PIDGINIZATION HYPOTHESIS

CREATED BY:

NOURMA AGUSTIN RIRIN KUSUMA NINGSIH PUJI RAHAYU

Pidginization Hypothesis


Schumanns pidginization hypothesis inspired by the branch of sociolinguistics which concerns it with the study of contact languages (pidgins and creoles) Pidgin languages are contact varieties without native speakers which arise in settings of military labor trade contact, scenery or plantation labor.

Pidginization
the speech of the SL learner will be restricted to the communication function if the learner is socially and / or psychologically distant from the speakers of the target language (Schumann. [1976]. Second language acquisition: The pidginization hypothesis. Language Learning, 26, 391-408).

What is Pidgin?
A language developed by speakers of distinct languages who come in contact with one another and share no common language.  Venues: trade, plantation  Examples: Sabir (Mediterranean); Tok Pisin (Papua New Guinea); Hawaiian Pidgin English; various Pidgin languages of Pacific Northwest, involving native American language, English / Russian  Pidgins are usually based on a dominant language (English, French, Dutch, Russian), but contain relatively more / less lexical / syntactic items from other languages.


Sebba (1997:69) mentions the main characteristics pidgins as follows :

Have no native speakers; Are the result of contact between two or more languages; Are not initially intelligible with their source language; Usually draw most of their vocabulary from one language; Have grammar which are simplified and reduced compared with the grammars of their input languages; Tend to have simple phonological systems; Tend to have analytic (isolating) or agglutinating morphology; Tend to have semantically transparent relationship between words and meaning; have small vocabularies where he words cover a wide semantic range.

The following features are usual in the grammar of pidgin languages. (Sebba, 1997; 39).
No definite or indefinite article,  No copula to be,  No complex sentence,  No passive forms,  Very few or no inflections for number, case, tense, etc., and  Analytic constructions used to mark possessive, e.g. x of y rather than ys x.


Pidginization is the result of social and psychological distance

There are 2 ways in which the degree of acculturation can lead to pidgin language.
It controls the level of input that the learner receives  It reflects the function which the learner wishes to use the L2.


Schumann (1987:33) and Ellis (2002: 252-253) 252discuss 3 major functions of this language:
The communicative functions, which concerns the transmission of purely referential, denotative information.  The integrative function, which involves the use of language to mark the speaker as a member of particular social-group  The expressive function, which consists of the use of language to display linguistic virtuosity (e.g. in literary uses).


What is the difference between Pidgin and Creoles ?

Creoles is spoken as a first language by children of Pidgin speakers.
Creoles is a language descended from a pidgin that has become the native language of a group of people.

There are three types of pidgin: 1. Maritime or Nautical Pidgins;

communication between sailors and people from other nations on board vessels or in coastal areas. For examples: pidgin used in the Mediterranean area, pidgin of Iceland

2. Interethnic Contact Languages; used in

spreading religion, political negotiations and other procedures where people with no common language try to communicate. The Amerindian-lexifier pidgins such as Chinook Jargon of the American Northwest, the Delaware Jargon or the Mobilian Jargon are good examples of this.

3. Work Force Pidgins; There are two different kinds of work

force pidgin.

First, pidgin developed with the

contact between colonial people & the local workers in their households such as Butler English and Bamboo English in India.

The second type developed in

multilingual work forces, for example, the Hawaiian-lexifier and Englishlexifier pidgins of Hawaii or the Japanese -Malay pidgins in Australia.

EXAMPLES OF PIDGIN
Early Hawai'i Pidgin English spoken in Honolulu in the late 19th century:

What for Miss Willis laugh all time? Before Fraulein cry all time

"Why does Miss Willis often laugh? Fraulein used to always cry."

Pidgin taken from a famous comic strip in Papua New Guinea

"Sapos yu kaikai planti pinat, bai yu kamap strong olsem phantom." "Fantom, yu pren tru bilong mi. Inap yu ken helpim mi nau?" "Fantom, em i go we?"

'If you eat plenty of peanuts, you will come up strong like the phantom.' 'Phantom, you are a true friend of mine. Are you able to help me now?' 1Where did he go?'

THANK YOU