WH IT E

PAPER

Smart Grid Operational Resiliency and Security

The Integrated Operations Command-and-Control Center for Smart Grid: An Alliance of Intergraph and Siemens Energy

Smart Grid Operational Resiliency and Security

Contents
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 2. The Solution ................................................................................................................ 2
2.1. Command-and-Control Center ........................................................................................................ 2 2.2. Consolidated User Environment ...................................................................................................... 2 2.3. Geospatial Infrastructure Solutions ................................................................................................. 3 2.4. Geospatial Visualization .................................................................................................................. 3 2.5. Schematic Visualization................................................................................................................... 4 2.6. Integrated Power Systems Analysis ................................................................................................ 4 2.7. Outage Management and Trouble Analysis .................................................................................... 5 2.8. Computer-Aided Dispatch ............................................................................................................... 5 2.9. Mobile Workforce Management ...................................................................................................... 6 2.10. Network Model Management......................................................................................................... 6 2.11. Smart Meter Integration ................................................................................................................. 6 2.12. SCADA Integration ........................................................................................................................ 7 2.13. Critical Infrastructure Protection .................................................................................................... 7

3. The Architecture .......................................................................................................... 8

3.1. Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) Strategy Direction ................................................................ 8 3.2. Product Architecture ........................................................................................................................ 8 3.3. Integration Middleware .................................................................................................................... 9 3.4. Multiple Database Support and Failover ......................................................................................... 9 3.5. Support of Standards..................................................................................................................... 10 3.6. Performance .................................................................................................................................. 10

4. Benefits ..................................................................................................................... 12 5. The Power to See, Control, and Respond ................................................................. 13 6. Glossary .................................................................................................................... 14 7. References ................................................................................................................ 15

Smart Grid Operational Resiliency and Security

1. Introduction
The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 states that, It is the policy of the United States to support the modernization of the Nation's electricity transmission and distribution system to maintain a reliable and secure electricity infrastructure that can meet future demand growth and to achieve each of the following, which together characterize a smart grid: 1. Increased use of digital information and controls technology to improve reliability, security, and efficiency of the electric grid. 2. Dynamic optimization of grid operations and resources, with full cyber security. Through a strategic alliance, Intergraph and Siemens today deliver an integrated solution designed to improve the operational reliability, security, and efficiency of the smart grid. The Intergraph and Siemens team developed an advanced Distribution Management System (DMS) that provides a complete Smart Grid Operations Command-and-Control Center solution. This solution focuses on one of the most important aspects of the smart grid the distribution operations control center and the information systems technology the human operators who monitor and control grid operations require. The Intergraph and Siemens alliance is unique, integrating two world-class product families as part of a strategic partnership to deliver a single integrated solution. This solution comes from a trusted team, with a long history of commitment to customer success, and with impeccable smart grid credentials. It combines the successful Outage Management System (OMS), integrated Mobile Workforce Management (MWFM), and Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) solutions from Intergraph, and the Power Systems Analysis, DMS, and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) solutions from Siemens Energy. Utilities who want to dramatically improve their smart grid operations efficiency and gain the full operational benefits of their advanced meter infrastructure (AMI) programs are selecting the joint venture of Intergraph/Siemens to integrate and modernize their control room and dispatch operations. Utilities have reduced the customer average interruption duration index (CAIDI) below industry averages and have improved field productivity as much as 20 percent with the new integrated Smart Grid Operations Command-and-Control Center solutions from Intergraph/Siemens.

Smart Grid Operational Resiliency and Security

2. The Solution
2.1. Command-and-Control Center
Operating tomorrows distribution network requires tightly integrated traditional systems for a fast, coordinated response to problems. Operators, dispatchers, managers, and field personnel must be aware of changing conditions and have the applications they need to analyze planned and unplanned network changes. To accomplish this task, the solution is a fully integrated Smart Grid Operations Command-andControl Center that gives utilities the power to see, control, and respond (Figure 1).

The Smart Grid and Operations

Utility Operations

Customer Premise

OMS

DMS

MWFM

GIS

Operations Center
Advanced IT and Control Systems

Distribution Operations
Communications and Smart Meters

Demand Response
Smart In-Home Devices

Figure 1: Intergraphs smart grid solution focuses on the impact new technologies will have on the operations center.

