Tim nng v c im thc n gi suc Vit Nm

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1. c im kh hu
Vit Nam c kh hu nhit i m, chu nh hng kh su sc ca ch gi ma chu , c sc thi a dng vi mt ma lnh pha Bc (t o Hi Vn tr ra) v kh hu kiu Nam (Ty Nguyn, Nam B) cng nh vi kh hu c tnh chuyn tip vng ven bin Trung B (t o Hi Vn tr vo).

Nc ta c tim nng v thi gian chiu sng v lng ma di do v phn b tng i u cc vng trong nc. Vi s gi nng cao, tng lng bc x ln, "ti nguyn nhit" trn phm vi c nc c xem l loi giu v l ngun nng lng t nhin quan trng bc nht i vi cy trng. Kh hu nng nghip nc ta c th chia thnh 2 min Nam -Bc vi 7 vng sinh thi nng nghip khc nhau. Pha Bc thuc min kh hu nhit i, c ma ng lnh c th chia thnh 3 vng theo 3 i kh hu: Vng ni cao trn 500m, vng i ni thp di 500m, v vng ng bng. Vng ng bng c tng nhit nm di 9000oC, thi gian nhit di 20oC ko di 3-4 thng, thi gian kh hn 15-30 ngy. Thnh phn cy trng phong ph, trong ma ng mt s cy c ngng pht trin. Phi Nam (t o Hi Vn tr vo) thuc min kh hu nhit i in hnh, khng c ma ng, cng c th chia lm 3 vng sinh thi theo 3 i kh hu: vng cao trn 500 m, vng i ni thp di 500m v vng ng bng. Vng ng bng c tng nhit nm trn 9000oC, thi gian kh hn 3-4 thng. Thnh phn cy trng nhit i phong ph. Trong iu kin c nc, cy nng nghip pht trin xanh tt quanh nm.

2.Ngun thc n gia sc Vit Nam

Trn lnh th Vit Nam tn ti nhiu h thng canh tc a dng, cho nn ngun thc n gia sc cng rt phong ph. H thng canh tc la nc v h thng canh tc cy trng cn l 2 h thng chnh sn xut cc ngun thc n giu tinh bt. Vi trn 30 triu tn thc t h thng canh tc cy la nc, hng nm c gn 4,5 triu tn cm v tm vn l ngun thc n nng lng c truyn cung cp cho n ln v gia cm. H thng canh tc cy trng cn trng cc loi hoa mu nh ng, sn, khoai lang, khoai s, k,...Ng l loi cy trng lu i hin c nhiu kh nng v m rng din tch gieo trng v tng nng sut. u th k 20 cc nc ng Dng tng xut khu ng qua Php lm thc n gia sc, thi gian 10 nm qua din tch trng ng tng gn gp 2 ln, hin t xp x 700.000 ha. Vic s dng rng ri cc ging ng lai, vi 6 vng ng tp trung, cng vi sn v khoai lang, chn nui s c c s thc n mi kh d to c bc ngot chuyn t chn nui t tc sang chn nui hng ho. H thng canh tc cy trng cn, khng ch sn xut ngun thc n giu tinh bt m cn sn xut u , u tng, lc, vng, bng. Ht cy c du ngn ngy l ngun thc n giu protein a dng ca chn nui. H thng canh tc cy cng nghip di ngy c lin quan n ngun thc n giu protein cn c da v cao su. Vit Nam hin c 500.000 ha trng da v trn 400.000 ha cao su (Nin gim thng k, 2000).

Trong h thng canh tc cy cng nghip cn phi cp n cy ma. Cy ma tng trng Vit Nam t lu i, hin nay sn xut ma ng ang c khuyn khch pht trin. Cc vng trng ma tp trung Duyn hi min Trung, min ng Nam B v ng bng sng Cu Long s l ch da ln ca chn nui v thc n th xanh v r ng.

