CAT2008TESTPAPER

INSTRUCTIONS BeforeTheTest: 1. DONOT REMOVETHESEALSOFTHEPLASTICENVELOPEOFTHISBOOKLETUNTILTHESIGNALTO START GIVEN. 2. KeeponlytheadmitCard,pencil,eraserandsharpenerwithyou.DONOTKEEPwithyoubooks,rulers,slide rules,drawinginstruments,calculators(includingwatchcalculators),pagers,cellularphones,stopwatchesor anyotherdeviceorloosepaper.Theseshouldbeleftataplaceindicatedbytheinvigilator. 3. UseonlyHBpenciltofillintheAnswerSheet. 4. EnterinyourAnswerSheet:(a)inBox3,theTestFormNumberthatappearsatthebottomofthispage,(b)in Box4,theTestBookletSerialNumberthatappearsatthetopofthispage. 5. EnsurethatyourpersonaldatahavebeenenteredcorrectlyonSideIIoftheAnswerSheet. 6. Ensurethatyouhaveenteredyour7digitTestRegistrationNumberinBox2oftheAnswerSheetcorrectly. AtthestartoftheTest: 1. Assoonasthesignaltostartisgiven,opentheTestBooklet. 2. ThisTestBookletcontains36pages,includingtheblankones.ImmediatelyafteropeningtheTestBooklet, verifythatallthepagesareprintedproperlyandareinorder.IfthereisaproblemwithyourTestBooklet,imme diatelyinformtheinvigilator.Youwillbeprovidedwithareplacement. Howtoanswer: 1. Thistestcontains90questionsinthreesections.Thereare25questionsinSectionI,25questionsinSection IIand40questionsinSectionIII.Youhavetwoandhalfhourstocompletethetest.Indistributingthetimeover thethreesections,pleasebearinmindthatyouneedtodemonstrateyourcompetenceinallthreesections. 2. Directionsforansweringthequestionsaregivenbeforeeachgroupofquestions.Readthesedirectionscarefully andanswerthequestionsbydarkeningtheappropriatecirclesontheAnswerSheet.Eachquestionhasonlyone correctanswer. 3. AllQuestionscarryfourmarkseach.Eachwronganswerwillattractapenaltyofonemark. 4. DoyourroughworkonlyontheTestBookletandNOTontheAnswerSheet. 5. Followtheinstructionsoftheinvigilator.Candidatesfoundviolatingtheinstructionswillbedisqualified. AftertheTest: 1. Attheendofthetest,remainseated.TheinvigilatorwillcollecttheAnswerSheetfromyourseat.Donotleave thehalluntiltheinvigilatorannouncesYoumayleavenow.Theinvigilatorwillmaketheannouncementonly aftercollectingtheAnswerSheetsfromallthecandidatesintheroom. 2. YoumayretainthisTestBookletwithyou. Candidatesgivingassistanceorseeking/receivinghelpfromanysourceinansweringquestionsorcopyinginany mannerinthetestwillforfeittheirchancesofbeingconsideredforadmission.Suchcandidateswillforfeitthe righttothescorecard.ThetestingauthorityreservestherighttoexcludeanyquestionorquestionsfromthisTest Bookletforfinalevaluation.

Set111
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SECTIONI Thissectioncontains25questions 1. Ashopstoresxkgofrice.Thefirstcustomerbuyshalfthisamountplushalfakgofrice.Thesecondcustomerbuyshalfthe remainingamountplushalfakgofrice.Thenthethirdcustomeralsobuyshalftheremainingamountplushalfakgofrice. Thereafter,noriceisleftintheshop.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthevalueofx? (1) 2 x 6 (2) 5 x 8 (3) 9 x 12 (4) 11 x 14 (5) 13 x 18

DirectionsforQuestions2and3: 2 Letf(x)=ax +bx+c,wherea,bandcarecertainconstantsanda 0.Itisknownthatf(5)=3f(2)andthat3isarootoff(x)=0. 2. Whatistheotherrootoff(x)=0? (1) 7 (2) 4 (5) cannotbedetermined Whatisthevalueofa+b+c? (1) 9 (2) 14 (5) cannotbedetermined

(3) 2

(4) 6

3.

(3) 13

(4) 37

4.

Thenumberofcommontermsinthetwosequences17,21,25,....,417and16,21,26,....,466is (1) 78 (2) 19 (3) 20 (4) 77 (5) 22

DirectionsforQuestions5and6: Thefigurebelowshowstheplanofatown.Thestreetsareatrightanglestoeachother.Arectangularpark(P)issituatedinsidethe townwithadiagonalroadrunningthroughit.Thereisalsoaprohibitedregion(D)inthetown. C A

D P

5.

B NeelamridesherbicyclefromherhouseatAtoherofficeatB,takingtheshortestpath.Thenthenumberofpossibleshortest pathsthatshecanchooseis (1) 60 (2) 75 (3) 45 (4) 90 (5) 72

6.

NeelamridesherbicyclefromherhouseatAtoherclubatC,viaBtakingtheshortestpath.Thenthenumberofpossible shortestpathsthatshecanchooseis (1) 1170 (2) 630 (3) 792 (4) 1200 (5) 936

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CAT 2008

7.

Letf(x)beafunctionsatisfyingf(x)f(y)=f(xy)forallrealx,y.Iff(2)=4,thenwhatisthevalueof
1 4 1 2

F1I? G2J H K

(1) 0 (5) cannotbedetermined 8.

(2)

(3)

(4) 1

Theintegers1,2,...,40arewrittenonablackboard.Thefollowingoperationisthenrepeated39times.Ineachrepetition,any twonumbers,sayaandb,currentlyontheblackboardareerasedandanewnumbera+b1iswritten.Whatwillbethe numberleftontheboardattheend? (1) 820 (2) 821 (3) 781 (4) 819 (5) 780 Suppose,theseedofanypositiveintegernisdefinedasfollows: seed(n)=n,ifn<10 =seed(s(n)),otherwise, wheres(n)indicatesthesumofdigitsofn.Forexample, seed(7)=7,seed(248)=seed(2+4+8)=seed(14)=seed(1+4)=seed(5)=5etc. Howmanypositiveintegersn,suchthatn<500,willhaveseed(n)=9? (1) 39 (2) 72 (3) 81 (5) 55

9.

(4) 108

10. InatriangleABC,thelengthsofthesidesABandACequal17.5cmand9cmrespectively.LetDbeapointonthelineseg mentBCsuchthatADisperpendiculartoBC.IfAD=3cm,thenwhatistheradius(incm)ofthecirclecircumscribingthe triangleABC? (1) 17.05 (2) 27.85 (3) 22.45 (4) 32.25 (5) 26.25
2008 11. Whatarethelasttwodigitsof7 ? (1) 21 (2) 61 (5) 81

(3) 01

(4) 41

12. Iftherootsoftheequationx3ax2+bxc=0arethreeconsecutiveintegers,thenwhatisthesmallestpossiblevalueofb? (1)

- 1 3

(2) 1

(3) 0

(4) 1

(5)

1 3

13. Considerobtuseangledtriangleswithsides8cm,15cmandxcm.Ifxisaninteger,thenhowmanysuchtriangleexist? (1) 5 (2) 21 (3) 10 (4) 15 (5) 14 14. Howmanyintegers,greaterthan999butnotgreaterthan4000canbeformedwiththedigits0,1,2,3and4ifrepetitionof digitsisallowed? (1) 499 (2) 500 (3) 375 (4) 376 (5) 501

CAT 2008

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20 15. Whatisthenumberofdistincttermsintheexpansionof(a+b+c) ? (1) 231 (2) 253 (3) 242 (5) 228

