Kd;Diu: kdpjd; cz;nld;why; ghHj;J mJ ghlk; gbf;f jhd;.

Ntz;ba NjdPf;fs; caphpdk; xd;W

NjdPf;fs;

RWRWg;ghdit> njhpe;jit.

Nrhk;gpj;jphpahjit.

,aw;ifNahL

,ize;J

thoj;

NjdPf;fsplkpUe;J gpwHeyk; NgZjy;

flik

czHT>

gz;G>

xw;Wik> kdpjd; Kbf;fpd;w

$l;LwT> mtrpak; nraiyr;

njhiyNehf;Fg; ghHit> rpf;fdk;> Nrkpg;G> rKjha xOq;F kw;Wk; Nghd;w ew;gz;Gfis kzk; fw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. kyUf;F

nra;fpd;w NjdPf;fs;> ,aw;if Ntshz;ikapypUe;J xU gphpf;f Kbahj mq;fk;. NjdP tsHg;ig Vd; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd Nahrpj;Jg; ghHj;jhy;> %d;W fhuzq;fs; ,Ug;gJ ekf;Fg;GhpAk;.

1. NjdPf;fhf NjdP tsHj;jy; 2. gapH kf#y; mjpfhpf;f NjdP tsHj;jy;. 3. tUkhd hPjpapy; NjdP tsHj;jy; vd;gNj fhuzq;fs; MFk;.

me;j

%d;W

,aw;if top cothz;ikAk; NjdP tsHg;Gk;

NjdP tsHg;G xU Fbirj; njhopy; kl;Lky;y. xU rpwe;j fiyahFk;. NjdP tsHg;G Njd; Nrfhpj;jy; Nghd;w njhopy;fs; ,d;iwf;F 9000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dNu ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd vd;w fy;ntl;L Ma;Tfs; Fwpf;fpd;wd. vfpg;J ehl;by; gz;ilf;fhyj;jpy; Fbir Nghd;W Ntag;gl;l rpW $ilfspYk;> kug;nghe;JfspYk;> rpwpa kz;ghidfspy; 1960-fspy; itj;Jk; ,kakiy NjdPf;fs; tsHf;fg;gl;ld gpd;dH vd;W gQ;rhg; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. mbthuj;jpd; rkntspfspYk; Vgp]; nky;ypnguh (Apis Meliferera) vDk; ,j;jhypa tifj; NjdP mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. gpd; 1980 fspy; ,e;j ,j;jhypa tif NjdP tsHg;G> gQ;rhg;> `hpahdh> ,khr;r yg;gpuNjrk; Mfpa gFjpfspy; ntFthfg; gutp ntw;wpaile;jJ. Mz;bw;F 8 khjj;jpw;F Nky; fLF> jl;ilg;gapW> #hpafhe;jp Nghd;witfSld; a+fypg;l;l]; g+f;fSk; fpilg;gjhy;> NjdP tsHg;G gpugykile;jJ. 1978-k; Mz;by; TSBU vDk; jha; rhf; g+&l; itu]; ,e;jpa NjdP tiffis (Apis cerona indica) fLikahfj; jhf;fpajd; tpisthf tlfpof;F> fpof;F> tlf;F khepyq;fs; ntFthfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;ld. Mdhy; ,e;j itu];> ,j;jhypa NjdPiaj; jhf;ftpy;iy. MfNt fle;j gj;J Mz;Lfspy; ,j;jifa NjdP tsHg;G Ntfkhf tsuj; njhlq;fpaJ. 1991- fspy; TSBU itu]; njd; khepyq;fshd Nfush> jkpo;ehL> fHehlfhtpy; nghpa ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ. NjdP tsHg;G vd;gJ NjdPf;fhd kfue;jk;> kJ fpilf;Fk; msT> Rw;Wg;Gw #o;epiy> vjphpg;g+r;rpfs; Nghd;w gy jPHkhdk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

NjdPf;fs; nfhl;bdhy; Ks; is Ruz;b vL

NjdPf;fspd; tif
1. ,e;jpa NjdPf;fspd; tiffs;: ,aw;ifahd ehd;F tif NjdPf;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sd. ,j;jhypa NjdPf;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; tsHf;fg;gLfpd;wd. 1. kiyj;NjdP : Rock Bee (Apis dorsata): NjdPf;fspy; kiyg;ghiwfspYk;> ,J kpfTk; nghpaJ.

caHe;j

kuq;fspYk;

nghpa mstpy; $L fl;b thOk;. ,jw;F rpwpjsT njhe;juT Vw;gl;lhYk; nfhl;Lk; jd;ikAilaJ. tp\Kk; nfhbaJ. ,e;j tif NjdPf;fs; mjpf Njd; Nrfhpj;jhYk;> ngl;bfspy; tsHf;f Vw;wjy;y. 2. nfhk;Gj;NjdP : Little Bee (Apis florae) NjdPapd; cUtk; rpwpaJ. rpwpa kuf;fpisfs; kw;Wk; GjHfspy; rpwpa $L fl;b thOk;. Njd; Fiwthf fpilf;Fk;. NjdPf;fs; nfhl;Lk; jd;ikAilaJ. ,JTk; tsHg;gjw;F Vw;wjy;y. 3. ,e;jpaj;NjdP (m) mLf;Fj;NjdP : Indian Bee (Apis indica) ,e;j tif tpl NjdPf;fs; mstpy; ,Uf;Fk;. Njd;

kiyj;NjdPf;fis tpl

rpwpajhfTk;> nfhk;Gj; NjdPf;fis nghpajhfTk; mLf;fLf;fha; milf;fl;b thOk;. nfhl;Lk; ed;wha; jd;ikAilaJ. fpilf;Fk;. ngl;bfspy;

tsHg;gjw;F Vw;wJ.

4. nfhRj;NjdP : Dammer Bee (Apis melipona) ,e;j nfhRf;fisg; tif Nghd;W NjdPf;fs; rpwpaJ.

nky;ypaJ. kug;gprpd;fis nfhz;L $Lfl;b thOk;. thapdhy; fbf;Fk; jd;ikAilaJ. rpwpjsT Njd; fpilf;Fk;. tsHf;f Vw;wJ. 5. ,j;jhypa NjdP : Italian Bee (Apis melifera) NjdPf;fs; INuhg;gpa fz;lj;jpYk; Fwpg;ghf ,j;jhypapYk; mjpfkpUg;gjhy; ,jid ,j;jhypad; miof;fpNwhk;. NjdP (m) NjdPf;fs; ,JTk; mLf;Fj; vd;W ,e;jpa

NjdPf;fs;

Nghd;w gz;Gk; FzKk; cilaJ. ,JTk; ngl;bfspy; tsuf;$baJ. Njd; mjpfkhf fpilf;Fk;. 2. NjdPf;fspd; cly; mikg;G: jiyg;gFjpapy;: ,uz;L xl;ba fz;fs; kw;Wk; %d;W jdpf;fz;fs; Mapuf;fzf;fhd $l;Lf;fz;fs; Mz;ldh vDk; czUk; cWg;G Njd; cwpQ;Rk; Foy;. 1. Njhs; gFjpapy;: MW fhy;fs; kw;wk; 2 N[hb (4) ,wf;iffs;. 2. tapw;Wg;gFjpapy;: [Puz cWg;GfSld; ciog;ghsp NjdPf;fSf;F 4 N[hb nkOF Rug;gpfs;> ,uz;L tapW kw;Wk; xU Njd; tapW. Honey Tank, 1 cz;L. 3. clypd; gpd;Gwk;: Flypd; Edp gFjp nfhLf;F (Mz; NjdPf;F ,y;iy)

