SDH Principle 20080528 A

SDH Principle
www.huawei.com
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents
1. SDH Overview 2. Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods 3. Overheads & Pointers
Page2
Emergence of SDH
What is SDH?
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy It defines a standard frame structure, a
specific multiplexing method, and so on.
Why did SDH emerge?

Need for a system to process increasing amounts of information.
New standard that allows interconnecting equipment of different suppliers.
Page3
Advantages of SDH
Interfaces
PDH electrical interfaces
SDH electrical interfaces
Only 3 regional standards: European (2.048 Mb/s), Japanese, North American (1.544 Mb/s)
Universal standards
SDH optical interfaces
Can be connected to different vendors optical transmission equipments.
PDH optical interfaces
No standards, manufacturers develop at their will.
Page4
Disadvantages of PDH
Multiplexing methods: Level by level

140 Mb/s 34 Mb/s 8 Mb/s 8 Mb/s 34 Mb/s
140 Mb/s
Demultipl exers
Multiple xers
More equipment to achieve this functionali Not suitable for huge-volume transmission More equipment More floor space Headache for network planners More power More costs
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page5
2 Mb/s
Advantages of SDH
Multiplexing methods: byte interleaved

Lower rate SDH to higher rate SDH
(STM-1 STM-4 STM-16 STM-64)
One Byte from STM-1 B
STM-1 A
A
STM-1 B
B
4:1
STM-4
C STM-1
D STM-1
--- Synchronous multiplexing method and flexible mapping structure

What about PDH?
--- Multistage pointer to align PDH loads in SDH frame, thus, dynamic drop-and-insert capabilities
Page6
Advantages of SDH
OAM function
PDH
SDH
In the frame structure of PDH signals, there are few overhead bytes used for OAM.
Abundant overheads bytes for OAM
Remote & Centralized Management
Weak OAM function
Fast circuit provisioning from centralized point
Page7
Advantages of SDH
Compatibility
Transmit Receive STM-N
STM-N
Processing Container
SDH Network
Container
Processing
Pack
PDH SDH ATM Ethernet
Unpack
PDH SDH ATM Ethernet
Service Signal Flow Model

Comparison between SDH and PDH
Low bandwidth utilization ratio
In PDH, E4 signal (140Mbits/s) can contain 64 E1 signals.
In SDH, STM-1 (155 Mbits/s) can only carry 63 E1 signals.
Complex mechanism of pointer justification Influence of excessive use of software on system security
Page9
Contents
Page10
SDH Frame Structure

From ITU-T G.707: 1. One frame lasts for 125 microseconds (8000 frames/s) 2. Rectangular block structure 9 rows and 270 columns (Basic frame: STM-1) 3. Each unit is one byte (8 bits) 4. Transmission mode: Byte by byte, row by row, from left to right, from top to bottom Frame = 125 us
123456789
270 Columns
Page11
9 rows
Bit rate of STM-1= 9*270*8*8000

SDH Frame Structure

Frame = 125 us
Three parts:
123456789
RSOH AUPTR MSOH
SOH AU-Pointer Information Payload
Information Payload
9 rows
9 270 Columns
Page12
SDH Frame Structure

Information Payload Also known as Virtual Container level 4 (VC-4) Used to transport low speed tributary signals Contains low rate signals and Path Overhead (POH) Location: rows #1 ~ #9, columns #10 ~ #270
LPOH, TU-PTR
RSOH AU9 rows
packag e
HPOH
1
PTR MSOH
Payload
low rate signal

packag e Data packag e
Page13
LPOH, TU-PTR
270 Columns
SDH Frame Structure

Section Overhead Section Overhead
Functions: Fulfills the section layer OAM RSOH AU-PTR MSOH
Types of Section Overhead

