Korean

Romanization and Word Division

Romanization
1. General Practice The Library of Congress will continue to follow the McCune-Reischauer system to romanize Korean with the exceptions noted in this document. See: Romanization of the Korean Language: Based upon its Phonetic Structure by G.M. McCune and E.O. Reischauer ([S.l.: s.n., 1939?), reprinted from the Transactions of the Korea Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Full text of the original document is available online from the National Library of Australia Web site: http://www.nla.gov.au/librariesaustralia/cjk/download/ras_1939.pdf Note: A romanization table appears as Appendix 7, at the end of this document.

2. Authorities The Library of Congress will designate certain standard dictionaries [see Appendix 1] as final authorities to resolve questions of contemporary pronunciation. A word will be considered to be pronounced as indicated in those dictionaries, and romanized in such a way as to represent its pronunciation most accurately.

3. Conflict between Romanization Rule and Pronunciation When romanization rules conflict with the pronunciation of a word, prefer to represent the pronunciation.

ramyn Hancha yngchang Suldae Wldkp kiljabi Malgaljok kabchi silchng

Note: Some dictionaries represent a reinforced medial consonant with a double consonant: [_], [_]. However, the romanization would not necessarily show a double consonant: ikwa, silsi. 4. Hyphens (a) When sounds would normally change, according to McCune-Reischauer rules, sound change is indicated preceding or following a hyphen in forenames or pseudonyms that are preceded by family names, and in generic terms used as jurisdictions. 1) For personal names with family name: 2) For generic terms for jurisdictions: Kangwn-do An ng-nyl Pak Mog-wl Yi Toe-gye pyngka munpp

Kyngsang-bukto Wando-gun Pyngtaek-kun Kugi-dong Pyngtaeg-p Sanbung-myn Hwanggong-ni Nogn-ni Pokkye-ri Sahl-li

Exception 1: For generic terms for jurisdictions preceded by a numeral, do not indicate sound change. 2 4 Chongno 2-ka Sngsan 4-tong

Exception 2: For those special administrative terms for jurisdictions, do not hyphenate. Sul Tkpylsi Pusan Kwangyksi Cheju Tkpyl Chachido

(b) When sounds would normally change, according to McCune-Reischauer rules, sound change is not indicated preceding or following a hyphen in the following instances: 1) In a spelled-out cardinal number: chn-kubaek-yuksip-pal

2) Between a numeral and volume designation and things being counted:

3 4 2 33 6 5 2-pu 33-in 6-kae

che 3-chip 4-kwn

5-pyng

3) Between a year, written in numerals, and suffix or modifier:

10 2000 10-chunyn
2000-yndae

4) Between abbreviated forms of proper nouns combined coordinately:

Sin-Kuyak Sngs
Nam-Pukhan chngbu
Han-Mi kwangye

Exception: Do not hyphenate between abbreviated forms of non-proper nouns. Follow the convention for Word Division Rule 10.
knhyndaesa
suchurip kwalli kungnaeoe sajng
chunggodng hakkyo

5) In contracted numerals representing the date of a historical event: Sa-ilgu Haksaeng Hyngmyng Yuk-io Chnjaeng

5. and

(a) Initial and Follow McCune-Reischauer rules governing initial and , with the following exceptions. When words are written in Chinese character (Hancha), it may be necessary to check the official reference tools to verify the sound of a Chinese character. For personal names, see Romanization Rule 9. / / / / nodong
yksa ysng yori

Exception 1: To accommodate Word Division Rule 1, particles beginning with the letter are to be separated from other words, and are to be romanized beginning with the letter r in all cases. sae yksa rl wihay Kim Mari rann puin Sul ro kann ylcha Ynhaeju ran mut inga

Exception 2: When single-syllable improper nouns beginning with the letter are separated from other words, romanize as r. () ? () (b) Medial and Follow McCune-Reischauer rules governing medial and , with the following exceptions. For words in Chinese character (Hancha), check the official reference tools listed in Appendix 1 to verify the sound of Chinese character. sllyang chilli

Myt ri inya? Krl ri ka pta

kmnyu tori mullihak

Exception 1: Medial followed by medial is generally romanized ll. However, in certain instances of compound words, when a single word with a syllabic final combines with suffixes beginning with a syllabic initial , romanize as nn to represent standard pronunciation. For example: (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) igynnan Imjinnan saengsannyang kyltannyk pipannyk sanggynnye munnon yechannon ibwnnyo siinnon kaepynnon

Exception 2: When a vowel or medial is followed by a syllable beginning with

(
, , , ) or (, , , ), the sound of is generally not
pronounced. In such cases, is not romanized.
nayl punyl chiyl paekpunyul

6. Medial (a) Medial as a syllabic initial When medial appears as a syllabic initial, always romanize as s including medial after , with exception of syllabic initial before wi (). For a syllabic initial before , romanize as sh. sonshwipta silsi nongsanmul

not not
silssi

sonswipta

(b) before and Romanize as n when a syllabic final before and . (c) before , , , , and Romanize as t when a syllabic final before , , , , and . (d) before and yotized vowels Romanize as nn when a syllabic final before i () and yotized vowels in compound words. yenniyagi namunnip kotkan maettol haetpyt chtsarang patchul konnal pnnim paenmri

sunnyang twinnyut

Romanize as s when a syllabic final before i () and yotized vowels in noncompound words. (e) before all other vowels Romanize as s when a syllabic final before all other vowels. usm sosara psnan orosi kkaekksi

Exception: Romanize as d when a syllabic final in a native Korean prefix (, , , , etc.) is followed by vowels other than i () and yotized vowels. udrn widot chdadl hdusm

