Professional Documents
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About the book:
this book is intended for a general audience interested in
science, physics, or unification physics. It is intended to be
readable and enjoyable. The author frequently makes fun of
science, physics, and himself – so please read with an open
mind!
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Contents:
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Chapter One – Background
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It’s unfortunate. I believe an integration of the two models, an
electro-dynamic-elastic-space model, would be the minimal
sufficient model to explain e.p.s, their interactions, nuclei,
atoms, and molecules – in other words, all matter in the
universe. From my calculations, space is not that elastic;
perhaps their master equations can incorporate elasticity
without much ado. The reason we need elasticity is to explain
the origins of curved space-time, gravitation, and the strong
force between nuclei. From my view, they’re all the same
thing.
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Chapter Two – Convention’s Approach
But let’s get this straight right now, I’m not some glory seeker
or egomaniac. My core equation may be more important than E
= mc2, but I don’t deserve the Nobel Prize. That goes to the guy
or girl who validates the model with a decisive test. That goes
to the person who develops the lattice of math required by
convention. I’m just the idea guy. ;)
Perhaps one of the readers of this book will get physics back on
the reality track (as opposed to the elaborate fantasy now
subscribed to by convention). Perhaps convention will be able
to see their current insanity for what it is and award that person
the Nobel Prize. Then again, maybe physics will be doomed to
delusion for eternity .. Let’s hope not.
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Chapter Three – A Decisive Test
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we find uncertainty in momentum is directly related to
uncertainty in force:
∆p ≈ 2∆Ft (2)
where F is the force imparted from MD3, t is the ‘interaction
time’ of an electron with MD3, and uncertainty in time is
negligible. Note that the force here induces an angular
acceleration (a turn) – not a linear acceleration – axial with the
beam. The only confounding factor is t, interaction time with
MD3: in the “small disturbance” setup – that time should be
smaller than in the “large disturbance” setup because there is
less magnetic flux over the same volume (the path of the
electron crosses less magnetic flux). So that factor will have to
be accounted for in (2).
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Chapter Four – The Core Equations
m/(μ0ε0) = ħωm
hν ≡ h/Tγ2
((ħ/2)/tP)X ≡ (h/tP)C
Y0lPX = Z0e2ωe
ωe ≡ 10.905ωm
X ≡ Δl/l = m/lPY0μ0ε0
= 2tPωm
The purpose of this book is to show they are not just equations
– that they have deep meaning about basic structures in our
universe. Anyone can scribble down a list of equations, but it
takes years of contemplation to truly understand the fabric of
space-time from scratch. What was my inspiration? In junior
high, a gym teacher mentioned to me that they thought
elementary particles were confined photons. They said they
could not prove it, but they were sure it was true. This planted a
seed in my mind – itching to explain and understand. After
years of paper research (at that time – no internet), I found one
man, published in Physics Essays, who seemed able to prove
auto-confinement. Of course, he is dismissed and ignored by
convention. Since then, I have given up trying to prove
elementary particles are trapped photons. But over the years, in
the process of trying to prove and understand, I have
discovered deeper and more fundamental concepts/relations.
Those are listed above.
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m/(μ0ε0) = ħωm
hν ≡ h/Tγ2
((ħ/2)/tP)X ≡ (h/tP)C
Y0lPX = Z0e2ωe
ωe ≡ 10.905ωm
X ≡ Δl/l = m/lPY0μ0ε0
= 2tPωm
I could ride the fence like convention and say there is nothing
inside Planck-spheres except energy, but if we think about it
very carefully – we are somewhat forced into a position of
proposing/accepting that there is structure inside. This is what I
have been avoiding for twenty-five years! :(
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m/(μ0ε0) = ħωm
hν ≡ h/Tγ2
((ħ/2)/tP)X ≡ (h/tP)C
Y0lPX = Z0e2ωe
ωe ≡ 10.905ωm
X ≡ Δl/l = m/lPY0μ0ε0
= 2tPωm
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m/(μ0ε0) = ħωm
hν ≡ h/Tγ2
((ħ/2)/tP)X ≡ (h/tP)C
Y0lPX = Z0e2ωe
ωe ≡ 10.905ωm
X ≡ Δl/l = m/lPY0μ0ε0
= 2tPωm
The fact we can look at energy (at least) eight different ways is
not a testament to human ingenuity and insight – it’s a
statement about the elegance of our universe. Our universe is a
beautiful and wonder-full place. Just look up on a clear night.
