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-2-

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-3-

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-4-

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-6-

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-7-

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-8-

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wuf p &m&S d w ,f / ud k , f h t usKd ; ud k Munf h v G e f ; &if v nf ; ol r sm;
tusKd;pD;yGm;udk xnfhpOf;pm;vdkUudk r&awmhbl;/ ynmoifw,f?
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ol r sm;ud k od y f N yD ; *k p d k u f a ewmvnf ; vrf ; rrS e f y gbl ; /
]]b0qdkwmuawmh toHk;cszdkYawmh [kwfw,f? t"duxm;&rSmawmh
-9-

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avmuDxHk;wrf;pOfvmawGuvnf; rvTJomra&Smifom vkyfudkif&
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bl;/ udk,fh&JUpdwfuvnf; worwfwnf;rS r[kwfbJ/ uHMurm
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vlajymolajymvnf; Mum;ae&rSmyJ/ 'gobm0usygw,f/ em;vnfrI
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qdk&if aumif;usKd;awGu jynfhpHkrSmawmh r[kwfbl;/ tppt&m&m
-10-

jynfhpHkcsifHkeJYawmh jynfhpHkrSmawmhr[kwfbl;/ aumif;wJhtaMumif;

w&m;udk jynfhpHkatmifjyKvkyf&r,f/ olrsm;&JUvdktifqEudkjznfhw,f
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aumif ; rI u k o d k v f j zpf w mygyJ /
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-11-

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cGifhvTwfEdkifr,fqdk&if NyD;wmygyJ/ rSm;,Gif;wm- trSm;ruif;wm
obm0usw,f/ bk&m;&SifawGqdk&ifvnf; trSm;uif;wm obm0
usw,f/ udk,fvdkolvdk vlom;awGtaeeJYvnf; trSm;ruif;wm
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-12-

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OD;Zif;wdkY udk,fpDukd,fiS pdwf&Sdaewmqdkawmh vkdtifqEawGu
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-13-

udk,futazmfvkyfay;vkduf&if ol&JUvdktifqEudk jznfhay;vkdufwm

ygyJ/ vdktyfcsufawGuawmh trsm;BuD;&Sdaer,f/ udk,fuodcsifwm
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-14-

uHtaMumif;w&m;-uHtusKd;ay;awGeJY ywfoufNyD; jynfhpHkrSefuefwJh

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-15-

pGefYvTwfwJhtvkyfudk jyKvkyfjcif;tm;jzifh uHtusKd;ay;awGudk uH

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-16-

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tiftm;u (oDvaqmufwnfwmu) oDvtppfjzpfapzkYd ud,
k cf EmeJY
ywfoufwhJ jyKvyk rf rI eS o
f rQ pum;awGo;kH pJNG y;D awmh jyKvyk rf rI eS o
f rQukd
pGefYvTwfEkdifw,f/ ]]rajym& raeEdkifbl;/ em;raxmif&raeEdkifbl;/}}
qdkwm vkyf&yfudk t"duxm;vGef;wJhtcgusawmh b&dwftkyfvdkY
r&awmhbl;/ ]]rvkyf&rudkif&raeEdkifbl;/ r&SmrazG&&ifraeEkdifbl;/}}
qdkwm um,uHudk b&dwftkyfvdkY r&vdkYyg/ avmu&JU xHk;wrf;
pOfvmtwkid ;f pGev
Yf w
T Ef idk w
f phJ rG ;f &nfowrd &Sb
d eJ YJ vkyw
f t
hJ cgusawmh
vkyfwmpGJNyD; Mum&if tl;jzpfoGm;vdrfhr,f/
bm0emtppf&JUoabmu raemuHudk pGefYvTwfEkdifapzkdYygyJ/
'DvkdrSr[kwf&if awG;csifwdkif;awG;? aqG;csifwdkif;aqG;? ylcsifwkdif;yl?
arQmfvifhcsifwdkif;arQmfvifh? txifBuD;csifwdkif; txifBuD;? txif
ao;csiw
f ikd ;f txifao;r,f/ cspcf siw
f idk ;f csprf ,f? rke;f csiw
f ikd ;f rke;f r,f
b&dwftkyfvkdYr&bl;/ pdwf&JUtvkyfudk (raemuH)udk vkyfom vkyfEdkif
w,f/ rpGev
Yf w
T Ef ikd b
f ;l / uGex
f d;k rvkyEf idk b
f ;l / pdwu
f kd rxde;f Edik b
f ;l /
jyemawGwufaew,f? rxm;oifhwJhpdwfawGxm;? rvkyf
oifw
h mawGvyk ?f rajymoifw
h mawGajymNy;D awmhrS tJ'v
D rkd sK;d rvkyo
f ifh
wmawG vkyw
f t
hJ wGuf rjzpfoifw
h mawG? raumif;wJt
h usK;d ay;awG
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jzpfvmawmhwmygyJ/ bm0emtppf&JUoabmw&m;u pdwfeJYywf