7. , , (a) When syllabic final , and are combined with a syllabic initial , always romanize as kh, ph and th. Pukhan kukhak hakhoe hyphoe

ykhal pukhaek sokhi ttakhage chaphimyn mothada

(b) When syllabic final and are combined with a syllabic initial , romanize as ch. tachin kkochida ichyjin

(c) When syllabic final double consonants , and are followed by a syllabic initial , romanize as nch, lk, and lp. nchida palkinn nlpida

(d) When syllabic final , and are followed by syllabic initial , and , romanize as k (nk, lk) , t (nt, lt) and ch (nch, lch) ttke chota amurchi mantn talchi

(e) When syllabic final and are followed by , romanize as nn. ssannn annn

(f) When a syllabic final is followed by , romanize as ll.

ttulln

(g) When syllabic final , and are followed by a vowel, romanize as follows:

do not romanize
n
r

nan
mani sirdo

8. Double Consonants (a) Romanize final double consonants , , , , and as follows: , ,

k m l p
mok hk sam ydl oegol kap

(b) When syllabic final double consonants are followed by other consonants, romanize as follows:

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 consonants , , ,

k l before , ng before and k before other m n l p n before , and t before other consonants
skta malke kungne mukta kumta nta nlta oegolsu halta kapchin pta innn itko

Exception 1: In the case of -, romanize as m when followed by and, romanize as p when followed by other consonants.
pamnn
papta
papko
papchi

Exception 2: In the case of -, romanize as p in the following instances:

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npchukhada
nptungglda
npchk

(c) When syllabic final double consonants are followed by vowels, romanize as follows: 9. Personal Names (a) Separate syllables of a forename or pseudonym (, , ) with a hyphen only when they are preceded by a family name. Indicate sound change preceding and/or following a hyphen. See also Word Division 13. Personal Names for further clarification.

nj
lg
lm
lb
lt
lp
ps
ss

anja mulg salmni nlbi halta lp ps issni

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 (or ) (or )

Kim Chr-wn Yi Sng-min Yu Sng-min Na Min-ju An Chung-gn O Yng-hye Yi -ryng Kim Chang-nyong Kim Chr-un Yi Yul-gok Kim Chi-ha Kim So-wl

(b) Connect the syllables of a forename or pseudonym (, , ) when they are not preceded by a family name. Yulgok Yi I Sowl chnjip Chlsu wa Ynghi

Exception 1: The surnames and , written in Hangul as or , are always romanized as Yi no matter how they are written. (or ) Yi Sng-man Yi Sun-sin Yi Wn-su

Exception 2: When a personal name is written in Hangul, and the first part of persons given name begins with , consider this to be evidence that the initial is intended to be pronounced, and romanize the initial as r. Kim Ri-na

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Choe Ran Ha Ri-su Yi Ryu-hwan

For given names of Western origin, romanize the as r or l corresponding to its counterpart in the Western word being romanized, following rule 10 below. Pak Lillian Pang Reichel

Exception 3: When the pronunciation of a historically well-known persons given name, beginning with or , is in conflict with the romanization rule, romanize to represent the pronunciation. If pronunciation is in doubt, refer to this reference work: . : , 1991. ) ) 10. Words of Western Origin Do not give special treatment to words of Western origin. Apply the McCuneReischauer romanization rules to words of Western origin, with exception of words beginning with the letter . For the words beginning with the letter , romanize the as r or l corresponding to its counterpart in the Western word being romanized ;however, when the first letter of the Western equivalent is silent, apply this rule to the next non-silent consonant. (design) tijain Ha Ryun (romanization rule calls for Ha Yun, but he is historically known as not Sin Rip (romanization rule calls for Sin Ip, but he is historically known as not

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 (Vietnam) (zero) (linen) (radio) (wrestling)

Petnam chero linnen radio reslling

not not not

ninnen nadio neslling

11. Romanization of Archaic Korean () Insofar as possible, strictly apply McCune-Reischauer rules and tables for the romanization of vowels and consonants to the written forms of the words when romanizing archaic Korean. Do not attempt to romanize archaic Korean following what may be the current pronunciation. Tynjyu Chosyn symni yaktyo

not not not not

Chnju Chosn smni yakcho

12. Symbol and Character Modifier in Romanization ( ) The apostrophe is used to differentiate aspirated consonants like (k), (t), (p) and (ch) from unaspirated ones (, , , and ). / / chnsa / chnsa tokki / tokki

The apostrophe is also used to mark transcriptions of as opposed to . / / changm / changm sngun / sngun

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The character modifier breve over o () is used to represent , , and over u () is used to represent , .
sng wllyu kndae
uri i samyng

sangsangnyk

Character modifiers Unicode

Name

USMARC hexadecimal code

breve

E6

0306

Word Division
Basic Principles 1. Each part of speech is to be separated from other parts of speech. The guidelines recognize 9 categories of parts of speech: Noun
Pronoun
Adjective
Adnominal adjective

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Verb

Adverb
Particle
Numeral
Exclamation
Note: Affixes () are not considered to be a separate part of speech. 2. Group syllables into words that make sense in context. eparate compound S words by parts of speech without doing harm to the original meaning. 3. Proceed in this manner: A) Apply these rules to decide upon word division. B) When in doubt, refer to standard dictionaries designated by the Library of Congress final authorities to resolve questions of word division. [See Appendix 1 for the list of designated dictionaries.] A word found in these sources will be considered to be a lexical unit. When a dictionary gives variant forms, choose the appropriate one. C) Then, if still in doubt, or if sources differ from each other, prefer to separate.