H thng canh tc vn ao c nng sut rt cao, to ra ngun rau xanh loi thch hp vi mi ma v. Vit Nam c 1 triu km2 lnh hi, 314.000 ha mt nc v 56.000 ha m h. Vi ti nguyn mt nc nh vy, chn nui li c thm ngun thc n dng thc vt thysinh trong ng gi nht l ngun thc n protein ng vt. vt qua s hn ch v t, ngi nng dn Vit Nam cn c v sng to tch lu c nhiu k thut phong ph v tng v, gi v, trng xen. Do kt qu ca qu trnh lao ng v sng to ny m va tng c ngun lng thc, thc phm cho ngi va to cho chn nui nhiu ngun ln v ph phm lm thc n gia sc. c tnh hng nm c 25 triu tn rm v gn 10 triu tn thn cy ng gi, ngn ma, dy lang, dy lc, cy u tng.v.v. Vi vic m rng cc nh my ch bin hoa qu, s li c thm ngun ph phm ln lm thc n gia sc c gi tr nh b da, b cam chanh... Thin nhin Vit Nam thun li cho vic sn xut thc n gia sc, nhng hnh nh bao gi cng vy, cng vi thun li ng thi cng c nhng kh khn phi khc phc cng on sau thu hoch v bo qun. Khai thc v s dng c hiu qu cao cc sn phm chnh v cc sn phm ph ca h thng canh tc a dng ni trn l nhim v to ln ca nhng ngi lm cng tc nghin cu cng nh nhng ngi lm cng tc qun l. Vit Nam khng c nhng cnh ng c bt ngt v tng i bng phng nh cc nc khc. C t nhin mc trn cc trng c trung du v min ni, cn ng bng c mc ven , ven bi cc con sng ln, dc b rung, ng i v trong cc rung mu. Cc trng c t nhin vn hnh thnh t t rng do kt qu ca qu trnh lu di khai thc khng hp l t i ni (thi quen t nng lm ry). C ti liu cho

bit, t c trng c Vit Nam c tnh 5.026.400 ha. Mt c im ln trn cc trng c v bi c t nhin l rt him c h u, ch c ho tho thn b, tm thp chim v tr c tn.

Lng d tr cht hu c trong t thp, cc trng c dc cc dc khc nhau, li b ra tri mnh nn nng sut c t nhin thp.

Qui lut chung l u v ma c t nhin pht trin mnh nhng ri chng ra hoa v n cui v ma, pht trin chm v ngng pht trin trong v kh hanh.

Trng c t nhin trung du min ni cha c tn dng ht v lin quan n dc, ngun nc cho gia sc ung, phn b dn c tha (35 ngi/km2) tri li vng ng bng (635 ngi/km2), c t nhin c tn dng trit bng bin php va chn th va thu ct cho n ti chung.

Do c u th v iu kin kh hu m c trng c tim nng nng sut cao, nht l i vi c voi v c ghi-n. C nhng h chn nui b sa trng c voi thm canh, mt nm thu hoch 9-10 la vi tng lng sinh khi trn 300 tn /ha.

Do t canh tc rt hn hp (bnh qun din tch t trn u ngi Vit Nam ng th 128 trong tng s gn 200 nc trn th gii), ph phm lm thc n gia sc phong ph, quy m chn nui cn nh, cho nn din tch c trng khng ng k, ch yu phn b l t cc vnh ai chn nui b sa.

i vi nhiu nc ngun thc n pht pho d tiu thng t tin. Vit Nam c tr lng ln v phn ln. c nhng n xy dng c s sn xut pht pht kh flo lm thc n gia sc khng nhng tiu dng trong nc m cn tha trao i vi cc nc khc.C th ni nc ta ctim nng ln v ngun pht pht v ngun can xi cho gia sc.

3.c im thnh phn dinh dng ca mt s nhm thcn chnh

3.1. Thc n thc vt
3.1.1Thc n xanh

Bao gm cc loi c xanh, thn l, ngn non ca cc loi cy bi, cy g c s dng trong chn nui. Thc n xanh cha 60 - 85% nc, i khi cao hn. Cht kh trong thc n xanh c hu ht cc cht dinh dng cn thit cho ng vt v d tiu ho. Gia sc nhai li c th tiu ho trn 70% cc cht hu c trong thc n xanh. Thc n xanh cha hu ht cc cht dinh dng cn thit cho gia sc. Chng cha protein d tiu ho, giu vitamin, khong a lng, vi lng ngoi ra cn cha nhiu hp cht c hot tnh sinh hc cao.

Thnh phn dinh dng ca thc n xanh ph thuc vo ging cy trng, iu kin kh hu, t ai, k thut canh tc, giai on sinh trng... Cy c bn nhiu phn nht l phn m th hm lng protein thng cao, nhng cht lng protein gim v lm tng nit phi protein nh nitrat, amit.