oufwhJ jyKvyk rf rI eS o
f rQukd pGev
Yf w
T Ef ikd af pzdYk / tJ'gaMumifh pl;pku
d w
f ,f
IrSwfw,fqdkwmu tJ'DrSm vrf;qHk;ae&rSmr[kwfbl;/ wjcm;pdwfeJY
ywfoufwjhJ yKvyk rf aI wGukd pGev
Yf w
T Ef idk af pzkYd pdwu
f kd aumif;rIuo
k v
kd f
rSmyJ oHk;awmhw,f/ oHk;vkdY&wdkif; tukefavQmufNyD;roHk;awmhbl;/
ydkufqH&Sd&if bmrqdkvkyfvdkY&w,fqdkNyD; avQmufvkyfaeovdkaygh/
]]pdwf qdw
k mu yku
d q
f x
H ufawmif ydNk y;D oH;k vdaYk umif;ao;w,f}}
pdwef v
YJ yk cf siw
f ikd ;f vkyv
f &Ykd awmh vkycf siw
f idk ;f vkyv
f &Ydk wJph w
d u
f o
kd ;kH Ny;D
awmhrS vkycf si&f mavQmufvyk af ewmudk pGev
Yf w
T Ef ikd af pzdYk bm0emqkw
d hJ
usiBhf ut
H m;xkww
f t
hJ vkyu
f kd jyKvyk &f ygw,f/ tJ'aD wmh bm0emtppf
jzpfw,fqdk&ifawmh pdwf&JUjyKvkyfrIawGudk pGefYvTwfvmEdkifygw,f/
pdwu
f Edk idk v
f mygw,f/ pdw&f UJ vky&f yfawGukd pGev
Yf w
T Ef ikd w
f phJ rG ;f &nfowd
awG&Sdvmw,f/ tJ'Dawmh rxm;oifhwJhpdwfawG rxm;jzpfawmhbl;/
rarG;oifhwJhpdwfawG rarG;jzpfawmhbl;/ rylyefjzpfawmhbl;/ raus
reyfjzpfwJh jyKvkyfrIawGudk pGefYvTwfvmEdkif&if rausreyfjzpfp&m
rvkad wmhb;l aygh/ ]igrSig-olro
S }l jzpfaep&m rvkad wmhb;l / tJ'gaMumifh
'ge? oDv? bm0em qdkwJh ouf&Sdow0gawG? oufrJht&m0wKawG?
uHtusKd;ay;awG? uHpGrf;tm;awG? uHtaMumif;w&m;awG 'gawGudk
pGefYvTwfp&mtjzpfeJYoHk;wJh 'getvkyfudkvkyf&r,f/ oDv? bm0em
qdkwJh um,uH? 0pDuHudk pGefYvTwfwJhtvkyfudk tpGrf;ukefBudK;pm;NyD;
jyKvyk &f r,f/
]]pGefYvTwfEkdifwJh pGrf;&nfowdeJY vkyfwmusawmh olrsm;
rS m ;ovd k rS m ;p&mr&S d a wmh y gbl ; /}} olrsm;rSm;&if vkdufrSm;?
aumif;wJholeJYawGU&if aumif;wmvkyf? raumif;wJholeJY awGU&if
raumif;wmvkyfr,f/ bmvdkYvJqdkawmh pdwfudkrxdef;EkdifvkdY? pum;
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awGudk rxdef;EdkifvdkY? vkyf&yfudkrxdef;EkdifvdkY? bmvdkY rxdef;EdkifwmvJ

