Origin of the Solar System Besides explaining the birth of the sun, planets, dwarf planets, moons, asteroids,

and comets, a theory of the origin of the solar system must explain the chemical and physical differences of the planets; their orbital regularities, i.e., why they lie almost on the same plane and revolve in the same direction in nearly circular orbits; and also account for the relative angular momentum of the sun and planets arising from their rotational and orbital motions. The Nebular Hypothesis The nebular hypothesis, developed by Immanuel Kant and given scientific form by P. S. Laplace at the end of the 18th cent., assumed that the solar system in its first state was a nebula, a hot, slowly rotating mass of rarefied matter, which gradually cooled and contracted, the rotation becoming more rapid, in turn giving the nebula a flattened, disklike shape. In time, rings of gaseous matter became separated from the outer part of the disk, until the diminished nebula at the center was surrounded by a series of rings. Out of the material of each ring a great ball was formed, which by shrinking eventually became a planet. The mass at the center of the system condensed to form the sun. The objections to this hypothesis were based on observations of angular momentum that conflicted with the theory. The Planetesimal and Tidal Theories Encounter or collision theories, in which a star passes close by or actually collides with the sun, try to explain the distribution of angular momentum. According to the planetesimal theory developed by T. C. Chamberlin and F. R. Moulton in the early part of the 20th cent., a star passed close to the sun. Huge tides were raised on the surface; some of this erupted matter was torn free and, by a cross-pull from the star, was thrust into elliptical orbits around the sun. The smaller masses quickly cooled to become solid bodies, called planetesimals. As their orbits crossed, the larger bodies grew by absorbing the planetesimals, thus becoming planets. The tidal theory, proposed by James Jeans and Harold Jeffreys in 1918, is a variation of the planetesimal concept: it suggests that a huge tidal wave, raised on the sun by a passing star, was drawn into a long filament and became detached from the principal mass. As the stream of gaseous material condensed, it separated into masses of various sizes, which, by further condensation, took the form of the planets. Serious objections against the encounter theories remain; the angular momentum problem is not fully explained. Contemporary Theories Contemporary theories return to a form of the nebular hypothesis to explain the transfer of momentum from the central mass to the outer material. The nebula is seen as a dense nucleus, or protosun, surrounded by a thin shell of gaseous matter extending to the edges of the solar system. According to the theory of the protoplanets proposed by Gerard P. Kuiper, the nebula ceased to rotate uniformly and, under the influence of turbulence and tidal action, broke into whirlpools of gas, called protoplanets, within the rotating mass. In time the protoplanets condensed to form the planets. Although Kuiper's theory allows for the distribution of angular momentum, it does not explain adequately the chemical and physical differences of the planets. Using a chemical approach, H. C. Urey has given evidence that the terrestrial planets were formed at low temperatures, less than 2,200F (1,200C). He proposed that the temperatures were high enough to drive off most of the lighter substances, e.g., hydrogen and helium, but low enough to allow for the condensation of heavier substances, e.g., iron and silica, into solid particles, or planetesimals. Eventually, the planetesimals pulled together into protoplanets, the temperature increased, and the metals formed a molten core. At the distances of the Jovian planets the methane, water, and ammonia were frozen, preventing the earthy materials from condensing into small solids and resulting in the different composition of these planets and their great size and low density. The discovery of extrasolar planetary systems, beginning with 51 Pegasi in 1995, have given planetary scientists pause. Because it was the only one known, all models of planetary systems were based on the characteristics of the solar systemseveral small planets close to the star, several large planets at greater distances, and nearly circular planetary orbits. However, all of the extrasolar planets are large, many much larger than Jupiter, the largest of the solar planets; many orbit their star at distances less than that of Mercury, the solar planet closest to the sun; and many have highly elliptical orbits. All of this has caused planetary scientists to revisit the contemporary theories of planetary formation.