Nhn chung thc n xanh nc ta rt phong ph v a dng, nhng hu ht ch sinh trng vo ma ma, cn ma ng v ma kh thng thiu nghim trng.

3.1.1.1. Rau, bo

L nhng cy thc n xanh sng trong mi trng nc. Cc loi rau bo thng gp l: rau mung, rau lp, bo ci, bo tm, bo du, cc loi rong, to... c im chung ca rau bo l hm lng cht kh thp (6 - 10%) nn gi tr nng lng thp. Tuy nhin trong cht kh ca loi thc n ny li tng i giu protein th (16 -17%) giu khong a lng v vi lng (10 15%). Xt v hm lng axitamin, rau bo p ng c nhu cu ca ln v gia cm v histidin, izoleuxin, tryptophan v hi d tha acginin, treonin, lxin, phenyalanin v tyroxin nhng li thiu methionin. Lizin trong rau bo tng i giu, chim khong 4 - 6% protein th. Cc nguyn t khong c nhiu trong rau bo l: canxi (2,8 - 5%); kali (3 - 5%), nhng thiu ng (Cu) (2,3 - 29,5 mg/kg).

Nhc im c bn ca rau bo l d gy nhim bnh k sinh trng ng rut cho gia sc. - Rau mung: sinh trng nhanh trong ma ma, km chu lnh, c s dng rng ri trong chn nui( nht l chn nui ln) trong iu kin thun li v thi tit, phn, rau mung c nng sut v cht lng cao. Hm lng cht kh rau mung trung bnh 100g/kg rau ti. Trong 1kg cht kh c 2450- 2500 kcal (10,3-10,5 MJ) nng lng trao i; 170-250g protein th, 130-200 g ng, 100-115g khong tng s... nn gia sc rt thch n. C hai ging rau mung chnh: trng v . Rau mung trng c th trng cn v gieo bng ht. Gi tr dinh dng ca rau mung cao hn rau mung trng.

- Rau lp: trng t nhiu bn, sinh trng nhanh trong iu kin lnh (10-20 oC) c kh nng chu ng c sng gi. Rau lp l thc n ch yu ca ln v ngng trong v ng. Gi tr dinh dng ca rau lp tng t nh rau mung nhng cht kh thp hn (83g/kg thc n) protein th cng thp (140-170 g/kg cht kh). cc tnh pha Bc, rau lp (v ng) cng vi rau mung (v h) to nn c cu cy thc n xanh quanh nm cho ln vng trung du v ng bng.

- Bo du: sinh trng tt trong v ng, va l ngun thc n gia sc, va l ngun phn xanh qu. Trong iu kin thm canh, mi hecta bo mi thng cho 21-34 tn cht xanh tng ng 1,9-2,9 tn cht kh v 331- 838kg protein th (tnh bnh qun trong bn thng v ng). Do hm lng nc ca bo chim ti 90% cho nn c 10 -12 kg bo du ti mi thu c 1 kg bt bo kh. Bt bo kh c hm lng protein th bin ng t 19-26 % (tnh theo vt cht kh) hm lng protein ca bt bo du khng thua km bt c alfalfa, ngoi ra hm lng x cn thp hn. Tu theo k thut phi sy hm lng caroten ca bt bo du t t 90-200 mg trong 1 kg bt. Hm lng xantofil cng t mc 155-183 mg/kg bt. Do giu prtein, carten v hm lng x thp, bt bo du thuc loi bt xanh t cp I theo tiu chun ca Anh. Bo du cha rt nhiu loi nguyn t khong nh canxi, pht pho, kali, natri, magie, lu hunh, clo, silic, nhm, st, mangan, ng, km, ng lu l hm lng mangan v km rt cao (Mn: 66 2944 ppm; Zn: 26 - 899 ppm). Hm lng lizin v methionin ca bo du khng thua km u tng (tnh theo hm lng protein) v cao hn c alfalfa.

Ngi ta dng bt bo du nui g (5% khu phn) lm tng t l , tng t l p n, gim t l cht phi. Bo du ti dng nui ln v vt cng cho kt qu tt, tuy nhin cn lu hn ch nh hng xu nu d lng thuc tr su qu cao.

- Bo tm cnh nh: Sinh trng mt cch t nhin vo ma h, sng tri ni trn mt nc ao

hay rung. Bo tm giu protein (180 - 190 g/kg cht kh), t x... bi vy thng c tn dng chn nui ln, vt, ngng... Bo tm tn ti t nhin nh mt cy di.