Specific Rules 1. Nouns (), Pronouns (), Imperfect Nouns ( ) Guidelines (a) Separate a noun, pronoun, or imperfect noun from other parts of speech.
(noun) (noun) (particle) (noun) (noun) (noun)

Kug munjang i hyngsng wlli yngu

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(pronoun) (particle) (noun) (particle)

Igt n chaek ida

(noun) (imperfect noun) (particle)

rini narm taero

I choguk di ro kal kt inga

(pronoun) (noun) (pronoun) (particle) (verb) (imperfect noun) (particle)

(noun) (imperfect noun) (noun)

Kukchang kym silchang

(b) Write a gerund as a separate word.

(noun) (particle) (adverb) (gerund) (particle)

Sewl i ppalli kam l

(noun) (particle) (gerund) (particle) (adjective)

Yng nn paeugi ka rypta

(c) Separate a compound noun into binary elements without doing harm to the original meaning. Taehan Minguk i munhwa yujk Chngi konghak kaeron Chusik hoesa Hanguk Sokkup changnan Murim Sagwan Hakkyo

(d) Write a compound noun as a single lexical unit if a sai siot is added. ( + ) ( + ) Poritkogae Yenniyagi

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 ( + )

Paetsagong

(e) Write a compound noun as a single lexical unit if there is a phonetic change represented by a change in the Korean spelling. ( + ) ( + ) ( + ) Sonamu Mrikarak tchnyk

(f) Write a compound noun as a single lexical unit when it bears a new meaning. Onllal Pamnat Pittam

(g) Write a compound noun as a single lexical unit when the combination includes another part of speech. Puslbi Magujabi Pibimpap Tottanbae

(h) Add the binary () o its modifier as a suffix. t Minjujui Marksjui wa Kidokkyo

(i) Write a compound word formed by the addition of a single character modifier, affix or substantive as a single word. Hanguk kwa Hangugin Hanbando i pynghwa wa anbo Hwangmuji ka changmikkot kachi

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Yrmchl i pulchnggaek Hwangsanpl i hamsng Saebyngnyk e naerinn pi Sanbonguri e tpin kurm Pudongsanpp kangi

(j) Write the name of a color formed by the addition of a single character modifier, affix or substantive as a single word. but: Kmbulgn saek Prjukchukhan pit Chigm i hanl pit n chaetpit ida Kmnsaek chadongcha Chuhongpit nol

(noun) (particle) (noun) (noun) (particle) (noun) (particle)

2. Adjectives () Guidelines (a) Separate an adjective from other parts of speech.

(pronoun) (noun) (particle) (adjective)

Uri chosangdl n hullyunghaetta

(adjective) (verb) (noun)

Chakhage sann saramdl

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Kny i unnn mosp i armdapta

(pronoun) (particle) (verb) (noun) (particle) (adjective)

(noun) (particle) (adjective) (adjective)

iji ka kanghago kutseda

(adjective) (noun) (noun)

Noppurn kal hanl

(adjective) (proper noun)

Mnamn Ssongbagang

(b) Separate a noun from a compound adjective without doing harm to the original meaning.
(noun+adjective=adjective) (verb) (noun)

Kkum kattn chinan sewl

Kap ssago pumjil chon sangpum

(noun+adjective=adjective) (noun) (adjective) (noun)

(noun+verb=adjective) (noun) (particle)

Mok marn sasm i

(noun+verb=adjective) (noun) (particle) (verb)

Mt innn chingu rl mannaseyo

Prt pko simsul kujn ai ro kiugi

(noun+adjective=adjective) (noun+adjective=adjective) (noun) (particle) (gerund)

(noun+verb=adjective) (noun)

Chaemi innn yenniyagi

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but: Write a simple inflection of the adjective form together with single syllable

noun it modifies Mtchin yja Kapssan haengbok kwa kapchin haengbok

3. Adnominal adjectives () Guidelines (a) Separate an adnominal adjective from other parts of speech. Ch hanl edo slpm i
(adnominal adjective) (noun) (particle) (noun) (particle)

(adnominal adjective) (noun) (particle) (verb)

n saram i kassmnikka

(adnominal adjective) (noun)

Modn kungmin

(adnominal adjective) (noun) (particle) (verb)

Kajn kosaeng l hada

Wen ttk imnikka

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(adnominal adjective) (noun) (particle)

(b) Separate a single syllable native Korean or Sino-Korean adnominal adjective from the word it modifies. However, if a word is firmly established in common usage, prefer to treat it as a single lexical unit. : , , but , , etc.
: , , but , etc.
: , , but , etc.
: , but , etc.
: , , , but , , , etc.
: , , , , but , , ,
etc.
(): , , , ,
but , , , , etc.
(): , , but , , , etc.
(): , , but , etc.
(): , , , but , , etc.
(): , but
(): , but
(): , but
(): , but (): , but
When in doubt, consult the suggested dictionaries (c) Write a compound adnominal adjective as one word. , , ,

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(d) When a demonstrative adnominal adjective , , , , , etc., modifies one of the following nominals, and changes to a definite pronoun or adnominal adjective, write them together as one word. : , , , ,
: , ,
: , ,
: , ,
: , ,
: , ,
: , , ,
: , ,
(, , , , , , , etc.)
In all other cases, separate these adnominal adjectives from the words they modify. K namja i yukwae han haru I ttang es hangmun hagi Ch pada esn musn il i issnna

4. Verbs () Guidelines (a) Separate a verb from other parts of speech.

(pronoun) (particle) (verb) (verb) (noun)

Na rl chajas ttnan kri

Ai i kasm enn pumo ka sanda

(noun) (particle) (noun) (particle) (noun) (particle) (verb)

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(noun) (particle) (noun) (particle) (verb)

Snggong i chans rl chabara

(proper noun) (particle) (adverb) (verb)

Todosae nn wae sarajynnayo

(b) Write an auxiliary verb separately from the main verb. (main verb)+ (auxiliary verb) Nlg kada Nlg kas Nlg kanda Nlg katta Nlg kasstta Nlg kassmro Nlg kattn Maju pogo innn tu saram