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Chapter Five – An Intuitive Description
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If e.p.s are torii within torii, imagine them as donuts within
donuts. The inner donut is very very thin and resides in the
center – inside the flux-outer donut. Inside the very very thin
inner donut – it has layers and layers. Now imagine them
spinning. But the spin rates are different. The inner donut lags
behind the outer donut. Its spin is impeded somehow.
What keeps e.p.s spinning? Inertia. What keeps the disk drive
inside your computer spinning? (other than the motor to
overcome friction and accelerate the disk initially) Inertia.
Inertia is the quality of matter that resists acceleration (whether
it be linear or angular). The deep question that ‘no one’ has
been able to answer: what causes inertia? No one is in quotes
because many have tried to answer that question – just no one
has succeeded to satisfy convention with their answer. Some
time ago, I explained inertia as the smeared extension. But if
we think about mass as confined temporal curvature, inertia is
simply the lack of energy to add or take away from the core.
Accelerating a mass adds relativistic energy to the core;
decelerating a mass takes away. A particle at rest has a fixed
minimum amount of energy in the core.
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What could be more elegant than that? Convention’s resistance
to positive change is like the inertia inside a baby – refusing to
grow up .. One of my theories of personality is about
‘emotional inertia’. When something makes us angry, really
angry, it takes time to cool down. When we love, truly love, it’s
usually for a long time. Our emotions have a kind of inertia. Of
course, I’ve watched my baby change from crying to laughing
in a blink of an eye, but adults rarely do this. I believe the
concept of inertia is important not just to physics and
engineering .. It could be said that the field of physics is all the
teachers, students, and researchers that care about physics.
Their collective belief system is important to the field. Their
resistance to change, their ‘philosophical inertia’, is important:
if a new idea is wrong, take time to confirm it – and reject it; if
a new idea is right, take time to confirm it – and accept it. The
central problem with accepting my ideas is not the lack of
math-lattice supporting them; it’s the fundamental
disagreement in approach. Convention has accepted the
random-wave model of matter. It uses reduction to break a
problem into parts – then tries to solve them separately.
Because of my training in systems, I have a holistic approach
to solving problems. Sometimes, problems are so complex, you
need the systems approach to solve them. In my book on
systems, I define complexity to be “the property of a system
with the following features: a generous frequency of distinct
types of components, a non-trivial arrangement of those
components – in order for the system to function nominally,
and some quantitative evidence of a system-wide synergy.”
Now strictly speaking, e.p.s are not complex structures, but
their behavior inside atoms and molecules suggests we need
the systems approach to understand them.
Boundary
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So, the system notion of boundary is the view that identifies the
system concerned: what is inside and out, what are major
components, what flows between, and what flows in and out.
Scope
Maintenance
Reliability
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Let’s move the discussion toward the human system.
Catastrophic failure would be where every single human being
would die. Admittedly, the probability of that is extremely low.
Extremely low but non-zero. Some would say the cost of that
event would be “infinity”. A number (no matter how low) times
infinity is still infinity. So, the relative cost is still “just too
high”. So, anything we spend on preventing that event – is
money well spent.
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In systems analysis, there are stable systems and there are
unstable systems. A famous image of wind shear causing
increasing oscillations, in this case twists, is recalled by many
of the public. The flexible bridge here is “the system” and the
constant wind shear – the input. The system under the force of
gravity (only) is stable. The system under gravity and wind
shear – unstable.
(Again, this chapter was taken from Humanity Thrive! The last
sentence above applies to that book.)
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Chapter Seven – The Website
What came first: the chicken or the egg? ;) The ‘inspiration’ for
this book was the following website. After making it, I realized
I would have to write this book. Before the website, I wrote
another book called Gravitation and Elementary Particles. Parts
of that are used in this but it’s largely mathematical and would
probably confuse most readers. Many details from the website
can be found above but it summarizes well ergo inclusion.
