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Chapter One
Alveolus Oxygen
RESPIRATION
Carbon dioxide Ribs Trachea Oxygen RESPIRATION
Ribs
Oxygen
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Trachea
Lungs
Alveolus Lungs
Alveolus Lungs
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
Ribs Lungs
Carbon dioxide
Lungs
Alveolus
Oxygen
Trachea
Why a respiratory system is needed ? 1. All living organisms need to take in oxygen in order to carry out cellular respiration (still remember ? Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy). 2. Respiration is the taking in of oxygen by our body from the external environment. 3. Inhalation breathing in, exhalation breathing out. 4. Small organism, amoeba, can get the gas it needs through simple diffusion because its body surface is big (compared to its body size). 5. Human has big body size and so its surface area is small, so he needs a respiratory system so that the gas he breath in is enough.
6. The inner lining of trachea has a layer of mucus to trap particles, secreted by goblet cells.
Alveolus 1. At the end of the bronchioles are small air sacs called alveoli. 2. At the alveoli, gases exchange takes place. 3. Adaptation of alveolus for gases exchange: a. Moist surface easier gas diffusion b. Thin alveolus wall, shorter distance of diffusion c. Large number of capillaries better transportation d. Large number of alveolus larger surface for diffusion
Structure of the supporting tissues 1. 2. 3. 4. The ribs Intercostals muscle Diaphragm There are 10 pairs of ribs attaching backbone and the sternum 5. Intercostals muscle attaches to the ribs. 6. When the intercostals muscle contract, the ribs move upwards and outwards, and vice-versa. 7. Diaphragm is situated at the bottom of the rib cage. At rest, it curves upwards and flatten when contracts.
Inhalation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Intercostals muscle contract The ribs move upwards and outwards. The diaphragm muscle contract, and it flattens. The thoracic cavity increases. The air pressure in the lungs lowers. Atmospheric air pressure forces the air into the lungs.
Exhalation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Intercostals muscle relax The ribs move downwards and inwards. The diaphragm muscle relax, and it curves upwards. The thoracic cavity decreases. The air pressure in the lungs rises. Air pressure in the lungs forces the air out into the atmosphere.
Alveolus
O2
HbO2 Hb + O2
Blood
Hb + CO2 HbCO2
CO2
Cell
In the alveolus
In the blood
At the cells
Oxyhaemoglobin breaks into Hb and O2. O2 is supplied to the cells. Respiration is carried out. CO2 is produced. CO2 diffuses into the blood.
In the blood
CO2 combines with haemoglobin to form carbaminohaemoglobin. Carbaminohaemoglobin is carried to the lungs.
In the alveolus
Carbaminohaemoglobin breaks into Hb and CO2. CO2 diffuses into the alveolus.
The importance of healthy respiratory system Respiratory system is important and must be taken care of properly. Some harmful substances that may harm RS. Smoking, smoke from factories, open burning, etc releases harmful substances. 1. Tar alveolus wall less elastic, block air passages. - prevent harmful substances from removal.
3.
Respiratory diseases
1. Bronchitis 2. Emphysema 3. Smoking mother.
How to improve air quality 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Stop smoking Control the flow and the number of traffic. Use unleaded petrol Encourage car pooling Use catalytic converters to reduce the amount of harmful substances from the vehicles 6. Enforce laws to curb pollutants from factories and vehicles 7. Stop open burning 8. Planting of more trees.