4. cly; KOtJk; yl;rf;fzf;fhd cNuhkq;fs;: ,jpy; jhd; kfue;jk; xl;bf;nfhs;Sk;> gpd;dq; fhy;fspy; cs;s kfue;jf; $ilfspy; kfue;jj;ijr; Rke;J tUfpd;wd. 3. NjdPf;fspd; rpwg;G ,ay;Gfs; NjdPf;fs; $l;lkhf thOk;. Xt;nthU $l;lj;jpYk; 30>000 Kjy; 40>000 NjdPffs; ,Uf;Fk;. ; RkhH fp.kP J}uj;jpYs;s thridiaAk; mwpAk;. ePyk;> gr;ir> nre;ePyk;> kQ;rs; gpbf;Fk;. rptg;G epwj;ij mwpahJ. fUg;G epwk; gpbf;fhJ. Xt;nthU $l;lj;jpw;Fk; xUtpjkhd thrid cz;L. epidthw;wy; mjpfk;> Neu czHT mjpfk;. NjdPf;fspd; nkhop eld nkhop nfhl;ba gpd; NjdP ,we;JtpLk;. 2 fPkP gwe;J nrd;W czT <l;Lk;. rKjha tho;f;if: xU FLk;gj;jpy; %tif NjdPf;fs; cs;sd. mitfs; 1. ,uhzpj;NjdP 2. Mz; NjdPf;fs; 3. ciog;ghsp (m) gzpj;NjdPf;fs;. NjdPf;FLk;g mikg;Gk; gzpAk;: jd;ikfs; nray;ghLfs; vz;zpf;if tho;ehs; msT epwk; czT nfhl;Lk; jd;ik ,dtpUj;jp cWg;Gfs; ,uhzpj;NjdP (Quees Bee) xd;W kl;Lk; 3 Mz;Lfs; nghpaJ nre;epwk; uhay; n[y;yp cz;L KOtsHr;rp Mz;NjdP (Drone) 10% 11/2- 2 khjk; eLj;juk; fUg;G Njd; nuhl;b ,y;iy KOtsHr;rp ciog;ghsp NjdP (Worker Bee) 90% 2 khjk; rpwpaJ nre;epwk; Njd; nuhl;b cz;L FiwtsHr;rp

,dg;ngUf;fk; kw;Wk; tsHr;rp gUtq;fs;: m. M. ,. <. c. $L Kl;ilf;fhyk; GOf;fhyk; GO czT jdpf;$L 3 ehl;fs; 5 ehl;fs; uhay; n[y;yp vy;yh ehl;fspYk; C. Kl;ilapypUe;J 16 ehl;fs; milapd;miw milapd;miw 3 ehl;fs; 7 ehl;fs; 14 ehl;fs; uhay; n[y;yp (3) kw;Wk; NjdPnuhl;b(3) 24 ehl;fs; 3 ehl;fs; 5 ehl;fs; 12 ehl;fs; uhay; n[y;yp (3) kw;Wk; NjdPnuhl;b(3) 20 ehl;fs;

$l;Lg;GOf;fhyk; 8 ehl;fs;

ciog;ghsp NjdPf;fspd; gzpfs;: taJ (ehl;fs;) 1-3 4-6 6-12 gzpfs; mil miwfisj; J}a;ik nra;jy;. tsHe;j GOf;fSf;F kfue;j czT Cl;Ljy; ,sk;GOf;fSf;Fk;> ,uhzpj; NjdPf;Fk; NjdPg;ghy; (,uhay; n[y;yp ) nfhLj;jy; Njidg; gf;Fgtg;gLj;Jjy;> kfue;jj;J}is mil miwfspy; 13-18 Nrkpj;jy;> nkOF Ruj;jy;> mil fl;Ljy;> mil miwfSf;F %b ,Ljy; $l;bDs; fhw;Nwhl;lk; Vw;gLj;Jjy;> $l;ilf;fhty; fhj;jy;> 18-21 $l;by; ntg;g epiyiag; ghuhkhpj;jy;> kUj;Jtk; ghHj;jy;> gpzk; J}f;Fjy; ntspg;Gwg;gzpfs; - kJuk;> kfue;jk;> jz;zPH Mfpatw;iwf; 22-60 $l;bw;Ff; nfhz;L tUjy;> jfty; njhlHG NjdPf;fs;> g+f;fs; ,Uf;Fk; jpiria mwpe;J jfty; nrhy;Yjy;

Fwpg;G:
1. Njd; nuhl;b vd;gJ kfue;jk; + Njd; + jz;zPH fye;j czT 2. mur$o; (v) ,uhay; n[y;yp vd;gJ ciog;ghspj; NjdPf;fs; jiyg;gFjpapypUe;J Rue;j $o;Nghd;w jputk;. 3. fUTw;w Kl;ilapypUe;J gzpj;NjdPAk;> fUTwhj Kl;ilapypUe;J Mz; NjdPAk; cz;lhFk;.

NjdP tsHg;NghHf;fhd jFjpfs;

NjdP tsHg;NghHf;F NjdPf;fs; gw;wpa
mbg;gil mwpT Ntz;Lk;.

NjdPf;fs; nfhl;Lk; vd;w gak;

,Uf;ff;$lhJ.

fhLfspy; ,aw;ifahf cs;s Njid

vLg;gtHfs; xhpU ehl;fs; gapw;rpf;Fg;gpd; ,j;njhopypy; <Lglyhk;.

MHtKs;stHfSk; xhpU ehs; gapw;rpf;Fg;

gpd; ,j;njhopypy; <Lglyhk;.

NjdPf;fsplk; fw;f... RWRWg;G> mauhj ciog;G> jiyikf;F jiytzq;Fk; gz;G> xw;Wik> $l;LwT> njhiyNehf;F rpe;jid> rpf;fdk;> Nrkpg;G kw;Wk; rKjha xOq;F.

ngl;bapy; tsHf;f Vw;w NjdPf;fs; + NjdPg;ngl;b ,e;jpa NjdPf;fs; (m) mLf;Fj;NjdP> nfhRj;NjdP> ,j;jhypad; NjdP tiffs; jhd; ghiw ngl;bfspy; ,Lf;Ffs;> tsHf;f Vw;wJ. ,aw;ifahf fl;blq;fs; kw;Wk; kug;nghe;Jfspy; cs;s NjdPf;fis nfhz;L te;J ngl;bapy; tsHg;gJ fbdk;. mitfs; ve;Neuj;jpYk; ngl;bapypUe;J xbtpLk;. fhuzk; tajhd uhzp> tajhd fhpa mil> Nehaw;w $l;lk;> guk;giuahf nfhl;Lk; jd;ik> guk;giuahf Njd; itf;fhj gz;G. jukhd me;j ek;gfkhd FLk;gq;fs; Njd; ntspNa gz;izapy; nrd;WtplhJ. tsHf;fg;gLk; (ek;gpf;if 80 FLk;gq;fis ngl;bAld; thq;fp tsHg;gJ ek;gpf;ifahdJ. rjtpfpjk;). Muk;g epiyapy; 5-10 ngl;bfisf; nfhz;L Jtq;fp mjpypUe;J NjdPf; NjdPg;ngl;bfs;: NjdPgngl;bfis ; xNu rPuhf guhkhpf;fyhk;. Xt;nthU ngl;bfspYk; Njd; ,uz;L Gd;id Vw;wJ. (Calphyllum enophyillum) kuj;jpYk;> nra;jhy; NjdPf;fSf;F rpwpa ngl;bfspy; ntg;g epiyia FLk;gq;fisAk;> ngl;bfisAk; mjpfg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;. ,jdhy; nryTk; FiwT> tUthAk; $Lk;.

miwfs; cs;sd. fPNo cs;s miwia- GO miw vd;Wk;> NkNy cs;sij Njd; miw (m) #g;gH vd;Wk; miog;gH. ,uz;L miwfspd; rl;lj;jpd; msT NtWgLk;.

