HYPERNATREMIA Hyperkalemia HYPERKALEMIA Causes of

Increased Serum K+
"You Are Fried"
F - Fever (low), flushed skin
R - Restless (irritable)
I - Increased fluid retention &
increased BP
E - Edema (peripheral and pitting)
Signs & Symptoms Increased
Serum K+
MURDER
M - Muscle weakness
U - Urine, oliguria, anuria
R- Respiratory distress
“Machine"
M - Medications - ACE inhibitors,
NSAIDS
A - Acidosis - Metabolic and respiratory
C - Cellular destruction - Burns,
traumatic injury

D - Decreased urinary output, dry D - Decreased cardiac H – Hypoaldosteronism/

mouth contractility hemolysis
E - ECG changes I - Intake - Excessive
Can also use this one: R - Reflexes, hyperreflexia, N - Nephrons, renal failure
SALT or areflexia (flaccid) E - Excretion - Impaired
S = Skin flushed
A = Agitation
L = Low-grade fever
T = Thirst
HYPOCALCEMIA Sx’s minor bleeding: . "HOOK" for serum sickness:
“CATS” BEEP each letter stands for a key sign
or symptom of serum sickness.
C - Convulsions B: Bleeding gums
A- Arrhythmias E: Ecchymoses (bruises) F: Fever
T - Tetany E: Epistaxis (nosebleed) A: Arthralgias
S - Spasms and stridor P: Petechiae (tiny purplish R: Rash
spots) M: Malaise

Cancer Assessment ABG's: Respiratory depression

CAUTION inducing drugs
ROME "STOP breathing":
C: Change in bowel/ bladder Sedatives and hypnotics
habits Respiratory Opposite Trimethoprim
A: A sore that doesn’t heal Metabolic Equal Opiates
U: Unusual bleeding or discharge Polymyxins
T: Thickening or lump
I: Indigestion or difficulty
swallowing
O: Obvious changes in a wart or
mole
N: Nagging cough or hoarseness.
 COPD: Croup: symptoms Neonatal resuscitation:
blue bloater vs. pink puffer diseases 3 S's: successive steps
"Do What Pediatricians Say To, Or
emPhysema has letter P (and not Stridor Be Inviting Costly Malpractice"
B) so Pink Puffer. Subglottic swelling
chronic Bronchitis has letter B Seal-bark cough Drying
(and not P) so Blue Bloater. Warming
Positioning
Suctioning
Tactile stimulation
Oxygen
Bagging
Intubate endotracheally
Chest compressions
Medications

Asthma acute attack: Pneumonia: risk factors Asthma: management of acute

5 life threatening signs SHOCK: INSPIRATION: severe
Immunosuppression “O-SHIT”
Silent chest Neoplasia
Hypotension Secretion retention O- oxygen (high dose: >60%)
One third of best/predicted PFR Pulmonary oedema S- salbutamol (5mg via oxygen-driven
Cyanosis Impaired alveolar nebuliser)

Konfusion macrophages H- Hydrocortisone (or prednisolone)

RTI (prior) I - Ipratropium bromide (if life
threatening)
Antibiotics & cytotoxics T- theophylline (or preferably
Tracheal instrumentation aminophylline-if life threatening
IV dug abuse
Other (general debility,
immobility)
Neurologic impairment of
cough reflex, (eg NMJ
disorders)
RDS -Respiratory distress syndrome in Lung cancer: main sites for distant Pneumothorax: sx
infants: major risk factors PCD metastases BLAB: P-THORAX:
(Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia, a Bone
cause of Respiratory distress Liver Pleuretic pain
syndrome): Adrenals Trachea deviation
Prematurity Brain Hyperresonance
Cesarean section Onset sudden
Diabetic mother Reduced breath sounds (&
dypsnea)
Absent fremitus
X-ray shows collapse
Bronchi: which one is more
vertical
"Inhale a bite, goes down the
right"
Inhaled objects more likely to
lodge in right bronchus, since it is
the one that is more vertical.
Beta-1 vs Beta-2 receptor
location
"You have 1 heart and 2
lungs":
Beta-1 are therefore primarily
on heart.
Beta-2 primarily on lungs.
Wheezing: causes ASTHMA:
Asthma
Small airways disease
Tracheal obstruction
Heart failure
Mastocytosis or carcinoid
Anaphylaxis or allergy

Shortness of breath: short Respiratory co anaesthesia: Dyspnea: differential

differential AAAA PPPP: patients at risk COUPLES: 3A's: Three Airways: Airway
obstruction, Anaphylaxis, Asthma
Airway obstruction COPD 3P's: Three Pulmonary's:
Angina Obese Pneumothorax, PE, Pulmonary edema
Anxiety Upper abdominal surgery 3C's: Three Cardiacs: Cardiogenic
Asthma Prolonged bed rest pulmonary edema, Cardiac ischemia,
Pneumonia Long surgery Cardiac tamponade
3M's: Three Metabolics: (DOC) DKA,
Pneumothorax Elderly Organophosphates, Carbon monoxide
Pulmonary Edema Smokers poisoning
Pulmonary Embolus
TB: antibiotics used Ascultation: crackles (rales) treat viral respiratory
drugs to
STRIPE: "PEBbles": infections "You'd get a respiratory
infection if you shoot an ARO (arrow)
STreptomycin Pneumonia laced with viruses into the lungs":
Rifampicin Edema of lung ARO:
Isoniazid Bronchiti Amantadine
Pyrizinamide Rimantadine
Ethambutol Oseltamivir

Pulmonary edema: tx Kubler-Ross dying process:

MAD DOG stages
"Death Always Brings Great
Morphine Acceptance":
Aminophylline
Digitalis Denial
Diuretics Anger
Oxygen Bargaining
GGases in blood (ABG's) Grieving
Acceptance