Information Payload
RSOH monitors the regenerator section 9 rows 1. MSOH monitors the multiplexing section Location: 1. RSOH: rows #1 ~ #3, columns #1 ~ #9 2. MSOH: rows #5 ~ #9, columns #1 ~ #9 1.
123 56789
9 270 Columns
Page14
SDH Frame Structure

AU-PTR
Function: Indicates the first byte of VC4 Location: row #4, columns #1 ~ #9
RSOH
4 AU-PTR
Information Payload
9 rows
MSOH
J1
9 270 Columns
Page15
SDH Multiplexing Features
SDH Multiplexing includes:
Low to high rate SDH signals (STM-1 STM-N) PDH to SDH signals (2M, 34M & 140M STMN)
Other hierarchy signals to SDH Signals (IP STM-N)
Some terms and definitions:
Mapping Aligning Multiplexing

Page16 Go to glossary
SDH Multiplexing Structure

1 1 AU-4-64c AUG-64 STM-64 4 1 AUG- 1 AU-4-16c STM-16 16 4 1 1 AU-4-4c AUG-4 STM-4 4 STM-1 1 AUG-1 1 AU-4 3 VC-4 C-4 E4 signal VC-464c VC-416c VC-4-4c C-4-64c C-4-16c C-4-4c
Mapping Aligning Multiplexing
TUG-3 7
TU-3
VC-3
C-3
E3 signal
TUG-2 3 TU-12 VC-12 C-12 E1 signal
Go to glossary
Page17
From 140Mb/s to STM-N
C4 1 Rate adaptation Add HPOH H P O H 1
VC4 1 Next
140M
9 Mapping 1 125 s 260
9 125s 261
Page18

10 270 AUG-1 1 STM-1 RSOH Add AU-PTR AU-PTR AU-4 X1 Add SOH 9 Alignin g Multiplexing AUG-N 1 STM-N RSOH One STM-1 frame can load only one 140Mbit/s Signal Add SOH 9 AU-PTR MSOH Info Payload 270 N AU-PTR MSOH Info Payload 270
Page19

C3 1 34M Rate Adaptation Add LPOH L P O H 1 85 VC3 1 Next 9 Mapping 125s
9 1 125s 84
Page20

TU-3 1 H 1 H 2 H 3 8 6 1 1 1 H1 H2 H3 R 9 9 TUG-3 86 1 1 VC-4 3 26 1
1st align
Fill gap
H P R R O H
Alignin g
Multiplexing
Same procedur e as 140M
Page21
From 2Mb/s to STM-N

C12 1 4 1 Rate Adaptation 9 125s Mapping Add LPOH VC12 1 LPOH 4 1 1 TU12 4 1 Next page 9 TU-PTR
2M
Add TU-PTR 9 Aligning
Page22
From 2Mb/s to STM-N

TUG-2 1 12 1 X3 X7 R R 1 TUG-3 86 1
9 Multiplexing Multiplexing
9 Same procedure as 34M
Page23
Questions
What are the main parts of SDH Frame structure?
What is the transmission rate of STM-4? How to calculate it ?
Page24
Contents
Page25
Overheads
Overheads
Section Overhead (SOH)
Path Overhead (POH)
Regenerator Section Overhead (RSOH)
Multiplex Section Overhead (MSOH)
High Order Path Overhead (HPOH)
Low Order Path Overhead (LPOH)
Page26
Overheads
1 1 A1
RSOH
2 A1
3 A1
4 A2 E1 D2
5 A2
6 A2 J0
7 X X
8 X X
10 J1 B3 C2 G1 HPOH: VC-3/4
2 3
B1
F1 D3
4 D1 6 7
5 AU-PTR
MSOH
B2
B2
B2
K1 D5 D8 D11
K2 D6 D9 D12 E2
F2 H4 F3
8 D4 9 D7 D10
Media dependent bytes (Radio-link, Satellite) X Reserved for National use S1 M1 Huawei propriety bytes
V5 J2
N2 K4
K3 N1
LPOH: VC-11/12
Page27
A1 and A2 Bytes
Framing Bytes
Indicate the beginning of the STM-N frame Bytes are unscrambled A1 = f6H (11110110), A2 = 28H (00101000) STM-N: (3XN) A1 bytes, (3XN) A2 bytes
STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N
STM-N
Finding frame head
Page28
A1 and A2 Bytes
Frame Find A1,A2 Y N over 625s (5 frames) OOF over 3ms LOF
Next process
AIS
D1 ~ D12 Bytes
Data Communications Channel (DCC) Bytes
RS-DCC D1 ~ D3 192 Kbit/s (3x64 Kbit/s)
MS-DCC D4 ~ D12 576 Kbit/s (9x64 Kbit/s)

