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Problems based Exponential and Trigonometric Fourier Series and its applications
INDEX
ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION TO FOURIER SERIES EXPONENTIAL FOURIER SERIES TRIGONOMETRIC FOURIER SERIES APPLICATIONS OF FOURIER SERIES REFRENCES
Abstract
Fourier series are of great importance in both theoretical and applied mathematics. For orthonormal families of complex-valued functions {f }, Fourier Series are sums of the f that can approximate periodic, complex-valued functions with arbitrary precision. This paper will focus on the Fourier Series of the complex exponentials. Of the many possible methods of estimating complex-valued functions, Fourier series are especially attractive because uniform convergence of the Fourier series (as more terms are added) is guaranteed for continuous, bounded functions. Furthermore, the Fourier coe cients are designed to minimize the square of the error from the actual function. Finally, complex exponentials are relatively simple to deal with and ubiquitous in physical phenomena. This paper first defines generalized Fourier series, with an emphasis on the series with complex exponentials. Then, important properties of Fourier series are described and proved, and their relevance is explained. A complete example is then given, and the paper concludes by brie y mentioning some of the applications of Fourier series and the generalization of Fourier series.
A Fourier series is an expansion of a periodic function in terms of an infinite sum of sines and cosines. Fourier series make use of the orthogonality relationships of the sine and cosine functions. The computation and study of Fourier series is known as harmonic analysis and is extremely useful as a way to break up an arbitrary periodic function into a set of simple terms that can be plugged in, solved individually, and then recombined to obtain the solution to the original problem or an approximation to it to whatever accuracy is desired or practical. Examples of successive approximations to common functions using Fourier series are illustrated above.
We now use the formula above to give a Fourier series expansion of a very simple function. Consider a sawtooth wave
It can be proved that the Fourier series converges to (x) at every point x where is differentiable, and therefore:
(Eq.1)
When x = , the Fourier series converges to 0, which is the half-sum of the left- and right-limit of at x = . This is a particular instance of the Dirichlet theorem for Fourier series.
and
The notation cn is inadequate for discussing the Fourier coefficients of several different functions. Therefore it is customarily replaced by a modified form of (in this case), such as F or and functional notation often replaces subscripting. Thus:
In engineering, particularly when the variable x represents time, the coefficient sequence is called a frequency domain representation. Square brackets are often used to emphasize that the domain of this function is a discrete set of frequencies
attempt to write such a function as an infinite sum, or series of simpler 2periodic functions. We will start by using an infinite sum of sine and cosine functions on the interval [, ], as Fourier did (see the quote above), and we will then discuss different formulations and generalizations.
and
are called the Fourier coefficients of . One introduces the partial sums of the Fourier series for , often denoted by
The partial sums for are trigonometric polynomials.One expects that the functions SN approximate the function , and that the approximation improves as N tends to infinity. The infinite sum
The Fourier series does not always converge, and even when it does converge for a specific value x0 of x, the sum of the series at x0 may differ from the value (x0) of the function. It is one of the main questions in harmonic analysis to decide when Fourier series converge, and when the sum is equal to the original function. If a function is square-integrable on the interval [, ], then the Fourier series converges to the function at almost every point. In engineering applications, the Fourier series is generally presumed to converge everywhere except at discontinuities, since the functions encountered in engineering are more well behaved than the ones that mathematicians can provide as counter-examples to this presumption. In particular, the
Fourier series converges absolutely and uniformly to (x) whenever the derivative of (x) (which may not exist everywhere) is square integrable.
response x (t) = x (t) + x (t). Then, since we can represent any perio d driving function as a Fourier series, and it is a simple matter to find the steady state solution to a sinusoidallydriven oscillator, we can find the response to the arbitrary driving function f (x) = a + (a cos(nx) + b sin(nx)).
0 n n
So suppose we had our square wave equation, where f (t) is the square wave function. We could then decompose the square wave into sinusoidal components as follows:
p 1 s(x)e c = 2p n -p p
- in x
= e 2p
0
- in x
i = 2np (e - 1)
in p
c = -i (e - 1) -i np -n 2np and then just combine the c and c terms as before. The result would be an
n -n
infinite sum of sin and cos terms of the form in equation (2). The steady-state response of the system to the square wave would then just be the sums of the steady-state responses to the sinusoidal components of the square wave. The basic equations of the Fourier series led to the development of the Fourier transform, which can decompose a non-periodic function much like the Fourier series decomposes a perio dic function. Because this type of analysis is very computation-intensive, di erent Fast-Fourier Transform algorithms have been devised, which lower the order of growth of the number of operations from order with these new techniques, Fourier series and Transforms have become an integral part of the toolboxes of mathematicians and scientists. To day, it is used for applications as diverse as file compression (such as the JPEG image format), signal processing in communications and astronomy, acoustics, optics, and cryptography.
References:
Arfken, G. "Fourier Series." Ch. 14 in Mathematical Methods for Physicists, 3rd ed. Orlando, FL: Academic Press, pp. 760-793, 1985. Askey, R Power Series." Amer. Math. Monthly 103, 297304, 1996. Beyer, W. H. (Ed.). CRC Standard Mathematical Tables, 28th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1987. Brown, J. W. and Churchill, R. V. Fourier Series and Boundary Value Problems, 5th ed. New York: McGrawHill, 1993.
. and Haimo, D. T. "Similarities between Fourier and Byerly, W. E. An Elementary Treatise on Fourier's Series, and Spherical, Cylindrical, and Ellipsoidal Harmonics, with Applications to Problems in Mathematical Physics. New York: Dover, 1959. Carslaw, H. S. Introduction to the Theory of Fourier's Series and Integrals, 3rd ed., rev. and enl. New York: Dover, 1950.