Development of 
Telecommunication  
 
Aman Singh Kushwaha 
2018CSB1071 

● Telephone, mobile, and cellular network 

Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876 and Tivadar 
Puskás proposed the telephone switchboard exchange in 1876. Modern 
telephone is the long result of periodic changes and development in 
this field. Early telephones were technically not so advanced. The first 
mobile phone was first brought into market by a man named Martin 
Cooper in the year1973 in Japan by the company called Motorola. This 
cell phone was named as the DynaTec phone which cost about 
$3,500.The first automated mobile phone system for private vehicles 
launched in Sweden. The device to install in the car used vacuum tube 
technology with rotary dial and weighed 40Kg.Dr Martin Cooper general 
manager at Motorola communications system division made the first 
public mobile phone call on a device that weighed 1.1Kg.The world’s 
first ever SMS message was sent in the UK. Neil Papworth, aged 22 at 
the time was a developer for a telecom contractor tasked with 
developing a messaging service for Vodafone. Over the last few years, 
many cell phones have become available that allow users to access the 
internet while on the move. This mobile internet is enabled via 
technology, such as WiFi (Wireless Local Area Network) and WAP 
(Wireless Access Protocol). Recent figures from analysts at the Internet 
Data Center suggest that some 450 million people in the world use 
mobile internet.The most common example of cellular Network is a cell 

 
 
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or mobile phone, which is a portable telephone that could be dialled or 

receives calls through base station or transmitting tower. Radio waves 
transfer signals to and from mobile phones. 
 

● Evolution of mobile phone from 1G 

to 4G 
Initially pre-cell phone mobile telephony technology, such as radio 
telephones are used in early days. They were the predecessors of the 
first generation of cellular telephones. 
The major technical achievement that distinguished the First 
Generation mobile technology from the previous ones was the use of 
multiple cell sites, and the ability to transfer calls from one site to the 
next as the user travelled between cells during a conversation. The first 
commercially automated cellular network was launched in Japan by 
NTT in 1979. 
Bell Labs in 1984 developed modern commercial cellular technology, 
which employed multiple, centrally controlled base stations, each 
providing service to a small area. On these days a cellular system, a 
signal between a base station and a terminal only need be strong 
enough to reach between the two, so the same channel can be used 
simultaneously for separate conversations in different cells. 
In the 1990s, the 'second generation' (2G) mobile phone systems 
emerged and these phones primarily use theGSM standard. These 
differed from the previous ones in the use of digital transmission while 
the previous ones use analog transmission. In this generation the 
concept of prepaid mobile phones was also seen. 
The second generation introduced SMS text messaging. Soon SMS 
became one of the most common communication techniques and now 
internet messaging takes the place of that one. 
2G consume less battery power, so it helps mobile batteries last long. 
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GPRS or General Packet Radio Service wireless technology introduced in 

between 2G and 3G. Its data rates from 56 kbit/s up to 115 kbit/s. MMS, 
emails and World Wide Web are also available now. As the mobile 
phone becomes a routine more advancement will go on with an 
Introduction of 3G and now we use packet switching rather than circuit 
switching for data transmission. With the introduction of 4G it is 
considered as an advanced version of 3G. Now we can also stream high 
quality audio/video. Circuit switching is the main difference between 3G 
and 4G ( use of IP-network ).Data speed reaches to 100 Mbit/s​. 
 
 

● 5G technology and clearly state difference from 

preceding generations 
Fifth-generation wireless network technology, better known as 5G, is 
now being rolled out in major cities worldwide. By 2024, an estimated 
1.5 billion mobile users─which account for 40% of current global 
activity─will be using 5G wireless networks. 5G is the fifth generation of 
mobile networks, after 2G, 3G and 4G. 5G is set to offer much faster 
speeds than previous generations. 5G works the same as the 4G, but 
the difference comes it uses higher radio frequencies which are mostly 
less cluttered and allows to carry more information but at a faster rate. 
So one of the advantages that can be seen clearly is 5G networks over 
4G in speed of the network and faster response times as well as much 
faster download speeds. Initial speeds are set to be slower, with peak 
speeds in excess of 1Gps, and average between 100-150 Mbps faster 
than 4G speeds, which should equal around 130-240 Mbps in total. 5G 
achieves the expected speeds of 10 Gps, and 100 times faster than 
standard 4G, also 30 times faster than advanced 4G. 5G networks will 
significantly optimize communication between the Internet of Things 
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(IoT) devices to make our lives more convenient.Walls, trees, and even 
rain can significantly block 5G wireless signals. 
Since late 2018, over 25 countries have deployed 5G wireless networks. 
Early releases of 5G will be primarily focused on dense urban areas, or 
where people want to build and test new 5G applications for industry 
4.0 or automotive applicationsSince late 2018, over 25 countries have 
deployed 5G wireless networks. Early releases of 5G will be primarily 
focused on dense urban areas, or where people want to build and test 
new 5G applications for industry 4.0 or automotive applications 
 

● FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA, WCDMA, MIMO 

FDMA is the process of dividing one channel or bandwidth into multiple
individual bands. Each individual band is wide enough to accommodate the
signal spectra of the transmissions to be propagated. The best example of
this is the cable television system and medium is a single coax cable. This
cable used to broadcast thousands of channels and bandwidth from about 4
MHz to 1 GHz. This bandwidth is divided up into 6-MHz wide channels.
This technique is also used in fiber optic communications systems. One of
the older FDMA systems is the original analog telephone system, Original
aerospace telemetry systems used an FDMA system to accommodate
multiple sensor data on a single radio channel. TDMA is a digital technique
that divides a single channel or band into time slots and each time slot is
used to transmit one byte or another digital segment of each signal in
sequential serial data format. A good example is the widely used T1
transmission system, which has been used for years in the telecom industry.
Basic GSM (Global System of Mobile Communications) cellular phone
system is TDMA-based. It divides up the radio spectrum into 200-kHz
bands and then uses time division techniques to put eight voice calls into
one channel. CDMA is another pure digital technique. It is also known as
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spread spectrum because it takes the digitized version of an analog signal

and spreads it out over a wider bandwidth at a lower power level. This
method is called direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS). The third
generation cell-phone technology called wideband CDMA (WCDMA) uses a
similar method with compressed voice and 3.84-Mbit/s chipping codes in a
5-MHz channel to allow multiple users to share the same band. OFDMA is
the access technique used in Long-Term Evolution (LTE) cellular systems
to accommodate multiple users in a given bandwidth. Orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing is a modulation method that divides a
channel into multiple narrow orthogonal bands that are spaced so they
don’t interfere with one another. Each band is divided into hundreds or
even thousands of 15-kHz wide subcarriers. The data to be transmitted is
divided into many lower-speed bit streams and modulated onto the
subcarriers. Time slots within each subchannel data stream are used to
package the data to be transmitted. This technique is very spectrally
efficient, so it provides very high data rates. It also is less affected by
multipath propagation effects. multiple input multiple output (MIMO)
networks with the wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) air
interface as the physical layer protocol. Performance is evaluated
statistically with extended Monte Carlo (MC) simulations in terms of
achievable bit-error (BER) rate in frequency selective fading cellular
environments. Wide band code division multiple accesses (WCDMA) has
been proposed to satisfy ever-increasing demands for higher data rates, as
well as to allow more users to simultaneously access the network. So, it is
employed in the third generation mobile networks to provide multimedia
services with required qualities. Multiuser detectors (MUDs) are used to
detect the desired signal and to simultaneously cancel out interferences
coming from courses in WCDMA systems.
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● Touchscreen technology 
In general, a touch screen is an input device.Any touch screen device,
usually consists of three important components and they are Touch
Sensor, Controller and Software. It is an electronic visual display that a
user can control by touching the screen with one or more fingers. It allows
for a much more direct interaction with what is displayed and multi-touch
technology makes it possible to interact with the computer display in many
different ways. Tasks like scrolling up and down a webpage, selecting text
and drag-and-drop have become quite different using touchscreen
technology. And with increase in demand for intuitive and easy graphical
user interface, the development in touch screen technology has also taken
an exponential growth. Based on the types of Touch Sensor used in the
development of a touch screen, there are 5 types of touch screen
technologies. They are Resistive Touch Screen Technology, Capacitive
Touch Screen Technology, Infrared Touch Screen Technology, Acoustic
Wave Touch Screen Technology and the last one isNear Field Imaging
Touch Screen Technology. 

● Conclusion  
So, we can conclude this as required or we call it to be in a comfort 
zone. We will develop more and more advanced technology. Firstly 
there was not a keypad mobile and now we have smartphones so 
nothing can be said what will be next. Now when I am writing this no 
one knows after 10 or 20 years can we need a phone or we can 
communicate with our minds so technologies keep on growing and we 
hope best for our future.