Njid cztpy;> ghypy;> ePhpy; NrHj;J gUf- rPuhd ,uj;j xl;lj;jhy; Gjpa njk;Gk;> kdj;njspTk; cz;lhFk;. cly; NrhHT> euk;Gj;jsHr;rp> ePq;fp cly; typik ngWk;. m. fPo; ghiw (m) GO miw ngl;b gyifapd; fdk; mbg;gyif ngl;bapd; ntsp msT cs;rl;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if M. Nky;miw (m) #g;gH : : : : : 0.6-1.2 nr.kP (1/4 Kjy; ) 27.5 nr.kP x 21 nr.kP ePsk; - 28 nr.kP mfyk; - 23 nr.kP cauk; - 16 nr.kP 6 msT ePsNky; 24 nr.kP/fPo; 20 nr.kP cauk; - 14 nr.kP gyif 0.6 -1.2 nrkP (1/4 Kjy; 1/2) ePsk; - 28 nr.kP mfyk; - 23 nr.kP cauk; - 12 nr.kP 5 msT ePsk; Nky; 24 nr.kP/ fPo; 20 nr.kP cauk; - 11 nr.kP 5 nr.kP x 0.5 nr.kP 28 nr.kP x 23 nr.kP

cs;rl;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if

fPo; miwapy; NjdPf;fs; nry;y top Nky; miwapy; Nky; %b msT 8. NjdP guhkhpg;G:

kuepoy;> fhw;Nwhl;lKs;s nfhl;lif kw;Wk; ge;jy; kiy mbthuk;> g+f;fs; epiwe;j gFjp> vspjpy; nrd;W ghHf;Fk; ,lk;. Ml;fs; elkhl;lk; mjpfkpy;yhj gFjp Njd;ngl;b Xt;nthU ,Uf;f itj;jpUf;Fk; ngl;bf;Fk; ,lj;ij ,ilntsp epiwe;j Rj;jkhf guhkhpf;f Ntz;Lk;. RkhH 2 kPl;lUf;F (6 mbf;F) Nky; Ntz;Lk;. G+f;fs; gFjpapy; xNu ,lj;jpy; 30 ngl;bfs; tiu itf;fyhk;. ngl;bfs; nrq;Fj;jhf elg;gl;l 3 mb cau fhy;fspd; Nky; (kuk; (m) ,Uk;ghy; nra;jJ) itj;J fapw;wpdhy; ed;whf fl;lg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
9

mt;thW

elg;gl;l

fhy;fisr;

Rw;wp

jz;zPH fhy;fspy; ehH

Njf;fpAk; jltpAk; my;yJ

my;yJ vWk;G gTlH> Ntg;ngz;iz> fphP];> Nt];l; Mapy; Mfpaitfspy; NjdPf;fis VjhtJ / xd;iw tpul;l> Njd;g+r;rpfis vjphpfsplkpUe;J ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;. tpyf;f Njq;fha; gUj;jpJzp Gifia Fiwe;j msT fhz;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhf ];Nkhf;fH vd;w fUtpiaAk; gad;gLj;jyhk;. NjdP ngl;bfis ,lkhw;wk; ,uT Neuj;jpy; kl;Lk; jhd; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mUfUNf mbf;fb ,lkhw;wk; nra;af;$lhJ. ,lkhw;wk; mtrpakhdhy; xU fpNyhkPl;lH J}uk; js;sp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Njd; jUk; gapH tiffs;: vs;> thio> fLf;fha;> Gq;fd;> Gsp> Ntk;G> kh> ehty;> vl;b> jhd;wp> ePHkUJ> ug;gH> ,ytk;> ghl;by; gpu\;> rpy;tH xf;> yhlg;g+> mug;G> mfj;jp> ,Yig> jPf;Fr;rp kuk;> nrk;kuk;> ypl;rp> ,ye;ij> fLF> Nrhahnkhr;ir> Fjpiukry;> fs;spg;g+z;L> fhg;gp> Jk;ig>

Mg;gps;> fhuk;> nfhj;jky;yp> #hpafhe;jp> Gifapiy> g+rzp> jpuhl;ir> gPrh> Nghpf;fha;> neUQ;rp> ney;ypf;fdp> jf;fhsp> fj;jhp> guq;fp> nts;shp> Nrhsk;> fk;G> rt;rt;> Riu> khJis> [pdpah> fhrpJk;ig. kfue;jk; jUk; gapHfs;: fUNty;> nty;Nty;> FilNty;> Mz;gid kw;Wk; ghf;F. Njd; kw;Wk; kfue;jk; jUk; gapHfs;: njd;id> ijykuk; (a+f;fypg;l];) rPikf;fUNty;> ruf;nfhd;iw> Ntq;if> ehty;> thif> Ke;jphp> nfhLf;fhg;Gs;sp> Mg;gps;> Nghpf;fha;> gPr;> gpsk;> nrHhp> MuQ;R> nfha;ah> rg;Nghl;lh> KUq;if> ntq;fhak;> fhuk;> Kl;ilNfh[;> epyrk;gq;fp> gUj;jp> gy;NtW mtiu> cSe;J> fhuhkzp> #hpafhe;jp> g+r;rpfspd; nfhz;ilf;fliy> ,z;LKs; kw;Wk; Vyf;fha;> g+r;rpfspYk; nfhj;jky;yp> rpytifahd

Mz;bNfhdhd;> fLF> neUQ;rp> xzhd;nfhb> Jj;jp> g+rzp tiffs;> fopTfspYk; NjdPf;fs; Njidr; Nrfhpf;fyhk;.