- Bo ty: Cng nh bo tm, n tn ti t nhin cc mt nc ao, h, m. Bo ty c l to vn cao trn mt nc, ng thi cng c b r kh pht trin. Bo ty c cht kh thp (6 7%) nhiu x (trn 200 gam/kg cht kh), giu khong 180 - 190 g/kg cht kh v gi tr nng lng thp (1800 - 1900 kcal/kg cht kh, hay 7,6 - 8,0 MJ/kg cht kh). Bo ty thng c tn dng lm thc n xanh cho ln khi thc n khan him.

3.1.1.2. C ho tho

Kh hu nhit i gi ma ca nc ta nh hng rt ln n kh nng sinh trng pht trin ca c ho tho. Hu ht c ho tho u sinh trng nhanh vo ma h, ra hoa kt qu vo v thu v gn nh dng sinh trng vo ma ng. n ma xun c ho tho li pht trin nhanh v cho nhiu l. C ho tho c u im l sinh trng nhanh, nng sut cao nhng nhc im c bn l hm lng x cng tng nhanh khi cy c gi, do gi tr dinh dng theo cng gim nhanh. Lng protein th tnh trong cht kh ca c ho tho nc ta trung bnh 9,8% (75-145g/kg cht kh) tng t vi gi tr trung bnh ca c ho tho nhit i. Hm lng x kh cao (269 - 372 g/kg cht kh). Khong a lng v vi lng c ho tho u thp c bit l ngho canxi v pht pho. Trong 1kg cht kh, lng khong trung bnh c ho tho l Ca: 4.7 ? 0.4 g, P: 2.6 ? 0.1 g; Mg: 2.0 ? 0.1 g; K: 19.5 ? 0.7 g; Zn: 24 ? 1.8 mg; Mn: 110 ? 9.9 mg; Cu:8.3 ? 0.07 mg; Fe: 450 ? 45 mg.

T nhng c im trn khi s dng c ho tho cn ch : C ho tho trong v xun thng nhiu nc gi tr dinh dng cao cn cho n kt hp thc n th (rm; c kh).

Trong ma h (ma sinh trng nhanh) cn thu hoch ng la, khng c gi, nhiu x hiu qu chn nui gim.

C ho tho thng thiu canxi v pht pho, cn cho n phi hp vi cc loi l cy, c bit l cy b u.

- C voi (Pennisetum purpureum): C thn ng, l di v nhn ging ch yu bng on thn hay bi. C voi thuc nhm cy tng hp chui 4 cacbon (C4) c kh nng thm canh cao. Trong iu kin thun li c th t 25 - 30 tn cht kh trn 1 hecta trong 1 nm vi 7 - 8 la ct. i khi c th t nng sut cao hn nu p ng phn bn v nc. Hm lng protein th c voi trung bnh 100 g/kg cht kh. Khi thu hoch 30 ngy tui, hm lng protein th t ti 127 g/kg cht kh. Lng ng c voi trung bnh 70 - 80 g/kg cht kh. Thng th c voi thu hoch 28 - 30 ngy tui lm thc n xanh cho ln v th; khi s dng cho b c th thu hoch 40 - 45 ngy tui; trong trng hp lm nguyn liu chua c th ct 50 ngy tui. Vit Nam thng s dng cc ging c voi thn mm nh c voi i Loan, Selection I, cc ging King grass.

- C ghin: (c sa, Panicum maximum). L ging c ph bin cc vng nhit i, c kh nng chu hn tt, thch hp vi nhiu loi t. C ghin c th thu hoch 7 - 8 la trong nm vi nng sut t 10 - 14 tn cht kh/hecta. C c th trng chn th hay thu ct cho n ti chung. Nu thu hoch 30 ngy tui gi tr dinh dng cao (139g protein th 303g x v 1920 - 2000 kcal/kg cht kh). C ghin nhanh ra hoa v ra hoa nhiu ln trong nm v vy nu c gi gi tr dinh dng gim nhanh. Vit Nam hin c tp on c ghin kh phong ph: dng K280 chu hn tt, dng Likoni chu bng dm va phi v thch hp chn th, dng I429 l to thch hp vi ch thu ct trong vn gia nh chn nui nh.