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The Big Bang In cosmology, the Big Bang is the scientific theory that describes the early development and shape of the universe. The Big Bang Theory is the most accepted theory for the origin and evolution of our universe. The big bang theory states that at some time in the distant past there was nothing. It suggests that around 10 to 14 billion years ago, the part of the universe we can see today was only a few millimetres across. According to this theory, at the beginning of time, all of the matter and energy in the universe was concentrated in a very dense state, from which it "exploded" and this is known as the Big Bang. The Big Bang marks the instant at which the universe began. From a dense, hot ball of gas, radiation and subatomic particles. This exploded and began expanding rapidly outward. As it expanded it cooled and electrons, protons and neutrons formed. As the universe grew in size, the temperature dropped, which eventually formed huge numbers of Hydrogen, Helium and Lithium nuclei. After many millions of years the expanding universe, at first a very hot gas, thinned and cooled enough to condense into individual galaxies and then stars. Stars and galaxies began to form about one billion years following the Big Bang. It has since expanded from this hot dense state into the vast and much cooler cosmos we currently inhabit. Evidence for the Big Bang Theory American astronomer Edwin Hubble provided some of the greatest supporting evidence for the theory with his 1929 discovery that the light of distant galaxies was generally shifted toward the red end of the spectrum, this is called the Red Shift. This happens when stars are moving rapidly away from Earth. This evidence means that it is obvious that the universe is expanding. The second evidence is that this theory predicts that 25 percent of the total mass of the universe should be the helium that formed during the first few minutes, an amount that agrees with observations. Thirdly, a cosmic background noise was the discovery in 1965, is received from every part of the sky. This background radiation has the same intensity and distribution of frequencies in all directions and is not linked with any individual celestial object. It has a black body temperature of -270 deg C and is interpreted as the electromagnetic remnant of the primordial fireball, stretched to long wavelengths by the expansion of the universe. Other evidence that supports the big bang theory is the Isotropy of observable universe. Proponents of big bang also mention isotropy of the observable universe to one part in one hundred thousand as evidence that big bang is valid. They further state that what minute anisotropy does exist is consistent with big bang hypotheses which include the dark matter hypotheses. Also Quasars are predicted to only be possible in the early stages of an active cosmos by the Big Bang theory, and observation evidence supports this, as quasar populations become denser the further away when you look at them. Another piece of evidence for the Big Bang model is that it resolves Olbers' paradox of why the sky is black at night. But the most convincing evidence is the presence of the cosmic background radiation, a theoretical prediction about photons left over from the big bang. The big-bang theory predicted this remnant radiation, which now glows at a temperature just 3 degrees above absolute zero. Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite, launched in 1989, showed that 99.97% of the radiant energy of the universe was released within the first year of the Big Bang event. Aboriginal Dreamtime The 'Aboriginal Dreamtime' is that part of aboriginal culture which explains the origins and culture of the land and its people. Aborigines have the longest continuous cultural history of any group of people on Earth, dating back by some estimates 65,000 years. The Dreamtime contains many parts: It is the story of things that have happened, how the universe came to be, how human beings were created and how the Creator intended for humans to function within the cosmos. In the Dreamtime, Wandjina is the God who made the Earth and Sea and everything else. The Dreamtime explains how everything was created not only the universe and also explains the rebirth of earth. They believe both man and animal descended from the spirits and moved over the earth.

One of the main reasons why the Aboriginal dreamtime is so different to the scientific theories is that the dreamtime dates back to centuries before the scientific theories. This is the time where there was no advance technology like telescopes or satellites like we do in present days. They had to make reasons or explanation for the things I didn't understand. Cultural theory God's 7 days creation: The bible presents the creation of the universe by god in a literal seven day creation, however only taking six days to finish his work, and resting on the seventh day. God first created the all elements, then the environment, after that the animal kingdom and lastly but not least humans. This is how the bible informs us on God's universe creation. The First Day, God said "Let there be light" and light was created. The Second Day God created the waters, However there was no liquid water, no oceans. All of the water was in the form of a vapour, a "super fog". God then made most of the water to condense onto the cooling earth which straight away formed a whole planet of ocean and cleared the sky. The Third Day God made the dry grounds. This is also where plate tectonics took place. The earth changed from a smooth one-level molten "cue ball" to a planet with an uneven surface with ocean basins and continental landmasses (countries). Dry ground resulted to the first plants grown. The Fourth Day the sky was clear and you could see the sun, moon and stars. They were put here for a reason, to act as indicate our seasons, days, and years. Sunset and sunset equals one day. A moon cycle equals a month. And stars presented the seasons. The Fifth Day a variety of birds and sea creatures were created and blessed. The Sixth Day a huge amount of land animals was created, including man (later on women, known as Adam and Eve). The Seventh Day also known as the Sabbath Day was when God finally finished his work, and took a rest. He stopped creating anything else and rest of his work. He blessed this day and made it holly. This is why we go to church on Sunday, the seventh day, the Sabbath day. This theory is different to the scientific theory, the Big Bang because: - The only evidence supporting this is the bible. The bible is a record from people all over the world, inspired by God, and Jesus. The bible is also known as God's words - Christianity is a religion - Christians believe in this because of their faith and relationship with God, and the bible - Unlike the Big Bang theory, the universe was created in one week, not as an explosion. - The Big Bang theory is more scientifically detailed. - Research and studies is still going on to learn more about the Big Bang (eg. going outer space) but not a lot of research is put in God's creations. You just have to believe in God's words and take it as it is. - The Big Bang theory has predictions to how the universe could end whereas God say's the time will come when he comes to earth, and we will have the answers to everything.