(4) 210

16. ConsiderasquareABCDwithmidpointsE,F,G,HofAB,BC,CDandDArespectively.LetLdenotethelinepassingthroughF 0 andH.ConsiderpointsPandQ,onLandinsideABCD,suchthattheanglesAPDandBQCbothequal120 .Whatisthearea ofABQCDPtotheremainingareainsideABCD? (1) 4 2 3 (2) 2+ 3 (3) 10-3 3 9 (4)
1+ 1 3

(5) 2 3 1 17. Threeconsecutivepositiveintegersareraisedtothefirst,secondandthirdpowersrespectivelyandthenadded.Thesum obtainedisaperfectsquarewhosesquarerootequalsthetotalofthethreeoriginalintegers.Whichofthefollowingbest describestheminimum,saym,ofthesethreeintegers? (1) 1 m 3 (2) 4 m 6 (3) 7 m 9 (4) 10 m 12 (5) 13 m 15

18. Findthesum 1+

1 1 1 1 1 1 + 2 + 1+ 2 + 2 + ..............+ 1+ + 2 2 2 1 2 2 3 2007 2008

(1) 2008

1 2008
1 2009

(2) 2007

1 2007

(3) 2007

1 2008

(4) 2008

1 2007

(5) 2008

19. Twocircles,bothofradii1cm,intersectsuchthatthecircumferenceofeachonepassesthroughthecentreoftheother.What isthearea(insqcm)oftheintersectingregion? (1) p 3 - 3 4 2 p 3 - 3 2 (2) 2 p 3 + 3 2 (3) 4 p 3 - 3 2 (4) 4 p 3 + 3 2

(5)

20. RahimplanstodrivefromcityAtostationC,atthespeedof70kmperhour,tocatchatrainarrivingtherefromB.Hemust reachCatleast15minutesbeforethearrivalofthetrain.ThetrainleavesB,located500kmsouthofA,at8:00amandtravels 0 ataspeedof50kmperhour.ItisknownthatCislocatedbetweenwestandnorthwestofB,withBCat60 toAB.Also,Cis locatedbetweensouthandsouthwestofAwithACat300toAB.ThesatesttimebywhichRahimmustleaveAandstillcatch thetrainisclosestto (1) 6:15am (2) 6:30am (3) 6:45am (4) 7:00am (5) 7:15am 21. Considerarightcircularconeofbaseradius4cmandheight10cm.Acylinderistobeplacedinsidetheconewithoneofthe flatsurfacesrestingonthebaseofthecone.Findthelargestpossibletotalsurfacearea(insqcm)ofthecylinder. (1) (5) 100 p 3
110 p 7
CAT 2008

(2)

80 p 3

(3)

120 p 7

(4)

130 p 9

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DirectionsforQuestions22and23: Fivehorses,Red,White,Grey,BlackandSpottedparticipatedinarace.Aspertherulesoftherace,thepersonsbettingonthe winninghorsegetfourtimesthebetamountandthosebettingonthehorsethatcameinsecondgetthricethebetamount.More over,thebetamountisreturnedtothosebettingonthehorsethatcameinthird,andtherestlosethebetamount.RajubetsRs. 3000,Rs.2000andRs.1000onRed,WhiteandBlackhorsesrespectivelyandendsupwithnoprofitandnoloss. 22. Whichofthefollowingcannotbetrue? (1) AtleasttwohorsesfinishedbeforeSpotted (2) Redfinishedlast (3) TherewerethreehorsesbetweenBlackandSpotted (4) TherewerethreehorsesbetweenWhiteandRed (5) Greycameinsecond 23. Suppose,inaddition,itisknownthatGreycameinfourth.Thenwhichofthefollowingcannotbetrue? (1) Spottedcameinfirst (2) Redfinishedlast (3) Whitecameinsecond (4) Blackcameinsecond (5) therewasonehorsebetweenBlackandWhite DirectionsforQuestions24and25: Mark(1)ifQcanbeansweredfromAalonebutnotfromBalone. Mark(2)ifQcanbeansweredfromBalonebutnotfromBalone. Mark(3)ifQcanbeansweredfromAaloneaswellasfromBalone. Mark(4)ifQcanbeansweredfromAandBtogetherbutnotfromanyofthemalone. Mark(5)ifQcannotbeansweredevenfromAandBtogether. Inasingleeliminationtournament,anyplayeriseliminatedwithasingleloss.Thetournamentisplayedinmultipleroundssubject tothefollowingrules: (a) Ifthenumberofplayers,sayn,inanyroundiseven,thentheplayersaregroupedinton/2pairs.Theplayersineachpairplay amatchagainsteachotherandthewinnermovesontothenextround. (b) Ifthenumberofplayers,sayn,inanyroundisodd,thenoneofthemisgivenabye,thatis,heautomaticallymovesontothe nextround.Theremaining(n1)playersaregroupedinto(n1)/2pairs.Theplayersineachpairplayamatchagainsteach otherandthewinnermovesontothenextround.Noplayergetsmorethanonebyeintheentiretournament. Thus,ifniseven,thenn/2playersmoveontothenextroundwhileifnisodd,then(n+1)/2playersmoveontothenextround. Theprocessiscontinuedtillthefinalround,whichobviouslyisplayedbetweentwoplayers.Thewinnerinthefinalroundisthe championofthetournament. 24. Q: A: B: 25. Q: A: B: Whatisthenumberofmatchesplayedbythechampion? Theentrylistforthetournamentconsistsof83players. Thechampionreceivedonebye. Ifthenumberofplayers,sayn,inthefirstroundwasbetween65and128,thenwhatistheexactvalueofn? Exactlyoneplayerreceivedabyeintheentiretournament. Oneplayerreceivedabyewhilemovingontothefourthroundfromthethirdround

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SECTIONII Thissectioncontains25questions DirectionsforQuestions26to28: Answerthefollowingquestionsbasedontheinformationgivenbelow: Foradmissiontovariousaffiliatedcolleges,auniversityconductsawrittentestwithfourdifferentsections,eachwithamaximum of50marks.Thefollowingtablegivestheaggregateaswellasthesectionalcutoffmarksfixedbysixdifferentcollegesaffiliatedto theuniversity.Astudentwillgetadmissiononlyifhe/shegetsmarksgreaterthanorequaltothecutoffmarksineachofthe sectionsandhis/heraggregatemarksareatleastequaltotheaggregatecutoffmarksasspecifiedbythecollege.

AggregateCutoff SectionalCutoffMarks Marks SectionA SectionB SectionC SectionD 42 42 42 176 45 45 175 46 171 43 45 178 45 43 180 41 44 176

College1 College2 College3 College4 College5 College6

26. Adityadidnotgetacallfromevenasinglecollege.Whatcouldbethemaximumaggregatemarksobtainedbyhim? (1) 181 (2) 176 (3) 184 (4) 196 (5) 190 27. Bhamagotcallsfromallcolleges.Whatcouldbetheminimumaggregatemarksobtainedbyher? (1) 180 (2) 181 (3) 196 (4) 176 (5) 184 28. Charliegotcallsfromtwocolleges.Whatcouldbeminimummarksobtainedbyhiminasection? (1) 0 (2) 21 (3) 25 (4) 35 (5) 41

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CAT 2008

DirectionsforQuestions29to32: Answerthefollowingquestionsbasedontheinformationgivenbelow: Thebarchartbelowshowstherevenuereceived,inmillionUSDollars(USD),fromsubscriberstoaparticularInternetservice.Thedata covers the period 2003 to 2007for the United States (US) and Europe. The bar chartalso shows the estimated revenues from subscriptiontothisservicefortheperiod2008to2010.
1000 SubscriptionRevenueinMillionUSD 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 03 04 05 06 Year 07 08 09 10
US Europe