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Energy Distribution at Various Speeds
tem p curv
elec flux
spin
v=0
tem p curv
elec flux
spin
v = .25c
tem p curv
elec flux
spin
v = .5c
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tem p curv
elec flux
spin
v = .75c
tem p curv
elec flux
spin
v = .99c
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small space and you have a good candidate for the confinement
mechanism. Again, the issue here is not the why of ten
elementary particles. I believe that why can be answered when
we fully understand temporal curvature and appreciate the
impedance of space.
Addendum 1:
“The Universe in Fourteen Lines” ;)
ΔEΔt ≥ ħ/2; ΔpΔx ≥ ħ/2; ΔXΔt ≥ tP; ΔE > -c1Δx + c2; ΔX >
-c3Δx + c4
I was told years ago that “It’s useless to stare at equations for
hours at a time.”, but insights can be garnered by constructing
lists of identities such as above – “proving” things that perhaps
were only suspected before. Reading above in English: energy
is (the force in) the elasticity of space through Planck-length
causing an extension – which is – that same force through
Planck-time causing temporal curvature – which is – mass
times the speed of light squared – which is – Planck-energy
times frequency – which is – Planck-energy divided by period
– which is – Planck-energy times temporal curvature divided
by Planck-time – which is – the fundamental unit of angular
momentum times angular frequency – which is approximately
equal to the impedance of space times charge-moment times
angular frequency. c in line three is a scaling factor to keep
units correct (c is the speed of light). Gamma in line six is a
relativistic scaling factor. E, X, C, m, ν, T, and ω are all
relativistic quantities. Three fundamental identities were
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garnered in the process of constructing above – insights that I
suspected but could not easily prove:
mass is energy stored in temporal curvature – Y0(4πtP/c)C ≡ m,
energy through time is energy in curvature – EtP ≡ hC,
energy through time is spin causing extension – EtP ≡ (ħ/2)X,
and there is a kind of equivalence between the elasticity of
space and the impedance of space (a relation I’ve been looking
for – a long time) – Y0lPX ≈ Z0e2ω.
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where μ0 is the permeability of space, ε0 is the permittivity of
space, and Z0 ≡ √(μ0/ε0) ≈ 377 Ω.
m ≡ (h/tPc2)C
Y0lPX ≈ Z0e2ω
Energy in mass;
is: elastic force through distance causing extension;
is: energy over time causing temporal curvature;
is: spin energy over time causing extension;
is: spinning charge.
Curved space-time is mass is spinning charge; it’s all the
same energy – just different manifestations of it. Line two:
mass is energy over time causing temporal curvature; mass is
temporal curvature. Line three: there is a kind of equivalence
between the elasticity and impedance of space.
Addendum 2:
A Note About Approximation
Many will dismiss this theory for the simple reason I use an
approximation above between spin and charge energy. ..After
some contemplation, we could think of the difference (ratio)
between charge and mass energy (.091701) as lag in phase
(phase difference) between them. If we represent energy in
mass as cos2θ, the phase lag for charge energy is -1.26314.
Since mass is a standing wave of temporal curvature, we
cannot detect this phase lag directly – we can only calculate it.
This seems better than summoning a cloud of virtual particles
to explain charge deficit. Of course, the why of charge energy
phase lag still needs to be explained. ..Yet another way of
looking at charge deficit is with vectors (we assume a specific
geometry with this perspective): two electric vectors with equal
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magnitude of √Z0e lay in x-y plane. Their cross product is a
vector in the z-direction with magnitude Z0e2sinθ where θ is the
angle between electric vectors. Since sinθ = .091701, θ =
.09183 = 5.26149° (the angle is not unique: π-.09183 also
works). Again, if we adopt this approach, we need to explain
why. Finally, a third approach to explaining the factor 10.905 is
to propose a different spin rate for electric flux: if we let ωe =
10.905ωm, ħωm = Z0e2ωe. As with the others, if we adopt this
approach, we must explain why it’s preferable. I prefer the
simplest approach which requires the least number of
assumptions – one that jives with reality. For example, if the
final approach does not agree with measured magnetic
moment, we must throw it out.
Addendum 3:
A Tentative Complete Model
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Gravity can be visualized in the approach above. Even
exchange of virtual particles and space-time foam can be
visualized. But that does not validate them. It should be clear
why quantum electrodynamics / quantum field theory is
distasteful to me. You cannot question the math, but you can
question the assumptions and techniques. In the first place, it's
not a holistic approach. It wasn't invented to explain gravity or
unify forces. The over-dependency on virtual particles is the
second major issue. Take that away and what are you left with?
