Unit 4: Coordinate

Geometry
Lesson 3: Gradient
Teacher: Mr. Lee
 February Overview – 9E.1

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 Unit 4: Coordinate Geometry

 Chapter 9
 Distance between 2 points
 Midpoints
 Gradient
 Parallel and Perpendicular
 Equation of a line
 Perpendicular Bisectors
 Midpoint
 Midpoint:
 The point (X, Y) that is located midway between points A
and B of a certain line
 Midpoint

 Consider the points A (-1, -2) and B (6, 4).

Where is the midpoint?

M (2.5, 1)

Is there a simple
calculation to find the
Midpoint?
 Midpoint Formula

 If
A (x1, y1) and B (x2, y2) are two points, then the
midpoint of [AB] has coordinates

𝑀=
2(
𝑥 1+𝑥 2 𝑦 1+ 𝑦 2
,
2 )
 Midpoint Example

 Find the midpoint of [AB] given A (-1, 3) and B (4, 7)

𝐴=(−1,3) 𝑥 1+𝑥 2 𝑦 1 +𝑦 2
𝑥𝑚 = 𝑦𝑚=
𝐴=(𝑥 1 , 𝑦 1) 2
2
𝑥𝑚 =
(−1)+4 3+7
𝐵=(4,7) 2 𝑦𝑚=
2
3 The Midpoint of [AB] is
𝐵=(𝑥2 , 𝑦 2 ) 𝑥𝑚 = 2 𝑦 𝑚 =5 (1.5, 5)
 Midpoint (part 2)

 M is the midpoint of [AB]. A is (1, 3) and M is (4, -2). Find

the coordinates of B.
 B has coordinates (x, y)

𝑥 1+𝑥 2 𝑦 1 +𝑦 2
𝑥𝑚 = 𝑦𝑚=
1+ 𝑥2 3+2 𝑦 2
2
4= −2=
2 2
8=1+𝑥2 − 4=3+ 𝑦 2
B has coordinates
𝑥2 =7 𝑦 2 =−7 (7, -7)
 Goals for Today

 Gradient
 Gradient
 Gradient:
 Also known as “slope”
 Measures the steepness of the line

Least Steep Most Steep

 Gradient
 Gradient:
 Measures the “steepness”
 Calculated by dividing the vertical step by the horizontal
step
𝑦− 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒=
𝑥− 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝

Positive slope Negative slope

 Finding Gradient from a Graph

 Only use definitive points to secure the y-step (rise) and

the x-step (run)
 Finding Gradient from a Graph

3 −2 𝑑=𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
𝑎= 𝑏= 𝑐=0
2 5
 *All horizontal lines have a slope of 0
 *All vertical lines have a slope of undefined
 Drawing Gradients

 Instructions:
 Draw a line with gradient -2/3 , through the point (2, 4)
 Plot (2, 4)
Y-step
 Slope:
−2
3
X-step
 Plot new point

 Draw your line

 Drawing Gradients

 Instructions:
 Draw lines through (-1, 2) with gradients 0, -2/5, -2, and -5
 Plot (1, -2)
Y-step

 Slope: 0
1 X-step

Y-step
−2
5 X-step
 Your turn!

 Find the gradient of each line:

 The Gradient Formula

 The simplified formula in finding the gradient is:

𝑦− 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒=
𝑥− 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝

𝑦2− 𝑦1
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒=
𝑥 2 − 𝑥1
 Finding Gradient Example
 Find the gradient of the line through (3, -2) and (6, 4)

(3 , −2)=(𝑥1 , 𝑦 1) 𝑦2− 𝑦1
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒=
𝑥 2 − 𝑥1
(6 , 4 )=(𝑥 2 , 𝑦 2 ) 4 −(−2)
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒=
6−3
6
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒=
3
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒=2
 Finding Gradient Example
 Find the gradient of the line through (-2, -3) and (5, 1)
 Plot the line to support your answer

𝑦2 − 𝑦1
(−2 , −3)=(𝑥1 , 𝑦 1 ) 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒=
𝑥 2 − 𝑥1
(5 , 1)=(𝑥 2 , 𝑦 2) 1 −(−3)
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒=
5 −(− 2)

4
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒=
7
 Finding a point from gradient Example

 Find t given that the line segment joining (5, -2) and (9, t)
has gradient 2/3

𝑦2− 𝑦1
(5,−2)=(𝑥 1 , 𝑦 1) 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒= 4 ⋅2=3⋅(𝑡+2)
𝑥 2 − 𝑥1
(9,𝑡)=(𝑥 2 , 𝑦 2 ) 2 𝑡 −(− 2)
=
8=3 𝑡+6
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒=
2 3 9 −5 2=3 𝑡
3 2 𝑡 +2 2
= 𝑡=
3 4 3
 Finding a point from gradient Example

 Find t given that the line segment joining (-1, t) and (5, -3)
has gradient 4/3

𝑦2− 𝑦1
(−1,𝑡)=(𝑥 1 , 𝑦 1) 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒= 6⋅ 4=3⋅(−3−𝑡)
𝑥 2 − 𝑥1
(5,−3)=(𝑥2 , 𝑦 2 ) 4 − 3− 𝑡 24=−9−3𝑡
=
3 5 −(−1) 33=−3𝑡
4 4 − 3 −𝑡
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒=
3 3
=
6 𝑡=−11
 Combining everything so far…

 Consider the points A (-3, 1), B (1, 4) and C (4, 0)

𝐴𝐵=𝐵𝐶=5𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
 Show the triangle is right-angled and isosceles

 Find the midpoint of [AC] 1 1

𝑀=( , )
 Determine the gradients of all 3 sides
2 2
3 4 1
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝 𝑒 𝐴𝐵= 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝 𝑒𝐵𝐶 =− 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝 𝑒 𝐴𝐶 =−
4 3 7
 Homework!
 Exercise 9C.1
 #1, 3-5

 Exercise 9C.2
 #2-3 (every other
letter)