29. WhilethesubscriptioninEuropehasbeengrowingsteadilytowardsthatoftheUS,thegrowthrateinEuropeseemstobe declining.Whichofthefollowingisclosesttothepercentchangeingrowthrateof2007(over2006)relativetothegrowthrateof 2005(over2004)? (1) 17 (2) 20 (3) 35 (4) 60 (5) 100 30. ThedifferencebetweentheestimatedsubscriptioninEuropein2008andwhatitwouldhavebeenifitwerecomputedusingthe percentagegrowthrateof2007(over2006),isclosestto: (1) 50 (2) 80 (3) 20 (4) 10 (5) 0 31. In2003,sixtypercentofsubscribersinEuropeweremen.Giventhatwomensubscribersincreaseattherateof10percentper annumandmenattherateof5percentperannum,whatistheapproximatepercentagegrowthofsubscribersbetween2003and 2010inEurope?Thesubscriptionpricesarevolatileandmaychangeeachyear. (1) 62 (2) 15 (3) 78 (4) 84 (5) 50 32. ConsidertheannualpercentchangeinthegapbetweensubscriptionrevenuesintheUSandEurope.Whatistheyearinwhich theabsolutevalueofthischangeisthehighest? (1) 0304 (2) 0506 (3) 0607 (4) 0809 (5) 0910

CAT 2008

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DirectionsforQuestions33to35: Thereare100employeesinanorganizationacrossfivedepartments.Thefollowingtablegivesthedepartmentwisedistributionof averageage,averagebasicpayandallowances.Thegrosspayofanemployeeisthesumofhis/herbasicpayandallowances.

Numberof Employees 5 30 20 35 10 AverageAge (Years) 45 35 30 42 35 AverageBasic Allowances(% Pay(Rs.) ofBasicPay) 5000 70 6000 80 6500 60 7500 75 5500 50

Department HR Marketing Finance BusinessDevelopment Maintenance

Therearelimitednumberofemployeesconsideredfortransfer/promotionacrossdepartments.Wheneverapersonistransferred/ promotedfromadepartmentofloweraverageagetoadepartmentofhigheraverageage,he/shewillgetanadditionalallowanceof10% ofbasicpayoverandabovehis/hercurrentallowance.Therewillnotbeanychangeinpaystructureifapersonistransferred/ promotedfromadepartmentwithhigheraverageagetoadepartmentwithloweraverageage. Questionsbelowareindependentofeachother. 33. TherewasamutualtransferofanemployeebetweenMarketingandFinancedepartmentsandtransferofoneemployeefrom MarketingtoHR.Asaresult,theaverageageofFinancedepartmentincreasedbyoneyearandthatofMarketingdepartment remainedthesame.WhatisthenewaverageageofHRdepartment? (1) 30 (2) 35 (3) 40 (4) 45 (5) cannotbedetermined 34. WhatistheapproximatepercentagechangeintheaveragegrosspayoftheHRdepartmentduetotransferofa40yearoldperson withbasicpayofRs.8000fromtheMarketingdepartment? (1) 9% (2) 11% (3) 13% (4) 15% (5) 17% 35. Iftwoemployees(eachwithabasicpayofRs.6000)aretransferredfromMaintenancedepartmenttoHRdepartmentandone person(withabasicpayofRs.8000)wastransferredfromMarketingdepartmenttoHRdepartment,whatwillbethepercentage changeinaveragebasicpayofHRdepartment? (1) 10.5% (2) 12.5% (3) 15% (4) 30% (5) 40% DirectionsforQuestions36to40: Answerthefollowingquestionsbasedontheinformationgivenbelow: Abdul,BikramandChetanarethreeprofessionaltraderswhotradeinsharesofacompanyXYZLtd.Abdulfollowsthestrategyof buyingattheopeningofthedayat10amandsellingthewholelotatthecloseofthedayat3pm.Bikramfollowsthestrategyofbuying athourlyintervals:10am,11am,12noon,1pmand2pm,andsellingthewholelotatthecloseoftheday.Further,hebuysanequal numberofsharesineachpurchase.ChetanfollowsasimilarpatternasBikrambuthisstrategyissomewhatdifferent.Chetanstotal investmentamountisdividedequallyamonghispurchases.Theprofitorlossmadebyeachinvestoristhedifferencesbetweenthe salevalueatthecloseofthedaylesstheinvestmentinpurchase.Thereturnforeachinvestorisdefinedastheratiooftheprofitor losstotheinvestmentamountexpressedasapercentage. 36. OnaboomdaythesharepriceofXYZLtd.keepsrisingthroughoutthedayandpeaksatthecloseoftheday.Whichtradergot theminimumreturnonthatday? (1) Bikram (2) Chetan (3) Abdul (4) AbdulorChetan (5) cannotbedetermined

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CAT 2008

37. Onadayoffluctuatingmarketprices,thesharepriceofXYZLtd.endswithagain,i.e.,itishigheratthecloseofthedaycompares totheopeningvalue.Whichtradergotthemaximumreturnonthatday? (1) Bikram (2) Chetan (3) Abdul (4) BikramorChetan (5) cannotbedetermined 38. Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsisalwaystrue? (1) Abdulwillnotbetheonewiththeminimumreturn (2) ReturnforChetanwillbehigherthanthatofBikram (3) ReturnforBikramwillbehigherthanthatofChetan (4) ReturnforChetancannotbehigherthanthatofAbdul (5) noneoftheabove Oneday,twoothertraders,DaneandEmilyjoinedAbdul,BikramandChetanfortradinginthesharesofXYZLtd.Danefolloweda strategyofbuyingequalnumbersofsharesat10am,11and12noon,andsellingthesamenumbersat1pm,2pmand3pm.Emily,on theotherhand,followedthestrategyofbuyingsharesusingallhermoneyat10atandsellingallofthemat12noonandagainbuying thesharesforallthemoneyat1pmandagainsellingallofthematthecloseofthedayat3pm.Atthecloseofthedaythefollowing was observed: i. ii. iii. iv. Abdullostmoneyinthetransactions. BothDaneandEmilymadeprofits. Therewasanincreaseinsharepriceduringtheclosinghourcomparedtothepriceat2pm. Sharepriceat12noonwaslowerthantheopeningprice.

39. Whichofthefollowingisnecessarilyfalse? (1) Sharepricewasatitslowestat2pm (2) Sharepricewasatitslowestat11am (3) Sharepriceat1pmwashigherthanthesharepriceat2pm (4) Sharepriceat1pmwashigherthanthesharepriceat12noon (5) noneoftheabove 40. Sharepricewasatitshighestat (1) 10am (2) 11am (5) cannotbedetermined

(3) 12noon

(4) 1pm

DirectionsforQuestions41to43: Answerthefollowingquestionsbasedonthestatementsgivenbelow: (i) Therearethreehousesoneachsideoftheroad. (ii) ThesesixhousesarelabelledasP,Q,R,S,TandU. (iii) Thehousesareofdifferentcolours,namely,Red,Blue,Green,Orange,YellowandWhite. (iv) Thehousesareofdifferentheights. (v) T,thetallesthouse,isexactlyoppositetotheGreencolouredhouse. (vi) TheshortesthouseisexactlyoppositetotheGreencolouredhouse. (vii) U,theOrangecolouredhouse,islocatedbetweenPandS. (viii) R,theYellowcolouredhouse,isexactlyoppositetoP. (ix) Q,theGreencolouredhouse,isexactlyoppositetoU. (x) P,theWhitecolouredhouse,istallerthanR,butshorterthanSandQ. 41. Whatisthecolourofthetallesthouse? (1) Red (2) Blue (5) noneofthese
CAT 2008

(3) Green

(4) Yellow
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42. WhatisthecolourofthehousediagonallyoppositetotheYellowcolouredhouse? (1) White (2) Blue (3) Green (5) noneofthese 43. Whichisthesecondtallesthouse? (1) P (2) S (5) cannotbedetermined

(4) Red

(3) Q

(4) R

DirectionsforQuestions44to47: Answerthefollowingquestionsbasedontheinformationgivenbelow: Inasportsevent,sixteams(A,B,C,D,EandF)arecompetingagainsteachother.Matchesarescheduledintwostages.Eachteam playsthreematchesinStageIandtwomatchesinStageII.Noteamplaysagainstthesameteammorethanonceintheevent.Noties arepermittedinanyofthematches.TheobservationsafterthecompletionofStageIandStageIIareasgivenbelow. StageI:

Oneteamwonallthethreematches. Twoteamslostallthematches. DlosttoAbutwonagainstCandF. ElosttoBbutwonagainstCandF. Blostatleastonematch. FdidnotplayagainstthetopteamofStageI.

