You are on page 1of 32

Passage One (Clinton Is Right)

President Clinton��s decision on Apr.8 to send Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji packing
without an agreement on China��s entry into the World Trade Organization seemed to
be a massive miscalculation. The President took a drubbing from much of the press,
which had breathlessly reported that a deal was in the bag. The Cabinet and Whit
House still appeared divided, and business leaders were characterized as furious
over the lost opportunity. Zhu charged that Clinton lacked ��the courage�� to
reach an accord. And when Clinton later telephoned the angry Zhu to pledge a
renewed effort at negotiations, the gesture was widely portrayed as a flip-flop.
In fact, Clinton made the right decision in holding out for a better WTO deal. A
lot more horse trading is needed before a final agreement can be reached. And
without the Administration��s goal of a ��bullet-proof agreement�� that business
lobbyists can enthusiastically sell to a Republican Congress, the whole process
will end up in partisan acrimony that could harm relations with China for years.
THE HARD PART. Many business lobbyists, while disappointed that the deal was not
closed, agree that better terms can still be had. And Treasury Secretary Robert E.
Rubin, National Economic Council Director Gene B. Sperling, Commerce Secretary
William M. Daley, and top trade negotiator Charlene Barshefsky all advised Clinton
that while the Chinese had made a remarkable number of concessions, ��we��re not
there yet,�� according to senior officials.
Negotiating with Zhu over the remaining issues may be the easy part. Although
Clinton can signal U.S. approval for China��s entry into the WTO himself, he needs
Congress to grant Beijing permanent most-favored-nation status as part of a broad
trade accord. And the temptation for meddling on Capital Hill may prove over-
whelming. Zhu had barely landed before Senate Majority Leader Trent Lott (R-Miss)
declared himself skeptical that China deserved entry into the WTO. And Senators
Jesse A. Helms (R-N.C.) and Emest F. Hollings (D-S. C.) promised to introduce a
bill requiring congressional approval of any deal.
The hidden message from these three textile-state Southerners: Get more protection
for the U. S. clothing industry. Hoping to smooth the way, the Administration
tried, but failed, to budge Zhu on textiles. Also left in the lurch: Wall Street,
Hollywood, and Detroit. Zhu refused to open up much of the lucrative Chinese
securities market and insisted on ��cultural�� restrictions on American movies and
music. He also blocked efforts to allow U. S. auto makers to provide fleet
financing.
BIG JOB. Already, business lobbyists are blanketing Capitol Hill to presale any
eventual agreement, but what they��ve heard so far isn��t encouraging.
Republicans, including Lott, say that ��the time just isn��t right�� for the deal.
Translation: We��re determined to make it look as if Clinton has capitulated to
the Chinese and is ignoring human, religious, and labor rights violations; the
theft of nuclear-weapons technology; and the sale of missile parts to America��s
enemies. Beijing��s fierce critics within the Democratic Party, such as Senator
Paul D. Wellstone of Minnesota and House Minority leader Richard A. Gephardt of
Missouri, won��t help, either.
Just how tough the lobbying job on Capitol Hill will be become clear on Apr. 20,
when Rubin lectured 19chief executives on the need to discipline their Republican
allies. With business and the White House still trading charges over who is
responsible for the defeat of fast-track trade negotiating legislation in 1997,
working together won��t be easy. And Republicans��with a wink��say that they��ll
eventually embrace China��s entry into the WTO as a favor to Corporate America.
Though not long before they torture Clinton. But Zhu is out on a limb, and if
Congress overdoes the criticism, he may be forced by domestic critics to renege.
Business must make this much dear to both its GOP allies and the Whit House: This
historic deal is too important to risk losing to any more partisan squabbling

1. The main idea of this passage is


[A]. The Contradiction between the Democratic Party and the Republican Party.
[B]. On China��s entry into WTO.
[C]. Clinton was right.
[D]. Business Lobbyists Control Capitol Hill.
2. What does the sentence ��Also left in the lurch: Wall Street, Hollywood,
Detroit�� convey?
[A]. Premier Zhu rejected their requirements.
[B]. The three places overdid criticism.
[C]. They wanted more protection.
[D]. They are in trouble.
3. What was the attitude of the Republican Party toward China��s entry into the
WTO?
[A]. Contradictory. [B].Appreciative.
[C]. Disapproving. [D]. Detestful.
4. Who plays the leading part in the deal in America?
[A]. White House . [B]. Republicans.
[C]. The Democratic Party. [D]. Businessmen.
5. It can be inferred from the passage that
[A]. America will make concessions.
[B]. America will hold out for a better WTO
[C]. Clinton has the right to signal U. S. approval for China��s entry.
[D]. Democratic party approve China��s entry into the WTO.

Vocabulary
1. drubbing ʹ��
get/take a drabbing ����ʹ��
2. flip-flop=great change suddenly �� �� �ı ������������Ь��ֺ��Ь

3. hold out ά�֣�����


hold out for sth. �������Ӵ��Э����ı� �
4. horse �Ctrading ������ּ‫���ۻ‬
5. bullet-proof �5���
6. lobby ��� ��л
7. lobbyist Ժ�� ���ų�Ա
8. partisan ���ˣ����ɣ��ǵ���ǿӲ֧����
9. acrimony ����/̬� Ŀ̱�
10. sell to ����ij�ˣ��������
ܻ
11. meddle ��
12. Capitol Hill �9���
13. budge ʹ��΢�ƶ����ı�
14. lucrative ����� �ģ� Ǯ��

15. block ��ֹ


16. fleet ���ӣ����ӣ����ӣ����
17. blanket ���ǣ��p�ɨ�ˣ�����
18. Capitulate Ͷ���� ֹͣ�ֿ�
19. fast track �����г̣�� ��·��
20. with a wink �‫�۾‬һգ�����
ܿ

21. out on a limb ��b�� ����ָ���‫�����ۺ‬ϣ�


22. renege ΥԼ
23. squabble ��

�Ѿ���‫ע‬
1. President Clinton��s decision on Apr.8 to send Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji
packing without an agreement��
[�ṹ����] send one packing ����� �

[�ο�����] ���ֶ���4��8� ������й������ó��֯��Э�����й�������� ����ˡ�


2. The President took a drubbing from much of the press, which had breathlessly
reported that a deal was in the bag.
[�ṹ����] in the bag ���֣�����֮�

[�ο�����] �� � ��౨�����۵����������9��� ��������ó����������֮�


3. Zhu charged that Clinton lacked ��the courage�� to reach an accord.
[�ο�����] ��ָ����ֶ�ȱ�����Э�������
4. the gesture was widely portrayed as a flip-flop
[�ο�����] �ձ���Ϊ�� �
����̬4�һ��һ� ٰ�ʮ�ȵ�‫�ת‬
5. Clinton made the right decision in holding out for a better WTO deal.
[�ο�����] �� ��������Э����ı һ�ʸ�ı�����ó��֯���‫׵‬ľ���ȫ��ȷ��
6. And without the Administration��s goal of a ��bullet-proof agreement�� that
business lobbyists can enthusiastically sell to a Republican Congress, the whole
process will end up in partisan acrimony that could harm relations with China for
years.
[�ο�����] û���̽�Ժ�� ���ų�
�����ȰԱ����͵����������Ŀ���еķ
� 5������ �Э� 飬

��ô����̽���� ���֮��ļ�̵����������Ӱ���Ժ������й�Ĺ�ϵ��
7. the Administration tried, but failed, to budge Zhu on textiles.
[�ο�����] �9����ϣ��Ϊ��֯ҵ����ƽ��·����ͼʹ���‫֯�ڷ‬Ʒ���ò������ʧ�‫�ܡ‬
8. Also left in the lurch: Wall Street, Hollywood, and Detroit.
[�ṹ����] ������l�����Ķ� ��
Leave sb. In the lurch �̶��÷����壺

��ij����'��֮����֮���ˣ�����ij�ˡ��������Ӧ���ǣ�Wall Street, Hollywood and Detrait are


also left in the lurch.
[�ο�����] ��Ҳ����'�����л���֣���3��͵����ɡ�
9. Zhu refused to open up much of the lucrative Chinese securities market and
insisted on ��cultural�� restrictions on American movies and music. He also
blocked efforts to allow U. S. auto makers to provide fleet financing.
[�ο�����] ��� ��������Ž��‫�ڹ‬Ʊ�г�����ֶ��9��Ӱ���������Ļ���������ƹ 涨�������9����� ָͶ����

10. Translation. ���롣��������Ϊ���͵��ġ�The time isn��t right����‫��ע‬/���͡�

д��������´���
������������ �д���ַ������ֶ‫��� �ٲ‬й������ó��������‫��������͵�������}����ع‬ì�‫Ͱ����ܣ‬

�֮� ���Ա�д�����������ķ�����һ��4֤����
���ǶԵġ�������ıļ���ʹ�9����������Ϊǰ�� ���й������
� ó4���� 9���� �Ҫ��

�����
1. C. �� �Ƕ ġ���ƪ���� ��Business Weekly.
�����Ǵ���� ĽǶ�4�����й����WTO������ϣ���̸���л�ø������棬����ֶ

‫��� � �ٵ‬Ŀ�ĺ���������� ������档��ƪ���Ǵ��ķ�������������һ�¡� ���й������ó��4֤����


������ȷ�������� � 롣

��һ��ָ��Clinton�ɴ�������‫��� �ع‬й����5�һ�ٰ�ʮ�ȴ�‫ڵ� �ת‬绰�з�ŭ���������ʾ�‫�ٴ‬ŬfЭ�̡��‫Ͱ�ڸ‬

���Ա�����磬���˶�ʧȥ����ð���ɡ�

�‫��ڶ‬ε����ֶ‫���������ٹ‬ıȡ��������ľ�����ȷ�ġ������µ���ּ� ����Ժ�� ���ų�ԱҪ�

����������ȱ��Э���Ŀ��4 �����͵��‫���ܡ‬/� ����������� ������ �

�����Ķ�����ҵ����ĸ ���Ա�Ĵ�� �ȴ Clinton�����й��������Ż��ò�ʱ���9������ ����� �9� ������

‫�ڲ‬Ҫ�‫�� ٳ‬ˡ������ֶ���Ȩǩ��� ��й������ó��֯��������Ҫ����� �����>�����

���Ϊ)��ó��Э������ɲ��֡��� � ��ĸ� ��� �f� �

�����̤���9���ʱ������Ժ����������Trent

Lott������й��Ǹò������3ֻ���̬�ȣ������ԺTesse A Helms�� ��ŵ���һ��Ҫ������ �κν��‫�� ��׵‬

����ν����������ǿӲb������������ǹ��͵��ķ�����ʹ������ �‫����ڱ‬Ա�����<�Ҳ����Ϊf��

���һ��ָ�����'�����‫���أ‬һ��ʷ�¼���Ҫ�
̫ ˣ����������ðʧʧȥ����Σ�ա�

A. ���� ��͵���ì�‫�����ܡ�}��֮���������ע‬ջ���һ�¡� B.

���й������ó��֯�����²������й����������9����й�����ó�����֡� D. ����Ժ��

���ų�Ա���ƹ� ���‫�������ڵ‬ᵽ����Ժ�� ���ų�Ա�����9������ �������Э�飬���������� �롣

2. A. ������������
ܾ ǵ�Ҫ� ��Ѿ���9 ‫��ע‬

B. �����9����‫�� �ط‬ C. ����Ҫ����ı����� D. ��������'����

3. A. ì�‫�͵����ܡ‬һ��ʼ� �� �ʲô���й�ò��ü�����ó��֯�ֻ���̬�ȡ������ �ø�¶ǣ�ʱ� �

��� �������������¼�����4������ֶ�������й�����ˡ��й�Υ����Ȩ���‫�ڽ‬Ȩ���Ͷ
�Ȩ��͵�Ժ�������ѵ�����ɲ�������9�ĵ��ˡ�����ʵ�����һ�ι��͵�һ���������������ս�������й������
ó��֯�Ա�ʾ�������9�ĺøС�����������Ժ�� ���ŵ����
� ã������ ȷָ��� �̸�е���Ҫ�

���һ��ʷ�¼�̫��Ҫ���������ʧȥ�� ���͵��� ���в� ��Ҳ���ò�������ʵ��������ì�ܵġ�

B. ���͡� C. ��� ɡ� D. ���

4. D. �̽硣��һ���о͵���������ʧȥ��λ���
̽ ð���ɡ��‫������ڶ‬ᵽ�̽�Ժ�� ��
Ҫ��ʵʵ���
Ա

‫�ڵ‬Э��4 �����͵��� ����


ȷ ����� �������� ָ������̽�Ժ����ʿһ�����Э��δǩ����ʾʧ���

���� � �����ı��������ֺ��̽�ֱ�ӹ�ϵ�ĸ ���Ա�Կ��ֶ�Ȱ ��

����Σ���֯�����‫�ڹ‬Ʊ�������u�Ӱ�ȶ����̽��Ҫ���������
ܾ ľ����̽�Ҫ��

������ἰ�̽�Ժ�� �ij�
�� Ա ֹ������ �������Э����

���һ�������̽�ʹ���͵�j� Ͱ ����ô��µ���Ҫ� �

5. A. �9������ò���������‫������͡�ע‬Ǿ� �������й��г��ġ�

B. �9������������� �ø�ı�������һ����²�� ������‫��������͡�ע‬ǿӲb������� ļ�


C. ���ֶ���ǩ���� �й�����֮Ȩ�� D. ����� ��й������ó����}� ����ʵ��

Passage Two (Europe��s Gypsies, Are They a Nation?)