qdak wmh aumif;rIuo
k v
dk u
f kd yDjyifatmif rvkyEf idk v
f yYkd gyJ/ ukov
kd u
f H
tm;enf;vdkY vkyfvdkY&orQ tukefavQmufvkyfae&w,f/ [dkpOf;pm;'DpOf;pm;eJY raemuHeaYJ vQmufNy;D awmh vkyaf e&rSmr[kwb
f ;l / tJ'v
D rkd sK;d
jyKvyk rf aI wGukd pGev
Yf w
T Ef ikd af pzdYk w&m;emzd-Yk w&m;tm;xkwzf Ykd vkt
d yf
ygw,f/ aumif;rIuo
k v
kd t
f iftm;Bu;D w,fq&kd if tckvOkd ;D Zif;ajymwm
awGudk udk,fh[mukd,fem;vnfvmr,f/ tckuawmh ajymvdkYem;
vnfw,f/ 'Dem;vnfru
I e*d&k adS ewmr[kwb
f ;l / OD;Zif;&JU tultnD
eJYem;vnfaewJh em;vnfrIaygh/ OD;Zif;&JUtultnDeJY em;vnfwJh
em;vnfru
I sawmh rydik b
f ;l aygh/ em;vnfrt
I ppfr[kwb
f ;l / ud,
k yf idk f
em;vnfrrI [kww
f t
hJ cgusawmh pdwrf cs&ao;bl;/ ud,
k yf ikd ef m;vnfrI
jzpfzdkYusawmh pum;wpfqifhrcHbJ wdkufdkufem;vnfzdkY ukodkvf
aumif;rI tvkyfawGudk tpGrf;ukefBudK;pm;NyD;vkyfzdkY vkdtyfygw,f/
aumif;rIukodkvftm;BuD;w,fqdk&if udk,f&JUvkdtifqEqdkwm bmrS
cufwmr[kwfygbl;/ udk,fhtm;ukd,fukd;aevdkYom olrsm;tm;udk;ae
vdo
Yk m avmu&JUxH;k wrf;pOfvmtm;ud;k p&mawGuykd J tm;ud;k aevdo
Yk m
ud,
k jf zpfcsiw
f mawGrjzpfwm/ vkt
d ifqEawG ruif;wmyg/ vkt
d ifqE
awG j ynf h 0 vnf ; ,m,D y J / tJ ' gaMumif h owf r S w f c suf a wG u d k
t"duxm;rIudk pGefYvTwf&r,f/
rSew
f ,fqw
kd hJ owfrw
S cf suaf &m? rSm;w,fqw
kd hJ owfrw
S cf suf
a&m? a,musfm;-rdef;rqdkwJhowfrSwfcsufa&m? 'gawGudk t"du
xm;vGe;f &if usm;-r jyemawG? igeJo
Y el YJ jyemawG wufygw,f/
rdb-om;orD;qdw
k hJ owfrw
S cf suaf wGukd t"duxm;&ifvnf; rdbeJY
om;orD; jyemwufp&maygh/ trSm;-trSeu
f dk t"duxm;&ifvnf;
jyemrsm;wmygyJ/ 'DowfrSwfcsufawGuawmh &SdrSmygyJ/ 'gawGu
-19-