10

NjdP tsHj;jypy; jtpHf;f Ntz;baJ: 1. NjdPgngl;bfis rhiy xuq;fspy;> Neub ntapypy;> Ks;fk;gp ; Ntyp 2. NjdPg; xuq;fspy;> ngl;bfis kiy> GjH cr;rpg;gFjpapy;> eLNt mbf;fb Gif cz;lhFk; gFjpfspy; itf;ff;$lhJ. itf;f$lhJ. NjdPf;fs; ntspapy; nrd;W tu GjHfs;> Fr;rpfs;> rpye;jptiy> g+r;rpfs; / gwitfs; ,ila+whf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ. 3. 4. mbf;fb g+r;rp kUe;Jfs; njspf;Fk; tptrha epyq;fspd; mUfpy; ngl;bfis itf;f Vw;w ,lky;y. NjdPia ifahSk; Neuq;fspy; gPbGif> kJthil> Gifapiy thil> 5. fLikahd nrd;l;> Nrhg;G thrid> fUg;Gepw Milfis jtpHf;f Ntz;Lk;. Nfhgkhd kdepiyapid jtpHj;J rhe;jkhd kdepiy cs;s Neuq;fspy; Ntz;Lk;. 6. gdp mjpfKs;s Neuq;fis jtpHj;Jk;> kiof;fhyq;fspy; fhiy 7 kzp Kjy; khiy 4 kzpf;Fs; ngl;bfis jpwe;J Ma;T Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. 7. 8. 9. mjpf Neuk; ngl;bfis jpwe;J itj;J Ma;T nra;af; $lhJ. mjpfkhf nfhl;Lk; jd;ikAld; ,Ue;jhy; ngl;bia %b itj;Jtpl;L 2 kzp Neuj;jpw;F gpwF kPz;Lk; jpwe;J ghHf;fyhk;. ngl;bfis mbf;fb ,lkhw;wk; nra;af;$lhJ. Njd; milfis Njd; milia ifahSjy;: 1. Gjpa rl;lj;jpy; fl;l thio ehiu gad;gLj;jyhk; my;yJ ug;gH Ngz;il gad;gLj;jyhk;. 2. thuk; xU Kiw rl;lq;fis ntspapy; vLj;J ghpNrhjpj;j gpd; kWgbAk; ngl;bapDs; itf;f Ntz;Lk;. kl;Lk; NjdPgngl;bfis ; jpwe;J ghpNrhjpf;f

11

3. NjdPf;fs; nfhl;Ltij jLf;f> jiyf;Fk; Kfj;jpw;Fk; nfhRtiy Nghd;w Kfj;jpiuAk;> iffSf;F ifAiwAk; mzpe;J nfhs;syhk;. 4. ];Nkhf;fH vd;w fUtpapd; %yk; Fiwe;jsT Gif cz;lhf;fp NjdPf;fs; Fwpg;G: ];Nkhf;fH (v) Gif Foy; fUtpapy; Gif cz;lhf;f Njq;fha; ehH my;yJ gUj;jp Jzpia fUtpapy; milj;J jPapl;L nfhSj;jp rpwpJ Neuk; vhpe;j gpd; %bia %btpl;lhy; jP mize;J fUtpapy; Gif tUk;. Njitahd msT fhz;gpj;J g+r;rpia tpul;lyhk;. 5. Njd; mil rl;lq;fis Nky; ,U KidfspYk; gpbj;J nkJthf ntspapy; vLj;J ghpNrhjpf;f Ntz;Lk;. rl;lj;ij jiyfPohf jpUg;gp ghHf;ff;$lhJ. mil cile;J tpOe;JtpLk;. 6. ghpNrhjpf;Fk; NghJ Nky; ngl;bapYs;s milfspy; RkhH 75 rjtpfpj miwfspy; Njd; rPyplg;gl;bUe;jhy; Njid vLj;J tplyhk;. 7. Njd; milfspd; Nky;gFjpfspy; kw;Wk; rl;lq;fspd; Nky; mil fl;bapUe;jhy; mitfis nky;ypa fj;jpahy; ePf;fptpl Ntz;Lk;. 8. milfspy; g+r;rp jhf;Fjy;fs;/ itu]; Neha; jhf;Fjy;fis fz;lwpe;J Ntz;Lk;. 9. GO miwia Rj;jk; nra;J fopTfis ePf;fptpl Ntz;Lk;. ,uhzpj;NjdP FLk;gj;jiytp: Njdpf;$l;lj;jpd; $l;lj;ijNa NjdPf;fspd; rhHe;Nj eltbf;if jiytp ,uhzpj;NjdP. cUtpy; nghpaJ. topelj;jpr; ,uhzp nry;Yk;. ,uhzpiar; ,y;yhj Njitahd kUe;Jfis NjdPf;fSf;F nfhLf;f Nky; fhl;bdhy; mitfs; kaf;f epiyf;F nrd;WtpLk;. gpd;dH rl;lq;fis vLj;J ghpNrhjpf;fyhk;.

,Uf;Fk;.

$l;lk; mope;JtpLk;. Mz; NjdPf;fSk;> gzpj;NjdPf;fSk; 1 Kjy; 2 khjk; jhd; capH thOk;. ,uhzpj; NjdP 2 Mz;Lfs; kl;Lk; jhd; ,Uf;Fk;. $l;lj;ij ngUf;fp> mjpf Njd;
12

Nrfuk;

nra;a

,uhzp

ey;y

MNuhf;fpaj;JlDk;> typikAlDk; ,Ug;gJ mtrpak;. $l;lk; ngUF fhyq;fspy; ,aw;ifahfNt Gjpa ,uhzpf;fs; cz;lhfp mitfs; xU rpwpa $l;lj;Jld; Gjpa gphpe;J ,uhzpia nrd;W tpLk;. ,uhzp mbf;fb NjdP Gjpa CdKw;wpUe;jhNyh my;yJ tajhdjhf fhzg;gl;lhNyh mitfis mopj;Jtpl;L ghHj;Jf;nfhs;s tUlj;jpw;F cz;lhf;fp Gjpa FLk;gk;: NjdPf;$l;lq;fis gphpf;f mtrpak;: gy;NtW #o;epiyfspy; NjdPf; $l;lq;fis gphpj;Jk; ngUf;fpAk; tsHf;f Ntz;ba mtrpak; Vw;gLk;. xU rpy ngl;bfspy; vjphpfspd; jhf;Fjy;fs;> Neha; jhf;Fjy;> fz;fhzpg;gpd;ik typikahd fhuzq;fshy; $l;lq;fs; Njdpf;$l;lq;fs; ngUfp gykile;J ntspNa jg;gp xbtpLk;. mjw;fhf <L nra;a Ntz;ba mtrpak; Vw;gLk;. ,lneUf;fb czTg;gw;whf;Fiw Vw;gLk;. mj;jifa #o;epiyapy; $l;lj;ij gphpj;J jdpj;jdp ngl;bfspy; tsHf;fyhk;. mt;thW nra;jhy; Njd; kf#y; ngUfp tUthAk; $Lk;. xUtH KONeu Ntiyahf <Lgl;lhy; Fiwe;jJ 250 ngl;bfs; tiu itj;J guhkhpf;fyhk;. ngl;bfspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfkpUe;jhy; jhd; Fiwe;j KjyPl;by; mjpf tUtha; fpilf;Fk;. G+f;fs; mjpfk; g+j;jpUf;Fk; fhyq;fspy; Gjpa FLk;gq;fis cz;lhf;FtJ ey;yJ. mjdhy; Gjpa FLk;gq;fs; tpiutpy; ngUfp gykile;J> Njd; Nrfhpg;Gk; ngUFk;. xUthplk; 5 ngl;bfspy; Njdpf;$l;lq;fs; ey;y epiyapy; cs;sJ vd;W nfhs;Nthk;. ,itfisf; nfhz;L NkYk; 5 ngl;bfspy; Fiwe;j KjyPl;by; ekf;F 10 ngl;bfspy; NjdPf;FLk;gq;fs; fpilf;Fk;. fPNo tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kiwia gpd;gw;wp vj;jid ngl;bfspy; Ntz;LkhdhYk; $l;lj;ij cz;lhf;fyhk;. guhkhpf;fyhk;. ,uhzpf;$Lfs; cz;lhdhy; mjid mopj;Jtpl;L $l;lk; gphpahky; Ntz;Lk;. Gjpa ,Ug;gpDk; ,uhzpia $l;lj;jpw;F xUKiw

guhkhpg;gJ

Gj;JapH Cl;Ltjhf ,Uf;Fk;.