StageII: TheleaderofStageIlostthenexttwomatches. OfthetwoteamsatthebottomafterStageI,oneteamwonbothmatches,whiletheotherlostbothmatches. OnemoreteamlostbothmatchesinStageII. 44. Theteam(s)withthemostwinsintheeventis(are): (1) A (2) A&C (5) B&E 45. ThetwoteamsthatdefeatedtheleaderofStageIare: (1) F&D (2) E&F (5) F&D

(3) F

(4) E

(3) B&D

(4) E&D

46. Theonlyteam(s)thatwonbothmatchesinStageIIis(are): (1) B (2) E&F (3) A,E&F (5) B&F 47. Theteamsthatwonexactlytwomatchesintheeventare: (1) A,D&F (2) D&E (5) D&F

(4) B,E&F

(3) E&F

(4) D,E&F

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CAT 2008

DirectionsforQuestions48to50: Answerthefollowingquestionsbasedontheinformationgivenbelow: Telecomoperatorsgetrevenuefromtransferofdataandvoice.Averagerevenuereceivedfromtransferofeachunitofdataisknown asARDT.Inthediagrambelow,therevenuereceivedfromdatatransferaspercentageoftotalrevenuereceivedandtheARDTinUS Dollars(USD)aregivenforvariouscountries.

Philippines($3,54%) Indonesia($2,42%)

Japan($13,70%)

30%
Revenue from Data Transfer asa % of Total Revenue
Malaysia Germany China Poland Switzerland Norway

UK

Ireland

20%
Russia Mexico

Austria Singapore Sweden Spain Denmark Canada

Hongkong Thailand Israel

USA

10%
India Brazil

$5

$10

$15

ARDT(inUSD)

48. Ifthetotalrevenuereceivedisthesameforthepairsofcountrieslistedinthechoicesbelow,choosethepairthathasapproxi matelythesamevolumeofdatatransfer. (1) PhilippinesandAustria (2) CanadaandPoland (3) GermanyandUSA (4) UKandSpain (5) DenmarkandMexico 49. ItwasfoundthatthevolumeofdatatransferinIndiaisthesameasthatofSingapore.Thenwhichofthefollowingstatementsis true? (1) Totalrevenueisthesameinbothcountries (2) TotalrevenueinIndiaisabout2timesthatofSingapore (3) TotalrevenueinIndiaisabout4timesthatofSingapore (4) TotalrevenueinSingaporeisabout2timesthatofIndia (5) TotalrevenueinSingaporeisabout4timesthatofIndia 50. Itisexpectedthatby2010,revenuefromdatatransferasapercentageoftotalrevenuewilltripleforIndiaanddoubleforSweden. Assumethatin2010,thetotalrevenueinIndiaistwicethatofSwedenandthatthevolumeofdatatransferisthesameinboththe countries.WhatisthepercentageincreaseofARDTinIndiaifthereisnochangeinARDTinSweden? (1) 400% (2) 550% (3) 800% (4) 950% (5) cannotbedetermined

CAT 2008

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SECTIONIII Thissectioncontains40questions DirectionsforQuestions51to54: Ineachquestion,therearefivesentences.Eachsentencehasapairofwordsthatareitalicizedand highlighted.Fromtheitalicizedandhighlightedwords,selectthemostappropriatewords(AorB)toformcorrectsentences.The sentencesarefollowedbyoptionsthatindicatethewords,whichmaybeselectedtocorrectlycompletethesetofsentences.Fromthe given,choosethemostappropriateone. 51. Anitaworeabeautiful broach(A)/brooch(B) onthelapelofherjacket. Ifyouwanttocomplainabouttheamenitiesinyourneighbourhood,pleasemeetyour councillor(A)/counsellor(B). Iwouldlikeyouradvice(A)/advise(B) onwhichjobIshouldchoose. Thelastsceneprovideda climactic(A)/climatic(B) endingtothefilm. Jeansthat flair(A)/flare(B) atthebottomareinfashionthesedays. (1) BABAA (2) BABAB (3) BAAAB (4) ABABA (5) BAABA 52. Thecakehadlotsof currents(A)/currants(B) andnutsinit. Ifyouengageinsuchexceptional(A)/exceptionable(B) behaviour,Iwillbeforcedtopunishyou. Hehasthesamecapacityasanadultto consent(A)/assent(B) tosurgicaltreatment. Theministeris obliged(A)/compelled(B) toreportregularlytoaparliamentaryboard. Hisanalysisofthesituationisfartoo sanguine(A)/genuine(B). (1) BBABA (2) BBAAA (3) BBBBA (4) ABBAB (5) BABAB 53. Shemanagedtobitebackthe ironic(A)/caustic(B) retortonthetipofhertongue. Hegaveanimpassionedand valid(A)/cogent(B) pleaforjudicialreform. Iamnot adverse(A)/averse(B) tohelpingout. Thecoupe (A)/coup(B) brokeawayasthetrainclimbedthehill. Theyheardthebellspeeling (A)/pealing(B) farandwide. (1) BBABA (2) BBBAB (3) BAABB (5) BBBBA 54. Wewerenotsuccessfulin defusing(A)/diffusing(B) theGurusideas. Thestudents baited(A)/bated(B) theinstructorwithirrelevantquestions. The hoard(A)/horde(B) rushedintothecampus. Theprisoners interment(A)/internment(B) cametoanendwithhisearlyrelease. Thehockeyteamcouldnotdealwithhis unsocialbe(A)/unsocial(B) tendencies. (1) BABBA (2) BBABB (3) BABAA (5) AABBA

(4) ABBAA

(4) ABBAB

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CAT 2008

DirectionsforQuestions55to58: Ineachofthefollowingquestionstherearesentencesthatformaparagraph.Identifythesentence(s) orpart(s)ofsentence(s)thatis/arecorrectintermsofgrammarandusage(includingspelling,punctuationandlogicalconsistency). Then,choosethe mostappropriate option. 55. A. B. C. D. E. (1) (5) 56. A. B. C. D. E. (1) (5) 57. A. B. C. D. E. (1) (5) 58. A. B. C. D. E. (1) (5) In1849,apoorBavarianimigrantnamedLeviStrauss landedinSanFrancisco,California, attheinvitationofhisbrotherinlawDavidStern. ownerofdrygoodsbusiness. ThisdrygoodsbusinesswouldlaterbecameknownasLeviStrauss&Company. Bonly (2) BandC (3) AandB A,BandD Inresponsetotheallegationsandcondemnationpouringin, Nikeimplementedcomprehensivechangesintheirlabourpolicy. Perhapssensingtherisingtideofgloballabourconcerns. fromthepublicwouldbecomeaprominentmediaissue, Nikesoughttobeaindustryleaderinemployeerelations. DandE (2) Donly (3) AandE B,CandE Chargesandcounterchargesmeannothing tothefewmillionwhohavelosttheirhome. Thenightmareisfarfromover,forthegovernment isstillunabletoreachhundredswhoaremarooned. Thedeathcounthavejustbegun. Aonly (2) Conly Donly