(adverb) (main verb) (auxiliary verb) (numeral) (noun)

Mnji nn musn him ro mungchy china

(noun) (particle) (adnominal adjective) (noun) (particle) (main verb) (auxiliary verb)

See Appendix 2 for the list of auxiliary verbs. (c) Write each part of speech separately in a compound verb form without doing harm to the original meaning. Changnan chinn aidl

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(noun+verb=verb) (noun)

Mam i chim l naery noko

(noun) (particle) (noun) (particle) (verb+verb=verb)

(noun) (particle) (adjective+suffix=verb) (noun)

Kotkam l musw hann horangi

Mri ka choa chinn tonghwa

(noun) (particle) (adjective+auxiliary verb=verb) (noun)

(d) Separate the auxiliary verbal forms -, -, -, -, -, , -, and -, etc., and their inflections from a preceding noun. Sarang hada Sarang han Sarang hae Sarang hago Sarang hay Sarang haedo Sarang haettn Sarang haessmro Sarang hayssmro

(e) Separate the copula - and its inflections from the preceding word. but: Connect - to the preceding word when it acts as a suffix. Sin n changjoja ida Sarang irann pyng di kkaji imnikka Pynghwajk in siwi Naeil i chidoja il uri aidl

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Kkttgida Mangsrida Soksagida Chullngida

(f) When a main verb is abbreviated or is contracted, write the auxiliary verb, adjective, adverb and its stem together as one word. : , : : : , : : , : , , but : : , , , : , , (g) Write a simple inflection of the verb form together with the verb or adjective that precedes it. Kotkam l muswhan horangi
(noun) (particle) (adjective+simple inflection=verb) (noun)

Tuk choajin kyoyuk hwangyng

(adverb) (adjective+simple inflection=verb) (noun) (noun)

Hamkke nlggan iyagi

(adverb) (adjective+simple inflection=verb) (noun)

Tokto es ponaeon yps

(proper noun) (particle) (verbadjective+simple inflection=verb) (noun)

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(h) Write a simple inflection of the verb form together with the single syllable noun it modifies. Haettl muryp i padatka
(noun+simple inflection=verb) (imperfect noun) (particle) (noun)

Hanguk l pinnaen saramdl

(noun) (particle) (noun+simple inflection=verb) (noun)

5. Adverbs () Guidelines (a) Separate an adverb from other parts of speech. Hangl n maeu tokchangjk igo kwahakchk ida
(noun) (particle) (adverb) (noun+suffix=noun) (particle) (noun+suffix=noun) (particle)

Chlmn saramdl i chaju chaja chunn kot

(adjective) (noun) (particle) (adverb) (main verb) (auxiliary verb) (noun)

(b) Insofar as possible, write compound adverbs as binary elements without doing harm to the original meaning. but: , , Yojm, hanbatang, nsae Ygi chgi Igt chgt

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(c) Insofar as possible, write repetitive or rhythmic compound adverbs as binary elements without doing harm to the original meaning. , , , , , , , , , , , ,

6. Particles () Guidelines (a) Separate a particle from other parts of speech.

(pronoun) (particle) (pronoun) (noun) (particle)

Na nn nae kil e

(noun) (particle) (noun)

Noin kwa pada

Chown i kkum l kdae ege

(noun) (particle) (noun) (particle) (pronoun) (particle)

Sae ya sae ya parangsae ya

(noun) (particle) (noun) (particle) (noun) (particle) (b) Attempt to create binaries for coordinated or multi-syllabic particles when possible. Na mando anida Hanguk kojn ei chodae Iltng egenn so rl sang ro Hangmun rosi sahak

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Suryk es put

(c) Connect a particle as a suffix to a verb stem, adverb, or simple inflection of the verb. Ppallido tallinda Sarang n mllis hann kt Ibn e chalman hamyn Mgsnn andoenda Koerophijinn anketta Ppalli kapsidayo

(d) Connect a contracted particle to the preceding noun or pronoun. Chigm n nugunga was Nan molla Kgn na to molla

7. Numerals () Guidelines (a) Write a number, includes a native Korean and a Sino-Korean number, as one word. Separate each romanized digit by hyphens without phonetic changes. Ilchn-kubaek-kusip-yuk Sambaek-yuksip-o Mahn-tast

(b) Separate a native Korean and Sino-Korean number from its quantifier.

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Ahn-ahop tong i haengbok chatki

(numeral) (imperfect noun) (particle) (noun) (gerund)

(numeral) (imperfect noun) (particle) (noun)

Smul-tast sal i panghwang

(numeral) (noun) (numeral) (noun)

Sam hangnyn sam pan

(numeral) (noun) (numeral) (noun)

Yuk chng sam hosil

(numeral) (imperfect noun)

Se pntchae

(noun) (numeral) (imperfect noun)

Chaek ne kwn

(noun) (numeral) (imperfect noun)

So yl mari

(c) Whenever possible, write the preformative element () joined to the following number to form a binary. 1 3 Che-1 Cheil Che-3 segye Chesam segye

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However, prefer to join a number to a suffix or generic term that follows it with a hyphen (for example, (), (), ()). Do not indicate phonetic changes after the hyphen. In such cases, when precedes the number, separate it from the number. 1 3 Che 1-cha Che ilcha Che 3-chip Che samjip

In more complex situations, still attempt to create binaries when possible. 12 Cheil, I Konghwaguk Che-1, 2 Konghwaguk