2.2. Consolidated User Environment

The Intergraph/Siemens solution represents the industrys most advanced DMS solution driven by bestof-breed systems for vertical functional and embedded DMS applications that allow them to work together more efficiently. The highlight of our solution is twofold: It gives you the ability to standardize your system and field operations through a consolidated user environment. It delivers extensive functionality under the industrys most efficient solution architecture at a competitive cost.

A consolidated user environment eliminates the many stove pipe applications typical of most operations centers and replaces them with one system providing a common user environment that improves situation awareness. A geospatial background map of the network infrastructure spatially relates the numerous systems.

Smart Grid Operational Resiliency and Security

The solution presents the operations of the network in a geospatial view, as well as an engineering schematic view. Integrating previously disparate system views into one consolidated user environment (CUE) gives operators a more complete view of the entire system, which aids decision-making and decreases response time (Figure 2).

Figure 2: The Smart Grid Operations Command-and-Control solution provides an advanced Distribution Management System integrating multiple systems under a common user environment, as well as interoperability with other enterprise information systems.

2.3. Geospatial Infrastructure Solutions

The geospatially enabled database that contains the model of the energy delivery infrastructure and the telecommunications infrastructure is a fundamental data foundation component to enable the smart grid. The network infrastructure model is geospatially oriented, making it important for locating facilities, deploying field resources to the right location, and geospatially enabling corporate information systems. However, the real value is the fact that it is a connected engineering network model, maintained graphically, that supports various forms of engineering and operating analysis, the basis for smart grid operations. It is all about managing the network.

2.4. Geospatial Visualization

The concept of spatial awareness as one component of improved situation awareness is self explanatory. The Intergraph/Siemens solution utilizes a series of geospatial map displays to help the system operator rapidly filter, analyze, and interpret information in a spatial context. The geospatial visualization of operating data, including the graphic highlight and display of customer trouble calls, automatic prediction of protective device (e.g., fuse) operation and outage isolation, location of field crews, display of overloaded conductor spans, or predicted fault locations, improves situation awareness and speeds decision-making.

Smart Grid Operational Resiliency and Security

2.5. Schematic Visualization

To supplement the geospatial map view of the system, the Intergraph/Siemens solution also offers an engineering schematic view of any operating area. The engineering one-line diagram is very similar to the view presented in many distribution management systems that do not also include a geospatial view. The important difference is with the Intergraph/Siemens solution, the system can automatically generate the schematic view from the geospatial view, so you enter data only once as part of the GIS network model maintenance. The schematic view and geospatial views give you different views of the same data. When the status of devices in the geospatial view changes, such as with a switch operation, the same data in the schematic view changes in unison. This integrated schematic generator is a unique feature of the Intergraph/Siemens solution (Figure 3).

Figure 3: The system provides map views and can dynamically generate one-line schematic diagrams.

2.6. Integrated Power Systems Analysis

Integrated power systems analysis, combined with the geospatial map view and schematic view of the network and mobile field resources, provides a very powerful environment for operations control of the electrical grid (Figure 4 on the following page). The Siemens suite of Spectrum Power Distribution Network Applications (DNA) gives you the tools needed to monitor, analyze, and optimize distribution network operations. These tools simplify and improve network analysis, giving you more reliable network status information for planned and unplanned activities. Spectrum Power DNA helps reduce outage durations from unplanned incidents and helps improve work efficiency. The Siemens Spectrum Power DNA base package includes the applications required to determine the state of the distribution operating model and perform fault management. The applications that comprise the base package include: Distribution System Power Flow Monitors the real-time network situation and analyzes planned configurations under different load conditions in the distribution system. It estimates the current network state to detect potential equipment loading and voltage limit violations.

Smart Grid Operational Resiliency and Security

Fault Isolation and Service Restoration Defines switching actions that enable the operator to efficiently isolate faulted areas of the network and restore service to customers on unfaulted feeder sections, even before repair work begins. Fault Location Quickly determines the most probable location of electrical faults in the distribution network. It evaluates real-time data received from the feeder breaker or recloser, fault relays, and the feeder breakers response to trial switching operations.

The optional Distribution Network Protection and Optimization applications maximize system operation, while avoiding potential system limit violations. These applications use cases from the DNA package to assess how to improve the efficiency of the distribution network and provide recommendations/plans to restore service to customers. Applications include: Short Circuit Calculation, Volt/VAR Control, Optimal Feeder Reconfiguration, Optimal Capacitor Placement, and Switching Plan Management.

