Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Adeel Khan
HST 701
History of Science and Development
Ryerson University
June 7, 2001
Adeel Khan Ryerson University June 2001
Introduction
Since the first energy crisis hit the world in 1973, there has been a desperate
search for finding a solution to the problem. The developed countries have a better
establishment then the developing nations. They are also mostly in a entangled in
the 1950s, and to date has been able to develop two commercial nuclear power
plants along with several other nuclear-related sites. In this paper, all the details
regarding the development of the nuclear industry in Pakistan will be put forth.
After Pakistan lost East Pakistan (which is now Bangladesh) in a war in 1971,
it also lost the perceived right to be considered India’s equal from the military
viewpoint. The 1974 Indian nuclear tests further disturbed the equation. With two
bitter wars against India, a third one could not be ruled out. An acute shortage of
energy also compounded to the problem. Pakistan more frequently resorted to load
shedding (withholding electric power for specific periods of time). Simultaneously, its
major source of energy – the natural gas – was seriously depleted by excessive use,
while the rate of energy consumption increased by 15% per annum. Thus, they had
1
Shahid Burki, Pakistan – Fifty Years of Nationhood (Colorado: Westview Press, 1999), p.207
Adeel Khan Ryerson University June 2001
planning and research), Salimuzzaman Siddiqui, M.O. Ghani and M.H. Toosi.2 Nazir
taught by the likes of some great scientists namely, Albert Einstein, Paul Dirac,
Werner Heisenberg, etc. So there were some intelligent minds to power the Pakistani
In the first ten years of its inception, PAEC was devoted to the task of giving
Several hundred scientists and engineers were carefully selected and sent to
Harewell in the United Kingdom, and the Argonne, Oakridge, and Brookhaven fin the
United States, for training under the Atoms for Peace program and other such
bilateral arrangements.3
After five years, PAEC acquired a research reactor with a power of 5 MW and
Technology (PINSTECH) was built around the reactor. Since then, it has been used to
for the purpose of training, research, and radioisotope production since then. The
institute also set Radiation Centers in Islamabad, Karachi, and Lahore among others.
In 1961, Abdus Salam, a physicist and Nobel Laureate for his works in the
2
James Katz and Onkar Marwah, Nuclear Power in Developing Countries (Toronto and Lexington:
Lexington Press, 1982), p.263
3
Ibid., p.263
4
Daniel Poneman, Nuclear Power in the Developing World (London: George Allen and Unwin Publishers
Ltd., 1982), p.40
Adeel Khan Ryerson University June 2001
to the commission.
regarding credit facilities and a suitable reactor, and thus an atomic reactor of 137
MW generating capacity was set up.5 It is a heavy-water reactor and uses natural
uranium as fuel. The fuel (or most of it) was being supplied by Canada. The plant
also has the production facility for heavy water. It went critical in 1971 and one year
Since the time of the purchase of the reactor, arrangements were being made
with the manufacturers to train Pakistani personnel on the job. Thus, Pakistani
engineers and scientists gradually reached a point when they exercised complete
control of the facilities. During the same period a training school at the Karachi
Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP) was also started for similar purposes. In 1971, newly
elected President Zulfiqar Bhutto made several changes in the atomic commission;
notable among them was the induction of I. H. Usmani, the then director of the
Reactor Section at the IAEA in Vienna. Having gained confidence by the performance
5
James Katz and Onkar Marwah, Nuclear Power in Developing Countries, p.264
6
Ibid., p.264
Adeel Khan Ryerson University June 2001
The period between 1974 and 1984 mostly saw Pakistan establish several
changed hands and the Pakistani rupee showed signs of weakness, development of
nuclear power was seldom affected. In 1974, India confirmed its nuclear prowess by
from Pakistan suggested that the process of weaponizing its nuclear technology was
underway. This coupled with India’s tests were good enough reasons for the United
States to impose sanctions on the two countries. Keeping in mind that Canada can
underway the same year and the plant was expected to generate 400 to 600 MW.8
The plant was located in Chasma, central Punjab. The plan, however, failed to
materialize mainly due to inadequate funds and lack of expertise on the projects. The
occurred, in 1976, when Canada halted its supply of nuclear fuel for KANUPP.
Even after the social chaos and economic shakiness that followed the civil
war, PAEC was committed to move forward. Plans to augment nuclear fuel-
generation were not halted, though they were slowed due to renewed emphasis on
self-sufficiency. The result was a major win situation. On August 31, 1980, Pakistan
had joined a select list of twelve technologically advanced nations that are able to
manufacture nuclear fuel from uranium. The site of the fuel-fabrication plant was
Kundian. This reportedly saved the country around 2 billion rupees ($40 million)
7
Andrew Koch and Jennifer Topping, “Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons Program: A Status Report”, Monterey
Institute of International Studies (1999), p.3
8
Ernest Lefever, Nuclear Arms in the Third World (Washington: The Brookings Instituite, 1979), p.42
Adeel Khan Ryerson University June 2001
annually,9 apart from guaranteeing fuel supply and foreign dependence on costly
imported oil. The smooth fuel supply increased KANUPP’s generation from 35 MW to
90 MW.10
physicist, were rendered when Khan Research Laboratory (KRL) was installed in
Kahuta to overlook the plant. In addition to Kahuta, two other smaller centrifuge
facilities were ordered for construction in Golra and Silaha.11 It was planned that the
Golra facility may be used to test advanced centrifuge designs before they are
installed at Kahuta.