- C pangola (Digitaria decumbens): c thn b l nh, a nng, chu dm p, c dng ct lm c kh hay chn th. C Pangola c th thu ct 5-6 la trong mt nm vi nng sut cht kh trung bnh 12-15 tn/ha/nm. Trong trng hp lm c kh c th ct vi chu k di ngy hn mc d protein c gim i cht (70 - 80 g/kg cht kh) lng x cao (330 - 360 g/kg cht kh) nng lng trao i: 1800 Kcal hay (7.5 - 7.8 MJ) trong 1kg cht kh. Hin nay c 2 ging pangola: ging thng thng v ging Pa-32. Ging thng thng l nh, xanh sm, thn mnh c s dng nhiu hn ging Pa-32.

3.1.1.3. Cy b u

iu kin kh hu, t ai nhit i nhn chung t thun li cho cc ging u n i c gi tr dinh dng cao. Cn cc ging u nhit i tuy thch hp vi iu kin kh hu nhng nng sut v gi tr dinh dng khng cao. Trn ng c t nhin t l u rt thp ch chim 4 5% v s lng loi, c ni cn t hn v hu nh khng ng k v nng sut.

u thc n gia sc nc ta thng giu protein th, vitamin, giu khong Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu, Fe nhng t P, K hn c ho tho. Tuy vy hm lng protein th thn l cy u trung bnh 167g/kg cht kh, xp x gi tr trung bnh ca u nhit i, thp hn gi tr trung bnh ca u n i (175g/kg CK).

u thc n gia sc thng c hm lng cht kh 200 - 260 g/kg thc n, gi tr nng lng cao hn c ho tho.

u im ca u thc n gia sc l kh nng cng sinh vi vi sinh vt trong nt sn r nn c th s dng c nit trong khng kh to nn thc n giu protein, u cng giu vitamin, giu khong a lng v vi lng d hp thu. Nhc im c bn ca u thc n gia sc l thng cha cht c ch men tiu ho hay c t lm cho gia sc khng n c nhiu. Bi vy cn thit phi s dng phi hp vi c ho tho nng cao hiu sut s dng thc n. Hin nay nc ta cha c nhiu ging u thc n xanh, ging stylo v keo du c ch hn c.

- u Stylo (stylosanthes): L u nhit i, thn tho, chu hn, thch hp vi t ngho dinh dng v chua. Stylo thng c lng v hm lng x cao nn gia sc khng thch n ti. Ngi ta thng dng c stylo ph t chng xi mn. Kt hp lm thc n gia sc, hm lng cht kh ca stylo tng i cao, trung bnh 240g/kg CK cht xanh. Trong cht kh hm lng protein thp(155-167g/kg CK) x cao (266-272g/kg) thng th u stylo c gieo xen vi c ghin hay pangola chn th hoc lm c kh. Hin nay c cc ging Stylo-Cook (ging lu nm) Stylo-Verano (ging 1 nm). Stylo-Verano pht tn t nhin mt s vng min Nam nc ta.

- u keo du (Leucaena leucocephala): cn c tn l bnh linh (Nam B), to nhn (Trung B) hay b cht... keo du pht trin hu ht cc vng sinh thi nc ta, nhng nhiu Nam Trung B, nh Khnh Ho. Keo du sinh trng tt trn t thot nc, t chua, c th thch ng vi t mn va ven bin. Keo du chu kh hn rt tt nhng khng chu ng c bit l khi cn non.

Bt keo du l thc n b sung caroten, vitamin, cht khong cho gia cm v gia sc non. Lng protein trong l keo du kh cao (270 - 280 g/kg CK) t l x thp (155 g/kg CK) v hm lng

caroten kh cao (200 mg). Keo du c cha c t mimosine nn ch s dng di 25% trong khu phn gia sc nhai li, di 10% i vi ln v di 5% i vi gia cm.

3.1.2. Thc n th

Thc n th bao gm c kh, rm, thn cy ng gi, cy lc, thn u v cc ph phm nng nghip khc. Loi thc n ny thng c hm lng x cao (20 - 35% tnh trong cht kh) v tng i ngho cht dinh dng. Nhng nc ta bnh qun t nng nghip tnh trn mt u ngi rt thp (0,1ha/ngi), bi chn th t; phn ln bi chn li l i ni trc c dc cao, t xu v kh cn. Do nhiu vng, thc n th v ph phm nng nghip tr thnh thc n chnh ca tru b nht l trong ma kh v v ng. Tuy nhin cc cht dinh dng trong ph phm nng nghip khng p ng nhu cu ca gia sc, cho nn cn b sung thm mt phn c xanh hoc cc loi thc n khc.