The striving of countries in Central Europe to enter the European Union may offer
an unprecedented chance to the continent��s Gypsies (or Roman) to be recognized as
a nation, albeit one without a defined territory. And if they were to achieve that
they might even seek some kind of formal place��at least a total population
outnumbers that of many of the Union��s present and future countries. Some experts
put the figure at 4m-plus; some proponents of Gypsy rights go as high as 15m.
Unlike Jews, Gypsies have had no known ancestral land to hark back to. Though
their language is related to Hindi, their territorial origins are misty. Romanian
peasants held them to be born on the moon. Other Europeans (wrongly) thought them
migrant Egyptians, hence the derivative Gypsy. Most probably they were itinerant
metal workers and entertainers who drifted west from India in the 7th century.
However, since communism in Central Europe collapsed a decade ago, the notion of
Romanestan as a landless nation founded on Gypsy culture has gained ground. The
International Romany Union, which says it stands for 10m Gypsies in more than 30
countries, is fostering the idea of ��self-rallying��. It is trying to promote a
standard and written form of the language; it waves a Gypsy flag (green with a
wheel) when it lobbies in such places as the United Bations; and in July it held a
congress in Prague, The Czech capital. Where President Vaclav Havel said that
Gypsies in his own country and elsewhere should have a better deal.
At the congress a Slovak-born lawyer, Emil Scuka, was elected president of the
International Tomany Union. Later this month a group of elected Gypsy politicians,
including members of parliament, mayors and local councilors from all over Europe
(OSCE), to discuss how to persuade more Gypsies to get involved in politics.
The International Romany Union is probably the most representative of the outfits
that speak for Gypsies, but that is not saying a lot. Of the several hundred
delegates who gathered at its congress, few were democratically elected; oddly,
none came from Hungary, whose Gypsies are perhaps the world��s best organized,
with some 450 Gypsy bodies advising local councils there. The union did, however,
announce its ambition to set up a parliament, but how it would actually be elected
was left undecided.
So far, the European Commission is wary of encouraging Gypsies to present
themselves as a nation. The might, it is feared, open a Pandora��s box already
containing Basques, Corsicans and other awkward peoples. Besides, acknowledging
Gypsies as a nation might backfire, just when several countries, particularly
Hungary, Slovakia and the Czech Republic, are beginning to treat them better, in
order to qualify for EU membership. ��The EU��s whole premise is to overcome
differences, not to highlight them,�� says a nervous Eurocrat.
But the idea that the Gypsies should win some kind of special recognition as
Europe��s largest continent wide minority, and one with a terrible history of
persecution, is catching on . Gypsies have suffered many pogroms over the
centuries. In Romania, the country that still has the largest number of them (more
than 1m), in the 19th century they were actually enslaved. Hitler tried to wipe
them out, along with the Jews.
��Gypsies deserve some space within European structures,�� says Jan Marinus
Wiersma, a Dutchman in the European Parliament who suggests that one of the
current commissioners should be responsible for Gypsy affairs. Some prominent
Gypsies say they should be more directly represented, perhaps with a quota in the
European Parliament. That, they argue, might give them a boost. There are moves
afoot to help them to get money for, among other things, a Gypsy university.
One big snag is that Europe��s Gypsies are, in fact, extremely heterogeneous. They
belong to many different, and often antagonistic, clans and tribes, with no common
language or religion, Their self-proclaimed leaders have often proved quarrelsome
and corrupt. Still, says, Dimitrina Petrova, head of the European Roma Rights
Center in Budapest, Gypsies�� shared experience of suffering entitles them to talk
of one nation; their potential unity, she says, stems from ��being regarded as
sub-human by most majorities in Europe.��
And they have begun to be a bit more pragmatic. In Slovakia and Bulgaria, for
instance, Gypsy political parties are trying to form electoral blocks that could
win seats in parliament. In Macedonia, a Gypsy party already has some��and even
runs a municipality. Nicholas Gheorge, an expert on Gypsy affairs at the OSCE,
reckons that, spread over Central Europe, there are now about 20 Gypsy MPS and
mayors, 400-odd local councilors, and a growing number of businessmen and
intellectuals.
That is far from saying that they have the people or the cash to forge a nation.
But, with the Gypsy question on the EU��s agenda in Central Europe, they are
making ground.

1. The Best Title of this passage is


[A]. Gypsies Want to Form a Nation. [B]. Are They a Nation.
[C]. EU Is Afraid of Their Growth. [C]. They Are a Tribe
2. Where are the most probable Gypsy territory origins?
[A]. Most probably they drifted west from India in the 7th century.
[B]. They are scattered everywhere in the world.
[C]. Probably, they stemmed from Central Europe.
[D]. They probably came from the International Romany Union.
3. What does the International Romany lobby for?
[A]. It lobbies for a demand to be accepted by such international organizations as
EU and UN.
[B]. It lobbies for a post in any international Romany Union.
[C]. It lobbies for the right as a nation.
[D]. It lobbies for a place in such international organizations as the EU or UN.
4. Why is the Europe Commission wary of encouraging Gypsies to present
themselves as a nation?
[A]. It may open a Pandora��s Box.
[B]. Encouragement may lead to some unexpected results.
[C]. It fears that the Basgnes, Corsicans and other nations seeking separation may
raise the same demand.
[D]. Gyspsies�� demand may highlight the difference in the EU.
5. The big problem lies in the fact that
[A]. Gypsies belong to different and antagonistic clans and tribes without a
common language or religion.
[B]. Their leaders prove corrupt.
[C]. Their potential unity stems from ��being regarded as sub-human��.
[D]. They are a bit more pragmatic.

Vocabulary
1. albeit ���‫���ܣ‬
2. outnumber �����ϳ���
3. ethnic ��������ij�Ա�����弯�ŵij�Ա
4. Hindi ӡ����
5. misty ģ����ģ����ʵ�
6. derivative ����ģ������
7. itinerant � ���

8. Romanesten ��������ĵ ‫�ط‬


Romanes ��������
Stan �‫�ط‬

9. outfit ���‫����֯���ڣ‬Э ����ļ���

10. local �‫����ط‬У����‫����أ‬ίԱ��


11. wary ����ģ����
12. backfire ��������� �����
Υ�Ľ��Ը
13. highlight ǿ��
14. persecution � �
15. catch on � ����=to become popular
16. pogrom ����ɱ������� �
17. commissioner ίԱ���������Ա
18. quota �� ���� � �

19. snag ������ ��� �� ��DZ�‫��'�ڵ‬


20. heterogeneous �ɲ� ������ɵ�
21. antagonistic ��Ч� �� ģ�� �� �
22. clan ����
23. tribe ����
24. pragmatic ��ʵ�ģ�����ʵЧ��
25. municipality ���������������������
26. Rom ��ķ������������

�Ѿ���‫ע‬

1. Central Europe ��ŷ���籾���ἰ� ˣ��������������ǵ �


2. European Union ŷ�ˡ�
3. the EUs institutions ŷ� ��磺 European Commission ŷ��ίԱ� European Council

ŷ�����» European Parliament ŷ� ��飬 the Court of Justic ŷ� �Ժ��4m=more than 4

million �İ ‫���ٶ‬
4. Unlike Jews, Gypsies have had no known ancestral land to hark back to.
[�ṹ����] hark back to =to mention again or remember an earlier subject, event,
etc. ������֪������4�Ժη�������̫���‫�ڡ‬ʥ�������Ѳ��������ǵ���ʷ��

[�ο�����] ������� ���̫


� � �п ������
� û� Ի�����4���� ֪����ӵ ‫�ء‬
5. ��the notion of Romanestan as a landless nation founded on Gypsy culture has
gained ground.
[�ṹ����] gain ground (on) � �
[�ο�����] ��Ϊ��b�‫������ڼ‬Ļ����ϵ�� �������Ӧ����һ�� ��������ĵ ‫��������ط‬뷨 Խ4ԽΪ� ��‫�ܡ‬
6. the International Romany Union ��ʼ�������j�ˡ�
7. Vaclav Harel (1936--) ����Һ���Ȩ�˶���Ա��
� 1990��� 1992Ϊ� �˹�工� ���

��1993���� ��� ��

8. a Slovak-born lawyer ˹�工�˳������ʦ��1992�� �˹�工��


9. Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
���OSCE��ż�а�ȫ������Լ��֯����b��1972��

10. nation һ�������� �ҵĺ��塣������Ҫָ�����塣��Ϊ��Ϊ���Ӧ�н��c�������������Ҫ���b��ҵ��

뷨��ŷ���ǹ�Ҽ���‫�������������ط‬롣

11. electoral block ѡ�‫���ټ‬


12. The might, it is feared, open a Pandora��s box already containing Basques,
Corsicans and other awkward peoples.
[�ṹ����] Pandora��s box �˶�-���ӡ����������鷳�¡��˶�-��������˹�����������Ƴɵĵ�һ��Ů�

���˹���˶�-����һ������·����˶�-˽�Դ ��ӣ���������ļ��������
�� ȸ ֻ�ȫ����4��ɢ�����!������˶�-

�������������еĸ����鷳�����壬��������룬�����һ���鷳��
[��ο�����] ���ǵ��ģ����ü���������Ϊһ������� � �
����һ����˶
�-�ӣ������Ѿ�
‫��װ‬Ҫ��b������5İ�˹���ˣ������Ŀ�����˺�������� ������ 塣

д���ַ������´���

�����ԶԱ��ַ����Ƽ������Dz���һ������/��ң��ɲ�����ȡ�úϷ���λ��һ���Ķ�

д����� ��� ������� �������ŷ������ң�Ӧ��ŷ����һϯ ֮�‫�ס���� ڷ‬ɢ�‫�����ڸ‬Ƕ ��IJ��

��û�й� �����
����������̫
Ժ� �ˣ����� ûл ‫����ع‬ӵ ‫����ء‬dz�b�˹��j�ˣ�Ҳѡ�����쵼���³�‫�� ������ڲ‬

´������b�� ����֪�����ʵ����ֻ�Ǽ�f��˵ŷ�˺�j�Ϲ����֯���Ի��һ��Ϸ���λ�

���Ȩ������ŷ��� ճ̱ ���һ�������ŷ�
⣬ �� ֵ��ģ���һ���� ����ʽ��λ����Щ��������ַ���Ͷ

�b������Ҳ����� ͬ ���Ҫ� ����˶�-���������ܴ �

�����
1. B.
������һ������/�������ƪ���»�����һ���д������һ��ʼ�������ŷ��ŷ� Ĺ�һ���½��������һ���
����������һ�����塪����ң���Ȼû�н 綨

�����c���Ϊ��ң�Ӧ�����c���������� ���������Ҳָ���������ŷ������������еĺͽ�4Ҫ��� Ĺ�ҡ�

��������Ҫ��ŷ������һϯ֮�‫ � �̫��������������ء��ڶ‬п
������ûɻ ‫����ع‬ӵ ‫����ء‬ǵ�������ӡŷ��ϵ��Ӣ��
��������4�
�������������������
ܵ <�ʱһЩ��� ��ֹ�ҵ��� ���� �ӡ���������ơ�������漰

һ�� �롪���Լ������Ļ�Ϊ���� ��uļ���������Ӧ�и� ���ĵ ‫���ط‬Խ4ԽΪ� ��

‫���ܡ‬ʼ�������j����ƴ��30����ҵļ������ˣ���� ����
� £������
չ� jϣ������� Ա�

��������ʽ����j�Ϲ������ ���������
� Ӷ
ʱ� 죬�³�‫�����ڲ‬b���´��������‫���ٿٿٿٿٿ‬-���
‫ٿ‬ �� ‫����ڽ‬顣

���Ķμ��н�������ѡ����j����ϯ��һ ���г����
ѡ���������μҡ�������� Ա ‫����ط‬ίԱ�‫�ٴ��ڲ‬-�

������ŷ��
ް ȫ������Լ��֯�4���‫������ټ‬ζ�Ա���ļ������ ���������� 漰 j�����IJ�������Ҫ��b��

�����ʵ�ʲ���δ��ʵ��������Ҫ�����Լ������̬� ����������ŷ��ί
��� Ա ‫�������ڼ‬Ϊ���Ĵ�½�������壬

ۣ ϣ������ �����Ǻ���̫��һ�����
��ʷ��� �п��� ���ӦӮ��� ‫���ر‬ϡ�19�<����Ǻ���ū�� ‫˶ڰ‬ν���ŷ�

������������������ŷ� ���Ӧ��һϯ֮�‫�������أ‬һ����ίԱ����������� ����ж��ィ

��bһ�������ѧ������}�ν�����'�ѣ��‫ھ‬Ŷε�����һ��ָ������ ����������Ǯ������ɣ���ң�Ϊʱ���磬

���Ǽ�������ŷ����� ճ̱ ���һ�����
ϵ ‫����� ������ ����ڲ‬
⣬��������ӽ�����

���һ����ɹ�ҵ����塣
ȫ�Ķ��ǻ������Dz��ǣ��ò��ó���Ϊ����/��Ҷ�д������B�������Dz�����������ѱ��⡣
A. ������Ҫ�����һ���ң����壩����ֻ�������漰���IJ������‫���ݣ‬ŷ��������ŷ��һ�¿�����
ܲ Ľ��

C. ŷ� ������dzɳ��� D. ������һ���

2. A. ���������7�<ʹ�ӡ����� �������1��‫�͡�ڶ�ע‬

B. ���Ƿ�ɢ���=��‫�ء‬ C. �������� ����ŷ�� D. ���ǿ���4� �ʼ�������j�ˡ�

3. D. ��������Щ�����֯����ŷ�ˣ�j�Ϲ��н��л ��һϯ
�� Ҫ
ȡ ֮�1����‫���ء‬һ�Σ����‫�͡�ע‬

A. ������ � �
ŷ� j������ǵ�Ҫ��̫
Ϲ� ���� B. ��ǻ �� � ‫�ڹ‬ʻ�ȡ��ְλ�� C.
������ ��Ϊ�����Ȩ��
4. C. ���¡�˹���ˣ�������˺�����Ҫ����ѵ������������Ҫ�
ͬ ��Ѿ���11 ‫��ע‬