NE NE DCC channel NE NE
TMN
OAM Information: Operation, Administration and maintenance
Page30
E1 and E2 Bytes
Orderwire Bytes
E1 RS Orderwire Byte Used between regenerators E2 MS Orderwire Byte Used between multiplexers
NE
NE E1 and E2
NE
NE
Digital telephone channel E1-RS, E2-MS
Page31
B1 Byte
Bit interleaved Parity Code (BIP-8) Byte
A parity code (even parity) Used to check the transmission errors over the RS B1 BBE is represented by RS-BBE (performance event)
B1 STM-N Rx
Tx A1 A2 A3 A4 00110011 11001100 10101010 00001111
BIP-8
1#STM-N
B Calculate B
2#STM-N
B 01011010
2#STM-N B1 = B
Calculate B
1#STM-N
Compare B & B RS-BBE

B2 Byte
Bit interleaved Parity Code (MS BIP-24) Byte
BIP-24 is used to check the bit errors over the MS B2 BBE is represented by MS-BBE (performance event) The working mechanism of B2 is same as B1
Page33
M1 Byte
Multiplexing Section Remote Error Indication Byte
A return message from Rx to Tx ,when Rx find B2 bit errors Value is the same as the count of BIP-24xN (B2) bit errors Tx generate corresponding performance event MSTraffic FEBBE
Rx Return Find B2 bit M1 errors Generate MSBBE
Page34
Tx Genera te MSFEBBE MS-REI

K1 and K2 (b1-b5) Bytes

Automatic Protection Switching (APS) bytes
I I
I I WTR
S P
WTR
Used for network multiplexing protection switch function
Transmitting APS protocol
Page35
K2 (b6 ~ b8) Byte

Start
Rx detects K2 (b6-b8) = "111
Generate MS-AIS alarm
Rx detects K2 (b6-b8) = "110"
Detect K2 (b6b8) 111 Generate MS-AIS
11 0
Generate MS-RDI alarm
Return MS-RDI
Generate MS-RDI
S1 Byte
Synchronization Status Message Byte (SSB): S1
b1 ~ b4 Value indicates the external clock ID (Extended SSM)
b5 5 ~ 8 Description bits~ b8 Value indicates the sync. Level (Standard SSM) 0000
0010 0100 1000 1011 1111 Quality unknown (existing sync. Network) G.811 PRC SSU-A (G.812 transit) SSU-B (G.812 local) G.813 (Sync. Equipment Timing Clock) Do not use for sync (DNU).
Page37
Path Overheads
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
J1
10
VC-n Path Trace Byte Path BIP-8
B3
C2 Path Signal Label
A UP T R M S O H
G1
Path Status Path User Channel TU Multiframe Indication Path User Channel AP Switching Network Operator
F2 H4
F3
Higher Order Path Overhead K3

N1
Page38
J1 Byte
Path trace byte
The first byte of VC-4 User-programmable (HUAWEI SBS)

N
Detect J1
The received J1 should match the expected J1

HP-TIM
Match
Next process
Page39
B3 Byte
Path bit parity
Even parity code Used to detect bit errors Mechanism is same as B1 and B2
Verify B3
Correct
HP-BBE
Next process
Page40
C2 Byte
Signal label byte
Detect C2
The received C2 should match with the expected C2