Rm: Hng nm c tnh nc ta c khong 25 triu tn rm (1 la: 0,8 rm). Rm c hm lng x cao (320-350 g/kg CK) ngho protein (20-30g/kg). Cht x ca rm kh tiu ho v b lignin ho. Nu c kim ho bng ur, amoniac hay xt s lm tng t l tiu ho v gi tr dinh dng. Tuy gi tr dinh dng ca ca rm thp nhng li l ngun thc n r tin v nng dn c tp qun s dng t lu i.

Cy ng sau khi thu bp:L ngun thc n th quan trng cho tru b nhiu vng. Gi tr dinh dng ca chng ph thuc vo ging ng v thi v thu hoch. Trong 1 kg thn cy ng c 600 - 700 g cht kh, 60 - 70 g protein, 280 - 300 g x. T l s dng v gi tr dinh dng ca thn cy ng s c nng ln nu c ch bin bng ur hoc amoniac.

C kh: C gi tr dinh dng cao hn so vi cc loi ph phm nng nghip khc. Cht lng ca chng ph thuc vo ging c, iu kin thi tit lc phi kh (nu gp ma cht dinh dng s km), cng nh iu kin bo qun. C kh c phi kit, cho n lc hm lng nc ch cn 15 - 17%. Khi m trong c kh cn trn 18%, cc vi sinh vt v nm mc d pht trin lm gim gi tr dinh dng ca c kh trong qu trnh bo qun. C ti non c phi kh nhanh c gi tr dinh dng cao hn c gi qu la. C kh l cy h u c hm lng protein v khong a lng, vi lng cao hn c kh l cy c ho tho.

3.1.3. Thc n c qu

L loi thc n dng tng i ph bin cho gia sc, nht l gia sc cho sa. Thc n c qu thng gp nc ta l sn, khoai lang, b vv.... c im chung ca nhm thc n ny l cha nhiu nc, ngho protein, cht bo, cc nguyn t khong a lng, vi lng, nhng giu tinh bt, ng v hm lng x thp, d tiu ho. Thc n c qu rt thch hp cho qu trnh ln men d c. Do chng c hiu qu r rt i vi gia sc nhai li ang cho sa v thi k v bo. Nhng nu s dng cho ln, cn b sung thm thc n giu protein v cht khong.

- Khoai lang: Thi gian sinh trng ngn, trng c nhiu v trong nm c ng bng, min ni v trung du. Lng cht kh trong c l 270 - 290 g/kg bin ng tu theo ging, ma v thu hoch. Hm lng protein trong khoai lang rt thp (35 - 39 g/kg cht kh) nhng li giu tinh bt v ng (850 - 900 g/kg CK). Hm lng khong trong c khoai lang c 2,6g canxi; 1,7g pht pho; 0,4g magie; 4,5g kali; 6mg km; 17mg mangan; 5mg ng).

- Sn: c s dng rng ri trong chn nui trung du v min ni. T l cht kh, tinh bt trong c sn cao hn trong c khoai lang, cn t l protein, cht bo v cht khong li thp hn. Trung bnh trong 1kg cht kh c 22-28g protein; 3-4g cht bo v 650 g tinh bt trong sn ngt v 850g trong sn ng. C sn ti cha nhiu c t cyanoglucozit cha hot ho. Mi khi t bo ca c sn b ph hu do sy st hay thi ct, cht cyanoglucozit b enzym linamarinaza hot ho v sn sinh ra cyanhydric t do (HCN). Axit ny gy c cho gia sc, nu chng c nng thp s lm cho gia sc chm ln, km sinh sn. Nu axit ny c hm lng cao s lm cho gia sc cht t ngt. Hm lng HCN trong sn ng cao hn trong sn ngt. Khi phi di nh nng mt tri hoc nu chn s lm gim ng k hm lng cyanhydric. C sn ti c tc dng tt cho qu trnh ln men d c. Nu dng cho ln v gia cm ch nn cho n mt t l thch hp trong khu phn (20-30%).

