CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. BACKGROUND Experimental design is a planned interference in the natural order of events by the researcher. He does something more than carefully observe what is occurring. This emphasis on experiment reflects the higher regard generally given to information so derived. There is good rationale for this. Much of the substantial gain in knowledge in all sciences has come from actively manipulating or interfering with the stream of events. There is more than just observation or measurement of a natural event. A selected condition or a change (treatment) is introduced. Observations or measurements are planned to illuminate the effect of any change in conditions. The importance of experimental design also stems from the quest for inference about causes or relationships as opposed to simply description. Researchers are rarely satisfied to simply describe the events they observe. They want to make inferences about what produced, contributed to, or caused events. To gain such information without ambiguity, some form of experimental design is ordinarily required. As a consequence, the need for using rather elaborate designs ensues from the possibility of alternative relationships, consequences or causes. The purpose of the design is to rule out these alternative causes, leaving only the actual factor that is the real cause. For example, Treatment A may have caused observed Consequences O, but possibly the consequence may have derived from Event E instead of the treatment

or from Event E combined with the treatment. It is this pursuit of clear and unambiguous relationships that leads to the need for carefully planned designs. The kinds of planned manipulation and observation called experimental design often seem to become a bit complicated. This is unfortunate but necessary, if we wish to pursue the potentially available information so the relationships investigated are clear and unambiguous. The plan that we choose to call a design is an essential part of research strategies. The design itself entails: selecting or assigning subjects to experimental units selecting or assigning units for specific treatments or conditions of the experiment (experimental manipulation) specifying the order or arrangement of the treatment or treatments specifying the sequence of observations or measurements to be taken

By convention, the problems of design to not ordinarily include details of sampling, selection of measurement instruments, selection of the research problem or any other nuts and bolts of procedure required to actually do the study. B. THEOLOGICAL PROBLEM Definition about Simple Design in Experimental Design Simple experimental design based on environmental conditions Characteristic of Simple Design Process of Simple Design Advantage and Disadvantage of Simple Design

CHAPTER II CONTENT
A. DEFENITION Simple design of experiment is an experiment which is designed such that each treatment applied to each base design that suitable (RC, RCB, RLS). Simple patterns can be applied to either single or factorial experiment. B. CONSIST Based on the definition, experimental simple design consists of: 1. Randomized Complete Completely randomized design is a kind of simple experiment design. Applied to experiments conducted in a homogeneous environment (or can be considered homogeneous), is worth highlighting that the so-called "environment" is the other factors beyond the factors being studied. In the RC experiment each experimental unit in completely random, without being limited by the block and so on.. In Randomized Complete, Others factor which can influence the experiment can be controlled. It is found in laboratory or greenhouse. We use this design if there is nothing information about homogenous experimental units and If the sum of treatment is a few where the degree of replication is a few too. RCD is a Type of statistical design for making inferences about treatment. All treatments under investigation are randomly allocated to the experimental units. The RCD is appropriate for testing the equality of treatment effects.

2. Randomized Complete Block A randomized complete block design is an experimental designs which: The experimental units are first sorted into homogeneous groups, called blocks, and the quantities of experiment units in a block is equals to the quantities of treatment that is being observed. The treatment is applied randomly to the experiment units in each block.

Randomized complete block is applied to experiments conducted on the environment is not homogeneous (heterogeneous), such experiments are carried out in the field, where there is a diversity of sources outside the study factor. In experiments RCB each unit of the experiment were randomly placed in each group. In the statistical theory of the design of experiments, blocking is the arranging of experimental units in groups (blocks) that are similar to one another. Typically, a blocking factor is a source of variability that is not of primary interest to the experimenter. An example of a blocking factor might be the sex of a patient; by blocking on sex, this source of variability is controlled for, thus leading to greater accuracy. For randomized block designs, there is one factor or variable that is of primary interest. However, there are also several other nuisance factors. Nuisance factors are those that may affect the measured result, but are not of primary interest. For example, in applying a treatment, nuisance factors might be the specific operator who prepared the treatment, the time of day the experiment was run, and the room temperature. All experiments have nuisance factors. The experimenter will typically need to spend some time deciding which nuisance

factors are important enough to keep track of or control, if possible, during the experiment. 3. Randomized Latin square RLS is applied to experiments conducted in the environment is not homogeneous, where there are 2 sources of variability of factors outside the study. In a trial experiment RLS each unit is placed in such a way that no equal treatment in a single row or column. Hallmark of RLS is the number of replications equal to the amount of treatment. Suggested RLS applied to the experiment which has 4 to 8 treatments. Its called RLS because the design organized as a square and the treatment given the capital Latin letter symbol (example : A,B,C,D) The design is that each treatment there is one and only one time in each row and one in each column, while randomization is based on the two boundary, that is rows and columns. Simple experimental design based on the number of factors are tested: Single experiment Single experiment is an experiment in which there is only one factor is tested, while other factors (basic treatment) are created equal. In experiments single treatment consisting only of the difference degree (level) of a single variable factors studied, whereas all other factors as the basic treatment given uniformly to all plots. With only investigate one factor alone, then the information / results obtained only determined by treatment tested alone.