(d) Write a numeral quantifier for periods of time, such as , , , , , , , etc., as one word. 1996 365 2 30 62 21 Chn-kubaek-kusip-yungnyn 1996-yn Sambaek-yuksip-oil i haengbok 365-il i haengbok Tusi samsippun 2-si 30-pun Yuksip-inyn sap kyehoek 62-yn sap kyehoek Isip-ilsegi i Hanguk kyngje 21-segi i Hanguk kyngje

(e) In case of certain contracted numerals that have been firmly established through common usage, prefer that form. Sa-ilgu Haksaeng ig O-illyuk Kunsa Hyngmyng

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Sam-il Undong Pal-iro Kwangbok

(f) Write a native Korean indeterminate number as one word. Handul Tuset Tusn Snt Yenilgop Ynamn

8. Exclamations () Guidelines (a) Separate an exclamation from other parts of speech. ! A! sin nann Hancha yhaeng
(Exclamations) (noun+suffix=adjective) (noun) (noun)

Yaho, chaemi innn mak sigan

(Exclamations) (noun+verb=adjective) (noun) (noun)

ra na to Yng ka toene

(Exclamations) (pronoun) (particle) (noun) (particle) (verb)

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9. Affixes () Guidelines (a) Write an affix and the word it modifies together as one word.
(prefix+noun) (noun) (noun+suffix)

Tagukchk kip kyngyngnon

(prefix+noun) (noun) (noun)

Chongjngni pudongsan sepp

Sinysngdl n mut l kkum kkunnnga

(prefix+noun) (particle) (pronoun) (particle) (noun) (verb)

(prefix+noun) (particle) (noun) (particle) (verb)

Chamsarang i imi rl kkaedatta

(noun) (particle) (noun+suffix)

Segi i misuljn

(noun+suffix) (particle) (noun+suffix)

Kjinmaljaengi i hoegorok

See Appendixes 4 and 5 for the lists of prefixes and suffixes. (b) Whenever the original meaning is not clear, prefer to separate a proper noun ( ) from a single character modifier, affix or substantive. Tae Pukhan chllyak
(prefix) (proper noun) (noun)

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Tae Paekche rl wihay

(prefix) (proper noun) (particle) (verb)

(proper noun) (suffix) (noun)

Pak Chng-hi sik minjujui

(c) When two single character prefixes modify the same word consecutively, generally separate the first one. ( ) ( ) ( ) Cho chjllyk Cho kohwajil Cho kosngnng

(d) Separate a single character prefix of Chinese origin from the word it modifies, when another word is inserted in between. , but , but , but Tae Ollimpik taehoe rl Sun mni i chngsng ro Chong sup sigan su nn

(e) Separate a single character prefix (), (), etc. from the word it modifies, when it implies new edition or continuation. but: Sinsedae rl wihan kyngjehak Sin kyngjehak wlln Sin minpp Sok Hanguk munjip chonggan

10.

Abbreviated Forms (, , )

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Guidelines (a) Connect two coordinated characters, affixes, or substantives together into a single word without hyphens. Nambuk kyngje hymnyk Suchurip chlcha Kungnaeoe sajng Hanguk shwaga inbo Chngsonyn ege trinn Chunggodng hakkyo Chungdanpyn sosl Knhyndae

(b) Write an abbreviated or contracted proper name of Korean or foreign origin as a single word. Onl i Pukhan Chngyngnyn Chunggongkwn i changnae

(c) Hyphenate combined abbreviated forms or coordinated forms of proper nouns. Do not indicate phonetic changes either before or after the hyphen. Nam-Pukhan Chngsang Hoedam Choesin Pul-Han sajn Sinyk Sin-Kuyak chns Paekhwabon Tang-Song sanmunsn Myng-Chng kosa snyk

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(d) Write a contracted word into binary components without doing harm to the original meaning.
(+) ( +) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) Taebaek Sanmaek
Kug Kungmun Hakkwa
Anju Kunminhoe
Yngam Saji
Wnju kunji
Kongsan tangwn
Yugyk taewn

11. Scientific terms, nomenclature, etc. ( , ) Guidelines (a) To the extent possible, follow the guidelines when separating parts of speech or creating binaries for technical terms, specialized terms used in the professions or arts, slang, jargon, etc., without doing harm to the original meaning. Kwasanhwa suso Ahwangsan kas Ymhwa natryum Isanhwa chilso Kwansang tongmaek kynghwachng Kpsng pongmagym Mlti midi pail

37

12. Terms of Western Origin () Guidelines (a) Treat words of Western origin in the same manner as words of Korean, Chinese, or other origin. Kmmedal Usngkp Nobelsang Ionhwa Ingkpyng Peintchil Laemppul

(b) Connect a suffix of Korean or Chinese origin to a word of Western origin and also connect a word of Western origin when it is used as a suffix. Pak Mog-wl taepyo eseijip Kukche maaketingnon Munye changjaktim

(c) When a proper noun of Western origin appears with a generic term for a type of topographic feature, treat the combination as one word. Adriahae Taiwansm Amajongang Hujisan

(d) When it can be determined that a word or words in Korean consisted of more than one word in the original language, apply the following guidelines.

38

If the words appear separately, write them separately.

Syeip p Teibl maen

If the words appear without spaces, write them as a single word.