3.1.4. Thc n ht

Thc n ht gm c cc loi ht ca cy ho tho v cy b u. Ht ho tho cha nhiu tinh bt cn ht cy b u li rt giu protein. Gia sc tiu ho v hp thu tt cc cht dinh dng trong ht. Thnh phn dinh dng trong thc n ht thng n nh t b bin i bi tc ng ca yu t ngoi cnh nh thc n xanh, thc n th v c qu.

3.1.4.1. Ht ho tho

Ht ho tho l ngun cung cp ch yu hydratcacbon giu nng lng cho gia sc c d dy n. Thnh phn chnh ca ht l tinh bt. Ht sau khi phi kh thng c hm lng vt cht kh bin i t 850-900g/kg. 85-90% hp cht cha nit trong ht l protein. Protein cha nhiu trong phi ca ht v lp v ngoi bao bc phn ni nh. Ht ho tho c hm lng tinh bt ng kh cao (70-80%) v t l x thp. V d ng t l x l 1,5-3,5%, nhng thc khng tch tru c t l x l 9-12%, cn thc loi b tru c t l x bin ng tu theo tng loi 48%. Hm lng protein trong ho tho cng bin ng tu theo tng loi, v d t l protein trong ng bin ng t 8-12%; trong khi thc ch c 7,8-8,7%, cn trong go bin ng t 78,7%.

- Ng:Hin nay c nhiu ging ng ang c trng nc ta, cc ging ny cho ht vi mu sc khc nhau nh mu vng, trng, . Ng vng cha nhiu caroten v cc sc t khc, do lm cho lng trng vng hn cng nh lm cho sa v m ca gia sc c mu c trng c ngi tiu dng a chung. Ng cha khong 720-800 g tinh bt/kg cht kh v hm lng x rt thp, gi tr nng lng trao i cao 3100-3200 kcal/kg.

Hm lng protein th trong ng bin ng ln t 80-120g/kg ph thuc vo ging. T l cht bo trong ht ng tng i cao (4-6%) ch yu tp trung trong mm ng. Bt ng bo qun kh hn ht v cht bo d b oxy ho. Gia sc, gia cm tiu ho tt cc cht dinh dng trong ht ng (t l tiu ho xp x 90%). Tuy vy lng protein ca ng vn thp hn so vi nhu cu ca gia sc. Trong protein ca ng thiu ti 30-40% lizin, 15-30% tryptophan, 80% lxin so vi nhu cu ca ln. Ging ng HQ-2000 c hm lng protein, lizin v tryptophan kh cao. Ng tng i ngho cc nguyn t khong nh canxi (0,03%); kali (0,45%); mangan (7,3 mg/kg); ng (5,4 mg/kg) v vy cn phi ch hp l t l ng trong khu phn.

Nhn chung gi tr dinh dng ca ng nc ta khng km g cc ging ng c trng nc ngoi. - Thc: L ngun lng thc ch yu cho con ngi cc nc nhit i, nhng cng c s dng 1 phn lm thc n gia sc. Lng protein, cht bo, gi tr nng lng trao i ca thc thp hn ng, cn x li cao hn. T l protein trung bnh ca thc l 78-87 g/kg v x t 90120 g/kg.

Thc tch tru c gi tr dinh dng cao hn, gia sc tiu ho v hp th tt hn. Tru chim khong 20% trng lng ht thc. Tru rt giu silic (trn 210 g/kg CK) cc mnh tru sc, nhn d lm tn thng thnh rut. Do khi dng thc lm thc n gia sc cn phi loi b tru. Go c hm lng x 40-80 g/kg v protein l 70-87 g/kg. Hm lng lizin, acginin, tryptophan trong protein ca go cao hn ng. Nhng hm lng cc nguyn t khong a lng, vi lng go li rt thp so vi nhu cu ca gia sc,gia cm.

Cm go l sn phm ph ca cng nghip xay xt. Cm go c hnh thnh t lp v ni nh, mm phi ca ht, cng nh mt phn t tm. Do hm lng protein trong cm go cao: 120140g/kg CK. Hm lng m trong cm go cng rt cao: 110-180g/kg CK. Cht bo trong cm go rt d b oxy ho, khng nn d tr lu.

3.1.4.2. Ht b u (u )

Ht cy b u giu protein v cc axitamin khng thay th cho gia sc, gia cm. Gi tr sinh hc ca protein u cao hn protein ht ho tho, trung bnh t 72-75%. Protein u d ho tan trong nc v giu lizin nn gia sc d tiu ho v hp thu. Cc nguyn t khong nh Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, Cu trong u cao hn so vi ht ho tho, nhng chng li ngho pht pho v kali hn.