13

Kjypy; 5 Gjpa fhyp NjdPgngl;bfis thq;fp jahuhf itj;Jf; ; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. (NjdPgngl;bfs; Gd;id kug;gyifapy; nra;jpUf;f ; Ntz;Lk;. rl;lq;fs; Njf;F kuj;jpdhy; nra;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ngl;bapd; msT rpwpajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;) ek;kpy; Vw;fdNt cs;s NjdPf;$l;lq;fspy; typikahd nghpa $l;lj;ij NjHT nra;aTk;. ,e;jg; ngl;biaj; jpwe;J GO miwapy; njhlq;fp xt;nthU rl;lkhf ntspapy; vLj;J ,uhzpj;NjdP ve;j milapy; cs;sJ vd;gjid fz;Lgpbf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,uhzp ngUk;ghYk; GO miw milfspy; ,Uf;Fk;. rpy miw milfspYk; ,Uf;f tha;g;Gz;L. ,uhzpia fz;Lgpbj;j gpd;G Gjpa fhypg;ngl;bfspy; xd;iw vLj;J mjpy; GO miwapy; ,uhzpj;NjdP cs;s gioa rl;lj;ij khw;wp mikf;fTk;. gioa ngl;bapy; GO miwapy; cs;s milfspy; xd;W tpl;L xd;W vLj;J NkYk; ,uz;L rl;lq;fis NjdPf;fSld; Gjpa ngl;bapy; milfSk;> itf;fTk;. mt;thW itf;Fk; NghJ GOf;fs; epuk;gpa NjdPf;fSk; rhpahd mstpy; ,uz;L ngl;bfspYk; rkaq;fspy; Nky;

,Uf;FkhW ghHj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW nra;j gpd;G Gjpa ngl;bapy; ,uhzpAld; %d;W milfSk; gioa ngl;bapy; ,uhzp ,y;yhky; %d;W milfSk; ,Uf;Fk;. Gjpa ngl;bapd; GO miwapy; cs;s 6 fhypr; rl;lq;fis vLj;J ,uz;L ngl;bfspYk; jyh %d;W tPjk; itj;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dH ,uhzpAs;s Gjpa NjdPg; ngl;bia Nky; %b itj;J %b Njdpg;g+r;rpfspd; EioT thapypy; %b RkhH 1 fpNyh kPl;lH J}uk; vLj;Jr; nrd;W ghJfhg;ghd ,lj;jpy; itj;J EioT thapiy jpwe;J tplNtz;Lk;. ,e;j $l;lk; ,uhzpAld; ,Ug;gjhy; cldbahf Njd; Nrfhpf;fTk;> Gjpa milfis fl;lTk; Jtq;fptpLk;. ,e;j ngl;bia Gjpa ,lj;jpNyNa RkhH 15 ehl;fs; Kjy; xU khj fhyk; itj;J guhkhpf;f Ntz;Lk;. mLj;J> Ntz;Lk;. gioa ngl;bapYs;s ,uhzpapy;yhj $l;lj;ij ngUf;fTk; ,uhzpf;$Lfis fl;b uhzpia cw;gj;jp nra;aTk; J}z;l

14

,jw;fhf Nky; miwapYs;s vy;yh rl;lq;fisAk; vLj;Jtpl;L cldb czTj; Njitf;fhf rHf;fiug; ghF czit nfhl;lhq;Fr;rpapy; Cw;wp GO miw rl;lq;fspd; Nky; itj;J Nky; %bia %btpl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j $l;lk; ,aw;if NjDld; kw;Wk; rHf;fiug;ghF czitAk; cl;nfhz;L $l;lj;ijg; ngUf;fp GO miw milfspd; fPo; gFjpapy; ,uhzp $Lfis thpirahf fl;lj;Jtq;fptpLk;. ,e;j ,uhzpf;$Lfs; 8-12 ehl;fspy; ed;whf tsHe;J $l;bd; jpwe;j gFjp %b Edpg;gFjp fUg;G epwkhf khWk;. ,jpy; nghpaJk;> ePskhdJk;> tisT nespTfs; mjpfkhdJkhd ,uhzpf;$l;il NjHT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; jhd; rpwe;j typikahd ,uhzpj;NjdP cz;lhFk;. ,e;j jUzk; jhd; $Lfis ,uhzpapy;yhj ngl;bfspy; khw;Wtjw;F Vw;wJ. Gjpa ,uhzpf;$Lfis cUthf;f jahHgLj;Jk; ,Nj ehl;fshy; kPjKs;s 4 gioa ngl;bfspy; cs;s NjdPf;fisf; $l;lk; gphpf;f jahHgLj;j Ntz;Lk;. Kjypy; vy;yh ngl;bfspYk; Nkyiw rl;lq;fis vLj;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;. NjdPf;fspd; Kd;G ,aw;if Fwpg;gpl;l czT Kiwg;gb Nrfuj;Jld; $Ljyhf rHf;fiug;ghF czitAk;

nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; ,e;j ehd;F Njdpf;$l;lq;fSk; ngUfp 8 ehl;fspy; $l;lk; gphpf;f jahH epiyf;F te;JtpLk;. ,e;epiyapy; Kd;G nra;jJ NghyNt xt;nthU ngl;bapYk; cs;s NjdilfisAk; Nrhjid nra;J ,uhzpj;NjdPiaf; fz;Lgpbf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dH ,uhzpj;NjdP cs;s rl;lj;Jld; NrHj;J rl;lq;fspy; cs;s NjdPf;fis Gjpa ngl;bapy; khw;wp itf;f xt;nthU GO miwapYk; itf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j ehd;F ngl;bfisAk; Nky; %bitj;J %b RkhH 1 fp.kP J}uk; vLj;Jr;nrd;W Kd;G xU ngl;b itj;j ,lj;jpNyNa itj;J guhkhpf;fyhk;. Gjpa ,lj;jpy; cs;s ngl;bfspy; ,uhzPf;fs; cs;sjhy; mitfs; njhlHe;J Njd; Nrfhpg;gpy; <LgLk;. gioa 4 ngl;bfs; xt;nthd;wpYk; ,uhzp ,y;yhj $l;lk; 3 milfspy; ,Uf;Fk;. ,j;Jld; mil ,y;yhj Gjpa rl;lq;fs; %d;iwAk; itf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dH Kjy; ngl;bapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l

