vertical line is undefined
Example 3
(a) Draw the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 − 4, for values of 𝑥𝑥 from − 3 to 6.
(b) Does the point 𝐴𝐴(1, 4) lie on the graph?
(c) Calculate the gradient of the graph.
vertical distance
Gradient of a line =
horizontal distance
Example 4
The volume 𝑉𝑉cm3 of a cube of melting ice at time 𝑡𝑡 minutes is given by
𝑉𝑉 = 12 − 2𝑡𝑡 for 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 6
(a) Draw the graph of 𝑉𝑉 = 12 − 2𝑡𝑡 for 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 6.
(b) Calculate the gradient of the graph.
(c) What is the physical meaning of the gradient in this case?
Basic
1. Use the graph below to solve the following questions:

(a) Write down the coordinates of points 𝐴𝐴, 𝐵𝐵 and 𝐶𝐶.
(b) Find the area of triangle 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴.
2. Complete the following table for the function 2𝑦𝑦 = 4𝑥𝑥 − 3, and use it to solve the
following questions:
(a) Draw the graph of the function.

(b) Hence, or otherwise, determine the gradient of the function.
3. Complete the following table for the function 𝑦𝑦 = −3𝑥𝑥 − 1, and use it to solve the
following questions.
𝑥𝑥 −2 0 2
𝑦𝑦 = −3𝑥𝑥−1
(a) Draw the graph of the function.

(b) Hence, or otherwise, determine the gradient of the function.
Intermediate
1. State the equations of the following graphs:

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
5. Solve the following questions, given that US$1 = S$1.46.

(a) If US$𝑥𝑥 = S$𝑦𝑦, write down the equation connecting 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦.
(b) Complete the following table.
𝑥𝑥 (US$) 0
𝑦𝑦 (S$) 7.3
(c) Plot a straight line graph for the equation.
Advanced
1. The line 2(𝑦𝑦 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ) = 6 passes through the point (2.5, 8)

(a) Find the value of 𝑎𝑎.
(b) Find the coordinates of the point where this line cuts the 𝑦𝑦-axis.
2. The cost, $𝐶𝐶, of renting a car for 𝑥𝑥 days, is given by the equation 𝐶𝐶 = 45𝑥𝑥 + 20.
(a) Plot the graph of 𝐶𝐶 = 45𝑥𝑥 + 20 for 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 10 on a sheet on graph paper.
(b) Using the graph, explain why there is a $20 fixed charge on all rental cars.
(c) Find the cost of renting a car for 8 days.

Linear Graph Sec 1

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LEVEL 9 WEEK 15

TOPIC: Linear Graphs

Rene Descartes (1595 − 1650) “I think therefore I am”

1.1 Cartesian coordinates

1.2 Reading the Cartesian Coordinate Plane

Quadrant Quadrant

Quadrant Quadrant

1.3 Gradient of a straight line

The gradient of any line can be found by calculating

vertical distance 𝑦𝑦2 − 𝑦𝑦1

(c) Special cases:

Parallel lines have equal gradients

The gradient of a horizontal line is 0

The gradient of a vertical line is undefined

1. Use the graph below to solve the following questions:

(a) Draw the graph of the function.

(a) Draw the graph of the function.

1. State the equations of the following graphs:

5. Solve the following questions, given that US$1 = S$1.46.

(b) Complete the following table.

(c) Plot a straight line graph for the equation.

1. The line 2(𝑦𝑦 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ) = 6 passes through the point (2.5, 8)

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