(4) AOnly

(4) AandD

(3) AandC

(4) A,CandD

Ididnotknowwhattomakeofyou. BecauseyoudlivedinIndia.Iassociateyoumorewithmyparentsthanwithme. AndyetyouwereunlikemycousinsinCalcutta,whoseemsoinnocentandobedientwhenIvisitedthem. Youwerenotcuriousaboutmeintheleast. Althoughyoudidmakeefforttomeetme. Aonly (2) AandB (3) AandE (4) Donly AandD

DirectionsforQuestions59to62: Eachofthefollowingquestionshasasentencewithtwoblanks.Givenbeloweachquestionsare fivepairsofwords.Choosethepairthat best completesthesentence. 59. ThegenocidesinBosniaandRwanda,apartfrombeingmisdescribedinthemostsinisterand__________mannerasethnic cleansing,werealsoblamed,infurtherhandwashingrhetoric,onsomethingdarkandinteriorto__________andperpetrators alike. (1) innovativecommunicator (2) exigentexploiters (3) enchantingleaders (4) tragicsufferers (5) disingenuousvictims

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60. Asnavigators,calendermakers,andother________ofthenightskyaccumulatedevidencetothecontrary,ancientastronomers wereforcedto_______thatcertainbodiesmightmoveincirclesaboutpoints,whichinturnmovedincirclesabouttheearth. (1) scrutinizersbelieve (2) observers concede (3) observers agree (4) studetns conclude (5) scrutinizerssuggest 61. Every humanbeing, afterthe firstfew days ofhis life,is a productof twofactors: onthe one hand,there ishis _______ endowmentandontheotherhand,thereistheeffectofenvironment,including_______. (1) constitutionalweather (2) economiclearning (3) congenitaleducation (4) genetic pedagogy (5) personalclimate 62. Exhaustionofnaturalresources,destructionofoindividualinitiativebygovernments,controlovermensmindsbycentral ______ofeducationandpropagandaaresomeofthemajorevilswhichappeartobeontheincreaseasaresultoftheimpactof scienceuponmindssuitedby________toanearlierkindofworld. (1) tenetsfixation (2) organstradition (3) aspectsinhibitions (4) departmentsrepulsion (5) institutionsinhibitions DirectionsforQuestions63to66: Ineachofthequestions,awordhasbeenusedinsentencesinfivedifferentways.Choosethe optioncorrespondingtothesentenceinwhichtheusageofthewordisincorrectorinappropriate. 63. Run (1) Imustrunfasttocatchupwithhim. (2) Ourteamscoredagoalagainsttherunofplay. (3) Youcantrunoverhimlikethat. (4) Thenewlyreleasedbookisenjoyingapopularrun. (5) Thisfilmisarunofthemillproduction. 64. Round (1) Thepolicefiredaroundofteargasshells. (2) Theshopislocatedroundthecorner. (3) Wetookarideonthemerrygoround. (4) Thedoctorisonahospitalround. (5) Ishallproceedfurtheronlyafteryoucomeroundtoadmittingit. 65. Buckle (1) Afterthelonghikeourkneeswerebeginningtobuckle. (2) Thehorsesuddenlybrokeintoabuckle. (3) Theaccuseddidnotbuckleunderpoliceinterrogation. (4) Sometimes,anearthquakecanmakeabridgebuckle. (5) Peopleshouldlearntobuckleupassoonastheygetintoacar. 66. File (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

YouwillfindthepaperinthefileunderC. Ineedtofileaninsuranceclaim. Thecadetsweremarchinginasinglefile. Fileyournailsbeforeyouapplynailpolish. whentheparadewason,asoldierbrokethefile.

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DirectionsforQuestions67to70: Eachofthefollowingquestionshasaparagraphfromwhichthelastsentencehasbeendeleted. Fromthegivenoptions,choosethesentencethatcompletestheparagraphinthe mostappropriate way. 67. Mostpeopleattheirfirstconsultationtakeafurtivelookatthesurgeonshandsinthehopeofreassurance.Prospectivepatients lookfordelicacy,sensitivity,steadiness,perhapsunblemishedpallor.Onthisbasis,HentryPerownelosesanumberofcaseseach year.Generally,heknowsitsabouttohappenbeforethepatientdoes:thedownwardglancerepeated,thepreparedquestions beginningtofalter,theovermphaticthanksduringtheretreattothedoor. (1) Otherpeopledonotcommunicateduetotheirpoorobservation. (2) Otherpatientsdontlikewhattheyseebutareignorantoftheirrighttogoelsewhere. (3) ButPerownehimselfisnotconcerned. (4) Butotherswilltaketheirplace,hethought. (5) Thesehandsaresteadyenough,buttheyarelarge. 68. Tradeprotectionism,disguisedasconcernfortheclimate,israisingitshead.Citingcompetitivenessconcerns,powerfulindus trializedcountriesareholdingoutthreatsofalevyonimportsofenergyintensiveproductsfromdevelopingcountriesthatrefuse toaccepttheirdemands.TheactualsourceofprotectionistsentimentintheOECDcountriesis,ofcourse,theircurrentlacklustre economicperformance,combinedwiththechallengesposedbytherapideconomicriseofChinaandIndiainthatorder. (1) Climatechangeisevokedtobringtradeprotectionismthroughthebackdoor. (2) OECDcountriesaretakingrefugeinclimatechangeissuestoerecttradebarriersagainstthesetwocountries. (3) ClimatechangeconcernshavecomeasaconvenientsticktobeattherisingtradepowerofChinaandIndia. (4) Defendersoftheglobaleconomicstatusquoareposingasclimatechangechampions. (5) Todaysclimatechangechampionsaretheperpetratorsofglobaleconomicinequity. 69. Mattancherryis IndiaJewrys mostfamous settlement.Itspretty streetsof pastelcoloured houses,connected byfirstfloor passagesandhometothelasttwelvesareeandsarongWearing,whiteskinnedIndianJewsarevisitedbythousandsoftourists eachyear.Itssynagogue,builtin1568,withafloorofblueandwhiteChinesetiles,acarpetgivenbyHaileSelassieandthefrosty Yahehsellingticketsatthedoor,standsasanimageofreligioustolerance. (1) Mattancherryrepresents,therefore,theperfectpictureofpeacefulcoexistence. (2) IndiasJewshavealmostneversuffereddiscrimination,exceptforEuropeancolonizersandeachother. (3) JewsinIndiawerealwaystolerant. (4) Religioustolerancehasalwaysbeenonlyafacadeandnothingmore. (5) Theprettypastelstreetsare,thus,verypopularwiththetourists. 70. Giventheculturalandintellectualinterconnections,thequestionofwhatisWesternandwhatisEstern(orIndian)isoften hardtodecide,andtheissuecanbediscussedonlyinmoredialecticalterms.ThediagnosisofathoughtaspurelyWesternor purelyIndiancanbeveryillusory. (1) Thoughtsarenotthekindofthingsthatcanbeeasilycategorized. (2) Thoughoccidentalismandorientalismasdichotomousconceptshavefoundmanyadherents. (3) EastisEastandWestisWesthasbeenadiscreditednotionforalongtimenow. (4) Compartementalizingthoughtsisoftendesirable. (5) Theoriginofathoughtisnotthekindofthingtowhichpurityhappenseasily.