A. �������
ܻ ˶�-���ӡ��˺�����������ֻ�DZ��� B. ������ܻ ��ijЩ���벻���Ľ��

D. �������Ҫ������ŷ� ��硣 B,D}� ����


�� ȷ

5. A. �����������‫� �ڲ‬ģ����ҳ����Ƕ �������IJ�� ��û�й� �����


�� Ժ ‫�����ڽ‬

B. ����������
ܸ ‫�ܡ‬ C. ����DZ�‫��ڵ‬Ž�4�Ա�� ����ǵ������ �ε��ˣ��� D.
�����е�̫����ʵЧ�� B,C, D ��� ����Ҫ���
��Ҫ�������
⡣ A.

Passage Three (Method of Scientific Inquiry)


Why the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development
at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for two thousand
years��and why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of natural and
mathematical science has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was
previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our
own times��are questions which have interested the modern philosopher not less
than the objects with which these sciences are more immediately conversant. Was it
the employment of a new method of research, or in the exercise of greater virtue
in the use of the old methods, that this singular modern phenomenon had its
origin? Was the long period one of arrested development, and is the modern era one
of normal growth? Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-
called historical accidents��to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of
which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding
Providence?
The explanation which has become commonplace, that the ancients employed deduction
chiefly in their scientific inquiries, while the moderns employ induction, proves
to be too narrow, and fails upon close examination to point with sufficient
distinctness the contrast that is evident between ancient and modern scientific
doctrines and inquiries. For all knowledge is founded on observation, and proceeds
from this by analysis, by synthesis and analysis, by induction and deduction, and
if possible by verification, or by new appeals to observation under the guidance
of deduction��by steps which are indeed correlative parts of one method; and the
ancient sciences afford examples of every one of these methods, or parts of one
method, which have been generalized from the examples of science.
A failure to employ or to employ adequately any one of these partial methods, an
imperfection in the arts and resources of observation and experiment, carelessness
in observation, neglect of relevant facts, by appeal to experiment and
observation��these are the faults which cause all failures to ascertain truth,
whether among the ancients or the moderns; but this statement does not explain why
the modern is possessed of a greater virtue, and by what means he attained his
superiority. Much less does it explain the sudden growth of science in recent
times.
The attempt to discover the explanation of this phenomenon in the antithesis of
��facts�� and ��theories�� or ��facts�� and ��ideas����in the neglect among the
ancients of the former, and their too exclusive attention to the latter��proves
also to be too narrow, as well as open to the charge of vagueness. For in the
first place, the antithesis is not complete. Facts and theories are not coordinate
species. Theories, if true, are facts��a particular class of facts indeed,
generally complex, and if a logical connection subsists between their
constituents, have all the positive attributes of theories.
Nevertheless, this distinction, however inadequate it may be to explain the source
of true method in science, is well founded, and connotes an important character in
true method. A fact is a proposition of simple. A theory, on the other hand, if
true has all the characteristics of a fact, except that its verification is
possible only by indirect, remote, and difficult means. To convert theories into
facts is to add simple verification, and the theory thus acquires the full
characteristics of a fact.

1. The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is


[A]. Philosophy of mathematics. [B]. The Recent Growth in Science.
[C]. The Verification of Facts. [C]. Methods of Scientific Inquiry.
2. According to the author, one possible reason for the growth of science
during the days of the ancient Greeks and in modern times is
[A]. the similarity between the two periods.
[B]. that it was an act of God.
[C]. that both tried to develop the inductive method.
[D]. due to the decline of the deductive method.
3. The difference between ��fact�� and ��theory��
[A]. is that the latter needs confirmation.
[B]. rests on the simplicity of the former.
[C]. is the difference between the modern scientists and the ancient Greeks.
[D]. helps us to understand the deductive method.
4. According to the author, mathematics is
[A]. an inductive science. [B]. in need of simple verification.
[C]. a deductive science. [D]. based on fact and theory.
5. The statement ��Theories are facts�� may be called.
[A]. a metaphor. [B]. a paradox.
[C]. an appraisal of the inductive and deductive methods.
[D]. a pun.

Vocabulary
1. inductive ���ɷ�
induction n.���ɷ�
2. deductive ���

deduction n�����

3. culmination ��� /����


4. conversant (with) ��Ϥ�ģ��� ��
5. exercise ���ã�ʵ�У�ִ����ʽ

singular Խ�ģ��Ƿ��ģ���һ� ���


6. conjunction ��ϣ� ʱ����
7. omnipotence ȫ�‫�����ܣ‬Ȩ/�f

8. Providence ۣ
����д��ָ�ϵ��� #�����
9. commonplace ƽ���ģ��¸���
10. inquiry ��飬̽������� ֪ʶ�ȣ�

11. doctrine ���壬 ѧ ������

12. correlative � ��j��

13. antithesis ��b�棬��ż��� �ѧ�У����Ծ�


14. coordinate � ģ����е�
15. subsist ��棬 ά�����
16. attribute ��������
17. connote ��ζ�ţ���� ָ���‫���ں‬

�Ѿ���‫ע‬
1. Why the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid
development at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for two
thousand years are questions which have interested the modern philosopher not less
than the objects with which these sciences are more immediately conversant.
[�ṹ����] ���‫ۺ‬ź�������‫����ݣ‬Ѿ���‫ע‬

2����Ʋ�������������⣬����������ν��ṹ��ǰ��һ������������ question���һ���� ��not less


thanl�ӵı��
[�ο�����] Ϊʲô���ɷ�����ѧ��ѧ����ϣ0���� ����ʱ���ȿ��‫}�� �ٷ‬ǧ���

‫�ڽ‬չ����������ѧ�Ҷ�����������Ȥ�����‫���ڶ‬Щ��ѧ����Ϥ�о��Ķ���
2. ����and why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of natural and
mathematical science has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was
previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our
own times����
[�ο�����] ��ʲô�4�‫�ں‬Ķ��������� ��ѧ�����ѧ������4�����ǹ �ij�Խ�˹�ȥ�� ֪��һ�У����ԾͰ
���Щ��ѧ��Ϊ����ʱ��IJ�Ʒ��
3. arrested development ͣ� � ������ֹ� ķ� ����
4. Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-called
historical accidents��to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which
no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding
Providence?
[�ο�����] ���������Ƿ�Ӧ����}�� ε��‫��������ص‬ν����ʷ��ż � ������¼������������‫ڿ‬

‫��������ۻ‬ƣ���ϣ���Ӱ�졣��һ������ָ��һ�е��ϵ ۵�� ‫�����ۺ‬Ȩ��4�����������


ͣ Խ�˵���

д��������´���
����ƪ�����ģ��‫���ۼ‬ѧ̽��ķ��������������д��������������ǶԱ�д������� ����ʴ�ʽ̽��Ϊʲôϣ0�����֮��

}ǧ� �Ƽ���չ��������}������Ѹ� ‫�ٷ‬չ��Խǰ�ˣ��� �


������� �
�Dz����£ɷ������ £���ʷ ֮ż �

��������찲�š�

�����ִ��ù��ɷ����Ŵ������ ̫�p� ��� ѧ


����� ۲ ‫ڹ‬죬 ʵ�飬���飬֤ʵ��ǰ����ʵ���Խ����� ����������

���b��������ʵ�����۶�b�Ŵ�������ʵ4���͡� ��}���Ƕ�b�� һ����������‫�����۾‬ʵ����ʵ������֮����

�jϵ���;������۵�һ��������� ��������� ���Խ�� �о�����������


ѧ 춨��|
�ıĻ����������е���Ҫ��� �

�����
1. D. ��ѧ�о�/̽��ķ���������һ��ʼ��������⣬Ϊʲô��ϣ0�Ļ�����ʱ�
‫}�ں‬ǧ��4���ɷ�����ѧ��ѧ��չ�� ������
� }���� ֳ�Խ��ǰ�ˣ���Ӧ���£��ɷ�����ϵ����������
��� Ѿ �2��1 ‫ע‬

‫������ڶ‬ν������Ŵ��‫�ڿ‬ѧ̽�����������������

��������Ӧ���˹��ɷ������ֽ���̫�p������� �� ˣ
����Ժ����� ‫���ص‬Ŵ���ִ��ѧ������������ԵIJ����Ϊһ��
̽ ֪ʶ�

����۲ ‫ڹ‬죬 ������‫ۺ‬ϣ����‫ۺ‬Ϸ�������������

�п��ܵĻ�������У���������ָ�����۲ ‫����ٹ‬ǰ�ƽ����ν�һ����������Щ�����۲ 죬 ʵ�飻���������ʵ�����

���������
ܴ ۣ
۵ Ľ������� ʵ���۲�4����Ȼ��ıò�ȫ�������‫ڹ‬Ŵ����ִ��ʧ�‫�� ��ⲻ����ܡ‬Ϊʲô�ִ��ѧ���н Ĺ�Ч�

� ��ʲ
� ô�ʽ�������� Խ��ǰ�ˣ����� �
������ѧ �
��� ģ
�� ����
� 漰��ʵ�����۵ Ĺ�ϵ��

A. ��ѧ����ѧ������û��� B. ��4��ѧ�ķ�չ�� C.
��ʵ����֤��ֻ�����}���ἰ��֤����֮���á�

2. B. ������İ��ţ�����������÷����۵�ʧ�� ۡ
ܺ ó�Ľ������ Ѿ���4 ‫����ע‬һ�����һ�仰��

A. }�� ε������ � . }� ��� Ӧ�ù��ɷ��� D. ������� ��˥�

3. ۣ
A. ������Ҫ֤ʵ�����‫��ڵ‬ģ���Σ��6��� ����ʵ�Ķ�b�����������ʵ�� ���з�����������Ľ��

���4�ж�̫�p���Ҳ����ģ���������!���Ϊ����b�治 ȫ�棬��ʵ�����۲��� ������

ۣ ۣ
������������������������ ʵ����һ������������ʵ��һ�

�ӣ���������ʵ������ʵ���Ӵʵ�����4 �������
ܸ ӣ�����ɷ��д������

���jϵ���;������۵�һ����Ҫ�������ε ‫�� ��ڶ‬ʵ��һ�����飬 ������֪ʶ��ԴȪ�;����֤ʵ������ֱ� ��ּ

ۣ ۣ
����������������������� ʵ��һ����� ������֤ʵֻ�� ���ֱ�ӵģ�ңԶ�ĺ�'�ѵķ�ʽ��������������

‫����ת‬ʵ�����ü ĺ�ʵ�������� �����ʵ��һ����� �

B. ǰ� � C. ���ִ��ѧ�Һ �ϣ0IJ�� 졣 D. ��������� ���� ����� ��� �

4. C. �����������ѧ�������� ʶ���ܻ‫�ش‬

A. ���ɷ���ѧ�� B. ��Ҫ��֤ʵ�� ۡ
D. ������ʵ������

5. ۣ
B. ��һ��������� ģ����‫�͡�ע‬

A. ���� C. � ��ɷ������ ����� D. ˫���

Passage Four (It Is Bush)


On the 36th day after they had voted, Americans finally learned Wednesday who
would be their next president: Governor George W. Bush of Texas.
Vice President Al Gore, his last realistic avenue for legal challenge closed by a
U. S. Supreme Court decision late Tuesday, planned to end the contest formally in
a televised evening speech of perhaps 10 minutes, advisers said.
They said that Senator Joseph Lieberman, his vice presidential running mate, would
first make brief comments. The men would speak from a ceremonial chamber of the
Old Executive office Building, to the west of the White House.
The dozens of political workers and lawyers who had helped lead Mr. Gore��s
unprecedented fight to claw a come-from-behind electoral victory in the pivotal
state of Florida were thanked Wednesday and asked to stand down.
��The vice president has directed the recount committee to suspend activities,��
William Daley, the Gore campaign chairman, said in a written statement.
Mr. Gore authorized that statement after meeting with his wife, Tipper, and with
top advisers including Mr. Daley.
He was expected to telephone Mr. Bush during the day. The Bush campaign kept a low
profile and moved gingerly, as if to leave space for Mr. Gore to contemplate his
next steps.
Yet, at the end of a trying and tumultuous process that had focused world
attention on sleepless vote counters across Florida, and on courtrooms form Miami
to Tallahassee to Atlanta to Washington the Texas governor was set to become the
43d U. S. president.
The news of Mr. Gore��s plans followed the longest and most rancorous dispute over
a U. S. presidential election in more than a century, one certain to leave scars
in a badly divided country.
It was a bitter ending for Mr. Gore, who had outpolled Mr. Bush nationwide by some
300000 votes, but, without Florida, fell short in the Electoral College by
271votes to 267��the narrowest Electoral College victory since the turbulent
election of 1876.
Mr. Gore was said to be distressed by what he and many Democratic activists felt
was a partisan decision from the nation��s highest court.
The 5-to �C4 decision of the Supreme Court held, in essence, that while a vote
recount in Florida could be conducted in legal and constitutional fashion, as Mr.
Gore had sought, this could not be done by the Dec. 12 deadline for states to
select their presidential electors.
James Baker 3rd, the former secretary of state who represented Mr. Bush in the
Florida dispute, issued a short statement after the U. S. high court ruling,
saying that the governor was ��very pleased and gratified.��
Mr. Bush was planning a nationwide speech aimed at trying to begin to heal the
country��s deep, aching and varied divisions. He then was expected to meet with
congressional leaders, including Democrats. Dick Cheney, Mr. Bush��s ruing mate,
was meeting with congressmen Wednesday in Washington.
When Mr. Bush, who is 54, is sworn into office on Jan.20, he will be only the
second son of a president to follow his father to the White House, after John
Adams and John Quincy Adams in the early 19th century.
Mr. Gore, in his speech, was expected to thank his supporters, defend his hive-
week battle as an effort to ensure, as a matter of principle, that every vote be
counted, and call for the nation to join behind the new president. He was
described by an aide as ��resolved and resigned.��
While some constitutional experts had said they believed states could present
electors as late as Dec. 18, the U. S. high court made clear that it saw no such
leeway.
The U.S. high court sent back ��for revision�� to the Florida court its order
allowing recounts but made clear that for all practical purposes the election was
over.
In its unsigned main opinion, the court declared, ��The recount process, in its
features here described, is inconsistent with the minimum procedures necessary to
protect the fundamental right of each voter.��
That decision, by a court fractured along philosophical lines, left one liberal
justice charging that the high court��s proceedings bore a political taint.
Justice John Paul Stevens wrote in an angry dissent:�� Although we may never know
with complete certainty the identity of the winner of this year��s presidential
election, the identity of the loser is perfectly clear. It is the nation��s
confidence in the judge as an impartial guardian of the law.��
But at the end of five seemingly endless weeks, during which the physical, legal
and constitutional machines of the U. S. election were pressed and sorely tested
in ways unseen in more than a century, the system finally produced a result, and
one most Americans appeared to be willing at lease provisionally to support.
The Bush team welcomed the news with an outward show of restraint and aplomb. The
governor��s hopes had risen and fallen so many times since Election night, and the
legal warriors of each side suffered through so many dramatic reversals, that
there was little energy left for celebration.

