Difference between Circuit, Packet and Message switching

Item End to end call setup before communication begins. Dedicated physical path for entire data transmission All packets following the same route Packets arrive in order at receivers end Circuit switched Required Packet switched Not required Message switched Not required

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

No

Item Fault tolerance (If a switch goes down) Bandwidth available

Circuit switched Weak, no more traffic can be sent Fixed for entire transmission

Packet switched Strong, traffic can be routed through other switches Dynamic as Store and forward transmission used

Message switched Strong, traffic can be routed through other switches Dynamic as Store and forward transmission used

Time of possible congestion

At setup time

On every packet On every message retransmission from a router No No

Potentially wasted bandwidth

Yes

Item

Circuit switching

Packet switching No

Message switching No

Transparency of Yes choice of bit rate, format, or framing method from carrier Limit on block size No

Yes, No monopolization of any transmission line Yes, the next packet of a mutipacket message can be received before the previous packet has arrived

No

Reduced delay and increased throughput

No

No

The Mobile Telephone System

The wireless telephones come in two basic varieties: cordless phones Mobile phones(cell phones) Cordless phones are devices consisting of a base station and a handset sold as a set for use at home only. It has a limited range area. These are never used for networking. Mobile phones are used for wide area voice and data communication. Mobile phones have traveled through 3 distinct generations, with different technologies with time : 1. Analog voice 2. Digital voice 3. Digital voice and data

Introduction
There were various issues on adoption of mobile phones: The first issue of mobile systems The first ever mobile system was devised in the U.S. and mandated for the whole country. As a result, the whole country had a single system. When mobile came to Europe, each country here devised its own system which resulted to be chaotic. Later it learned from its mistake and standardized on a single system (GSM). But then U.S. made a decision that resulted in different equipment manufacturers producing different kinds of mobile phones. The second issue is of incoming call payment In the U.S., mobile phone numbers are mixed in with regular (fixed) telephone numbers. Thus there is no way for a caller

to see if the incoming call is a fixed telephone call (cheap call) or a mobile call( expensive call). The mobile owner had to pay for incoming calls to keep them nervous towards making the use of telephone. As a result, the people hesitated in buying and using mobile phones. But in Europe, mobile phones have a special code so they are instantly recognizable. The third issue is the widespread use of prepaid mobile phones in Europe. These can be purchased in many stores with no formalites. They are preloaded with some amount and can be recharged when the balance drops to zero. So every young child or a man had a mobile phone.

VERTICAL HANDOFF
A vertical handoff is a handoff between two network access points, which are usually using different network connection technologies. For example, when a mobile device moves out an 802.11b network into a GPRS network, the handoff would be considered a vertical handoff.

HORIZONTAL HANDOFF
A horizontal handoff is a handoff between two network access points that use the same network technology and interface. For example, when a mobile device moves in and out of various 802.11b network domains, the handoff activities would be considered as a horizontal handoff, since the connection is disrupted solely by device mobility.

The handoff may happen either vertically or horizontally; however, the proposed handoff solution should guarantee the uninterrupted services for the mobile users.