Phn ln ht u cha c t hoc cc cht c ch men tiu ho protein. Thc n ht b u vng nhit i l u tng, lc, u c ve, u hng o, vv... Thnh phn ho hc ca cc loi u ny rt khc nhau.

- u tng: L ngun thc n thc vt giu protein (370-380 g/kg), cht bo (160-180 g/kg) v nng lng trao i (3300-3900 Kcal/kg). Gi tr sinh hc ca protein u tng gn vi protein ng vt. u tng giu axit amin khng thay th nht l lizin, tryptophan l nhng axit amin thng b thiu trong thc n c ngun gc thc vt.

Nu s dng ht u tng lm thc n gia sc nht thit phi x l nhit phn hu v lm mt hiu lc ca cc c t nh cht khng trypsin, hemglutinin, saponin, ureaza, lipoxydaza... Trong cng nghip, u tng c s dng p du, nhng sn phm ph l kh du u tng c coi l ngun thc n giu protein c gi tr cao. Khi p du u tng c x l nhit, nn hu ht cc c t k trn b phn hu hoc b mt hiu lc do lm tng kh

nng tiu ho v hp th protein ca gia sc. Kh du u tng sn xut theo phng php chit ly thng c hm lng protein cao hn v c hm lng cht bo thp hn so vi kh tng sn xut theo phng php p c hc.

- Lc: L cy b u ph bin vng nhit i. Ht lc c hm lng cht bo rt cao 48-50%, cn trong c lc c v hm lng cht bo t 38-40%. trong chn nui thng s dng lc dng kh du. T l protein trong kh du lc nhn l 45-50%; trong kh du p c v l 3032%, t l x tng ng l 5,7% v 27,2% trong cht kh. T l cht bo trong kh du lc bin ng t 7-12% tu thuc vo k thut p. Nhng kh du lc ngho lizin (3,9% trong protein), do khu phn c kh lc cn c b sung thm u tng, bt c hoc lizin trong khu phn.

nc ta do m khng kh cao nhit cao nn khi kh du lc cn t l nc trn 15% rt d b mc lm gim cht lng kh du v kh du b nhim aflatoxin c hi cho gia sc, gia cm nht l i vi vt v gia sc non.

3.2. Thc n ng vt
Gm tt c cc sn phm ch bin t nguyn liu ng vt nh bt c, bt u tm, bt tht xng, bt nhng tm, bt mu vv... Hu ht thc n ng vt u giu protein c cht lng cao, c cc axit amnin khng thay th, cc nguyn t khong cn thit v mt s vitamin quan trng nh B12, D, E vv... T l tiu ho v hp th cc cht dinh dng trong thc n ng vt rt cao.

- Bt c: L thc n ng vt c cht lng dinh dng cao nht, c ch bin t c ti hoc t sn phm ph cng nghip ch bin c hp. Trong protein bt c c y axit amin khng thay th: lyzin 7,5%; methionin 3%; izolxin 4,8%...

Protein trong bt c sn xut nc ta bin ng t 35-60%, khong tng s bin ng t 19,6%-34,5% trong mui: 0,5-10%, canxi 5,5-8,7%; pht pho 3,5-4,8%, cc cht hu c trong bt c c gia sc, gia cm tiu ho v hp thu vi t l cao 85-90%.

- Bt tht xng: Ch bin t xc gia sc, gia cm khng dng lm thc phm cho con ngi hoc t cc ph phm ca l m. Thnh phn dinh dng ca bt tht xng thng khng n

nh, ph thuc vo ngun nguyn liu ch bin. T l protein trong bt tht xng t 30-50%, khong 12-35%, m 8-15%. Gi tr sinh hc ca protein trong bt tht xng cng bin ng v ph thuc vo t l cc m lin kt trong nguyn liu. T l m lin kt cng nhiu, gi tr sinh hc ca protein cng thp.

- Bt u tm: Ch bin t u, cng, v tm l ngun protein ng vt tt cho gia sc. Gi tr dinh dng ca bt u tm thp hn so vi bt c v bt mu. Bt u tm c 33-34% protein, trong protein c 4-5% lyzin, 2,7% methionin. Ngoi ra bt u tm giu canxi (5,2%); pht pho (0,9%) v cc nguyn t vi lng khc.