A lattice of arcane math with questionable applicability.
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Relation (8) will be dismissed because it was derived with
unconventional assumptions. But the associated insights are
profound and far reaching. If there's an equivalence between
spatial and temporal curvatures, gravity can be analyzed
exclusively as a distributed temporal distortion, energy can be
stored there, and this opens the door to a fully unified and
integrated model of space-time and elementary particles.
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Chapter Nine – Uncertainty, Part Two
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energy/extension is bounded below by linear functions of
uncertainty in 1/t. This highlights two things: uncertainty in
time directly ‘forces’ a lower bound on energy/extension – and
– the reciprocal nature between space and time. ‘Random
distortions in space’ provide a lower bound on uncertainty;
concurrently, ‘random distortions in time’ provide a lower
bound on uncertainty. No wonder the ‘space-time foamers’ feel
justified in their approach. (Actually, energy-time uncertainty is
not bounded by linear functions – UEt is bounded below by
hyperbolic functions in time. We could have applied the same
approach above to UEt (completing the square), but those linear
functions would not be unique (because we are free to choose
an infinite variety of a-s and c-s, the squared term coefficients).
So the nature of energy-position uncertainty is fundamentally
different than energy-time uncertainty. One is bounded by
linear functions; the other is bounded by hyperbolic functions.
That ‘right there’ is evidence against space-time foam (because
uncertainty is not symmetric between space and time). (Or, that
is evidence of a weak-link between space and time.) The other
‘juicy’ piece of information we get from above is that energy-
position uncertainty suggests negative energy states are
bounded above by symmetric linear functions of position
uncertainty. (Mirror the linear functions, shaped like a delta,
through the position axis.) Negative energy is suggested by a2 =
-√c being a valid solution in (15) above.)
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Chapter Ten – The Source of Uncertainty
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Associated Assumptions
Inherent Stability Inherent Randomness
e.p.s are stable simple e.p.s are probability waves
dynamical systems
random behavior is due to random behavior is due to
unknown internal phase implicit probability density
functions
state variables are explicitly state variables are
deterministic interdependent random
variables
uncertainty is due to physical uncertainty is due to bounds
bounds and measurement on frequency analysis
uncertainty
e.p.s are ‘distinguishable’ by e.p.s are ‘distinguishable’ only
internal phase and any in their flexible characteristics
consequences of past
disturbances
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random behavior is due to unknown internal phase
internal phase is based on relativistic frequency
frequency is based on internal oscillation
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Inherent Stability:
Inherent Randomness:
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Chapter Eleven – Energy Distribution
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dimensions of space-time – before we appeal to multiple
dimensions.
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(Enough? ;) Well.. even with an infinitesimal ‘core’, the flux is
extended. It’s possible the electron ‘detects’ both slits
simultaneously via its electric field. This could explain double-
slit phenomena – as long as the physical extension of electric-
flux is large enough to accommodate all double slit
experiments. So it’s possible..
My new (and only) baby boy has just come into the world.
New life is always amazing.. I don’t know if I can be a good
father – all I can do is try my best .. Sometimes I feel like such
a complete and utter failure in life – such a loser ;) ..I had
‘friends’ who criticized and inspired many points in this book.
I’m not looking for sympathy or pity .. I would like to be
understood. I would like to be appreciated (a little bit). I would
like these ideas to be treated without ego or arrogance. They
deserve it; I don’t own them.
Bless your patience if you’ve made it this far. We’ve got a long
way to go baby – a long way to go..
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Chapter Twelve – Eulogy/Christening
The previous four chapters were written about a year ago just
before Arthur was born. They were intended for Gravitation
and Elementary Particles, but that book was never published in
paper form. My wife insists I ignored her and “treated her like
garbage” at that time. My justification to her was/is the
following (it was difficult to explain in English and broken
Thai – to someone who has a middle-school education): who
else is working on this theory? As far as I can tell, no one. Who
will publish this book? No one but me. Why is it important? If
the central premise is correct, physics has been ‘wasting time’
for about a century and needs correction. It’s not just for theory
– that I’ve been working on it: it’s for all the erroneous
textbooks and misguided students.