15

ey;y ,uhzpf; $Lfis NjHT nra;J rpwpJ milAld; nky;ypa fj;jpahy; ntl;b vLj;J xt;nthU ngl;bapYk; xd;W tPjk; ,uz;L milfSf;F ,ilapy; jha; ngl;bapy; ,Ue;j epiyapNyNa $Lfis itj;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;. ,uhzpf;$L tpl;Ltpl;L Njitapy;yhj kw;w $Lfis ntl;b mopj;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dH vy;yh ngl;bfisAk; Nky; %bahy; %btpl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j 5 ngl;bfisAk; 22 ehl;fspy; jpwf;fhky; mg;gbNa itj;J guhkhpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j ehl;fspy; Gjpa ,uhzpj;NjdP $l;bypUe;J ntspNa te;J $l;lj;Jld; gofp ntspapy; GzHr;rpf;fhf gyKiw gwe;J nrd;W Mz; NjdPf;fSld; cwT nfhz;Lk;> kdepiwtile;jTld; $l;bNyNa jq;fp 4 ehl;fspy; Kl;ilapLk; gzpia Jtf;fptpLk;. ,e;ehl;fspy; GO miwapy; cs;s fhyp rl;lq;fspYk; Gjpa milfs; fl;lg;gl;LtpLk;. 15 ehl;fs; fope;j gpd;dH NtW ,lj;jpy; khw;wp itf;fg;gl;l ngl;bfisAk; ,uT Neuj;jpy; gioa ,lj;jpw;Nf nfhz;L te;J itj;Jtplyhk;. ,g;nghOJ 10 ngl;bfspYk; #g;gH vd;w Nkyiw ngl;bia itj;Jtplyhk;. ,e;j miwapy; Ie;J rl;lq;fspYk; Gjpa mil ,Ue;jhy; mij tpl;Ltplyhk;. milapy;yhj rl;lq;fisAk; itj;Jtplyhk;. NjdPf;fs; Gjpa milia tpiuthf fl;btpLk;. Kf;fpakhf gphpj;j ,uz;L ngl;bfSf;FNk 3 ehl;fSf;F xUKiw rHf;fiug;ghF nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU gq;F rHf;fiu xU gq;F jz;zPH fye;J fiuj;J te;j ngl;bapy; itf;f Ntz;Lk;. nghJthf GO miwapYs;s NjdPf;fspy; Nkyiwf;F cldbahf te;J milfl;lNth> Njd; Nrkpg;G nra;aNth <LglhJ. mij J}z;Ltjw;F GO miwapYs;ss xU milia KOikahf vLj;J ePsthf;fpy; 2-3 nr.kP mfyj;jpy; 5 Jz;Lfshf;fp Nky; miwapYs;s rl;lq;fspd; mbapy; nghUj;jp ug;gH Ngz;l; my;yJ thio ehhpdhy; fl;btplNtz;Lk;. mt;thW nra;Ak; NghJ NjdPf;fs; NkyiwfspYk; cldbahf milf;fl;b Njd; Nrkpf;fj; Jtq;fptpLk;. ntl;b vLf;fg;gl;l GO miw rl;lj;jpYk; mil fl;btpLk;. ,dp 10 NjdPg; ngl;bfisAk; njhlHe;J guhkhpj;J Njd; vLf;fyhk;. ,e;j ngl;bfspYk; $l;lq;fs; nghpjhdhy; NkYk; $l;lj;ij gphpj;J ,ul;bg;ghf;fyhk;.

16

,t;thNw njhlHe;J Njitahd vz;zpf;ifapy; FLk;gj;ij ngUf;fpf; nfhs;syhk;. mt;thW nra;jhy; jhd; njhlHe;J tUthAk; fpilf;Fk;. Fwpg;G: xU rpy ngl;bfspy; ,uhzpf; $Lfspy;; cs;s GO ,we;J tplTk; tha;gGz;L. ,e;j #o;epiyapy; NtnwhU ngl;bapYs;s GO milia ; vLj;J itj;J guhkhpj;jhy; Gjpa ,uhzpia cUthf;fp tplyhk;.

NjdPf;fs; nfhl;bdhy;
Klf;F thjk;> %l;Ltyp> jirtyp> euk;G Neha;fs; jPUk;.
Njd; jpUl;L: 1. czT gw;whf;Fiw cs;s fhyq;fspy; tYthd fhyzpapYs;s NjdPf;fs; rpwpa fhyzpfspy; gyhj;fhukhf cs;Ns Eioe;J Njidj; <LgLk;. 2. nkOF mjdhy; jpUbf; nfhz;L nrd;WtpLk;. ,e;jtif ,ijj;jtpu jpUl;Lfspy; fjz;LfSk;> kiyj;NjdPffSk; ;

mt;thW jhf;Fjy;fSf;F cs;shd rpwpa $l;lq;fs; me;Jg;g+r;rp Muk;g gioa milfis nkOF tpUk;gp me;Jg; cz;Zk;. g+r;rpfis

eypTw;W $l;il tpl;L xbtpLk;. epiyapNyNa

fl;Lg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. gioa milfis ePf;fptpl;L Gjpa milfis fl;LkhW J}z;btpl;lhy; me;Jg;g+r;rp fl;Lg;gLk;. Mz;bw;F xUKiw fUj;j gioa ml;ilfis ePf;fptpl;L Gjpa milfis fl;lj;J}z;l Ntz;Lk;. 3. tptrha epyq;fspy; g+r;rpf;nfhy;yp kUe;J njspf;Fk; NghJ me;j nrbfspy; Njd; kw;Wk; kfue;jk; Nrfhpj;jhy; me;j tp\j;jhy; NjdPf;fs; ,we;JtpLk;. mjdhy; mjpfkhf g+r;rp kUe;Jfs; njspf;Fk; ,lq;fspy; NjdPgngl;bfis itf;ff;$lhJ. ; 4. 5. ngl;bfis mbf;fb ,lkhw;wk; nra;tjhYk; $l;lq;fspd; tY FiwAk;. Neha;j; jhf;Fjy;fs; Vw;gLk; $l;lq;fspd; tYf;FiwAk;.

17

NjdPf;$l;lq;fis (FLk;gq;fis) NrHj;jy;: 1. ,uhzpj;NjdP ,y;yhj $l;lk; my;yJ eypTw;w $l;lk; vijahtJ NtnwhU $l;lj;Jld; NrHf;f Ntz;Lnkd;why; NrHg;gjw;F Kd;G eypTw;w $l;lj;jpYs;s ,uhzpj;NjdPia mopj;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;. 2. khiy RkhH 5 kzpastpy; tYthf ,uhzpj;NjdP cs;s GO miwg;ngl;bapd; Nky; xU nra;jpj;jhis itf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jj; jhspy; 5-6 ,lj;jpy; Fr;rpahy; xl;il Nghl Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dH ,uhzpj;NjdP ,y;yhj GO miwg;ngl;bia nra;jpj;jhspd; Nky; nghUj;jp itj;J %btpl Ntz;Lk;. ,uT Neuj;jpy; ,U miwapYs;s NjdPf;fSk; nra;jpj;jis fbj;J Jz;Lfshf;fp Nghl;Ltpl;L xd;whf NrHj;JtpLk;. ngl;bapd; miwapYs;s nra;jpj;jhs; Jz;Lfis mfw;wptpl;L GO miwg;ngl;bapd; Nky; Njdiwg; guhkhpj;jhy; vLf;fyhk;. Njd; gphpj;jy;> gjdk; nra;jy;: Njd; gphpj;jy;: 1. GO miw (mbg;ngl;b - Brood Chamber) apYs;s Njid vf;fhuzk; nfhz;Lk; vLf;ff;$lhJ. ,J NjdPf;fSf;Fk;/GOf;fSf;Fk; czthFk;. 2. Nky;ngl;bapy; (Super) Njd; epiwe;j milfspy; RkhH 75 rjtpfpj miwfs; nkOfhy; %lg;gl;bUe;jhy; mJNt Njd; vLg;gjw;F jFe;j fhykhFk;. 3. milfspy; (Comb) cs;s Njid ifapdhy; gpopaf;$lhJ. 4. Njd; epuk;gpa milfis rl;lq;fSld; vLj;J %ba miwfis nky;ypa fj;jpahy; rPtp jpwe;Jtpl;L Njd; vLf;Fk; fUtpapy; ngl;bia njhlHe;J itj;J Njd;

18

(Honey Extractor)

itj;J epjhdkhf 10 Rw;W Rw;w Ntz;Lk;.