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DirectionsforQuestions71to75:Thepassagegivenbelowisfollowedbyasetoffivequestions.Choosethemostappropriate answertoeachquestion. Languageisnotaculturalartifactthatwelearnthewaywelearntotelltimeorhowthefederalgovernmentworks.Instead,itisadistinct pieceofthebiologicalmakeupofourbrains.Languageisacomplex,specializxedskill,whichdevelopsinthechildspontaneously, withoutconsciouseffortorformalinstruction,isdeployedwithoutawarenessofitsunderlyinglogic,isqualitativelythesameinevery individual,andisdistinctfrommoregeneralabilitiestoprocessinformationorbehaveintelligently.Forthesereasonssomecognitive scientistshavedescribedlanguageasapsychologicalfaculty,amentalorgan,aneuralsystem,andacomputationalmodule.ButI prefertheadmittedlyquaintterminstinct.Itconveystheideathatpeopleknowhowtotalkinmoreorlessthesensethatspiders knowhowtospinwebs.Webspinningwasnotinventedbysomeunsungspidergeniusanddoesnotdependonhavinghadtheright educationoronhavinganaptitudeforarchitectureortheconstructiontrades.Rather,spidersspinspiderwebsbecausetheyhave spiderbrains,whichgivethemtheurgetospinandthecompetencetosucceed,Althoughtherearedifferencesbetweenwebsand words,Iwillencourageyoutoseelanguageinthisway,forithelpstomakesenseofthephenomenawewillexplore. Thinkingoflanguageasaninstinctinvertsthepopularwisdom,especiallyasithasbeenpasseddowninthecanonofthehumanities andsocialsciences.Languageisnomoreaculturalinventionthanisuprightposture.Itisnotamanifestationofageneralcapacityto usesymbols:athreeyearold,weshallsee,isagrammaticalgenius,butisquiteincompetentatthevisualarts,religiousiconography, trafficsigns,andtheotherstaplesofthesemioticscurriculum.Thoughlanguageisamagnificentabilityuniqueto Homosapiens amonglivingspecies,itdoesnotcallforsequesteringthestudyofhumansfromthedomainofbiology,foramagnificentabilityunique toaparticularlivingspeciesisfarfromuniqueintheanimalkingdom.SomekindsofbatshomeinonflyinginsectsusingDopplersonar. Somekindsofmigratorybirdsnavigatethousandsofmilesbycalibratingthepositionsoftheconstellationsagainstthetimeofdayand year.Innaturestalentshow,wearesimplyaspeciesofprimatewithourownact,aknackforcommunicatinginformationaboutwhodid whattowhombymodulatingthesoundswemakewhenweexhale. Onceyoubegintolookatlanguagenotastheineffableessenceofhumanuniquenessbutasabiologicaladaptationtocommunicate information,itisnolongerastemptingtoseelanguageasaninsidiousshaperofthought,and,weshallsee,itisnot.Moreover,seeing languageasoneofnaturesengineeringmarvelsanorganwiththatperfectionofstructureandcoadaptationwhichjustlyexcites ouradmiration,inDarwinswordsgivesusanewrespectforyourordinaryJowandthemuchmalignedEnglishlanguage(orany language).Thecomplexityoflanguage,fromthescientistspointofview,ispartofourbiologicalbirthrightitisnotsomethingthat parentsteachtheirchildrenorsomethingthatmuchbeelaboratedinschoolasOscarWildesaid,Educationisanadmirablething, butitiswelltorememberfromtimetotimethatnothingthatisworthknowingcanbetaughtApreschoolerstacitknowledgeof grammarismoresophisticatedthanthethickeststylemanualorthemoststateoftheartcomputerlanguagesystem,andthesame appliestoallhealthyhumanbeings,eventhenotorioussyntaxfracturingprofessionalathleteandthe,youknow,like,inarticulate teenageskateboarder.Finally,sincelanguageistheproductofawellengineeredbiologicalinstinct,weshallseethatitisnotthenutty barrelofmonkeysthatentertainercolumnistsmakeitouttobe. 71. Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingdoesnotstemfrompopularwisdomonlanguage? (1) Languageisaculturalartifact. (2) Languageisaculturalinvention. (3) Languageislearntaswegrow. (4) Languageisuniqueto Homosapiens. (5) Languageisapsychologicalfaculty. 72. Whichofthefollowingcanbeusedtoreplacethespidersknowhowtospinwebsanalogyasusedbytheauthor? (1) Akittenlearningtojumpoverawall (2) Beescollectingnectar (3) Adonkeycarryingaload (4) AhorserunningaDerby (5) Apetdogprotectingitsownersproperty.