Instead of comparing behavior or performance of groups of people at a single point in time, a single-subject experiment involves a single case studied over a longer period of time. One individual or situation is exposed to the varying levels of the independent variable. The most simple single-subject research design is termed ABA, where A is the baseline (non-treatment or control) condition or phase. B refers to the introduction of the treatment factor. Behavior is recorded in both stages. Then there is a return to A to see if in fact it was B that brought about the change. An example might be treating a hyperactive child with a drug. Stage A involves recording the child's behavior before any treatment, e.g., how many disruptive events in the classroom within a specified period of time. Stage B would involve the same measurement after the child has been treated. If B (the treatment) makes a difference, returning to level A (no treatment) should result in a return of the disruptive behavior. The basic research design can include a second treatment phase -- ABAB, thereby increasing the reliability and internal validity of the results. The subject of a single-subject experiment might be an entire community. Factorial Experiment Factorial experiment is an experiment where in one state (experimental units) were attempted simultaneously from multiple (2 or more) single trials. From a factorial experiment, in addition to known effects of single factors tested, could also determine the combined effect. In statistics, a full factorial experiment is an experiment whose design consists of two or more factors, each with discrete possible values or "levels", and whose experimental units take on all possible combinations of these levels across all such factors. A full factorial design may also be called a fully crossed design. Such an experiment allows studying the effect of each

factor on the response variable, as well as the effects of interactions between factors on the response variable. For the vast majority of factorial experiments, each factor has only two levels. For example, with two factors each taking two levels, a factorial experiment would have four treatment combinations in total, and is usually called a 22 factorial design. If the number of combinations in a full factorial design is too high to be logistically feasible, a fractional factorial design may be done, in which some of the possible combinations (usually at least half) are omitted.

B. Characteristics of Simple Design Characteristics of Simple Design are : Having the experimental material is homogeneous or heterogeneous Small experiment Factors under study can be single or consist of several factors There are limitations to the appliance or device that is easy to use existing External factors that may influence the experiment can be controlled

C. Simple Design Process Introduction and statement of the problem. Researchers must fully understand about the problem to be investigated and should be clearly stated. Selection of factors and levels. Choose factors and levels that are varied.

Selection of response variables. Researchers must be sure that these variables will provide useful information for experiments. Generally, the average and STD are used to measure how the response variable characteristic will behave. Selection of experimental design. Choose the appropriate experimental design with sample size, number of replicates, and if necessary grouping. Implementation of the study. It's important to monitor the research process in detail. Analysis of data. Conclusions and recommendations. D. Advantage and Disadvantage 1. Advantage The design and implementation easier Flexible Simple data analysis Does not require a high level of understanding about the experimental material A simple design is adequate for many types of experimental, especially in early, exploratory stages of research projects. Can be especially advantageous and a good starting point for new comes to the field of research.

Statistically powerful and straightforward to analyze, as the shape of the response function can be assumed to be simple.

2. Disadvantage Sometimes this design is not efficient Only suitable for the experiment with the amount of treatment that is not too much Behavior in the laboratory it is very narrow its range.

Example : An instant noodle company, wanted to see if there is a difference in sales 3 launches flavored instant noodles. Therefore, the attempted launch three variations. 5 flavors of instant noodles in a large city. Randomized block design of experiment design Value of response: Average sales of instant noodles Treatment: Taste Noodle Chicken Curry (1), Soto Mie flavor (2), Chicken Noodle flavor (3) Blocks: Jakarta (1), Bandung (2), Yogyakarta (3), Surabaya (4), Denpasar (5) Randomization : Treatment

Data Organization

ANOVA table with Minitab 14.0 Two way ANOVA : Sales versus Treatment : Trainer, City

Conclusion: With setting by 10%, it can be said there are differences in the value of sales by

making three kinds of flavored instant noodles, but actually there is no difference between the sales value of the city.

10

CHAPTER III CONCLUSION

Simple design of experiment is an experiment which is designed such that each treatment applied to each base design that suitable (RC, RCB, RLS). Simple patterns can be applied to either single or factorial experiment. Based on the definition, experimental simple design consists of: 1. Randomized Complete 2. Randomized Complete Block 3. Randomized Latin square Simple experimental design based on the number of factors are tested: Single experiment Factorial Experiment

Simple Design Process Introduction and statement of the problem. Researchers must fully understand about the problem to be investigated and should be clearly stated. Selection of factors and levels. Choose factors and levels that are varied. Selection of response variables. Researchers must be sure that these variables will provide useful information for experiments. Generally, the average and STD are used to measure how the response variable characteristic will behave.

11

Selection of experimental design. Choose the appropriate experimental design with sample size, number of replicates, and if necessary grouping. Implementation of the study. It's important to monitor the research process in detail. Analysis of data. Conclusions and recommendations. Advantage The design and implementation easier Flexible Simple data analysis Does not require a high level of understanding about the experimental material A simple design is adequate for many types of experimental, especially in early, exploratory stages of research projects. Can be especially advantageous and a good starting point for new comes to the field of research. Statistically powerful and straightforward to analyze, as the shape of the response function can be assumed to be simple. Disadvantage Sometimes this design is not efficient Only suitable for the experiment with the amount of treatment that is not too much Behavior in the laboratory it is very narrow its range.

12

REFERENCES
Anonim a. Advantage and Disadvantage of Simple Design.

http://www.webtrafficpromotions.com/webdesign/11641.php. Access on 27 March 2012 Anonim b . Completely Randomized Design Definition.

http://www.processexcellencenetwork.com/glossary/completelyrandomized-design/. Access on 27 March 2012. Anonim c . Experiments: Types.

http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/SommerB/sommerdemo/experiment/types.h tm. Access on 27 March 2012. Anonim d . Completely randomized design.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Completely_randomized_design. Access on 27 March 2012. Arifianto, dkk. 2009. Metode Penelitian Eksperimen. PGSD Universitas Jambi.
Suhermin Ari Pujiati. Beberapa penerapan eksperimen desain sederhana. (pdf)

13