gpd;dH rl;lq;fis kWgf;fk; itj;J NkYk; 10 Rw;Wf;fs; Rw;w Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gb nra;jhy; milapYs;s Njd; ghj;jpuj;jpy; tope;JtpLk;. 5. gpd;dH milfis rhpahf rl;lj;jpy; nghUj;jp kWgbAk; Njd; ngl;b Nkyiwapy; itf;f Ntz;Lk;. 6. Njid ghJfhf;f fz;zhb ghl;by; my;yJ vtHrpy;tH ghj;jpuj;ij nfhjpf;Fk; ePhpy; fOtp <ukpy;yhky; fhaitj;J mjpy; Njid Cw;wp Nrkpf;f Ntz;Lk;. vtHrpy;tH ghj;jpuj;jpy; J}a nky;ypa nts;isj; Jzpahy; %b fl;l Ntz;Lk;. 7. njhlHe;J ,uz;L ehl;fs; Njid ntapypy; itj;J #Nlw;wp ghJfhj;J itj;jpUe;jhy; RkhH xU tUl fhyk; nflhky; ghJfhf;fyhk;. 8. Njd; itj;jpUf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; NtW thridg; nghUl;fis itf;ff;$lhJ. Njid gjdk; nra;jy;: ngl;bapypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;l Njdpy;; <ug;gjk;> kfue;jk;> nkOF Jfs; fye;jpUf;Fk;. ,jid nky;ypa Jzpahy; tbfl;b fz;zhb ghl;bypy; Cw;wp itj;J RkhH xU khjk; tiu gad;gLj;jyhk;. mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ehl;fs; Nrkpf;f Ntz;Lnkd;why; gjdg;gLj;Jjy; mtrpak;. ,y;iyNay; Njdpy; Gspj;jthil cz;lhfp tpiutpy; nfl;LtpLk;. fPNo Fwpg;gpl;l Kiwia gpd;gw;wp gjdk; nra;jhy; gy Mz;Lfs; fhyk; tiu Njid nflhky; itj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;. Njidg; gjg;gLj;j nghpaJ xd;Wk;> rpwpaJ xd;Wk; vd ,uz;L ghj;jpuq;fs; Ntz;Lk;. nghpa ghj;jpuj;jpy; kuk; my;yJ ,Uk;gpy; nra;j ];Nlz;il itf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jd;Nky; Njd; epuk;gpa vtHrpy;tH my;yJ mYkpdpa ghj;jpuj;ij itf;f Ntz;Lk;. Njid ghj;jpuj;jpy; KO mstpy; epug;gf;$lhJ. Njd; ghj;jpuj;jpd; cauk; ntspg;ghj;jpuj;jpd; cauj;ijtpl rpwpJ $Ljyhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dH ntspg;ghj;jpuj;jpy; jz;zPiu Njd;ghj;jpuj;jpd; Njd; msT tiu epug;g Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dH ,U ghj;jpuq;fisAk; Nf]; ];lt; my;yJ tpwF mLg;gpy; itj;J #Nlw;w Ntz;Lk;. mjpf jPapdhy; jz;zPH
19

nfhjpf;fhky; 60o-C ,Uf;FkhW jPia fl;Lg;gLj;jp RkhH 30 epkplq;fs; tiu topj;J #Nlw;wpagpd; vLj;Jtpl;L ,Ughj;jpuj;ijAk; #lhd Njid mLg;gpypUe;J nky;ypa ,wf;fptpl tbfl;l Ntz;Lk;. Kjypy; Njd;ghj;jpuj;jpd; NkNy cs;s Eiuia fuz;bahy; Jzpahy; Ntz;Lk;. tbfl;bagpd; RkhH 20 kzpNeuk; ed;whf Mw itj;J Njid NtW ghl;by;fspy; khw;wyhk;. MW khj fhyk; tiu ed;whf ,Uf;Fk;. Fwpg;G: Njd; kw;w thridfisAk;> GiffisAk; cwpQ;rpf; nfhs;Sk; jd;ikAilajhy; kz;nzz;iz ];lt; kw;Wk; mjpf Gif cz;lhf;Fk; tpwif gad;gLj;jf;$lhJ. Njid Nrkpf;f fz;zhb ghl;by; jhd; rpwe;jJ my;yJ czTg; nghUl;fis Nrkpf;f gad;gLj;Jk; caHuf gpsh];bf;> gpsh];bf; ghl;biy gad;gLj;jyhk;.

kiof;fhyq;fspy; NjdPf;fis guhkhpj;jy;:

g+f;fs; ,y;yhj fhyk;: 1. nghJthf [dthp Kjy; Mf];l; tiu g+f;fs; %yk; Njd; mjpfk; fpilf;Fk;. mjdhy; NjdPf;fSf;;F nraw;if czT Njitg;glhJ. 2. kiof;fhyq;fs; (nrg;lk;gH- mf;NlhgH) kw;Wk; g+f;fs; ,y;yhj fhyq;fspy; NjdPf;fSf;F czT nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. 3. GOg;ngl;bapYk; Nky; ngl;bapYk; milfspy; Njd; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; czT gw;whf;Fiw vd;W mwpayhk;. ,e;j fhyq;fspy; nraw;if czT nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. 4. milfspy; Njd; Fiwa Fiwa Nky; ngl;bapYs;s gpNuk;fis vLj;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;. mbg;ngl;bapYk; gpNuk;fis g+r;rpfspd; Njitf;F kl;Lk; itj;Jtpl;L kPjKs;s gpNuk;fis vLj;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;. 5. Nky; ngl;bapYs;s gpNuk;fis vLj;Jtpl;l gpd; Njq;fha; nfhl;lhq;Fr;rpapy; rHf;fiug;ghif Cw;wp mjpy; ,uz;L> %d;W rpW Fr;rpfis Nghl;L ngl;bapDs; itj;Jtpl

20

Ntz;Lk;. ,ij NjdPf;fs; cz;L capHthOk;. ntspapYs;s jhtuq;fspd; g+f;fs; g+j;jgpd; ,e;j Vw;ghL Njitapy;iy. rHf;fiug;ghF jahhpj;jy;: xU ypl;lH rHf;fiuia xU ypl;lH jz;zPhpy; fiuj;J ,jpy; 50 fpuhk; FSf;Nfh]; gTliuAk; fye;J ,e;j fyitia mLg;gpy; itj;J fha;r;r Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j jputk; nfhjpj;J rptg;ghf khWk; NghJ mLg;gpypUe;J ,wf;fp Fspu itj;J 5 ngl;bfspy; cs;s NjdPf;fSf;F <f;fspd; vz;zpf;if Vw;g nfhl;lhq;Fr;rpapy; fha;r;rpa jputj;ij Cw;wp itf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j Vw;ghl;il thuj;jpy; xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L Kiw Njitf;F Vw;g nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,j;Jld; RNuypah kUe;ijAk; (Psoralia Mothertincuture) xkpNahgjp kUe;ijAk; fye;J itj;jhy; itu]; NehapypUe;Jk; <f;fisf; fhg;ghw;wyhk;. Neha;fs; gw;wp jdpahf nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. NjdPf;fspd; vjphpfs;: NjdPf;fSf;F Kf;fpa vjphpfs;: fjz;L vd;fpw fUe;Njs; (Yellow banded wasp) vWk;G> Fstp> rpye;jp> xzhd;> gy;yp> g+uhd;> vyp> Rzf;if> fl;nlWk;G> KRL> Fuq;F> fub> gr;irf;FUtp> ,ul;ilthy;FUtp> ML> khL Kjypad NjdPf;fSf;Fk;> Njd; $l;bw;Fk; mjpf Nrjj;ij cz;lhf;Fk;. fjz;L (m) fle;ij: (Yellows banded wasp): tdg;gFjpapy; cz;lhf;Fk;. ,itfSk; ,itfs; fjz;L nghpa (v) Fstp Nghd;Nw fLe;Njs; NjdPf;fSf;F mjpf Nrjj;ij ,dj;ijr; rhHe;jJ. mjpf tp\KilaJ. NjdPf;fis