Figure 4: Siemens Spectrum Power DNA powers the DMS integrated applications.

2.7. Outage Management and Trouble Analysis

When utility customers call to report a service interruption, or when a smart meter indicates power is out at a customers location, the trouble analysis system aggregates information and identifies the predicated location of the problem on the radial power distribution system. By aggregating calls and knowing the circuit topography, it predicts the nearest protective device to which an outage rolls up. Trouble analysis pinpoints the cause of trouble and eliminates unnecessary truck rolls, which improves productivity of operations, the dispatch office, and field crews.

2.8. Computer-Aided Dispatch

Once a dispatcher is ready to assign a crew to a job, Intergraphs Computer-Aided Dispatch (CAD) can match jobs, priorities, locations, crews, skills, and resources to optimally dispatch field crews to restore power as quickly as possible. CAD uses the map display to assign and monitor crews, and you can

Smart Grid Operational Resiliency and Security

integrate it with a global positioning system (GPS) to track crew locations. You can use the map display to monitor crew assignments and locations, and scheduling applications to optimize schedules and routes based on job locations and available equipment. The Smart Grid Operations Command-and-Control Center integrates the CAD and MWFM applications.

2.9. Mobile Workforce Management

Intergraphs I/Mobile TC product supplies the key mobile component of the MWFM solution. I/Mobile TC can support both connected and disconnected mode communications with the Smart Grid Operations Command-and-Control Center. Crews do not always need to be in range for wireless communications. When they do come back into range, the system supports continuity of reporting. Dispatchers can assign work to field crews, and crews can instantly report current restoration status. Field crews can make allowances for service restoration time reporting as different from job complete reporting to allow for final cleanup in the field. The improvement in precise field reporting, including exact time of service restoration, has been shown to have a measurable impact on reducing CAIDI and system average interruption duration index (SAIDI), previously impacted by crew report rounding errors.1 Field crews can share the same map display as the dispatcher, which helps improve communications and safety. The crews always have the same, current information as the system operator and dispatcher. When combined with G/MobileViewer and I/Mobile TC, the crew can have complete detailed maps of the area directly from the GIS. This includes all facility attributes and detailed drawings to support field inspection and updates, as well as vegetation management and damage assessment applications. One mobile platform permits the combining of all these applications on the same mobile computer to improve field crew productivity.

2.10. Network Model Management

The Intergraph/Siemens solution can also work with network models stored in geospatial infrastructure systems like Intergraph G/Technology, or from other common GIS if they support the necessary electrical circuit connectivity relationships. Intergraphs I/MapEditor is the preferred solution to periodically migrate GIS map and network model data into the network model required for InService. I/Map Editor accepts Intergraph G/Technology and other formats, including ESRI and GEs Smallworld. The network model management in InService supports the update of the map and network model while in production, assuring mission-critical availability. Periodically, the system can install an updated network model in parallel to the current production data while the system is in production. The InService failover database supports this parallel database configuration. Once updated, you can redirect the system to use the new updated data, assuring five-nine (.99999) availability and up time for this mission-critical operational support system.

2.11. Smart Meter Integration

Many utility companies deploy AMI and smart meter programs as a first step toward smart grid. Two leading Intergraph customers, the Philadelphia Energy Company (PECO) and Wisconsin Public Service (WPS), documented the operational benefits they realized through the integration of InService with their AMI/AMR and smart meter programs.1,2 During the first year at PECO, the integration of Intergraphs OMS with its smart meter program reduced CAIDI by more than four minutes and saved PECO in excess of $400,000 by verifying power outages before rolling a truck. WPS documented proportionate savings of more than $100,000 annually. PECO and WPS expect further operational benefits as they refine processes and systems.

Smart Grid Operational Resiliency and Security

Intergraphs vision is to extend its Smart Grid Operations Command-and-Control solution to maximize the benefits of smart meters for outage detection and outage management. To promote this vision, Intergraph entered into a partnership with eMeter, fostering the cooperation of both companies to promote the integration of the Smart Grid Command-and-Control solution with eMeters Energy IP Meter Data Management software solution. Through the integration with eMeters independent meter data management solution, Intergraph will provide integration with a number of leading AMI and smart meter vendor solutions, including Itron, Elster, Landis+Gyr, Siemens, and others.