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73. Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisuniquetohumanbeings? (1) Abilitytousesymbolswhilecommunicatingwithoneanother. (2) Abilitytocommunicatewitheachotherthroughvoicemodulation. (3) Abilitytocommunicateinformationtoothermembersofthespecies. (4) Abilitytousesoundasmeansofcommunication. (5) Alloftheabove. 74. Accordingtothepassage,complexityoflanguagecannotbetaughtbyparentsoratschooltochildrenbecause (1) childreninstinctivelyknowlanguage. (2) childrenlearnthelanguageontheirown. (3) languageisnotamenabletoteaching. (4) childrenknowlanguagebetterthantheirteachersorparents. (5) childrenarebornwiththeknowledgeofsemiotics. 75. Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthepassage? (1) LanguageisuniquetoHomosapiens. (2) Languageisneitherlearntnottaught. (3) Languageisnotaculturalinventionorartifactasitismadeout. (4) Languageisinstinctiveabilityofhumanbeings. (5) Languageisuseofsymbolsuniquetohumanbeings. DirectionsforQuestions76to80: Thepassage givenbelowis followedbya setoffive questions.Choosethe mostappropriate answertoeachquestion. WhenIwaslittle,childrenwereboughttwokindsoficecream,soldfromthosewhitewagonswithscanopicsmadeofsilverymetal: eitherthetwocentconeorthefourcenticecreampie.Thetwocentconewasverysmall,infactitcouldfitcomfortablyintoachilds hadn,anditwasmadebytakingtheicecreamfromitscontainerwithaspecialscoopandpilingitonthecone.Grannyalways suggestedIeatonlyapartofthecone,thenthrowawaythepointedend,becauseithadbeentouchedbythevendorshand(though thatwasthebestpart,niceandcrunchy,anditwasregularlyeateninsecret,afterapretenceofdiscardingit). Thefourcentpiewasmadebyaspeciallittlemachine,alsosilvery,whichpressedtwodisksofsweetbiscuitagainstacylindrical sectionoficecream.Firstyouhadtothrustyourtongueintothegapbetweenthebiscuitsuntilittouchedthecentralnucleusofice creamthen,gradually,youatethewholething,thebiscuitsurfacessofteningastheybecamesoakedincreamynectar.Grannyhadno advicetogivehere:intheorythepieshadbeentouchedonlybythemachineinpractice,thevendorhadheldtheminhishandwhile givingthemtous,butitwasimpossibletoisolatethecontaminatedarea. Iwasfascinated,however, bysomeofmypeers,whoseparents boughtthemnotafourcentpiebut twotwocentcones.These privilegedchildrenadvancedproudlywithoneconeintheirrighthandandoneintheirleftandexpertlymovingtheirheadfromside toside,theylickedfirstone,thentheother.Thisliturgyseemedtomesosumptuouslyenviable,thatmanytimesIaskedtobeallowed tocelebrateit.Invain.Myelderswereinflexible:afourcentice,yesbuttwotwocentones,absolutelyno. Asanyonecansee,neithermathematicsnoreconomynordieteticsjustifiedthisrefusal.Nordidhygiene,assumingthatinduecourse thetipsofbothconeswerediscarded.Thepathetic,andobviouslymendacious,justificationwasthataboyconcernedwithturning hiseyesfromoneconetotheotherwasmoreinclinedtostumbleoverstones,steps,orcracksinthepavement.Idimlysensedthat therewasanothersecretjustification,cruellypedagogical,butIwasunabletograspit. Today,citizenandvictimofaconsumersociety,acivilizationofexcessandwaste(whichthesocietyofthethirtieswasnot),Irealize thatthosedearandnowdepartedelderswereright.Twotwocentconesinsteadofoneatfourcentsdidnotsignifysquandering, economicallyspeaking,butsymbolicallytheysurelydid.Itwasforthisprecisereason,thatIyearnedforthem:becausetwoicecreams suggestedexcess.Andthiswaspreciselywhytheyweredeniedtome:becausetheylookedindecent,aninsulttopoverty,adisplay offictitiousprivilege,aboastofwealth.Onlyspoiledchildrenatetwoconesatonce,thosechildrenwhoinfairytaleswererightly punished,asPinocchiowaswhenherejectedtheskinandthestalk.Andparentswhoencouragedthisweakness,appropriatetolittle parvenus,werebringinguptheirchildreninthefoolishtheatreofIdliketobutIcant.Theywerepreparingthemtoturnupat touristclasscheckinwithafakeGuccibagboughtfromastreetpeddleronthebeachatRimini.
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Nowadaysthemoralistrisksseemingatoddswithmorality,inaworldwheretheconsumercivilizationnowwantsevenadultstobe spoiled,andpromisesthemalwayssomethingmore,fromthewristwatchintheboxofdetergenttothebonusbanglesheathed,withthe magazineitaccompanies,inaplasticenvelope.LiketheparentsofthoseambidextrousgluttonsIsoenvied,theconsumercivilization pretendstogivemore,butactuallygives,forfourcents,whatisworthfourcents.Youwillthrowawaytheoldtransistorradioto purchasethenewone,thatboastsanalarmclockaswell,butsomeinexplicabledefectinthemechanismwillguaranteethattheradio lastsonlyayear.Thenewcheapcarwillhaveleatherseats,doublesidemirrorsadjustablefrominside,andapanelleddashboard,but itwillnotlastnearlysolongasthegloriousoldFlat500,which,evenwhenitbrokedown,couldbestartedagainwithakick. ThemoralityoftheolddaysmadeSpartansofusall,whiletodaysmoralitywantsallofustobeSybarites. 76. Whichofthefollowingcannotbeinferredfromthepassage? (1) Todayssocietyismoreextravagantthanthesocietyofthe1930s (2) Theactofeatingtwoicecreamconesisakintoaceremonialprocess. (3) Eldersrightlysuggestedthataboyturningeyesfromoneconetotheotherwasmorelikelytofall. (4) Despiteseemingtopromisemore,theconsumercivilizationgivesawayexactlywhatthethingisworth. (5) Theconsumercivilizationattemptstospoilchildrenandadultsalike. 77. Inthepassage,thephraselittleparvenusrefersto (1) naughtymidgets. (2) oldhags. (3) arrogantpeople (4) young upstarts. (5) foolishkids. 78. Theauthorpinedfortwotwocentconesinsteadofonefourcentpiebecause (1) itmadedieteticsense. (2) itsuggestedintemperance. (3) itwasmorefun. (4) ithadavisualappeal. (5) hewasaglutton. 79. Whatdoestheauthormeanbynowadaysthemoralistrisksseemingatoddswithmorality? (1) Themoralistsofyesterdayhavebecomeimmoraltoday. (2) Theconceptofmoralityhaschangedovertheyears. (3) Consumerismisamoral. (4) Therisksassociatedwithimmoralityhavegoneup. (5) Thepuristsviewofmoralityisfastbecomingpopular. 80. Accordingtotheauthor,thejustificationforrefusaltolethimeattwoconeswasplausibly (1) didactic. (2) dietetic. (3) dialectic. (4) diatonic. (5) diastolic.