1. The main idea of this passage is


[A]. Bush��s victory in presidential election bore a political taint.
[B]. The process of the American presidential election.
[C]. The Supreme Court plays a very important part in the presidential election.
[D]. Gore is distressed.
2. What does the sentence ��as if to leave space for Mr. Gore to contemplate
his next step�� mean
[A]. Bush hopes Gore to join his administration.
[B]. Bush hopes Gore to concede defeat and to support him.
[C]. Bush hopes Gore to congraduate him.
[D]. Bush hopes Gore go on fighting with him.
3. Why couldn��t Mr. Gore win the presidential election after he outpolled Mr.
Bush in the popular vote? Because
[A]. the American president is decided by the supreme court��s decision.
[B]. people can��t directly elect their president.
[C]. the American president is elected by a slate of presidential electors.
[D]. the people of each state support Mr. Bush.
4. What was the result of the 5��4 decision of the supreme court?
[A]. It was in fact for the vote recount.
[B]. It had nothing to do with the presidential election.
[C]. It decided the fate of the winner.
[D]. It was in essence against the vote recount.
5. What did the ��turbulent election of 1876�� imply?
[A]. The process of presidential election of 2000 was the same as that.
[B]. There were great similarities between the two presidential elections (2000
and 1876).
[C]. It was compared to presidential election of 2000.
[D]. It was given an example.

Vocabulary
1. avenue ��ɹ�/��ȡ�ɹ���;��/�ֶ�

2. running mate ��ѡ��飬����Ϊ�� �ľ�ѡ��飬��ʤ��Ϊ����


3. pivotal ��Ҫ�ģ���Ŧ��
4. gingerly=carefully �������
5. tumultuous ���ֵģ�ɧ���ģ�������

6. rancorous ����� �
7. elector �� ѡ���ų�
Ա
8. elector college �9�ѡ���� ��ѡ����
9. leeway ��ѹ� ���
10. for all practical purpose ��ʵ�ϣ�ʵ��
11. fracture ���ѣ��۶�

12. taint �۵ ������


ܻ
13. dissent �� � ����
14. provisionally ��ʱ�ģ���ʱ��
15. aplomb � �����
16. restraint ���ƣ����ƣ�����

�Ѿ���‫ע‬

1. stand down �˳���/��ѡ����ְ���Ƴ� ������ָ����л��Щ����֧��� ��˳�ѡ���˶���Ķ�


� b��� stand
for ��ѡ�� Ex: to stand for parliament ��ѡ�����Ա��
2. The Bush campaign kept a low profile and moved gingerly, as if to leave
space for Mr. Gore to contemplate his next steps.
ۡ Low profile ����̬������ ¶�棬������‫�ע‬⡣High profile
[�ṹ����] profile ���Σ���*�����
�������̬��
3. recount committee ���¼���ѡƱίԱ�
4. ��one certain to leave scars is a badly divided country.
[�ṹ����] election �� λ��one (election) which was certain�� Leave scar ����� ̡ �
[�ο�����] ���ǿ��Կ϶�������������}�ɷ��ѵĹ��������� ̡ �
5. It was a bitter ending for Mr. Gore, who had outpolled Mr. Bush nationwide
by some 300000 votes, but, without Florida, fell short in the Electoral College by
271votes to 267��the narrowest Electoral College victory since the turbulent
election of 1876.
[�ṹ����] outpoll �ı���ѡƱ����ij�ˡ�Fall short (of) ȱ�٣���� � ����Electoral college

ѡ����Ʊ��ָÿһ��������ѡ��һ ����� ѡ
���ţ������� ֱ��ѡ���� ��
6. The election of 1876
����ָ1876��11��7���9��� ʱ�‫��͵������ٽ‬ˣ������� �¬ɪ��?����˹������ ѡ�

‫������ٽ‬Ϊ�Լ���������ˣ�ŦԼ� ����Ѷ�?3��Ƕ�Ϣ�����‫��ڵڶ‬죬��Ϊ������ƭ��Ϊ��������֮�‫��������ݣ‬

·��˹���ȣ�� �
���3���� ¼�Ʊ�����ϡ���һ��ѡ�‫������������ٽ‬ĸ��µ�ʱ� ��������飬���ò��Ƴ��� ��ְʱ�

���‫ ��ڶ‬1877��3��4�գ��� ��ְ������ �ǰ}�죬��Ὠb��һ��}��j��ѡ��ίԱ�


��(����͵��˺����������ˡ����û�����������ѡ����Ʊ�����˺���˹�������185Ʊ��3���184��ѡ����Ʊ��
����˹��һƱ��ѡΪ�9��19���� ��
� 2000��� 9��� ѡ����
� 1876�ĺ����ơ���� Ծ
����ἰ��
7. James Baker 3rd ��������ǰ���͵��� ���Ronald Reagen��������‫��ڸ‬Ա�Ͱ ��칫

�����Ρ���С��ʲ���‫׵‬ĸ���George Bush���� ʱ�ֵ��ι�����

1989����1993�����������С��ʲΪ���¼�Ʊ�����‫��������� �ڷ‬ʦ��

���������ʦ����ƺ���ֶ�����е��ι������Ŀ���˹�и�Warren Christopher (1993--1997)��

8. Dick Cheney ������С��ʲ����ִ�ʱ���ϳ�������γ�ɽҪ�Ը��� ��ʸ�;�� 鸨

��������Ա������ he will act in the Bush administration as a president in a


corporation while George W. Bush as the Chairman of the board of directors.
9. John Adams (1735��1848), Լ��?�ǵ�˹���
� 9 ‫�� �����ڶ‬1979����1801����j�

�ˣ�Federalist, ���� �b���ԵĹ ����


10. John Quincy Adams ��1767��1848�� �9�������� ���������ǵ�
����ӡ� ˹
11. resolved and resigned ����ָ���

������Ϊ���ᶨ����˳�ӣ�������Ϊ������ ��һ�����л���ǵ� ֧�֣�������4��֤ÿ��Ʊ��Ӧ�����Ŭf�Ǻ�����

�����⣬��һ����Ҳ�Ǻ���ȫ��֧������ ��

12. It saw no such leeway. �9� ȷ�Ժ��Ϊ����û�гɹ��Ķ ʱ� ��Ǯ���¡��ͺ������for all


practical purpose the election was over ��ʵ��ѡ���ѽ����ѳɶ��ӣ��������
ȷ�Ժ��Ϊ���¼�Ʊ��������֮�塣
13. That decision, by a court fractured along philosophical lines, left one
liberal justice charging that the high court��s proceedings bore a political
taint.
[�ο�����] ��Ժ��һ�þ��������ѧ � 룬ʹһλ�����ɷ�� �ָ�٣���˾�٣ȷ�Ժ����մ��������۵ 㡣
14. But at the end of five seemingly endless weeks, during which the physical,
legal and constitutional machines of the U. S. election were pressed and sorely
tested in ways unseen in more than a century, the system finally produced a
result, and one most Americans appeared to be willing at lease provisionally to
support.
[�ο�����] ����5���ƺ�����ֹ������֮������ƶ����������һ����һ�������9��ˣ�����Ŀǰ����ʱ֧�ֵ���

�������������‫����ڣ‬εģ����ɵģ����Ļ��������ѹf�������
ܽ ţ���Ҳ������һ�4���‫ٶ‬û�м���� ��ij�� ��

д��������´���
����һƪ���������‫��������ָ ��� ��ص‬ʵ��Bush��ѡ������˳�Ȼ���ԶԱ��ַ�д��ʤ� Ͱ��
ܷ Ĵ������ǰ�

͵�����ƺ���‫������ݣ‬ƺ����ã������‫�ٴ‬ѡ�‫ٵ‬ľ����‫� �����ر‬Ժ�IJþ��ѡ�‫�� ����ٵ‬ʤ��֮�����д������С��ʲ�

���ʤ�е�����1876��ѡ�٣�ʵ����֤����
�����
1. A. ��ʲ���� ѡ���л�ʤ ��������۵ 㡣��ƪ���»�����һ���д������һ��ʼ��д����

‫ڸ‬ȷ�Ժ�þ���˳� ѡ����д��ʲ��ʤ��ĵ͵��ж���ʾ�Ը��������
��� ʺ� 271��� 276ѡ����Ʊ��ʲ����ʤ�Ǻ�ȫ����

�Ժ����թ�Բþ��й ‫�ʹ�������أ‬ļ��‫ ��ף‬ʲ� ж��¡������д� ȷ�Ժ ������մ��������۵

�Լ���ѡ֮��ʲ�ĺ��������9����ƺ���ʱ��֧�֡���һ�� �� ʲ
ʤʤ��� ����ȴ�������ʤ��

B. �9��� ѡ�¹����̣�‫̵�ٹ‬Ľ����‫�ڲ‬ʲ��ʤ֮� ������ǹ�̣���B. � � �

C. � ȷ�Ժ���� ѡ�
����������Ҫ����� թ Բþƫ̻��ʲ��ʤ�������� ۵ ��ӳ�˲�ʲ���ֶΡ�
��������� ��

D. �������‫�������ܣ‬ʵ������������ �롣

2. B. ��ʲϣ��������һ��������ʧ�‫�������֧���ܣ‬ȷʵ��Ҳ�������ˡ�����������ֳƸ��Ϊ��resolved

and resigned.�� ������˳��������ˡ����������� ��к������� ������ ��

A. ��ʲϣ��������������� C. ��ʲϣ����‫����ף‬ D. ��ʲϣ������������ȥ��

3. C. �9���� ��ѡ��������ѡ�‫�����ٲ‬Ѿ���6��5 ‫��ע‬

A. �9��� �ɸ ȷ�Ժ�þ� B. ������ֱ��ѡ���� ����ֻ�ǵ�һ���� ����Ҫ ����C. D.

��������֧�ֲ�ʲ��

4. D. ����ʵ��� ��Ƿ������¼�Ʊ�����‫�ڵ‬ʮ���β���ú������

ȷ�Ժ5��4֮�þ�ʵ��� ������¼�Ʊ��12��12����ѡ���� ѡ���ŵ����һ��֮ǰ�Dz����


ܽ еģ���������Ϊ��������

��Է��ɺ�������
ܷ ʽ���¼�Ʊ���� ѡ����һ������ ��ѡ��������ѡ�‫�����ٲ‬ô���¼�Ʊ������

ѡ��ʵ�����Ǻ������ã����� 5��4�þ�12��12��֮ǰ����ʵ��� ��Ƿ������¼�Ʊ��

A. ����ʵ������֧�����¼�Ʊ����� � B. ������� ѡ� ��‫�ٺ‬ϵ����� ���ϵ�ܴ �D��‫�͡�ע‬

C. �����ʤ� ����ˡ�

5. B. �����2000����� ѡ�1876�‫ �����ٺ‬ѡ��}��֮�����ź������֮


ܴ �������Ѿ���‫ע‬

6������˹��Ϊ���ˣ��� ������˭֪������ƭ��Ϊ������������

������¼�Ʊ������Ǻ���˹��һƱ֮����ʤ�����¼�Ʊ�Լ���ʤ����2000���� ѡ�����ƣ������ 棬����Ϊ���û���

���¼�Ʊ� ���������ı ���������2000��ѡ�‫��ֻ������ �ٲ‬ѡB� A����ȫһ���Ǵ���ġ�

A. }��ѡ���� ���һ���� C. ��1876���� ѡ�2000���‫ �����ٱ‬ѡ�١� D. ��Ϊ���Ӹ��


����û�� ��
Passage Five (Women��s Positions in the 17th Century)
Social circumstances in Early Modern England mostly served to repress women��s
voices. Patriarchal culture and institutions constructed them as chaste, silent,
obedient, and subordinate. At the beginning of the 17th century, the ideology of
patriarchy, political absolutism, and gender hierarchy were reaffirmed powerfully
by King James in The Trew Law of Free Monarchie and the Basilikon Doron; by that
ideology the absolute power of God the supreme patriarch was seen to be imaged in
the absolute monarch of the state and in the husband and father of a family.
Accordingly, a woman��s subjection, first to her father and then to her husband,
imaged the subjection of English people to their monarch, and of all Christians to
God. Also, the period saw an outpouring of repressive or overtly misogynist
sermons, tracts, and plays, detailing women��s physical and mental defects,
spiritual evils, rebelliousness, shrewish ness, and natural inferiority to men.
Yet some social and cultural conditions served to empower women. During the
Elizabethan era (1558��1603) the culture was dominated by a powerful Queen, who
provided an impressive female example though she left scant cultural space for
other women. Elizabethan women writers began to produce original texts but were
occupied chiefly with translation. In the 17th century, however, various
circumstances enabled women to write original texts in some numbers. For one
thing, some counterweight to patriarchy was provided by female
communities��mothers and daughters, extended kinship networks, close female
friends, the separate court of Queen Anne (King James�� consort) and her often
oppositional masques and political activities. For another, most of these women
had a reasonably good education (modern languages, history, literature, religion,
music, occasionally Latin) and some apparently found in romances and histories
more expansive terms for imagining women��s lives. Also, representation of
vigorous and rebellious female characters in literature and especially on the
stage no doubt helped to undermine any monolithic social construct of women��s
mature and role.
Most important, perhaps, was the radical potential inherent in the Protestant
insistence on every Christian��s immediate relationship with God and primary
responsibility to follow his or her individual conscience. There is plenty of
support in St Paul��s epistles and elsewhere in the Bible for patriarchy and a
wife��s subjection to her husband, but some texts (notably Galatians 3:28)
inscribe a very different politics, promoting women��s spiritual equality: ��There
is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male
nor female: for ye are all one in Jesus Christ.�� Such texts encouraged some women
to claim the support of God the supreme patriarch against the various earthly
patriarchs who claimed to stand toward them in his stead.
There is also the gap or slippage between ideology and common experience. English
women throughout the 17th century exercised a good deal of accrual power: as
managers of estates in their husbands�� absences at court or on military and
diplomatic missions; as members of guilds; as wives and mothers who apex during
the English Civil War and Interregnum (1640-60) as the execution of the King and
the attendant disruption of social hierarchies led many women to seize new
roles��as preachers, as prophetesses, as deputies for exiled royalist husbands, as
writers of religious and political tracts.

1. What is the best title for this passage?


[A]. Women��s Position in the 17th Century.
[B]. Women��s Subjection to Patriarchy.
[C]. Social Circumstances in the 17th Century.
[D]. Women��s objection in the 17th Century.
2. What did the Queen Elizabeth do for the women in culture?
[A]. She set an impressive female example to follow.
[B]. She dominated the culture.
[C]. She did little.
[D]. She allowed women to translate something.
3. Which of the following is Not mention as a reason to enable women to
original texts?
[A].Female communities provided some counterweight to patriarchy.
[B]. Queen Anne��s political activities.
[C]. Most women had a good education.
[D]. Queen Elizabeth��s political activities.
4. What did the religion so for the women?
[A]. It did nothing.
[B]. It too asked women to be obedient except some texts.
[C]. It supported women.
[D]. It appealed to the God.

Vocabulary
1. repress ѹ�ƣ���ѹ��Լ��
2. patriarchy �峤�ƣ��ҳ���
3. chaste ���ģ����ŵ�
4. hierarchy � ���
5. monarch ������� ��
6. image �����ӳ
7. overtly �����ģ���� �
8. outpour ��к
9. sermon ���#� ��
10. tract ����̣‫�ڽ‬С���Ӵ���
11. misogynist ��� �Ů
12. shrewish �ø��Ƶģ�����ֵ�
13. counterweight ����
14. consort ��ż
15. masque ��‫���װ‬
16. monolithic ���һ��ģ��� ���
17. epistle ʥ��?��Լ�е�ʹ ��
18. Galatians ��Լʥ���м�-̫��
19. inscribe �������

�Ѿ���‫ע‬
1. Also, the period saw an outpouring of repressive or overtly misogynist
sermons, tracts, and plays, detailing women��s physical and mental defects,
spiritual evils, rebelliousness, shrewish ness, and natural inferiority to men.
[�ṹ����] ����һ�‫����ͣ��־‬ʱ��+see, find �ȶ���+���

[�ο�����] ��һʱ�4�‫���ڳ‬Լ������Է��Ը�Ů�IJ��#����壩��С���Ӻ�Ϸ�磬

��ϸ������� ������
�Ů�����Ϻϵ
�ȱ� ‫�����������ݣ‬棬�‫� ����������� ݣ‬Ʒ� �
2. Such texts encouraged some women to claim the support of God the supreme
patriarch against the various earthly patriarchs who claimed to stand toward them
in his stead.
[�ṹ����] in one��s stead ����ij�ˡ�
[�ο�����] ����İ 汾������Щ��ŮȥѰ���� ҳ����ϵ ۵�֧�֣�� ����ָ����ҳ��������������ϵ ۶ ����ǡ�

д��������´���
����������17�<�Ӣ��Ů�ĵ�λ�����öԱ�д���ַ���һ���棨

��һ�Σ�Ӣ��ղķʿ�����Է�����ʽȷ�����ҳ��Ƶ� ����
������
ϵϼ �Ȩ��� 壬

�Ա�ȼ��� ʶ
��ơ��� ϵ
���� ۵ ľ��Ȩ����� ��������‫�ھ‬Ծ����Ȩ�ϣ������‫� �ڼ‬ĸ��

��ɷ����ϡ���� �Ů� ��‫�����ף‬ɷ�ķ���������Ӣ����Ծ�Ȩ��ȫ���ͽϵ


��� ۵ ķ��ӡ���ʱ����͵ĸ�Ů������

��Ĭ�����ӣ����¡�

��棬 ijЩ�����Ļ����‫��ظ‬踾 Ů��f ��������Ů������ɯ�� �ε�ʱ�

‫��������ڣ‬һ��ǿ��f�İ������һЩ��Ů�����ϵ���Լ�����Ů� ʵ
ķ� ���� �λ ���� �����Ǵ���� ��Ů����
ܹ |
�ý�������Ҫ������Щʥ���ı��Ĵ���Ů����ƽ�ȡ�
���һ��������Ӣ��Ůʵ�����е��Ѿ�����ʵȨ�����ɷ������ǹ��� ���

�����
1. A. 17�<�Ӣ��Ů��λ�����������´��⡣
B. ��Ů�����‫����ڼ‬ơ� D. 17�<

�Ů�ķ���������A.�����е�һ���֣�������Ϊ��ѱ�� C. 17�<�Ӣ�������ʽ��ֻ����Ϊ�������֡�

2. C. ��û����ʲô��ӢŮ������ɯ����λʱ�‫����ڼ‬Ļ��ϲ�û�и�Ů���ʲô�����‫��ڵڶ‬ν��ú�����������ɯ��

��ʱ�1603����1558�‫�����ڣ‬Ļ�����Ϊǿ����Ů������ƣ�����ȷʵ��b����������ĸ�Ů���

�����û��Ϊ����Ů������
ܹ һЩ�������ǰ���г�֮ �����һ�����A. B. C.
3. D. ����ɯ��Ů�ʵ���λ ��������û���ἰ��
A. ��Ů������Լҳ��ƽ��п��⡣ B. ����Ů�ʵ���λ ��
� C. ������� �
ܹ |�ý����������

‫����ڵڶ‬ж�� ������� ȣϵ ����ĸ�


���Ů����� ‫�ף‬Ů�����ǵ���������ѣ�����Ů�ʵ��5Ĺ�� ���Ƕ�b�Ļ�

‫������װ‬λ �����峤����� �� ��

4. B. ����ijЩ�ı��⣬��ҲҪ��Ů���ӡ���һ�Σ����������‫�����ݡ‬μ���������һ�㡣��Ҳ�

����Ҫ���ǻ�̹���DZ�‫��������� ����ڼ‬ÿ���ͽ���ϵ ۵�ֱ�ӹ�ϵ����������������Ƿ���������|֪

����ʥ?����ʹ ���
�� Լ ‫��ڱ‬ʥ���������Լҳ��ƣ���� ��ɷ�ķ��� ֧�֡�������Щ�ı��Կ���һ����ȫ�� ����ι ۵

�Ĵ���Ů����ƽ�ȣ�����û������
̫ ϣ0֮�֣�û���������֮�֣�û����Ů֮�֣���Ϊ��Ү�ֻ���ǰ�����Ƕ���һ��

A. ��ʲôҲû������ � C. ��֧�ָ�Ů��Ҳ��� �ֻ��ijЩ�汾֧�֡� D.

ۡ
���������ϵ����� ϵ�֮��ѹ�Ƹ�Ů����һ�Σ�����ˣ���Ů���ȷ��Ӹ��‫����� �ף‬ɷ������ˣ�����Ӣ����������

�ǵľ������л�ͽ�����
ϵ ۡ ���

Passage Six (The Present Is the Most Important)


Shams and delusions are esteemed for soundest truths, while reality is fabulous.
If men would steadily observe realities only, and not allow themselves to be
deluded, life, to compare it with such things as we know, would be like a fairy
tale and the Arabian Nights�� Entertainments. If we respected only what is
inevitable and has a right to be , music and poetry would resound along the
streets. When we are unhurried and wise, we perceive that only great and worthy
things have any permanent and absolute existence, --that petty fears and petty
pleasure are but the shadow of reality. This is always exhilarating and sublime.
By closing the eyes and slumbering, by consenting to be deceived by shows, men
establish and confirm their daily life of routine and habit everywhere, which
still is built on purely illusory foundation. Children, who play life, discern its
true law and relations more clearly than men, who fail to live worthily, but who
think that they are wiser by experience, that is, by failure. I have read in a
Hindoo book, that ��there was a king��s son, who, being expelled in infancy from
his native city, was brought up by a forester, and, growing up to maturity in that
state, imagined himself to belong to the barbarous race with which be lived. One
of his father��s ministers having discovered him, revealed to him what he was, and
the misconception of his character was removed, and he knew himself to be a
prince. So soul, from the circumstances in which it is placed, mistakes its own
character, until the truth is revealed to it by some holy teacher, and then it
knows itself to be Brahme.�� We think that that is which appears to be. If a man
should give us an account of the realities he beheld, we should not recognize the
place in his description. Look at a meeting-house, or a court-house, or a jail, or
a shop. Or a dwelling-house, and say what that thing really is before a true gaze,
and they would all go to pieces in your account of them. Men esteem truth remote,
in the outskirts of the system, behind the farthest star, before Adam and after
the last man. In eternity there is indeed something true and sublime. But all
these times and places and occasions are now and here. God himself culminates in
the present moment, and will never be more divine in the lapse of all ages. And we
are enabled to apprehend at all what is sublime and noble only by the perpetual
instilling and drenching of the reality that surrounds us. The universe constantly
and obediently answers to our conceptions; whether we travel fast or slow, the
track is laid for us. Let us spend our lives in conceiving then. The poet or the
artist never yet had as fair and noble a design but some of his posterity at least
could accomplish it.
1. The writer��s attitude toward the arts is one of
[A]. admiration. [B]. indifference. [C]. suspicion. [D]. repulsion
2. The author believes that a child.
[A]. should practice what the Hindoos preach.
[B]. frequently faces vital problems better than grownups do.
[C]. hardly ever knows his true origin.
[D]. is incapable of appreciating the arts.
3. The author is primarily concerned with urging the reader to
[A]. look to the future for enlightenment. [B]. appraise the present for its true
value.
[C]. honor the wisdom of the past ages. [D]. spend more time in leisure
activities.
4. The passage is primarily concerned with problem of
[A]. history and economics. [B]. society and population.
[C]. biology and physics. [D]. theology and philosophy.
Vocabulary
1. sham ��α
2. delusion ��ƭ
3. fabulous �ĵ�� �ģ������‫�ڵ‬
4. exhilarating ��� �� �
5. sublime �� �
6. slumber ˯��
7. Hindoo ӡ��
8. Brahma �����ţ����壩
9. come, fall, go to pieces ��#����̨
10. culminate � ����
11. lapse ʱ�������/����
12. apprehend �������
13. instill ������‫������أ���ע‬

14. drench ���‫ʹ�ݣ‬ʪ


15. posterity ������
16. look to ָ��‫��ע‬

�Ѿ���‫ע‬
1. If men would steadily observe realities only, and not allow themselves to be
deluded, life, to compare it with such things as we know, would be like a fairy
tale and the Arabian Nights�� Entertainments.
[�ṹ����] ������� �����to compare it with�� know�Dz���� Ҳ�м���֮�⡣

[�ο�����] ������Ǽ��ֻ�۲���ʵ�������Լ����ɱΣ���ô�� ��������� ֪�5������� ϣ������


���һǧ��һҹ�������һ�С�
2. When we are unhurried and wise, we perceive that only great and worthy things
have any permanent and absolute existence, --that petty fears and petty pleasure
are but the shadow of reality.
[�ṹ����] �����}��that. ��һ����perceive �ı��� ���‫ۺ‬ŵĵ ‫���ڶ‬
that� �ǰһ��
��� �
��Ա that

[�ο�����] �������侲������ʱ�����ǻ�е�ֻ��ΰ��ĺ��м�ֵ�Ķ�������:�� ‫�����ش��ڣ‬Щ΢����5Ŀ‫־‬

� ��ֽ������ʵ����Ӱ���ѡ�
3. By closing the eyes and slumbering, by consenting to be deceived by shows, men
establish and confirm their daily life of routine and habit everywhere, which
still is built on purely illusory foundation.
[�����] �����
‫�������˯��������۾‬Լ��������������ɱ
�����ͨ ����Щ� Σ ֶ�4��b��ȷ�����ǵ����

� ճ̺ ���ϰ������ �ǽ�b�‫ڻ‬ã�������ϵĶ���
4. So soul, from the circumstances in which it is placed, mistakes its own
character, until the truth is revealed to it by some holy teacher, and then it
knows itself to be Brahme.��
[�ṹ����] from the circumstances in which �� ����ʶ���+���ӣ�ʵ��� �������mistake
[�ο�����] ������Ļ����г�������Լ����� ���ˡ�ֱ��ij����ʥ�������ʾ����ʵ����ʱ���֪���Լ��Ǹ���塣
5. We think that that is which appears to be.
[�ṹ����] ��һ��that ����think�ı��� ��l�Ӵʣ��‫���ڶ‬that �Ǵ�ʣ������е���� ָ������ �����ӡ�
[�ο�����] �������Ǿ��ǿ���4�Ǹ����ӣ�����ƺ��������
д��������´���
����һƪ����ѧ�Ƕ�̽����Ӧ������ʵ���� �ġ������
ȣ�����ʵ��ԶԱ���д��� ַ���������α����ƭ����Ϊ�x�

���ϵ�����һ�£���������ʵ�����‫� �ر‬Ķ���Աȣ����������:�����4Դ�����Դ�� ͺ��


ȣ����Ӹ��
Ա ����
ֱܷ Ĺ

��ɡ����ӹ�ȥ��δ4�����‫ڶ‬Աȣ����ǶԹ�ȥ��Ϊ������ôһ���£����ңԶ��һ�С������������ǡ�����ʱ�˵‫���ص‬ʵ�
�����Ҫ�ġ�
�����
1. A. ���塣���ĵ��� �������ֻ���‫� �ر‬Ķ���������Ȩ�Ϊ�� �Ķ�����ô���ֺ�ʫ��������

‫��ڽ‬ϳ��С����������һ� �� ʫ� ������4û������:ú � ����룬��������Щ������

�‫��ٻ‬һ���ġ��������Ѿ���1 ‫����ע‬Щ�� ����� �������Ϊ�� ��:ã����DZ��ɱεĶ���

B. Į�����ġ� C. ���ɵġ� D. �ų⡣� � �

2. B. �����dz����ȳ�� �ı�� Ӹ������ ���ĵ�� ��������Ϸ��

����ֻ֪�����ȴ�����Ժܺı����ij����Ǹ����ķֱ����ʾ����������ɺ����ֹ�ϵ����

A. ����Ӧ��ʵ��ӡ�Ȳ�����Ķ��� C. ���������ʵ����һ����֪�����ǽ����ӵ����飬����һ� �ӡ� D.


�������������δ�ἰ��
3. B. ����Ŀǰ�������ֵ���������µ������ �:��У�ȷʵ����ʵ� � Ķ�����‫�����������ڡ‬һ��ʱ� �‫ص‬

�������‫�ڴ‬ʱ� ‫��ء‬ϵ ١�������ʱ� �˶��塣�‫�����ڽ‬ŵ������У���������ʥ�� �����ֻ�г��‫��ڲ‬ϵ

‫������� ���ع‬Χ��ʵ֮�У��������ʲô�dz� ���ʥ�Ķ���������ǵIJ����컹

����·����Ϊ���̶����Ǿ������ǵ��������������ж �����ǿ����ʵ��������Ӧ��‫�ץס‬ġ�

ۡ D. �����еĻ �л�����ʱ�
A. ָ��δ4������ϡ� C. ���‫�ع‬ȥ���ǻ�

4. D. ��ѧ����ѧ����ƪ���¶���������}�����‫ررر‬
��‫�����ݣ‬ѧ������ ��

A. ��ʷ�;���ѧ�� B. ����� ‫ �ڡ‬C. ��������


Passage Seven (Forecasting of Statistics)
Nearly two thousand years have passed since a census decreed by Caesar Augustus
become part of the greatest story ever told. Many things have changed in the
intervening years. The hotel industry worries more about overbuilding than
overcrowding, and if they had to meet an unexpected influx, few inns would have a
manager to accommodate the weary guests. Now it is the census taker that does the
traveling in the fond hope that a highly mobile population will stay long enough
to get a good sampling. Methods of gathering, recording, and evaluating
information have presumably been improved a great deal. And where then it was the
modest purpose of Rome to obtain a simple head count as an adequate basis for
levying taxes, now batteries of complicated statistical series furnished by
governmental agencies and private organizations are eagerly scanned and
interpreted by sages and seers to get a clue to future events. The Bible does not
tell us how the Roman census takers made out, and as regards our more immediate
concern, the reliability of present day economic forecasting, there are
considerable differences of opinion. They were aired at the celebration of the
125th anniversary of the American Statistical Association. There was the thought
that business forecasting might well be on its way from an art to a science, and
some speakers talked about newfangled computers and high-falutin mathematical
system in terms of excitement and endearment which we, at least in our younger
years when these things mattered, would have associated more readily with the
description of a fair maiden. But others pointed to the deplorable record of
highly esteemed forecasts and forecasters with a batting average below that of the
Mets, and the President-elect of the Association cautioned that ��high powered
statistical methods are usually in order where the facts are crude and inadequate,
the exact contrary of what crude and inadequate statisticians assume.�� We left
his birthday party somewhere between hope and despair and with the conviction, not
really newly acquired, that proper statistical methods applied to ascertainable
facts have their merits in economic forecasting as long as neither forecaster nor
public is deluded into mistaking the delineation of probabilities and trends for a
prediction of certainties of mathematical exactitude.
1. Taxation in Roman days apparently was based on
[A]. wealth. [B]. mobility. [C]. population. [D]. census takers.
2. The American Statistical Association
[A]. is converting statistical study from an art to a science.
[B]. has an excellent record in business forecasting.
[C]. is neither hopeful nor pessimistic.
[D]. speaks with mathematical exactitude.
3. The message the author wishes the reader to get is
[A]. statisticians have not advanced since the days of the Roman.
[B]. statistics is not as yet a science.
[C]. statisticians love their machine.
[D].computer is hopeful.
4. The ��greatest story ever told�� referred to in the passage is the story of
[A]. Christmas. [B]. The Mets.
[C]. Moses. [D]. Roman Census Takers.
Vocabulary
1. census � ‫��ڵ‬

2. decreed �ֲ�����

3. influx � �����루� ‫��ڻ‬

4. census taker � ‫��ڵ‬Ա

5. in the intervening years �����‫�ڼ‬

6. sampling ���飩

7. presumable ���ܵģ����Ʋ��
8. batteries һl����һϵ��
9. sage ʥ�ˣ�����ģ��ˡ���
10. seer ��֪

11. newfangled ���͵ģ����壩


12. high-falutin ���ģ����ŵ�
13. deplorable ���ҵģ����ҵ�
14. batting average ƽ��ɹ��ʣ� ָ����ƽ��÷���
15. ascertainable ����ȷ����/ȷ�е�
16. delineation ����
17. exactitude ��ȷ
�Ѿ���‫ע‬
1. The hotel industry worries more about overbuilding than overcrowding, and if
they had to meet an unexpected influx, few inns would have a manager to
accommodate the weary guests.
[�ṹ����] ��� And��Ϊ�������

[�ο�����] �ù�ҵ�������ù �̫������ �̫��� ����������Dz��ò������벻�������ÿͣ�û��ʲô�ù

���һλ����ȥ����ƣ�������Ŀ��˵�ʳ ‫�ޡ‬
д��������´���
�����‫⾭� ������ ���ۼ‬

�á������öԱ���֤�ַ���������̿��ǣ������ƺ�ΰ����}ǧ��ǰ����?�¹�˹��������е��˿‫ڵ‬

ۡ
�� � ������‫�����⾭� ������ �ڵ‬ó�Ӧ����ȷ� � ����� ֵĽ���
�����
1. C. � ‫���� ���ڡ����ڵ‬ʱ��������� ��Ϊ�� ���ʵ���Ŀ�ĺܼ ���

A. �Ƹ��� B. ��� � C. � ‫��ڵ‬Ա��

2. A. ��� ���о����Ŀ�‫�����ת‬ơ����Ǵӵ���俪 ʼ����һ�ֹ۵ 㡣�����‫��֯���� �������ڣ‬һϵ�и��ӵ�

�����֣������ ���֪�������е���:ͽ�����ȡ�� ����δ


� 4�¼������ʥ���� û�и�������������

ܴ 9� ��Э��125������‫�ף‬
‫��ڵ‬Ա����ô��� �Ƶġ��������ǵ�ǰ��ӹ��ĵ����⣺Ŀǰ���� ��Ŀɿ�� ���������

�ϣ������‫���������ڴ‬Щ�� �۵ 㡣��һ�� ���Ǿ��� ���������Ŀ�

‫���ת‬ѧ����ƣ���չ����Щ��� ��Ҵ�̸���ͼ���� dz�� ���ѧϵ

���������� û���� ��������һ����֪��������� 9�������‫�� �ת‬Э���‫�� �ڰ‬ѧ���Ŀ�

‫����ת‬ơ�����A. � �

B. ����ҵ � ����н�
ܳ ļ�¼����� �ʵ���ϡ�ƽ��ɹ��ʻ�����the Mets��

C. ��û��ϣ��Ҳ���ֹۡ�����û���ἰ��ֻ���������ǰ�ϲ�����뿪 Э�
D. ����ѧ�ľ�ȷ��4 �������µ�����͡�Э� ����
�д �������ѧ��
ȴȷ � ���
3. B. ��ѧ��������Ϊֹ��������һ�ſ�ѧ����ƣ��������� 仰����l ��Э�����ϯҲ��� ����

�Ʒ���ʵ�ʲ��� ʼ� �����ĵ ‫�ط‬һ� ������� ��ģ������ʵ� ��


��Ա ‫����� �������ٶ‬ǻ����ǡ�ϣ�����������

뿪������‫���� ��ף‬ȷʵ�����½���е���� ����Ӧ����ȷ�в�����


���� �Ʒ�� ǡ ‫�������� ���ھ‬Ĺ��‫ֻ�ף‬Ҫ

����Ա� ��‫����ڲ‬ɱΣ�����������ʺ����Ƶ�����ѧ��ȷ�‫���� � ޱ‬С���


A. ��Ա������ʱ�����û��ǰ��� C. ��Ա���������}������û��� �� D.
�����ǰ�� ������ֻ������Щ� ���� ��ҵ���������ͼ���� dz�� ���ѧ��ϵ
������ʾ�˼�������ϣ�����������˶�������Ϊ�ġ�����Ҫ�ļ�����Ӧ�ò����ܸı������ʵ��
��ѧ����b�̣������Ŀơ�����B. � �
4. A. ��ʥ���‫��ָ�ڣ‬ĵ���ʥ���е�һ����¡�

B. the Mets. ʥ��������ϣ��3�˳������� Ҳ���ծ����̫� ���


Ħ C. �� D. ����� ‫��ڵ‬Ա��
Passage Eight (Wakefield Master��s Realism)
Moreover, insofar as any interpretation of its author can be made from the five or
six plays attributed to him, the Wake field Master is uniformly considered to be a
man of sharp contemporary observation. He was, formally, perhaps clerically
educated, as his Latin and music, his Biblical and patristic lore indicate. He is,
still, celebrated mainly for his quick sympathy for the oppressed and forgotten
man, his sharp eye for character, a ready ear for colloquial vernacular turns of
speech and a humor alternately rude and boisterous, coarse and happy. Hence
despite his conscious artistry as manifest in his feeling for intricate metrical
and stanza forms, he is looked upon as a kind of medieval Steinbeck, indignantly
angry at, uncompromisingly and even brutally realistic in presenting the plight of
the agricultural poor.
Thus taking the play and the author together, it is mow fairly conventional to
regard the former as a kind of ultimate point in the secularization of the
medieval drama. Hence much emphasis on it as depicting realistically humble
manners and pastoral life in the bleak hills of the West Riding of Yorkshire on a
typically cold bight of December 24th. After what are often regarded as almost
��documentaries�� given in the three successive monologues of the three shepherds,
critics go on to affirm that the realism is then intensified into a burlesque
mock-treatment of the Nativity. Finally as a sort of epilogue or after-thought in
deference to the Biblical origins of the materials, the play slides back into an
atavistic mood of early innocent reverence. Actually, as we shall see, the final
scene is not only the culminating scene but perhaps the raison d��etre of
introductory ��realism.��
There is much on the surface of the present play to support the conventional view
of its mood of secular realism. All the same, the ��realism�� of the Wakefield
Master is of a paradoxical turn. His wide knowledge of people, as well as books
indicates no cloistered contemplative but one in close relation to his times.
Still, that life was after all a predominantly religious one, a time which never
neglected the belief that man was a rebellious and sinful creature in need of
redemption, So deeply (one can hardly say ��naively�� of so sophisticated a
writer) and implicitly religious is the Master that he is less able (or less
willing) to present actual history realistically than is the author of the Brome
��Abraham and Isaac��. His historical sense is even less realistic than that of
Chaucer who just a few years before had done for his own time costume romances,
such as The Knight��s Tale, Troilus and Cressida, etc. Moreover Chaucer had the
excuse of highly romantic materials for taking liberties with history.
1. Which of the following statements about the Wakefield Master is NOT True?
[A]. He was Chaucer��s contemporary.
[B]. He is remembered as the author of five or six realistic plays.
[C]. He write like John Steinbeck.
[D]. HE was an accomplished artist.
2. By ��patristic��, the author means
[A]. realistic. [B]. patriotic
[C]. superstitious. [C]. pertaining to the Christian Fathers.
3. The statement about the ��secularization of the medieval drama�� refers to the
[A]. introduction of mundane matters in religious plays.
[B]. presentation of erudite material.
[C]. use of contemporary introduction of religious themes in the early days.
4. In subsequent paragraphs, we may expect the writer of this passage to
[A]. justify his comparison with Steinbeck.
[B]. present a point of view which attack the thought of the second paragraph.
[C]. point out the anachronisms in the play.
[D]. discuss the works of Chaucer.
Vocabulary
1. clerically educated ��
ܹ ̻�����
2. lore �� �� ���� ����
3. patristic �й����‫�������ڻ‬
4. vernacular ����
5. boisterous ���ֵ�
6. metrical ���ɵ�
7. stanza ʫ��
8. medieval ���<͵�
9. plight ���ҵ�����
10. secularization ��� �������̻�
11. pastoral ����
12. bleak ��y��
13. documentary ��¼���‫�׵‬
14. monologue �0�
15. burlesque ‫ڶ‬г����Ϸʫ�ĵģ���̻ ��
16. Nativity ��ĵ���
17. epilogue � ���
18. deference ��� ����
19. atavistic ����ģ�����Ŵ���
20. slide back to ���‫����ָ�����أ‬