2.12. SCADA Integration

SCADA provides the digital information and controls technology fundamental to improving the reliability, security, and efficiency of the electric grid. SCADA integration is a critical aspect that enables real-time monitoring and supplies data OMS and DMS require. Intergraphs I/SCADA module permits configuration and integration with any legacy installed SCADA. You can display SCADA circuit information and device status data on map and schematic views of the system for OMS and DMS functions. The Intergraph/Siemens solution is optionally integrated with the Siemens Spectrum Power D-SCADA product. Spectrum Power D-SCADA provides a low-cost modular system option for interaction with automated and intelligent distribution system field devices.

2.13. Critical Infrastructure Protection

CIP refers to both physical and cyber-based systems necessary to support the minimum essential operations of the economy and government. These systems include energy delivery (electric, gas), transportation, water, and emergency services. To help address the physical protection of the electrical grid, Intergraphs Smart Grid Command-andControl Center enables the integration of security sensors and video analytics into the same common operating picture (COP) representing grid operations. The COP integrates electrical operations telemetry (SCADA) and security telemetry. Intergraph provides a complete environment to improve both operations efficiency and physical grid security. Cyber security is a more visible concern as the grid becomes more automated and potentially more susceptible to hacking and attacker control. Cyber security must address not only deliberate attacks, such as from disgruntled employees, industrial espionage, and terrorists, but also inadvertent compromises of the information infrastructure due to user errors, equipment failures, and natural disasters. Vulnerabilities might allow an attacker to penetrate a network, gain access to control software, and alter load conditions to destabilize the grid in unpredictable ways. Intergraph is closely monitoring the emerging smart grid cyber security requirements and standards being developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and IEEE, designed to harden the cyber controls the smart grid requires. To assure the security of smart grid operations, Intergraphs professional services teams can conduct a full cyber security vulnerability assessment, and develop and monitor remediation plans to address any deficiencies. Such an assessment of the utility control center and other information systems supporting grid operations is an important aspect of critical infrastructure protection and assuring full cyber security of the grid.

Smart Grid Operational Resiliency and Security

3. The Architecture
3.1. Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) Strategy Direction
In a 2005 white paper, Intergraph described its vision of seamless geospatial computing. This vision encompassed seamless integration, elimination of boundaries, and flexible adaptation to changing circumstances. Since the release of that vision, Intergraph has invested in the development of industrycompliant Web services, Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) services, and service infrastructure components across our entire family of products. SOA is recognized as the software architecture of the future that enables a highly flexible and maintainable system that easily incorporates ongoing changes and new requirements. It enables effortless integration with new technologies and business partners and legacy systems. SOA promotes reuse and sharing of data and functionality to reduce redundancy across enterprise systems. Intergraph adopted SOA as a model for evolving our software architectures (Figure 5).

Figure 5: SOA structures the enterprise and its systems as a set of capabilities offered as reusable services, organized into a service architecture.

3.2. Product Architecture

The Smart Grid Command-and-Control solution shares a common architecture with the incident management family of systems available from Intergraph, including Intergraphs CAD system for emergency response and Intergraph Security Framework solutions for critical infrastructure protection.

Smart Grid Operational Resiliency and Security

Intergraphs CAD system is recognized as the leader in incident management and emergency response, with more than 250 systems installed worldwide. Intergraphs Security Framework is well-established in transportation and major event security command-and-control solutions. Each of the solutions leverages core capabilities to integrate with existing systems, assimilate enormous amounts of real-time sensor data, use geospatial technology to facilitate interoperability between agencies, and efficiently allocate and monitor resources to respond effectively (Figure 6).

Figure 6: The SOA reference architecture for Intergraphs incident management family of solutions.

3.3. Integration Middleware

The Intergraph Interoperability Framework (IIF) is an integral part of Intergraphs SOA design for the Smart Grid Command-and-Control Center. IIF contains three primary services: the CommandService, the DataService, and the ListenerNotificationService. These services provide the necessary infrastructure to integrate the framework with Microsoft BizTalk Server, which is Intergraphs strategic integration initiative with Microsoft. The IIF provides the architectural framework for easy integration with other middleware solutions, including IBM MQ Series, common in many utility company information system architectures.

3.4. Multiple Database Support and Failover

To support mission-critical applications, Intergraphs incident management solution framework supports data redundancy with a primary and a failover database (Figure 7). It maintains a complete copy of the database in parallel with the primary database. The system supports either an Oracle or a Microsoft SQL Server database configuration to meet the needs of any utility client. Dual or redundant database support also provides an excellent mechanism to update the database while the system is in use. You can update the failover database while the system is running in production, and can immediately switch from the primary to the updated failover database so as not to impact the availability of the system.