13. Personal Names () Guidelines (a) Separate a family name from a given name or pseudonym. In such cases, when a forename or pseudonym (, etc.) is three syllables long, do not hyphenate it. () Choe Chi-wn Yi Kwang-su Sk Myng-jng
Pyn Se-ra Sin Saimdang



Syeipp
Teiblmaen

(b) When a forename or pseudonym (, etc.) is not preceded by a family name, connect the syllables. In such cases, when the forename or pseudonym is more than three syllables long, attempt to create binaries without doing harm to the original meaning. Toegye wa Yulgok Manhae sasang yngu Changhwa Hongnyn chn Pulgn Suym

39

(c) Write a pure Korean given name and a given name of Western origin as a single word. (Sarah) Chng Koara Kim Satkat Kim Maria Pyn Sara Yi Yosep Sim Marsias

(d) Write a Buddhist religious name or a posthumous name as one word. Iryn Chungmugong

(e) Write a family name consisting of two syllables as a single word. However separate when two different family names are combined intentionally, such as husband-wife, mother-daughter, etc. but: Cha Pae Ok-tk Ko n Kwang-sun Snu Chong-wn
Namgung Wn

(f) Write an official title or honorific term such as (), (), (), etc., separately from a personal name. Wllam Yi Sang-jae Ong Kang Chang-ho Snsaeng Kim Chu-yng Kun Kim Hyng-don Paksa

40

An Chung-gn isa Yu Kwan-sun Yang Yi Pm-sk Chongni Im Kap-sun Ysa Yun Changgwan O Snbaenim Chang Toryng

(g) Write the term separately from a personal name. but: Uri nara enn Kimssi ka manta Hong Kil-tong Ssi Kimhae Kim Ssi

(h) Separate a reign title, temple name, or title of nobility, etc from the preceding word. When a title or name has more than three syllables, attempt to create binaries without doing harm to the original meaning. Taejo Hyegynggung Hong Ssi Chang Hibin Hynu Haengja Hngsn Kun Hyoryng Taegun Myngsng Hwanghu Chnggyng Puin

14. Corporate names, Geographical names, Publication titles, etc. (, , )

41

Guidelines (a) Treat a corporate name as a binary compound when possible. Write general terms such as , , etc., separately as binary elements. (Society of Korean History) but: (World History Society of Korea) Hanguk Sahakhoe Nasng Hanin Changno Kyohoe Nodong Kijun Chosaguk Hanguk Hyumnisthoe Katollik Minju Chngnyn Kongdongche Mansusan Yesultan Andong Kwn Ssi Chumilgongpa Sul Sisa Pynchan Wiwnhoe Hanguksa Hakhoe

(b) Insofar as possible, write a historical event as binary elements without doing harm to the original meaning. Kabo Kyngjang Imjin Waeran Pyngja Horan Chng Chung-bu Nan

(c) Insofar as possible, write a historical publication title as binary elements without doing harm to the original meaning. Samguk sagi Taedong yjido Tongguk yji sngnam Hunmin chngm Yongbi chnga

42

(d) Hyphenate an administrative entity term used as part of the name of a

jurisdiction as one word. but: Sul Tkpylsi Kwangju Kwangyksi Cheju Tkpyl Chachido Taegu-si Kahoe-dong Ullngdo Todong-ni Wlbong-ni Wsington-si

(e) Write a generic term for a type of topographic feature, road, architectural construction, etc., used as a part of a proper name, together with its name. Attempt to create binaries when possible. but:
Kimhae Pyngya
Kaema Kown
Hallasan Naktonggang
Tongnimmun
Chejudo
Yurisng
Chongno

(f) Connect a single syllable modifier that indicates a type of publication, such as (), (), (), (), (), () etc. to the word that precedes it, except if the word is a proper noun.

43

 but:

Nanjung ilgicho Hyndae Hanguk siinsn Kukse kibonnon iam Snsaeng hangjaenggi Tokkijn Hong Kil-tong chn Sim Chng chn Chunhyang chn Kongjwi Patchwi chn Pae Pijang chn Yi Kwang-su non Kwibong chip Sowl sn

(g) Always separate the modifier () from the word it modifies. Hyndae pyn Yesan pyn Munhak pyn

Capitalization Guidelines 1. Each separately written word of a corporate name (except particles), or an abbreviation thereof, is capitalized. Hanguk Ilbosa Taehan Sanggong Hoeiso

44

Minjuhwa rl Wihan Chnguk Kyosu Hybihoe

2. Each separate word of a personal name is capitalized. 3. Titles and terms of address are capitalized. Pak Taetongnyng Cho Yong-gi Moksa Yi Kwang-su Chng Yn-hi

4. Each separately written word of a geographic name is capitalized. An abbreviated geographical name is capitalized. An abbreviated geographical name is capitalized in coordinate compounds and at the beginning of other compound words. Hahoe Mal Kyngbuk Supil Tonginhoe

5. The first word of the title of a book, periodical, or series is capitalized. 6. Names of dynasties are capitalized. Chosn yukpaengnyn Myng-Chng sidae Hyndae kukchepp Silchon munhak i sijip

7. A word derived from a proper name is capitalized only if the name retains its full, original meaning. Yangmynghak yngu

45

Hyndae wa Krischyan i sinang

8. Abbreviated forms combined coordinately are capitalized if called for by these guidelines. Sin-Kuyak Sngs Siryong Pul-Han sajn

9. In all other cases, follow the directions found in the officially designated style manual listed in Appendix 1.

Punctuation Guidelines 1. A centered point indicating coordinate words may be transcribed as a comma or hyphen, or not transcribed, depending on the applicable word division guidelines. chunggodng hakkyo Nam-Pukhan kyngje hymnyk

In other instances, it may be transcribed or not transcribed, depending on the context.