21. raison d��etre ���‫�����ڵ‬


22. all the same �������
23. paradoxical turn �����
ܵ ��
24. cloistered ��ӵ�
25. contemplative ��‫����ڤ‬ˣ���ɮ�£�

26. the contemplative life �‫ڤر‬


���‫�������ڽ‬
27. redemption ����
28. mundane ���‫׵‬ģ����5�

29. erudite ��ѧ�ģ���ѧ֮ʿ


30. anachronism ʱ�������ʱ��ϵ�����
�Ѿ���‫ע‬
1. Moreover, insofar as any interpretation of its author can be made from the five
or six plays attributed to him, the Wake field Master is uniformly considered to
be a man of sharp contemporary observation.
[�ṹ����] insofar �壺ֻ�‫ڡڡڡڡ‬
��‫�����ܣ‬Χ������as l�á�Attributed ��ȥ�ִʣ�����ָ����Τ�˷ƶ�

´�ʦд�ľ 籾��

[�����] ��� ��������������


ƶ�� ˷� ?� ����д�ľ
˹ 籾 Ϊ�>�4���� ����λ���

�����һλ����Ϊ��ʱ�������� �f� Ϸ
����ҡ�
д��������´���
ۣ
����һƪ��ѧ������ Τ�˷ƶ��?��˹�ѵ�Ϸ�硣�������ŵ� ʱ���ˣ����
� öԱ� ַ������ Ա�����
�����<Ҷ�Τ�<�֮����4��֤Τ�˷ƶ�±�� Ĺ ۵ b������Ʒ�����壬��� ���� ���档

Ȼ������ ʱ����������
ϣ� Ƚ ָ����IJ��㡣
�����
1. C. ���� ˹̹ ����һ��д����һ������˵����һλ���ϵ�
ĶԵ�
�ʱ�������� �f��ҡ������� Ȼ����ʢ����Ҫ���
‫���ڡ‬Ա�ѹ� ����������� � 飬���Ŷ������ �� ��Ϭ���۹⣬��� ���� �����‫��ת‬ġ���䡱

�������Ĭ�ַŶ������֣���³������졣��ˣ�����������ʶ������Ч��� ������
�������ԱԸ������ɺ�ʫ�

‫ڵ‬ĸ���f�ϣ�������Ȼ����Ϊ���<͵� ˹̹ ���ˣ���ƶ��ũ� ����˵ļ��

�ŭ�����Ժr���Э������Ұ�Ե���ʵ�������λ� ������
λ }��� ֮�� ���������

۵��ϡ�����ָһ���������ʽ�ϡ�Τ�˷ƶ��д���� ʫ̹˹˵
����ʽ�������ģ��� ������С ��ɢ�ľ 硣

����˵���� ˹̹ ��������д�ʹ��ˡ���ѡC.

A. �������� ʱ���ˣ������һ� �����ʷ�۵����ʵ������ѷ�����š������‫���ڼ‬ǰ��Ϊ��ʱ��д��һ�����档��

B. ������Ϊ�������ʵ֮�籾����� �Ϊ� �� ���ĵ�һ�仰��ֻ����


ܴ д���������籾 4 ����λ��� ��� D.
����һλ�гɾ͵�����ҡ�
2. D. Patristic �壺 Ϊ�������‫������ڻ‬ġ���һ����his Biblical and Patristic lore

indicate���� �ǡ������й�ʥ�������‫�������ڻ‬ǵĸ�ҥ����
A. ��ʵ����ġ� B. ����ġ� C. ���ŵġ�
3. A. ���̾‫��ڽ‬н�������֮�¡���‫����ڶ‬е�secularization�壺���

�������̻ ��һ��ζ�����Τ���ж�����֮�µ�������þ 籾������}��һ� Ļ�������ϰ���‫���ڰ‬ľ 籾

�������<�Ϸ����� ���һ��㡣��ˣ��������

�ǿ����һ������

� 4 �������ʵ���������12��24��һ�����ҹ� �
����Լ
� ɽ
������y������ ִ�ª��ϰ�

��������‫�������ڳ‬Ϊ�����ǡ���¼���‫�������������ס‬l��Ķ0�֮�����<��Ǽ�����Ϊ�����ʵ�����

‫�ڴ‬ʱ��ǿ�����Է�̳�Ū�Ŀ��Ǵ���� �ĵ�����������
�� ճ ��º�IJ�� �Բ��ϵ�4Դʥ����ʾ���⡣�籾�ֻ��

‫�����ص����ڴ‬а�����棩�ij 羴��һ�ַ�������ȥ����ʵ�����һĻ������ȫ��ĸ ���Ҳ��ǡ���ʵ���

塱��� ��‫����ڵ‬ɡ�����һ����������������Ϊ� �����ֻ�‫��ף�� ��ڽ‬ƻ������Ӽv��ѡ�

B. ���� ��֪ʶ���ϡ� C. Ӧ�ı�����ϡ�̫�� ������Ҳ���‫�¡�֮�ڽ‬

D. ���������‫���ڽ‬ġ�

4. B. ������‫�� ���ڶ‬Ĺ ۵ 㡣����������ѻ ‫�������ش‬ѡ��B������Ϊ������� ��� �����еĹ ۵ 㡣���

‫��� ��ڽ‬濴�����У�����4̸����ʵ���‫���͡��ס‬ʵ���塱���� ������֮���岢������}��ʵı��塣������һ�仰

����ʵ�ϣ����һĻ�������������һĻ���‫�����ڽ����ݣ‬ʵ���塱������introductory� Ρ�����ε������

Ĺ ۵ ���‫�ڵ‬Ϸ������������֧��������ʵ����ģʽ�Ĺ ۵ 㡣 Τ֮����ʵ���塯��һ������ì���
ܵ ‫ص‬㡣

���� ��鱾�Ĺ ��� ������������8����Ǻ�ʱ�������l�ġ��� ����ʱ�����


���ȫ��λ���Ͼ

̡‫���ڽ‬ʱ���������������������������������飬��Ҫ��� ��ʦ����ô��z�����ŷ��

̣‫������ڽ‬Ȳ���ķ��� ���‫���� ���ܣ‬ʵ����‫����������ر‬ʷ�������ʷ����ʵ�����q����Ÿ���ʵ���塣

��������ǰ����Ϊ���ʱ��д�ˡ����ơ���ʿ�Ĺ��¡�����������-˹� �3� ¡��ȴ��档

�� ������� �����IJ���Ϊ��‫���ڶ‬ʷ��ʵ��� �
������ �����ǿ�����������������һ�������
��Ĺ Լ ۵ ���‫��ڶ‬εĿ�����

A. ��� ˹̹ ���˵ıȽ��ǹ�ƽ�ġ� C. ָ�����ʱ����� D. ����������Ʒ��


Passage Nine (The Continuity of the Religious Struggle in Britain)
Though England was on the whole prosperous and hopeful, though by comparison with
her neighbors she enjoyed internal peace, she could not evade the fact that the
world of which she formed a part was torn by hatred and strife as fierce as any in
human history. Men were still for from recognizing that two religions could exist
side by side in the same society; they believed that the toleration of another
religion different from their own. And hence necessarily false, must inevitably
destroy such a society and bring the souls of all its members into danger of hell.
So the struggle went on with increasing fury within each nation to impose a single
creed upon every subject, and within the general society of Christendom to impose
it upon every nation. In England the Reformers, or Protestants, aided by the power
of the Crown, had at this stage triumphed, but over Europe as a whole Rome was
beginning to recover some of the ground it had lost after Martin Luther��s revolt
in the earlier part of the century. It did this in two ways, by the activities of
its missionaries, as in parts of Germany, or by the military might of the Catholic
Powers, as in the Low Countries, where the Dutch provinces were sometimes near
their last extremity under the pressure of Spanish arms. Against England, the most
important of all the Protestant nations to reconquer, military might was not yet
possible because the Catholic Powers were too occupied and divided: and so, in the
1570��s Rome bent her efforts, as she had done a thousand years before in the days
of Saint Augustine, to win England back by means of her missionaries.
These were young Englishmen who had either never given up the old faith, or having
done so, had returned to it and felt called to become priests. There being, of
course, no Catholic seminaries left in England, they went abroad, at first quite
easily, later with difficulty and danger, to study in the English colleges at
Douai or Rome: the former established for the training of ordinary or secular
clergy, the other for the member of the Society of Jesus, commonly known as
Jesuits, a new Order established by St, Ignatius Loyola same thirty years before.
The seculars came first; they achieved a success which even the most eager could
hardly have expected. Cool-minded and well-informed men, like Cecil, had long
surmised that the conversion of the English people to Protestantism was for from
complete; many��Cecil thought even the majority��had conformed out of fear, self-
interest or��possibly the commonest reason of all��sheer bewilderment at the rapid
changes in doctrine and forms of worship imposed on them in so short a time. Thus
it happened that the missionaries found a welcome, not only with the families who
had secretly offered them hospitality if they came, but with many others whom
their first hosts invited to meet them or passed them on to. They would land at
the ports in disguise, as merchants, courtiers or what not, professing some
plausible business in the country, and make by devious may for their first house
of refuge. There they would administer the Sacraments and preach to the house
holds and to such of the neighbors as their hosts trusted and presently go on to
some other locality to which they were directed or from which they received a
call.
1. The main idea of this passage is
[A]. The continuity of the religious struggle in Britain in new ways.
[B]. The conversion of religion in Britain.
[C]. The victory of the New religion in Britain.
[D]. England became prosperous.
2. What was Martin Luther��s religions?
[A]. Buddhism. [B]. Protestantism. [C]. Catholicism. [D]. Orthodox.
3. Through what way did the Rome recover some of the lost land?
[A]. Civil and military ways. [B]. Propaganda and attack.
[C]. Persuasion and criticism. [D]. Religious and military ways.
4. What did the second paragraph mainly describe?
[A]. The activities of missionaries in Britain.
[B]. The conversion of English people to Protestantism was far from complete.
[C]. The young in Britain began to convert to Catholicism
[D]. Most families offered hospitality to missionaries.
Vocabulary
1. evade �����
ܿ ‫�ر‬

2. creed ���壬��������

3. the Crown ��ʹ‫���ڣ‬Ӣ������Ȩ������/����

4. low Countries �͵‫¬��<��ָ�ع‬ɭ��������ʱ

5. last extremity ��� Σ������ա�����ָ��������� � �‫�ٽ‬ѡ��ֻ���ŷ�����̡�

6. bend one��s effort � �ȫf

7. seminary � ���ѧ����ѧԺ/У

8. surmise �¶ȣ���ܲ
9. doctrine ����
10. plausible ò�ƺ���/��ƽ��
11. courtier ����
12. devious ��4��ȥ�ģ��۵���� �
13. Sacrament ʥ��ʥ��/��
14. secular � �Ժ��ģ����‫�׵‬

15. the society of Jesus ����̵�Ү�ֻ�


16. Douai �����������
17. Jesuit ����Ү�ֻ��ʿ

�Ѿ���‫ע‬

1. The Douay Bible �Ű�ʥ������������̻�˶���Ӣ�뱾 ʥ������1582�꼰

1609����1610���������������ѧ� ��¾�Լ�ֱ��-�������Ӣ���‫ڶ‬Ű���棬�ɼ�ʱ�Ű����������f�ļ��е�֮һ��

2. St. Ignatius Loyola ʥ?��ҫ- 1491����1556 ����>�� �����̽�ʿ��Ү�ֻ�Ĵ�ʼ�ˡ�

3. Cecil (William Cecil) ����� 1520����1598��Ӣ����μң�Ů������ɯ�‫׵‬ĵ�f� �


4. Men were still for from recognizing that two religions could exist side by side
in the same society; they believed that the toleration of another religion
different from their own. And hence necessarily false, must inevitably destroy
such a society and bring the souls of all its members into danger of hell.
[�ṹ����] �÷ֺ�l�ӵ�}��‫��־� ־‬ж���that ����ı�ӡ�

[�ο�����] ���� û����ʶ��}���̿‫��ڽ‬Բ����� ����


һ������У�������Ϊ���̲� Լ
�������

̣ ���ΪҲ��Ȼ�Ǵ���Ľ��ɣ����ɱ���Ļ��ƻ�����һ���� �ӶԱ
‫ڽ‬ ����еij�
ա �����������Σ� �
5. Against England, the most important of all the Protestant nations to reconquer,
military might was not yet possible because the Catholic Powers were too occupied
and divided: and so, in the 1570��s Rome bent her efforts, as she had done a
thousand years before in the days of Saint Augustine, to win England back by means
of her missionaries
[�ṹ����] the most important of all the Protestant nations to reconquer, ��仰�� λ�

��England. As she had done a thousand�� �������as =just to �壺�������硣


[�ο�����] �Ը�Ӣ����Ҫ�����������л�̹��������Ҫ��һ���þ���f �����
‫���ܡ‬Ϊ����̴����̫¾��̫���ѣ����������1570������һǧ��ǰ����ʥ?�¹�˹�� ��ʱ��������������

�Ȩf�� ��̷�ʽ��Ӣ��Ӯ��4��
д��������´���
��ƪ�����‫̻�������ۼ‬ʲ�������}�������ŷ�‫��� ��ر‬Ӣ��ָ��ɽ̡�������̡�������һ�㵽

�����д���ַ������� �ɴ�С�����ŷ�‫����������ޱ‬ʵ��Ӣ��ľ�������‫���ص‬Ӣ��
�����
1. A. ��ƪ���µ����� ���ǡ�Ӣ���̶‫������ڽ‬µķ�ʽ������С���

B. Ӣ���‫�ڽ̵�ת‬ C. �½���Ӣ���ʤ�� D. Ӣ���÷��١������ ������̸���������飬���������� �롣

2. B. �½̣���̡���Ϊ����̻����е�������̡����‫�ڵ‬һ�ε��ľ���ȷ�������Ӣ���̸‫ڽ‬ĸ��

����� ��̣���Ӣ���Ȩ��Э���£���ʱ��ȡ��ʤ�����Ϊ���ŷ��4 ������̻��Ѿ���ʼ�ָ��< ��?