Smart Grid Operational Resiliency and Security

Figure 7: Interoperability Framework and RAID architecture assure mission-critical availability, security, and integration support.

3.5. Support of Standards

Intergraph supports two major sets of standards to ensure optimal service performance: Communication standards, such as Web services and profiles. Industry-related standards, such as International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and OGC, that describe various aspects of geospatial or sensor information integration. There are also standards for the National Information Exchange Model (NIEM) for the interchange of justice, public safety, emergency, disaster, intelligence, and homeland security information.

Security, both cyber and physical, and interoperability of devices, are key areas of interest driving standards for smart grid. As the Department of Energy (DOE) and NIST establish frameworks and guidelines for standards development, Intergraph is closely monitoring the work of NIST3 and IEEE, and working with a number of organizations to ensure the Smart Grid Command-and-Control solution conforms to the appropriate standards for interoperability and cyber security.

3.6. Performance
The ability to handle high-customer call volume and rapidly changing system status is an important consideration for any distribution operations center. Intergraph designed the Smart Grid Command-andControl solution to meet the severe operating demands of the control center, while maintaining excellent interactive performance. An independent performance test was recently conducted by a major Latin American utility to evaluate InService v8.2 against two other leading OMS/DMS systems.4 For the benchmark, a system load was simulated to represent 50 desktop users and 150 Web users. The utility benchmarked Intergraph on an

10

Smart Grid Operational Resiliency and Security

Intel Dual Xeon Core Server, while the other two vendors tested on what were considered more powerful UNIX servers. In 60 minutes, 100,000 simulated calls were processed representing approximately 400 outages. In addition, more than two million SCADA meter readings were simulated, as well as 600 SCADA operations. The test also included 400 crews doing a complete work cycle, which included login, dispatch, acknowledge, en route, arrive, outage confirmation, partial restoration, and clear. The resultant interactive performance test results for Intergraph InService were excellent, with the majority of commands submitted by end-users running in less than one second. InService outperformed the other vendors in all areas by a significant margin.

11

Smart Grid Operational Resiliency and Security

4. Benefits
The Intergraph/Siemens Command-and-Control solution provides benefits in several key areas. With a comprehensive command-and-control environment, numerous clients have consolidated their operations, reducing the number of operations centers and enabling control and dispatch from a single or reduced number of operations center. WPS, for example, reduced its number of operations centers and achieved operating savings by eliminating one entire operations center. All work is now dispatched from one center. The integration of OMS and MWFM has demonstrated significant savings for companies such as Progress Energy Florida. Through more rapid trouble analysis enabled by the OMS and more accurately locating the source of the problem, Progress Energy reduced response times by more than 30 percent and reduced CAIDI and SAIDI below the national average. The integrated OMS and MWFM system was key to realizing those savings. The integration of DMS and OMS is an emerging advance in the operations center required for smart grid. Customers have realized the benefits of DMS and of OMS separately, but will improve their operating effectiveness and improve productivity when they integrate both systems into one consolidated user environment. Oncors vision for smart grid is to reduce the complexity and number of different systems in the control room through integration and a consolidated user environment. Oncor expects to improve situation awareness in the control room, which directly contributes to reducing the chance of human error when operating complex systems.5 While difficult to quantify, this will contribute to both safer and more reliable energy delivery operations consistent with Oncors smart grid objectives. The integration of the Command-and-Control Center with AMI and smart meters has already demonstrated operational benefits at two key Intergraph customers. These benefits surpass those originally expected of AMI for meter reading. After integrating smart meters with the InService OMS, both PECO and WPS reduced truck rolls by early detection and validating the extent of outages before deploying field resources. As a result of integration with AMI, the savings in each case is documented, with PECO savings in operations exceeding $400,000 annually. As the issues of critical infrastructure protection and interagency coordination in times of emergency take on greater strategic importance to electric operations, the Intergraph/Siemens solution is unique among advanced DMS systems. The Smart Grid Command-and-Control solution architecture integrates utility operations with other emergency response infrastructure. Intergraph and Siemens view the operations and security of the grid as one in the same.