Sa-ilgu i minjungsa
Chang Tae-uk ch
Iryp, Iltang sihwajip

2. Brackets used in the manner of quotation marks are transcribed as the latter.

46

[ ] [ ]

Munhak kwa chisng siinsn Si wa haebang tongin sijip

Appendix 1: Suggested Dictionaries For contemporary publications from South Korea and North Korea: 1. . . (Online Version) Kungnip Kug Ynguwn. Pyojun Kug taesajn http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/main.jsp 2. . . ( : , 2004) Kwahak Paekkwa Sajn Chulpansa. Chosn mal sajn (Pyngyang : Kwahak Paekkwa Sajn Chulpansa, 2004) For reading and pronunciation of Chinese characters: 1. . . ( : , 1964) Chang Sam-sik. Tae Han-Han sajn (Sul Tkpylsi : Sngmunsa, 1964) 2. . ([Seoul] : , 1915 : Reprint : [Seoul] : , 1973) Sin chajn. ([Seoul : Sinmungwan, 1915 : Reprint : [Seoul] : Cho Yongsng, 1973]

Appendix 2: List of Auxiliary verbs Please consult suggested dictionaries for additional auxiliary verbs

47

1. () 3. () 4. () 5. () 6. () 7. ()

2. () , , , , , ,

8. () , 9. () , 10. () , , , 11. () 12. () , , 13. () , , , 14. () 15. () , ,

Appendix 3: List of numeral quantifiers Please consult suggested dictionaries for additional auxiliary verbs 1. Amount: , , , , , 2. Animals: , , , 3. Length: , , , , , , , 4. Meals: 5. People: , , , 6. Quantity: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 7. Time: , , , , , , , , 8. Volume: , , , , , , , , , , , 9. Weight: , , , ,

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10. Width: , , ,

Appendix 4: List of Prefixes Please consult suggested dictionaries for additional auxiliary verbs 1. () - : , 2. - : 3. - : , , , 4. - : , , , , , , 5. ()- : , , , 6. ()- : , , 7. ()- : , 8. ()- : , , 9. - : , , , 10. ()- : 11. - : , 12. ()- : , , 13. ()- : , , 14. - : , , , 15. ()- : , , , 16. ()- : , 17. ()- : , (), , , 18. - : , , , 19. - : , , 20. - : , , , , , , 21. - : , , , 22. - : , , , 23. - : , , , 24. - : , , , , , ,

49

25. - : , , 26. - : , 27. - : , , 28. - : , , 29. - : , 30. ()- : , 31. ()- : , , , 32. - : , 33. ()- : , , , 34. ()- : , , 35. ()- : , 36. ()- : , , , , 37. - : , , 38. ()- : , , , 39. ()- : , , , 40. ()- : , , 41. ()- : 42. ()- : , , , , , 43. ()- : , , 44. ()- : , , , 45. - : , , 46. ()- : , , 47. ()- : , , , , 48. - : , , , 49. - : 50. - : , (only for color) 51. - : 52. ()- : , , , , , , 53. - : , , 54. ()- :

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55. - : 56. ()- : , 57. ()- : , , , , 58. - : , 59. ()- : , 60. - : 61. - : , 62. ()- : , , 63. ()- : , , , 64. - : , , , 65. - : , 66. - : , , , , 67. ()- : , , 68. ()- : , , 69. - : , , 70. ()- : , , , 71. ()- : , , , 72. ()- : , 73. ()- : , 74. - : , 75. ()- : , , 76. ()- : , 77. ()- : , 78. - : , , 79. ()- : , , 80. - : , , 81. ()- : , , , 82. ()- : , , 83. ()- : , , , 84. ()- : , , ,

51

85. ()- : , 86. ()- : , , 87. ()- : , , , , , 88. - : , , 89. ()- : 90. - : , , , 91. - : , 92. - : , , , , 93. - : , , 94. - : 95. ()- : , , , 96. ()- : , , , , 97. ()- : , , 98. - : , 99. ()- : , , , , 100. ()- : , 101. - : , , 102. - : , , 103. ()- : , , 104. ()- : , , 105. - : , , , , , , 106. - : 107. ()- : , 108. - : 109. - : , , 110. - : , , , , , 111. ()- : , , 112. ()- : , , 113. - : , , 114. - : ,

52

115. - : , ,

Appendix 5: List of Suffixes Please consult suggested dictionaries for additional auxiliary verbs 1. - () : , 2. - () : , , , , , , 3. - () : , , , 4. - () : , , 5. - () : , , , 6. - () : , 7. - () : , , , , 8. : , , 9. () : , , 10. () : , , 11. () : , , , 12. () : 13. () : , 14. () : , , 15. () : , , , 16. () : , , , 17. () : , , 18. () : , 19. () : , , , , 20. () : , 21. () : , 22. () : , , , 23. () : , , 24. () : , ,

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25. () : , 26. () : , , , , 27. () : , , 28. () : , , 29. () : , , , 30. () : , , 31. () : , , , 32. : , 33. : , , , 34. : , , 35. : , , , 36. : , , , 37. : , 38. () : , , 39. () : , , , 40. : , , , 41. () : , , 42. () : , 43. () : , , 44. () : , , , 45. () : 46. () : , , 2000 47. () : , , 48. () : , 49. () : , 50. () : , 51. : , , 52. : , , 53. () : , , , 54. () : , ,

54

55. () : , 56. : , , , 57. () : , , , , , 58. () : , 59. () : 60. () : , , 61. () : , , 62. () : , , , 63. () : , , 64. () : , , , 65. : , 66. : , , 67. () : , , 68. - () : , , , 69. () : , , , 70. () : , , , 71. () : 72. : , , 73. : , , 74. - () : , , 75. () : , , 76. () : , , , 77. : , , , , 78. () : 79. () : , , 80. () : , , 81. () : , 82. () : , , , , 83. : , , , , 84. () : , , ,

55

85. : 86. () : , , 87. () : , , , 88. () : , 89. () : , , , 90. () : , , 91. () : , , 92. () : , , 93. () : , , 94. () : , , 95. () : , 96. () : , , 97. : , , , , 98. () : , 10 , 1 , , 99. () : , , , 100. () : , , 101. () : , , 102. () : , , 103. () : , , 104. () : , 105. () : , , , , 106. () : , , 107. () : , , 108. () : , , 109. () : , 110. () : , , 111. () : , , , 112. () : , , 113. () : , , , 114. () : , ,