There are, nevertheless, some facilities that have not been made official. There
are others of whom only very limited information is available. Following is a list of
them:
13 MT / year
production facility. The task was completed in 1987 with German assistance
completed in 1998
• Uranium mills in three possible locations: Lahore, Dera Ghazi Khan and Issa
Khel
• Two Uranium mines are also said to exist in Dera Ghazi Khan and Lakki
9
James Katz and Onkar Marwah, Nuclear Power in Developing Countries, p.268
10
Ibid. , p.268
11
Andrew Koch and Jennifer Topping, “Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons Program: A Status Report”, p.6
Adeel Khan Ryerson University June 2001
Since 1985, after most of the nuclear facilities were installed, concentration
shifted to the production side. But the onus was on weaponization rather then
electrification. In the early 1980’s, multiple reports were said that Pakistan was
about obtaining pre-tested bomb design from China along with bomb-grade
uranium.13 In 1986, Pakistan and China signed a pact for the exchange of nuclear
major event in the history of Pakistan’s nuclear expansion as China was and still is
0.5% of Pakistan’s total electric supplies.14 Earlier estimates by the IAEA and PAEC,
that nuclear power would contribute to around 12% of the country’s energy needs,
failed miserably. Over enthusiasm, deviation of goals and political corruption played
huge roles in this failure. In 1987, the tritium plant project was completed. And in
the same year A.Q. Khan stated in a public interview that the state possessed a
Pakistan also reportedly configured the US-supplied F-16 aircrafts for nuclear
delivery purposes. The same year it also acquired a 27-kilowatt research reactor,
built with Chinese help. Close ties with China were an important reason why Pakistan
was bold enough to move ahead with its nuclear plans. The relationship bore fruit in
12
Ibid. , p.6
13
Ibid. , p.8
14
Shahid Burki, Pakistan – Fifty Years of Nationhood, p.209
Adeel Khan Ryerson University June 2001
1990. China finally agreed to take upon the project of designing Pakistan’s second
commercial reactor at Chasma. The same year Dr. A.Q. Khan, father of Pakistan's
against the less-advantaged factions of the society and corruption were major
reasons for the miserable situation the country was in. And it equally effected the
nuclear industry.
In 1991, the Nawaz Sharif government took a step forward towards peace
when it entered into agreement with India, prohibiting the two states from attacking
each other's nuclear installations. But a damning report published in 1993 by the
Stockholm International Peace and Research Institute, saying about 14,000 uranium-
seized about 1,000 gas centrifuges bound for Pakistan, did its credibility no good.15
Uranium 235 to more than 90 per cent.16 In 1996, India and Pakistan exchange lists
of atomic installations which each side has pledged not to attack under an over
Kahuta, purchased 5,000 ring magnets from China.17 The ring magnets would allow
Pakistan to effectively double its capacity to enrich uranium for nuclear weapons
production.
Nevertheless, 28 May 1998 was an unfortunate day for the average Pakistani
when the state reacted to India’s nuclear testing. Pakistan detonated five nuclear
devices at Chagai Hills, which they claimed measured up to 5.0 on the Richter scale,
15
Andrew Koch and Jennifer Topping, “Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons Program: A Status Report”, p.8
16
Pakistan Defense, http://wahcantt.www8.50megs.com
17
Ibid
Adeel Khan Ryerson University June 2001
nuclear warhead was tested, with a yield of 12 kilotons. This horrendous event
caused the rupee to slide and dampened the economy even further.
It was only after yet another military coup, this one under General Perveiz
Musharraf, which brought some stability to the nation. On 23 March 2000 the second
commercial reactor that was being built by China was finally inaugurated. The plant
has a capacity of 325 MW and was erected by seven Chinese companies. Unlike
many other plants, the Chasma nuclear power plant, or CANUPP, successfully
generated electricity on June 13 and has been doing so ever since. After completing
full power operation, the station will be formally handed over to Pakistan. The
addition of the new power station has now increased the nuclear input for electricity
purposes to 1%. It might be a small step but it is finally placed in the right direction.
The government intends to develop the next commercial plant, without any foreign
Comparison of sources
capabilities. Thus there has always been confusion regarding the existence of certain
nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, Nuclear Power in the Developing World has a
more realistic approach towards the Pakistani nuclear industry. Pakistan’s Nuclear
Weapon’s Program: A Status Report has been used for the purpose of updating, as it
was an updated and comprehensive source of information. The source books were
Adeel Khan Ryerson University June 2001
published in the 1970’s and 80’s. Surprisingly, there haven’t been many recent
There have been conflicts regarding start and end dates, nuclear sites, and
purpose of certain operations. This goes to show how much limited confirmed
information is available. For instance, Nuclear Arms In The Third World insists that
expansion of the atomic sector is also a result of lack of skilled personnel while
technology have always been a priority of the government and the various atomic
related agencies.
Conclusion
To say that nuclear technology has stalled the country’s economy is vastly
untrue. It is the way it has been utilized. Various sanctions and aid cut-offs resulted
from Pakistan’s policy to go on the offensive with nuclear means. Had Pakistan even
been a little more conservative in its approach, it would have brought great financial
to tensions with neighbours India. But such astronomical sums, as it has spent in the
past, are unforgivable, looking at the fact that 34% of the population is poor.
Pakistan might have been producing 25% electrical energy from it by now (as was
projected by IAEA). If human lives are given priority over personal gains there is no
doubt in my mind that nuclear technology, along with all other sectors of the
industry, will save Pakistan billions of rupees apart from creating many a jobs for
both the skilled and unskilled labor. Right now, all we can do is keep our fingers
Bibliography
1999)
4- Ernest Lefever, Nuclear Arms in the Third World (Washington: The Brookings
Institute, 1979)
Note: Bold font for footnotes is employed when the entire paragraph or list has been