12

Smart Grid Operational Resiliency and Security

5. The Power to See, Control, and Respond

Smart grid is a global initiative to protect the environment and meet the demand for electrical energy through green and renewable energy resources, as much as it is about securing supply and protecting a way of life. Around the world, governments are setting their visions and strategy to implement smart grid technology. In our modern society, protecting our energy supply and the security of our way of life go hand-in-hand. We see this in how our global society describes the protection of critical infrastructure and the visions for the electrical energy infrastructure of the future. The DOEs Energy Sector-Specific Plan6 envisions a robust, resilient energy infrastructure in which continuity of business and services is maintained through secure and reliable information sharing, effective risk management programs, coordinated response capabilities, and trusted relationships between public and private security partners at all levels of industry and government. Not coincidentally, the DOEs definition of smart grid3 describes the modernization of the electrical distribution infrastructure, providing a reliable and secure electricity infrastructure that can meet future demand growth. The European vision for the smart grid is similar, with a vision leading to new products, processes, and services, improving industrial efficiency and use of cleaner energy resources and at the same time, ensuring the security of the infrastructure, helping to improve the daily lives of ordinary citizens.7 What each of these definitions has in common is the expected application of advanced information technology to improve the way we manage the critical electrical distribution infrastructure to create a more efficient, flexible, resilient, and secure energy delivery system of the future. The Intergraph/Siemens Smart Grid Operations Command-and-Control solution demonstrates that when two market leaders join forces to do what each does best, they can create a breakthrough product to revolutionize operations for the smart grid. The partnership of Siemens Energy and Intergraph combines a proud 40-year history of technological innovation at Intergraph, a leader in the market providing world class graphic visualization and geospatial infrastructure solutions for utilities, together with Siemens Energy, with nearly 150 years of power systems engineering experience and technology leadership. Together, Intergraph and Siemens combine their unique expertise to optimally manage power flow across the grid. This helps utilities optimize decision-making and gives them the ability to respond and mobilize the resources necessary to manage and secure the grid. Together, Intergraph and Siemens bring improved resiliency and security for grid operations, with the power to see, control, and respond.

13

Smart Grid Operational Resiliency and Security

6. Glossary
AMI Automated metering infrastructure AMR Automated meter reading AVL Automated vehicle location CAD Computer-aided dispatch CAIDI Customer average interruption duration index CIP Critical infrastructure protection COP Common operating picture DOE Department of Energy DMS Distribution management system GIS Geographic information system or when specific to managing utility network assets in geospatial context, referred to as a geospatial infrastructure system GPS Global positioning system IIF Integration Interoperability Framework ISO International Organization for Standardization MWFM Mobile workforce management NIEM National Information Exchange Model NIMS National Incident Management System NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology OGC Open Geospatial Consortium OMS Outage management system ROI Return on investment SCADA Supervisory control and data acquisition SAIFI System average interruption frequency index SOA Service-oriented architecture

14

Smart Grid Operational Resiliency and Security

7. References
1. Utility/T&D online magazine, April 2009, Using AMI for Outage Notification at PECO, Glenn Pritchard and Jeff Evans. 2. GITA 2008, AMR/OMS Integration: Improving Utility Operational Efficiencies and Enhancing Customer Value One Ping at a Time, Jason Dettman and Eric Charette. 3. NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards, Release 1.0 (Draft), Sept 2009. 4. Magic Quadrant for Outage Management Systems, June 2009, Gartner Inc., Report G00168094. 5. Hartel, Smith, & Prince, 1991; Merket, Bergondy, & Cuevas-Mesa, 1997; Nullmeyer, Stella, Montijo, & Harden, 2005, Situation Awareness Analysis and Measurement, Endsley, Garland, 2000. 6. Department of Energy, Energy, Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources, Sector-Specific Plan as input to the National Infrastructure Protection Plan, May 2007. 7. European Smart Grids Technology Platform, Vision and Strategy for Europes Electricity Networks of the Future, EUR 22040, European Commission, 2006.

15

For more information about Intergraph, visit our Web site at www.intergraph.com. Intergraph and the Intergraph logo are registered trademarks of Intergraph Corporation. Microsoft is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation. Other brands and product names are trademarks of their respective owners. Intergraph believes that the information in this publication is accurate as of its publication date. Such information is subject to change without notice. Intergraph is not responsible for inadvertent errors. 2010 Intergraph Corporation. All Rights Reserved. 9/10 UAC-US-0034B-ENG