56

115. : 116. () : , 117. () : , , 118. () : , , 119. () : , , , 120. () : , 121. () : , , , 122. () : , , 123. () : 124. () : , 125. () : , 126. () : , , , 127. () : , , 128. () : , , 129. () : , 130. () : , 131. () : , , 132. : , , , 133. () : , , 134. () : , , , , , 135. : , , , 136. () : , , 137. () : , , , 138. () : , , 139. () : , 140. () : , , 141. : , 142. () : , , 143. : , , , 144. () : , , ,

57

145. () : , , , 146. () : , , 147. () : , , , , 148. () : , , 149. () : , , 150. () : , , 151. () : , 152. () : 153. () : , 154. () : , , , 155. () : , , , 156. () : , 157. () : , , 158. () : , , , 159. () : , , 160. () : , , 161. () : , 162. () : , , , 163. () : , , , 164. () : , , , 165. () : , , 166. () : , , , 167. () : , , , 168. : , , , 169. () : , , , 170. : , 171. : , , 172. : , , 173. : , , , 174. : ,

58

175. : , 176. () : , , 177. : , , 178. () : , 179. () : , , , 180. () : , , 181. () : , 182. () : , , 183. () : , 184. () : , , 185. () : , , , , , 186. () : , , , , 187. () : , 188. () : , 189. () : , 190. : () : , , 191. () : , , 192. () : , , 193. () : , 194. () : , , 195. () : , 196. () : , 197. () : , , 198. () : , , 199. () : , 200. () : , , 201. () : , , 202. : , , ,

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Appendix 6: List of Imperfect Nouns Please consult suggested dictionaries for additional imperfect nouns 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.

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28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54.

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Appendix 7: Korean Romanization Table This table illustrates the general application of the Korean Romanization rules; exceptions are noted in Korean romanization guideline above.

Letter

Position Initial Medial

Rules for Romanization Always K 1. G between vowels, or after , , and 2. NG before , and 3. K before and after all other consonants

Examples Kug mulgn chngi kungmin hapkye choguk yja ilgop nongmin tallim Hallyu minari kangsan tast mudang mandu haptong yultong chidannn sutkarak mutta kot yksa iron nonsul maru Parhae mullihak Chongno osolkil moksu namu momsal poskham palpyo

Final Initial Medial Final Initial Medial

Always K 1. Not romanized before and yotized vowels 2. N before other vowels 1. L when preceded or followed by 2. N in all other cases Always N Always T 1. D between vowels, or after , , 2. T after , , and 3. N as syllabic final before 4. T as syllabic final before other consonants

Final Initial Medial

Always T 1. Not romanized before , or yotized vowels 2. N before other vowels 1. R between vowels, or before 2. L before all other consonants, or after and 3. N after other consonants

Final Initial Medial Final Initial

Always L Always M Always M Always M Always P

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Letter

Position Medial

Rules for Romanization 1. B between vowels, or after , , and 2. M before , and 3. P before and after all other consonants

Examples kalbi naembi smni chammu chpsi munpp hnpp shwipke sangp ashwiun nongsanmul usm yennil sunnyang kkakksi mothada tkallin udot chdadl satkat lgul Togil kmyung nongmin sarang chilli tojang minjok mokchang chnni chnmgi chitta pit chabyl kimchi pinnaen chatta chotkida chaja changmikkot kokkiri tankanpang tongnyk

Final Initial Medial

Always P 1. SH before 2. S before other vowels 1. SH before 2. S before other vowels 3. NN as syllabic final before and yotized vowels in compound words 4. S as syllabic final before and yotized vowels in single words 5. T as syllabic final before , , , , and 6. D as syllabic final in prefixes after all other vowels

Final Initial Medial Final Initial Medial

Always T Not romanized 1. Not romanized as syllabic initial 2. NG as syllabic final Always NG Always CH 1. J between vowels, or after , and 2. CH after all other consonants 3. N as syllabic final before , 4. T as syllabic final before other consonants

Final Initial Medial

Always T Always CH 1. Always CH as syllabic initial 2. N as syllabic final before , 3. T as syllabic final before all other consonants 4. J as syllabic final before vowels

Final Initial Medial Final

Always T Always K Always K Always K

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Letter

Position Initial Medial

Rules for Romanization Always T 1. T before vowels, or after , , , , , and 2. T before , , and 3. N before in compound word, or before ,

Examples taepung kukto katn kattn natsem pannil nanmal haetpyt pynji pyngpung chipsin pullip hwanggm Pukhan ichyjin nan nannn hit kkamagwi kkalkkm hobakkot nakkida mukkm naksi

Final Initial Medial Final Initial Medial *

Always T Always P 1. Always P as syllabic initial 2. P as syllabic final Always P Always H 1. H as syllabic initial after , and 2 CH as syllabic initial after and 3. Not romanized as syllabic final before vowels 4. NN as syllabic final before

Final Initial Medial

Always T Always KK 1. KK, except after , as syllabic initial 2. KK as syllabic final before vowels 3. K as syllabic final before others

Final Initial Medial Final Initial Medial Final Initial Medial

Not applicable Always TT Always TT Not applicable Always PP Always PP Not applicable Always SS 1. Always SS as syllabic initial or, between vowels 2. N as syllabic final before 3. T as syllabic final before other consonants ssirm pulssang issmy innn innya haetta ogatko tchajng katcha ppallae oppa ttang chalttk

Final Initial Medial

Not applicable Always TCH Always TCH

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Letter

Position Final

Rules for Romanization Not applicable

Examples

* For further detail regarding syllabic final medial , see Romanization rule 7

65