·�·��Ѻ���ʧȥ��һЩ���̡���� ?·���Ǹĸ�� �Ҳ���ǻ�̡�


A. ��̡� C. ����̡� D. �����
3. D. �̺‫���ڽ‬f����һ�ε���� ����̻���}�ְ취���лָ���һ�¹ֵ��‫������־����ڲ‬е����� ���ʿ�Ļ ����һ�����

͵
‫�����ڵعرر‬ еģ�ͨ�
������̹�ҵľ���f ������ <�ļ���ʡ��������5ľ���ѹf�£������DZ����ȵü�����Ͷ��
� ·ˡ�

A. civil and military ways����}�֣�civil��Χ̫� �‫���ָ�ر‬µģ����̵‫ڽ‬ģ���ְ�ġ���� ���ʡ� B. ������


C. Ȱ �����!������ �
4. A. ����ʿ� ��Ӣ��‫��ڶ‬εĿ�ʼ� ���������ЩӢ�������� �û�з����ϵ������� ����Ժ������¹ 鷴�ɽ̣�Ӧ�

‫�ٳ‬Ϊ��ʦ��Ӣ��Ȼû��ʣ���������ѧԺ�����Ǿ ��ʼ ����� 4���‫��������'����ף‬Σ�գ����Ű�������Ӣ��ѧԺ�Ͷ

a�ǰ��‫ר‬Ϊ����һ���� �Ժ�����ʦ������������Ү�ֻ��ʿ�� ������Ү�ֻ��ʿ����Լ��ʮ��ǰʥ


� ?�ҫ -

������һ����ְ�����‫ڶ‬Ű�ѧϰ����ʦ�Ȼ�4������ȡ�����������벻���ijɹ�������������ǣ�����ָ��һ���

�ʿ��Ӣ�� ������ ���侲����Ϣ����ʿ���������������μң�������4��һֱ�¶ȣ�Ӣ���˹鷴

����½̵Ĺ��ԶԶû����ɡ�����ˡ��������DZ�����ô�̵�ʱ����ǿ�ӵ��������
ϵ�������ʽ���ɿ���Ľ����� �ˡ���
B. Ӣ���˹鷴��� ̵ ����ԶԶû����ɡ� C. ��Ӣ�����꿪 ʼ�鷴����̡�}��ѡ������Ľ��͡����Ǵ��̻
��ʼ�� � �����������D. ������ ����ʿ�����ǵ
‫����̸��������ڶ‬Щ����ʿ����4��Ӣ����������Dz������
ܵ Ϲ�ϵ�� ��ӭ��Ҳ����
ܵ һ���������ǵļ� ��ӭ�����

������ǽ��������
ܸ ��
Passage Ten (Photography and Art)
The earliest controversies about the relationship between photography and art
centered on whether photograph��s fidelity to appearances and dependence on a
machine allowed it to be a fine art as distinct from merely a practical art.
Throughout the nineteenth century, the defence of photography was identical with
the struggle to establish it as a fine art. Against the charge that photography
was a soulless, mechanical copying of reality, photographers asserted that it was
instead a privileged way of seeing, a revolt against commonplace vision, and no
less worthy an art than painting.
Ironically, now that photography is securely established as a fine art, many
photographers find it pretentious or irrelevant to label it as such. Serious
photographers variously claim to be finding, recording, impartially observing,
witnessing events, exploring themselves��anything but making works of art. They
are no longer willing to debate whether photography is or is not a fine art,
except to proclaim that their own work is not involved with art. It shows the
extent to which they simply take for granted the concept of art imposed by the
triumph of Modernism: the better the art, the more subversive it is of the
traditional aims of art.
Photographers�� disclaimers of any interest in making art tell us more about the
harried status of the contemporary notion of art than about whether photography is
or is not art. For example, those photographers who suppose that, by taking
pictures, they are getting away from the pretensions of art as exemplified by
painting remind us of those Abstract Expressionist painters who imagined they were
getting away from the intellectual austerity of classical Modernist painting by
concentrating on the physical act of painting. Much of photography��s prestige
today derives from the convergence of its aims with those of recent art,
particularly with the dismissal of abstract art implicit in the phenomenon of Pop
painting during the 1960��s. Appreciating photographs is a relief to sensibilities
tired of the mental exertions demanded by abstract art. Classical Modernist
painting��that is, abstract art as developed in different ways by Picasso,
Kandinsky, and Matisse��presupposes highly developed skills of looking and a
familiarity with other paintings and the history of art. Photography, like Pop
painting, reassures viewers that art is not hard; photography seems to be more
about its subjects than about art.
Photography, however, has developed all the anxieties and self-consciousness of a
classic Modernist art. Many professionals privately have begun to worry that the
promotion of photography as an activity subversive of the traditional pretensions
of art has gone so far that the public will forget that photography is a
distinctive and exalted activity��in short, an art.
1. What is the author mainly concerned with? The author is concerned with
[A]. defining the Modernist attitude toward art.
[B]. explaining how photography emerged as a fine art.
[C]. explaining the attitude of serious contemporary photographers toward
photography as art and placing those attitudes in their historical context.
[D]. defining the various approaches that serious contemporary photographers take
toward their art and assessing the value of each of those approaches.
2. Which of the following adjectives best describes ��the concept of art imposed
by the triumph of Modernism�� as the author represents it in lines 12��13?
[A]. Objective [B]. Mechanical. [C]. Superficial. [D]. Paradoxical.
3. Why does the author introduce Abstract Expressionist painter?
[A]. He wants to provide an example of artists who, like serious contemporary
photographers, disavowed traditionally accepted aims of modern art.
[B]. He wants to set forth an analogy between the Abstract Expressionist painters
and classical Modernist painters.
[C]. He wants to provide a contrast to Pop artist and others.
[D]. He wants to provide an explanation of why serious photography, like other
contemporary visual forms, is not and should not pretend to be an art.
4. How did the nineteenth-century defenders of photography stress the photography?
[A]. They stressed photography was a means of making people happy.
[B]. It was art for recording the world.
[C]. It was a device for observing the world impartially.
[D]. It was an art comparable to painting.
Vocabulary
1. fine arts ����ָ�滭����̣������ʫ�裬���ֵȣ�
2. assert ���ţ�����ά����Ȩ��
3. privileged ����ģ�������Ȩ�ģ������
4. pretentious ����ģ������
5. irrelevant ����ɵģ��‫� ص‬

6. subversive �ƻ��Եģ�� �� �
7. disclaimer ��Ȩ��
8. harry � ��ĥ
9. austerity � ���
10. convergence �‫ۺ‬ϣ����ϵ�
11. implicit �����
12. distinctive ���ģ����‫�ص‬

13. exalted � �ģ����е�

�Ѿ���‫ע‬
1. The earliest controversies about the relationship between photography and art
centered on whether photograph��s fidelity to appearances and dependence on a
machine allowed it to be a fine art as distinct from merely a practical art.
[�ṹ����] � �Ϊ��ν��+���� As distinct from �� ������fine art.

[�ο�����] �����й���Ӱ�������ϵ�����۵ ������Ӱ�Ա������ʵ�Ͷ

������5��ܷ ʹ���Ϊ�����б��‫����ڽ‬ʵ�ı�����
2. Against the charge that photography was a soulless, mechanical copying of
reality, photographers asserted that it was instead a privileged way of seeing, a
revolt against commonplace vision, and no less worthy an art than painting.
[�ṹ����] �ṹ����ν��ӡ����ӳ�����Ϊ��ʶ���against the charge ���λ
ͬ ˵����the photography was
������ ����������� a way of seeing, a revolt, an art.
[�����]
�������ָ����Ӱ��һ��û�����ģ�����ʵ��е�Ը��ƣ���Ӱ������������Ӱ��

�Ǹ���Ʒ������һ������Ĺ ۲ 췽 ʽ���Ƕ�ƽӹ�Ӿ�����棬� 滭 һ���������ֵ��


3. It shows the extent to which they simply take for granted the concept of art
imposed by the triumph of Modernism: the better the art, the more subversive it is
of the traditional aims of art.
[�ṹ����] ��� ṹΪ�� which��������to �ı�� �����imposed by ���ִʶ�������concept of art,
the better ��the more �� ��concept of art.
[�ο�����] �� �����Ǿ��ǰ��ִ�����ʤ����ǿ�ӵ����������Ϊ����ģ������̶��ǣ�����Խǿ��������Ĵ�
Ŀ���ƻ���Խ��
4. Photographers�� disclaimers of any interest in making art tell us more about
the harried status of the contemporary notion of art than about whether
photography is or is not art.
[�ṹ����] ���disclaimer������ϡ������ķ����п���ɶ��ʺ��壬�����������������Ȥ��
[�����]
��Ӱʦ���϶Դ����������Ȥ�����Ǹ������Ǹ������й��ִ������������ ��յ���������Ӱ�Dz����������⡣
5. Many professionals privately have begun to worry that the promotion of
photography as an activity subversive of the traditional pretensions of art has
gone so far that the public will forget that photography is a distinctive and
exalted activity��in short, an art.
[�ṹ����] ��� �������that clause. ��һ����worry�ı�ӣ��‫�����ڶ‬so far that

�ľ��͡��������forget ֮��ӡ�

[�ο�����] ���‫ר‬ҵ��Ӱ��Ա �¿�ʼ���ǣ�ǿ����Ӱ�ǶԴ� ������ͼ�ĵ ��

������Щ����ˣ���� ����� �Զ������


̫ ʹ���������Ӱ��һ�ֶ��‫ص‬ĸ��л ������֮����һ������
д��������´���
�����‫�����ۼ‬Ӱ�Ƿ����������⣬������öԱ��ַ���һ��ʼ�ͽ�����19�<���Ӱ��Ϊȷb��Ӱ����

������������>‫������������ݣ‬Ӱ��Ƚϣ�4��������Ӱ���۵ 㣺���4�����‫����ڱ‬û���� ��
ȷb�����������Ϊ����� ����ֽ��ε������� ��Ŭf�Ƴ 硰����Խ�ѣ������� ͼ
�� �ƻ�Խ� �� ۵ 㡣

ۣ
��� ���Щ��Ӱ�Һ ���������廭����� ������ Ӱ�����л��� ��� ŵ��ִ����廭�Һ ��� ���

�������������ƻ��� ������
�Ļ �����
ͼ �Զ����Ϊ��Ӱ�
̫ Ͼ���������
� ��
�����
1. C. ����������Ӱ�Ҷ���Ӱ��Ϊ�����̬�ȣ�����������Щ̬�ȷ�����ʷ�Ľ��4�۲ 졣�����

´��⡣������Ϊ��Ӱ�Ƿ����������磬��Ϊ���������Ŭf���‫���������ص‬ϡ�

A. �綨� ������ ������̬�ȡ� B. ������Ӱ�������Ϊ������ֵġ���һ���漰�����Ѿ���2 ‫ ��ע‬D. �綨

����������Ӱ�ҶԴ�������������еĸ��ֹ۵ ���6�ÿ�ֹ۵�ļ�ֵ��������ֻ�������ᵽ��ijЩ���棬

������Ҫ�ġ�

2. D. ì�ܵġ����Ѿ���3 ‫��ע‬

A. � ۵ ġ� B. ��е�ġ� C. ����ġ�

3. A. ��Ҫ�о���������ҵ����ӣ������ ��������Ӱ��һ������� � �ϱ������ִ


ܵ �����Ŀ�ġ������ε ‫��ڶ‬䣺

������ ����Щ��Ϊ ����� �� ��ѻ 滭����ֵ�����Ľ��ε���Ӱ�ң�ʹ������������Щ�����������滭

������� �롣��

B. �����‫���������ڳ‬廭�Һ ŵ��ִ����廭��֮���ҳ����Ƶ 㡣 C.

��Ҫ����������Һ����������֮����һ��Ա � D.
�������Ϊʲô������Ӱ����������Ӿ���ʽһ�����������Ҳ��Ӧ����������
4. D. ��Ӱ��һ��������Ժ��ͻ�����!����Ѿ���2 ‫��ע‬

A. ����ǿ����Ӱ��ʹ���ǿ��ֵ��ֶΡ� B. �Ǽ�¼�=������ C. ��Ӱ�ǹ���۲��=�Ĺ�� �

You might also like