awGUBuKH p&moufouftaeeJo
Y m &Syd gw,f/ toH;k csp&mtaeeJY om
&Sdaeygw,f/ uHtusKd;ay;awGu aumif;aumif;qdk;qdk; awGUBuHK
p&m-toH k ; csp&mtaeeJ Y o m &S d y gw,f / t"d u xm;ae&rS m
r[kwfygbl;/ t"duxm;Ny;D awmhrS oH;k &if avmu&JUxH;k wrf;pOfvm
twkid ;f wvGo
J ;kH wmygyJ/ ud,
k u
hf ,
kd u
f kd t"duxm;? olrsm;udk t"du
xm;wm avmu&JUxH;k wrf;pOfvmtwdik ;f wvGo
J ;kH aewm wu,fwrf;
usawmh oHk;yJoHk;&r,f/ ukd,fcEmBuD;u oHk;zkdYygyJ/ t"duxm;zkdY
r[kwfbl;/ usef;rmwm-rusef;rmwmudk t"duxm;wmuvnf;
use;f rmjcif;-ruse;f rmjcif;udk wvGo
J ;kH wmygyJ/ use;f rmjcif;udv
k nf;
oHk;zdkYyJ/
usef ; rmae&if usef ; rmjcif ; ud k o H k ; NyD ; aumif ; rI
ukodkvfjyKvkyf EkdifzdkYBudK;pm;&r,f/ rusef;rm&ifvnf;
rusef;rmjcif;udk oHk;NyD; aumif;rIukokdvfvkyfEkdifatmif
Bud K ;pm;&r,f /
aumif;wJhtaMumif;w&m;awGudk jynfhpHkatmif jyKvkyfEkdif&if
aumif;wJhtusKd;w&m;awG jynfhpHkvmvdrfhr,f/ rusef;rrmjzpfwm
enf;vmr,f/ tqifrajywmawGavsmhenf;vmr,f/ todPf
xufvmr,f/ tppt&m&m tqifajyvmr,f/ uk,
d jf zpfcsiw
f mawG
jzpfvmr,f/ udk,fh&JUvkdtifqEawG jynfh0vmr,f/ 'g NyD;jynfhpHkwJh
enf;vrf;ygyJ/ tJ'gaMumifh aumif;wJh taMumif;w&m;awGukd jynfph kH
atmif jyKvkyfEkdifapzdkY ay;wJhtultnDygyJ/ ukd,fh[mudk,f rjynfhpHk
ayr,fh bk&m;? w&m;? oHCm&JU tultnDeYJ jynfph akH tmif BuKd ;pm;r,f
qkd&ifawmh&ygw,f/ ypKygeftajctaeudk ypygefae&ma'oudk
aumif;rIuo
k v
kd jf zpfatmif oH;k wwfapzkYd BuKd ;pm;&r,f/ tJ'grSvnf;
tck t qif a jyovd k aemuf v nf ; tqif a jyygvd r f h r ,f / tck
-20-

tqifrajy&if aemufvnf;tqifrajyrIawGu rqHk;Ekdifatmif

awGUBuKH p&myJaygh/ tJ'aD wmh tckvkd tajctaerSm aumif;rIuo
k v
kd f
jzpfatmif? tckvdkb0udk aumif;rIukodkvfjzpfatmif oHk;Ekdif&if
tem*wfrmS vnf; aumif;zdyYk &J ydS gw,f/ twdwu
f jzpfcw
hJ mawGuawmh
r&SdawmhwJhtwGuf bmrSvkyfaep&mrvkdygbl;/ ypKygef tajctae
udo
k m aumif;rIuo
k v
kd jf zpfatmif b,fae&mrSmrqdk b,fvt
kd csed rf mS
rqdk aumif;rIukodkvfjzpfatmif tqifajyatmifoHk;r,fqkd&if
a&SUqufNyD;awmhrS tqifajyrIawGyJ BuHKygvdrfhr,f/ 'gu tifrwef
aocsmwJhenf;vrf;ygyJ/ udk,fu 'DaocsmwJhvrf;udk vdkufr,fqdk&if
vnf; tqifrajyrIawG avsmeh nf;oxufavsmeh nf; uif;pifomG ;rSm
taotcsmygyJ/ ukokdvfuH tiftm;enf;w,fqdk&if a&SUqufNyD;
awmhrS tqifrajywmawGu tifrwefrsm;ygr,f/tJ'gaMumifh
aumif;rIukodkvfqdkwmu tcsdefra&G; vkyfzdkYvkdygw,f/ txl;ojzifh
jyemwufaewJt
h csed rf mS (use;f rma&; jyem? vlraI &;jyem)
tckvkd jyemawG wufaewJt
h csed rf mS aumif;rIuo
k v
kd f jyKvyk zf u
Ydk
ydkNyD;awmh vkdtyfygw,f/ 'gOD;Zif;wdkYzufuay;wJh aocsmwJh tul
tnDygyJ/
tcsed jf ynfyh gNy/D

-21-