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DirectionsforQuestions81to85:Thepassagegivenbelowisfollowedbyasetoffivequestions.Choosethemostappropriate answertoeachquestions. Aremarkableaspectofartofthepresentcenturyistherangeofconceptsandideologieswhichitembodies.Itisalmosttemptingtosee apatternemergingwithintheartfieldoralternativelyimposeduponitaposteriorisimilartothatwhichexistsundertheumbrellaof sciencewherethegeneraltermcoversawholerangeofseparate,thoughinterconnecting,activities.Anyparallelismishoweverinthis instanceatleastmisleading.Ascientificdisciplinedevelopssystematicallyonceitsbaretenetshavebeenestablished,namedand categorizedasconventions.Manyoftheconceptsofmodernart,bycontrast,haveresultedfromthealmostaccidentalmeetingsof groups of talented individuals at certain times and certain places. The ideas generated by these chance meetings had twofold consequences.Firstly,acorpusofworkwouldbeproducedwhich,ingreatpart,remainsasaconcreterecordoftheevents.Secondly, theideaswouldthemselvesbe disseminatedthroughmanydifferentchannelsofcommunicationseeds thatoftenborefruitin contextsfarremovedfromtheirgeneration.Notallmovementswereexclusivelyconcernedwithinnovation.Surrealism,forinstance, claimedtoembodyakindofinsightwhichcanbepresentintheartofanyperiod.Thisclaimhasbeengenerallyacceptedsothata sixteenthcenturypaintingbySprangeroramysteriousphotographbyAtgetcanlegitimatelybediscussedinsurrealistterms.Briefly, then,theconceptsofmodernartareofmanydifferent(oftenfundamentallydifferent)kindsandresultedfromtheexposuresof painters,sculptorsandthinkerstothemorecomplexphenomenaofthetwentiethcentury,includingoureverincreasingknowledgeof thethoughtandproducts ofearliercenturies.Differentgroupsofartists wouldcollaborateintryingtomake senseofarapidly changingworldofvisualandspiritualexperience.Weshouldhardlybesurprisedifnoonegroupsucceededcompletely,butachieve ments,thoughrelative,havebeenconsiderable.Landmarkshavebeenestablishedconcretestatementsofpositionwhichgivea patterntoasituationwhichcouldeasilyhavedegeneratedintototalchaos.Beyondthis,newlanguagetoolshavebeencreatedfor thosewhofollowsemanticsystemswhichcanprovideaspringboardforfurtherexplorations. Thecodifyingofartisoftencriticized.Certainlyonecanunderstandthatartistsarewaryofbeingpigeonholedsincetheyareaptto thinkofthemselvesasindividualssometimeswithgoodreason.Thenotionofselfexpression,however,nolongercarriesquitethe weightitoncedidobjectivityhasitsdefenders.Thereisgoodreasontoaccepttheideascodifiedbyartistsandcritics,overthepast sixtyyearsorso,ashavingattainedthestatusofindependentexistenceanindependencewhichisnotwithoutitsownvalue.Thetime factorisimportanthere.Asanartmovementslipsintotemporalperspective,itceasestobealivingorganismbecoming,rather,a fossil,socananartistdecipherwholewebsofintellectualandcreativepossibilityfromtherecordedstructureofadeadartmovement. Theartistcanmatchthecreativepatternscrystallizedintothisstructureagainstthepotentialandpossibilitiesofhisowntime.AsT.S. Eliotobserved,noonestartsanythingfromscratchhoweverconsciouslyyoumaytrytoliveinthepresent,youarestillinvolvedwith anexusofbehaviourpatternsbequeathedfromthepast.Theoriginalandcreativepersonisnotsomeonewhoignoresthesepatterns, butsomeonewhoisabletotranslateanddevelopthemsothattheyconformmoreexactlytohisandourpresentneeds. 81. Manyoftheconceptsofmodernarthavebeentheproductof (1) ideasgeneratedfromplanneddeliberationsbetweenartists,paintersandthinkers. (2) thedisseminationofideasthroughthestateanditsorganizations. (3) accidentalbytherichandpowerfulthatsupportedart. (4) patronagebytherichandpowerfulthatsupportedart. (5) systematicinvestigation,codificationandconventions. 82. Inthepassage,thewordfossilcanbeinterpretedas (1) anartmovementthathasceasedtoremaininterestingoruseful. (2) ananalogyfromthephysicalworldtoindicateahistoricartmovement. (3) ananalogyfromthephysicalworldtoindicatethebarrennessofartisticcreationsinthepast. (4) anembeddedcodificationofprehistoriclife. (5) ananalogyfromthephysicalworldtoindicatethepassingofaneraassociatedwithanartmovement. 83. Inthepassage,whichofthefollowingsimilaritiesbetweenscienceandartmayleadtoerroneousconclusions? (1) Both,ingeneral,includeagamutofdistinctbutinterconnectingactivities. (2) Bothhavemovementsnotnecessarilyconcernedwithinnovation. (3) Bothdependoncollaborationsbetweentalentedindividuals. (4) Bothinvolveabstractthoughtanddisseminationofideas. (5) Bothreflectcomplexprioritiesofthemodernworld.
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84. Therangeofconceptsandideologiesembodiedintheartofthetwentiethcenturyisexplainedby (1) theexistenceofmovementssuchassurrealism. (2) landmarkswhichgiveapatterntothearthistoryofthetwentiethcentury. (3) newlanguagetoolswhichcanbeusedforfurtherexplorationsintonewareas. (4) thefastchangingworldofperceptualandtranscendentalunderstanding. (5) thequickexchangeofideasandconceptsenabledbyefficienttechnology. 85. ThepassageusesanobservationbyT.S.Eliottoimplythat (1) creativeprocessesarenotoriginalbecausetheyalwaysborrowfromthepast. (2) wealwayscarryforwardthelegacyofthepast. (3) pastbehavioursandthoughtprocessesrecreatethemselvesinthepresentandgetlebeledasoriginalorcreative. (4) originalitycanonlythriveinagreenhouseinsulatedfromthepastbiases. (5) innovationsandoriginalthinkinginterpretanddeveloponpastthoughtstosuitcontemporaryneeds. DirectionsforQuestions86to90: Thepassagegivenbelowisfollowedbyasetoffivequestions.Choosethemostappropriate answertoeachquestion. TosummarizetheClassicMayacollapse,wecantentativelyidentifyfivestrands.Iacknowledge,however,thatMayaarchaeologists stilldisagreevigorouslyamongthemselvesinpart,becausethedifferentstrandsevidentlyvariedinimportanceamongdifferentparts oftheMayarealmbecausedetailedarchaeologicalstudiesareavailableforonlysomeMayasitesandbecauseitremainspuzzling whymostoftheMayaheartlandremainednearlyemptyofpopulationandfailedtorecoverafterthecollapseandafterregrowthof forests. Withthosecaveats,itappearstomethatonestrandconsistedofpopulationgrowthoutstrippingavailableresources:adilemmasimilar totheoneforeseenbyThomasMalthusin1798andbeingplayedouttodayinRwanda,Haitiandelsewhere.Asthearchaeologist DavidWebstersuccinctlyputsit,Toomanyfarmersgrewtoomanycropsontoomuchoflandscape.Compoundingthatmismatch betweenpopulationandresourceswasthesecondstrand:theeffectsofdeforestationandhillsideerosion,whichcausedadecrease intheamountof useablefarmlandatatimewhenmore ratherthanlessfarmlandwasneeded,and possiblyexacerbatedbyan anthropogenicdroughtresultingfromdeforestation,bysoilnutrientdepletionandothersoilproblems,andbythestruggletoprevent brackenfernsfromoverrunningthefields. Asourfifthstrand,wehavetowonderwhythekingsandnoblesfailedtorecognizeandsolvetheseseeminglyobviousproblems underminingtheirsociety.Theirattentionwasevidentlyfocusedontheirshorttermconcernsofenrichingthemselves,wagingwars, erectingmonuments,competingwitheachother,andextractingenoughfoodfromthepeasantstosupportallthoseactivities.Like mostleadersthroughouthumanhistory,theMayakingsandnoblesdidnotlongtermproblems,insofarastheyperceivedthem. Finally,whilewestillhavesomeotherpastsocietiestoconsiderbeforeweswitchourattentiontothemodernworld,wemustalready bestruckbysomeparalleslbetweentheMayaandthepastsocieties.AsonMangareva,theMayaenvironmentalandpopulation problemsledtoincreasingwarefareandcivilstrife.Similarly,onEasterIslandandatChacoCanyon,theMayapeakpopulation numberswerefollowedswiftlybypoliticalandsocialcollapse.ParallelingtheeventualextensionofagriculturefromEasterIslands coastallowlandstoitsuplands,andfromtheMimbresfloodplaintothehills,Copansinhabitantsalsoexpandedfromthefloodplain tothemorefragilehillslopes,leavingthemwithalargerpopulationtofeedwhentheagriculturalboominthehillswentbust.LikeEaster Islandchiefserectingeverlargerstatues,eventuallycrownedbypukao,andlikeAnasazielitetreatingthemselvestonecklacesof2,000 turquoisebeads,Mayakingssoughttooutdoeachotherwithmoreandmoreimpressivetemples,coveredwiththickerandthicker plasterreminiscentinturnoftheextravagantconspicuousconsumptionbymodernAmericanCEOs.ThepassivityofEasterchiefsand Mayakingsinthefaceoftherealbitthreatstotheirsocietiescompletesourlistofdisquietingparallels. 86. Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingbestrepresentsthefactorthathasbeencitedbytheauthorinthecontextof RwandaandHaiti? (1) Variousethnicgroupscompetingforlandandotherresources (2) Variousethnicgroupscompetingforlimitedlandresources (3) Variousethnicgroupsfightingwitheachother (4) Variousethnicgroupscompetingforpoliticalpower (5) Variousethnicgroupsfightingfortheiridentity
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87. Byananthropogenicdrought,theauthormeans (1) adroughtcausedbylackofrains. (2) adroughtcausedduetodeforestation. (3) adroughtcausedbyfailuretopreventbrackenfernsfromoverrunningthefields. (4) adroughtcausedbyactionsofhumanbeings. (5) adroughtcausedbyclimatechanges. 88. Accordingtothepassage,thedroughtatthetimeofMayacollapsehadadifferentimpactcomparedtothedroughtsearlier because. (1) theMayakingscontinuedtobeextravagantwhencommonpeopleweresuffering. (2) ithappenedatthetimeofcollapseofleadershipamongMayas. (3) ithappenedwhentheMayapopulationhadoccupiedallavailablelandsuitedforagriculture. (4) itwasfollowedbyinternecinewarefareamongMayans. (5) irreversibleenvironmentaldegradationledtothisdrought. 89. Accordingtotheauthor,whyisitdifficulttoexplainthereasonsforMayacollapse? (1) Copaninhabitantsdestroyedallrecordsofthatperiod. (2) TheconstantdeforestationandhillsideerosionhavewipedoutalltracesoftheMayakingdom. (3) ArchaeologicalsitesofMayasdonotprovideanyconsistentevidence. (4) IthasnotbeenpossibletoascertainwhichofthefactorsbestexplainsastowhytheMayaciviliationcollapsed. (5) Atleastfivemillionpeoplewerecrammedintoasmallarea. 90. WhichfactorhasnotbeencitedasoneofthefactorscausingthecollapseofMayasociety? (1) Environmentaldegradationduetoexcesspopulation (2) Socialcollapseduetoexcesspopulation (3) IncreasedwarefareamongMayapeople (4) Climatechange (5) ObsessionofMayapopulationwiththeirownshorttermconcerns

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