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is defined by
y = f (x) = a x
a > 0 , a 1 and the exponent x exponential function with base a.
where is any real number
is defined by
y = f (x ) = e x
e 2.71828... , and the exponent x is any real numbers exponential function with base e. or natural
where exponential function.
115
Example 1
Determine whether the given functions are an exponential function or not. If it is, then determine the base for each function.
a) y
= 2x
b) e)
g (t ) = 3t
c) f)
y = t 3 t
h( x ) = (0.5)
1.2 x
x/3 d) y = (11)
g)
y = e 0.05 x
g ( x) = 2.7186 x
5.2
Let say
y = ax
a) If
Build a table with several values of x, and find the corresponding values for y:
-2
-1
y = 2x
Based on the table, we got several points that resides on the graph. Therefore, we just plot all the points and draw a curve that connects all those points.
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b)
a=
1 y= 2
-2
x
-1
1 y= 2
ii. Based on the table, plot all of the points and draw a curve:
117
c)
e. Where y = l x ,
1 2
-2
-1
y = ex
Therefore the graph would be:
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
118
d)
y = l x
0 1 2
-2
-1
y = e x
And the graph would be:
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
119
and
is any rational
number, therefore;
Property 1: a
x y
a =a
x+ y
Property 2:
ax ay
= a x y
Example 2:
Simplify a)
Example 3:
7 3x 5 7
3
Simplify
a)
32x . 34
=
=
b) 5-x . 5x =
b) 3
2x+2 x-1
2
2 c) 5
3p
2 = 5
c)
3k = 39
Property 3:
(a x )y = a xy
Simplify
Property 4:
(ab )x = a xb x
Simplify
Example 4:
a)
Example 5:
a) b)
(5 )
(
3x 3
=
=
((4)(5))t
=
=
2 x +3 b) 2
((7 )(3))
x
Property 5:
x ax a = x b b
Simplify
Property 6:
a x =
1 ax
Example 6 :
3 a) 2
5 t
Example 7:
a) 5
- (x+1)
Simplify
120
Property 7:
ax / y = ax
Simplify
Property 8:
a0 = 1
Simplify
Property 9:
a1 = a
Example 10:
a) 161 = b) 2.7181 =
121
y = 2x, y = 23 = 8
Here, the variable y is a dependant variable (output), meanwhile x is an independant variable(input). Alternatively, the above equation can be switch by making x as the dependant variable (output) and y as the independant variable (input). This equation is known as the logarithmic function. Therefore, the above equation; equation;
y = 2x
x = log 2 y y=8
therefore, output
= 3
LOGARITHMIC
y=a
Example 11:
a) 49 = 72 c) y = 7x e) 42a = b
Can be written as
x = log a y
where a > 0 and a 1
b) 25 = 32 d) 0.5 -3q = p
122
Example 12:
a) 1 = log 27 3 3
b) log 2 32 = 5
b) log a 4 = b
d) log 4 64 = p
x = log a y
If and only if For example: i) ii)
ax = y.
y = log 2 x (if a = 2)
y = log 5 x (if a = 5)
y = log3 x
cannot be written as
y = log x
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DEFINITION 5.2.1(b):
Logarithms to the base
y = ln x
means
5.6 SKETCHING A LOGARITHMIC GRAPH Let say a logarithmic function for this function can be sketch by: Form a table:
0.5 -0.3010
2 0.3010
4 0.6021
6 0.7781
8 0.9031
10 1
y = log x
124
Example 13:
Fill in the blanks and then sketch the graph for y = ln (4x+1) x ln (4x + 1) 0.5 1 2 3 4
PROPERTY 1:
PROPERTY 2 :
log1/ 2
5 = x
c)
2x +1 ln 3 =
125
PROPERTY 3 :
logb M r = r logb M
PROPERTY 4 :
1 logb M
= logb M
Example 17:
a)
1 log10 = 2.5
1 ln =
b)
PROPERTY 5 :
logb 1 = logb b0 = 0
( )
Example 18:
a) b) c)
log 3 1 =
ln1 =
log 1 =
126
PROPERTY 6:
logb b = 1
Example 19:
a)
log 3 9 =
log 0.5 1 = 2
b) c)
ln e =
logb b r = r
2
PROPERTY 7:
Example 20:
a) b)
log 3 9 =
ln e
PROPERTY 8 :
blogb M = M
Example 21:
a) b)
7 log7 x =
e ln( 2 x 1) =
127
PROPERTY 9 :
log b M =
Example 22:
a) b)
log 3 45 =
log e =
3.
Example 23
a)
2x = 8 3 x = 27
b)
c)
25 x = 5
d)
163 x = 2
e)
94 x = 3
128
Example 24:
a)
36 x = 2(32x )
4 16 x = (52x ) 5
b)
c)
43 x = 8 x
d)
49 x = 7 x +1
Example 25:
a)
x2
94x = 0
b)
2 x 82 4 x = 0
2
c)
x2
25 x 2 = 0
129
5.9
Steps: 1. Rewrite the logarithmic equation in a form of exponential equation. 2. Solve the equation using the exponential properties.
Example 26:
Find the value for
a)
x log3 x = 3
b)
ln l3 = x
l4 x = 2
c)
d)
log 4 x = 3
e)
lln 2 x = 5
f)
log(3 x 1) log( x 3) = 2
g)
log 2 (2 x 3) = 2 log 2 (x + 1)
h)
ln x 4 + ln x = 24 ln l
130
Assume that we invest sum amount of money RM P, for t years. The investment earned r% of interest which is compounded m times a year. Therefore, the total amount of the investment (S) after t years can be calculate using the formula:
r S = P1 + m
Where;
mt
S=
P= r= m= t=
Value of the investment after t years (together with the interest) Compound amount. Initial amount that was invested Principal amount interest rate number of conversion investment period (number of years)
For m (number of conversion): Annually = once a year Quarterly = 4 times a year Monthly = 12 times a year m=1 m=2 m=4 m = 12 Semiannually = twice a year
Meanwhile, the amount of interest received (compound interset, Im) is obtain by:
Im = S P
131
Example 27:
Find the value of an investment, S and the compound interest earned, Im for the principal investment amount of RM 1000 with 6% of interest a year : a) For investment period of 10 years and the interest is compounded semi-annually.
Example 28:
Suppose RM 5000 is invested at the rate of 9% compounded annually. Find the value of the investment after 5 years.
Example 29:
Based on your answer in example 19, what is the value of the investment if the interest is compounded three times a year .
132
a) Population Growth: Suppose that the population of a town at a certain period of time is P0 and it is increasing at the rate of r% per year. Therefore the population of the town after t years is given by:
P = Poert
Where P = Amount of Population after t years Po = Initial population r = rate of population growth t = period of times
Example 30:
The projected population
P(t ) = 100000e0.05t
with i)
is the number of year/s after 1980. What is the value for t if the population is predicted for the year 2002
ii)
133
Example 31:
The population for Smallville at the year 1995 are 100 000. After 10 years, the population has grown to 150 000. What is the rate of the population growth for Smallville?
Example 32:
(Radioactive Decay)
ii)
134