Y N N
00H
Specifies the mapping type in the VC-n
Matc h
HP-UNEQ
00 H Unequipped 02 H TUG structure 13 H ATM mapping
Next proces s
HPSLM Insert AIS downward
Page41
Path Overheads
V5
Low Order Path Overhead
Indicated by TU-PTR Error checking, Signal Label and Path Status of VC-12
1 1 V5
4 J2 N2 K4
VC12
VC12
VC12
VC12
b1 - b2 Error Performance Monitoring (BIP-2)

9
b3 Return Error detected in VC-12 (LP-REI)
500s VC-12 multiframe
b8 Return alarm
Page42
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. detected in VC-12 (LP-RDI)
Pointers
Pointers
Administrati ve Unit
Tributary
Bytes indicated AU-PTR VC-4 J1 TU-PTR VC-3 J1 VC-12 V5
Pointer (AU-PTR)
Unit Pointer (TU-PTR)
Page43
AU-PTR
1
RSOH
Negative Positive justificati justificatio n on
H1YYH2FF H3H3H3 --- 1--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 86 0 87 --- 88 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 173
MSOH
9 1
RSOH
435 --- 436 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 521125s 522 --- 523 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 608 696 --- 697 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 782
4 H1YYH2FFH3H3H3 0 --- 1 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 86 87 --- 88 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 173
MSOH
435 --- 436 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 521250s 9 270
Page44
TU-PTR
TU Multi-frame 500s 1 H1 TU POINTERS H2 H3 VC3 1 4
VC12
9
VC12
VC12
VC12
TU POINTERS
V 1
V 2
Page45
V 3
V 4
Questions
Which byte is used to report the MS-AIS and MS-RDI?
What is the mechanism for R-LOF generation?
Which byte implements the RS (MS/HP) error monitoring?
Page46
Summary

SDH Overview Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods Overheads & Pointers
Page47
Thank you
www.huawei.com

SDH Principle 20080528 A

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SDH Principle

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy It defines a standard frame structure, a

specific multiplexing method, and so on.

Why did SDH emerge?

New standard that allows interconnecting equipment of different suppliers.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

PDH electrical interfaces

SDH electrical interfaces

SDH optical interfaces

Can be connected to different vendors optical transmission equipments.

PDH optical interfaces

No standards, manufacturers develop at their will.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Multiplexing methods: Level by level

Multiplexing methods: byte interleaved

--- Synchronous multiplexing method and flexible mapping structure

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Abundant overheads bytes for OAM

Remote & Centralized Management

Weak OAM function

Fast circuit provisioning from centralized point

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Service Signal Flow Model

Comparison between SDH and PDH

Low bandwidth utilization ratio

In PDH, E4 signal (140Mbits/s) can contain 64 E1 signals.

In SDH, STM-1 (155 Mbits/s) can only carry 63 E1 signals.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

SDH Frame Structure

Bit rate of STM-1= 9*270*8*8000

SDH Frame Structure

RSOH AUPTR MSOH

SOH AU-Pointer Information Payload

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

SDH Frame Structure

RSOH AU9 rows

low rate signal

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

SDH Frame Structure

Types of Section Overhead

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

SDH Frame Structure

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

SDH Multiplexing Features

SDH Multiplexing includes:

Other hierarchy signals to SDH Signals (IP STM-N)

Some terms and definitions:

Mapping Aligning Multiplexing

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

SDH Multiplexing Structure

Mapping Aligning Multiplexing

TUG-2 3 TU-12 VC-12 C-12 E1 signal

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

From 140Mb/s to STM-N

C4 1 Rate adaptation Add HPOH H P O H 1

9 Mapping 1 125 s 260

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

From 140Mb/s to STM-N

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

From 34Mb/s to STM-N

Bit rate of STM-1= 92708*8000