21

kuf;fpisfspy;>GjHfspy;> ghiw ,Lf;Ffspy; nghpa

Gw;Wfspy;> mstpy;

$Lfl;b thOk;>,itfSf;F NjdPf;fs; jhd; rpwg;ghd czT> NjdPf;fs; gwf;Fk; NghNj gpbj;Jf;nfhd;WtpLk;. NjdPf;fspd; nkype;j tsHr;rpg; NjdPf;$l;lq;fis ngl;bfspNyNa jhf;fp mopj;JtpLk;. gUtq;fSk; njhlHe;J nfhz;bUf;Fk;. Fwpg;ghf Nk khjk; Kjy; mf;NlhgH tiu jhf;Fjy;fs; fhiy> khiy Ntiyfspy; jPtpukhf ,Uf;Fk;. ghJfhg;G Kiwfs;: fjz;Lfs; Njdpngl;bfspd; mUfpy; gwe;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ mbj;Jf;nfhd;W tpl Ntz;Lk;. mUfpYs;s ,lq;fspy; Rw;wpg;ghHj;J fjz;L $Lfs; kuf;fpisfs;> GjHfs;> ghiw ,Lf;Ffspy; fhzg;gl;lhy; ,uT Neuj;jpy; ngl;Nuhy; my;yJ kz;nzz;nza; Cw;wp $l;il vhpj;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;. fiuahd; Gw;Wfspy; $Lfs; fhzg;gl;lhy; Jzp Nrhg;ig jz;zPhpy; fiuj;J Gw;wpy; Cw;wp mopf;fyhk;. VNuhrhy; (Aerosol) vd;w g+r;rpf;nfhy;yp kUe;ij njspg;ghd; %yk; $Lfspd; Nky; njspj;J fjz;Lfis mopf;fyhk;. rpye;jptiy vWk;G> KRL kw;wk; Fstpf;$Lfs; fhzg;gl;lhy; me;j $LfisAk; mopj;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;. NjdPgngl;bfspd; ; fhy;fisr; Rw;wp vWk;GgTlH (BHC 10%) kQ;rs;J}s; J}tp vWk;GfisAk;> gy;ypfisAk; tpul;lyhk;. kw;w vjphpfsplkpUe;J jPtpukhf fz;fhzpj;J ghJfhf;fyhk;. NjdPf;fisj; jhf;fp Nrjj;ij cz;Lgz;Zk; Kf;fpa Neha;fs; gw;wp fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mitfis jPtpukhf fz;fhzpj;J jLg;G eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jtwpdhy; Njd; kf#y; NjdPf;fisj; jhf;Fk; Neha;fs;> g+r;rpfs;:

22

,og;G

kl;Lkpd;wp

NjdPf;FLk;gNk

mope;J

ngUk;

el;lj;ij

cz;lhf;fptpLk;. jha;rhf; G&l;itu]; milahsk; (Tasiac brood virus) mwpFwpfs;: tl;ltbtkhf $l;Lg;GO ,we;JtpLk;. GO ,we;J fha;e;J Edp $l;Lg;GO rpyNeuk; NjdPf;fs; miwapy; xl;bf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,we;j ,we;j GOtpd; fUj;jpUf;Fk;. GOf;fis xt;nthd;whf ntspNa nfhz;L te;JtpLk;. jLf;Fk; Kiw: RNuypah kjH bd;rH (Psoralia Mother Tincture) vd;w xkpNahgjp kUe;ij 1 ypl;lH rHf;fiug; 16 nrhl;L ghfpy; kUe;ij (jahhpg;G tpl;L Kiw ed;whf Kd;G fyf;fp nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ) RUq;fp Neuhf ,Uf;Fk;. epkpHe;J

Njq;fha; nfhl;lhq;Fr;rpapy; Cw;wp ngl;bapDs; czTld; fye;J itj;J NjdPf;fis cz;zr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. rpye;jp (Mite): mwpFwpfs;: ngl;bapYs;s $l;Lg;GO miw thapy; %b jpwe;J fhzg;gl;lhy; mJ rpye;jp cl;GFe;Js;sJ vd;W nfhs;syhk;. ,jdhy; Nrjkile;j $l;Lg;GO $l;lkhf ,Uf;Fk; my;yJ fLikahd czTg; gw;whf;Fiw Vw;gl;lhYk; cz;LtpLk;. $l;Lg;GO rpwpa %bia g+r;rp jpwe;J cs;Ns NjdPf;fs; jhf;fpdhYk; GOf;fis GOf;fs; nkOF

jpwe;jpUf;Fk;. ,jpy; vJ fhuzk; vd fz;lwpe;J ghJfhg;G Kiwia Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.

23

jLf;Fk; Kiw: fe;jfk; ngl;bapd; fpuhk;> (Sulphar) xU rpl;bifia vLj;J J}t Nggp ngl;bapDs;Sk;> mjpfk; fpuhk; Nky; Nky;gFjp J}s; xU ,izg;Gf;fspYk; 50 fpuhk;> [hd;rd; Ntz;Lk;. gTlH 50

J}tpdhy; NjidAk;> g+r;rpfisAk; ghjpf;Fk;. ,jw;F gjpyhf ry;gH 50 kQ;rs; Mfpaitfis rkkhd mstpy; fye;J xU Gl;bapy; itj;Jf;nfhz;L mt;tg;nghOJ cl;gFjpapYk; rpl;bififia Njdilr; rl;lq;fspd; J}tyhk;. ngl;bapd; %yk; %bapd; cl;gFjpapYk;> fPo; gyifapd; Nja;j;Jtplyhk;. NjDf;F ghjpg;gpy;yhky; rpye;jpia fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;. nkOF me;Jg;g+r;rp (Wax moth) milahsk;: ,J milfspy; goikahd tUk;. fUj;j jhf;Fjy;fs;

mjpfKs;s milfis ntapypy; vjpH jpirapy; itj;J ghHj;jhy; E}yhk;gil Nghyj;njhpAk;. jLf;Fk; Kiw: mjpf ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shd milfis ntl;b mg;Gwg;gLj;jp Gijj;J my;yJ vhpj;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;. tUlj;jpw;F xU Kiw fUj;j milfis xd;wpuz;lhf ntl;b vhpj;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;wpw;F gjpyhf Gjpa milfis NjdPf;fs; fl;btpLk;. Row;rp Kiwapy; vy;yh fUj;j milfisAk; ePf;fpdhy; Gjpa milfspy; ,j;jifa Neha;fs; tuhJ. mg;ngl;bapYs;s Rj;jkhd Njd;: 1. nra;jpj;jhspy; my;yJ ePH cwpQ;Rk; Ngg;ghpy; xU nrhl;L Njidtpl;L ghHj;jhy; Rj;jkhd Njd; Ngg;ghpy; cwpQ;rhky; mg;gbNa ,Uf;Fk;. 2. Rj;jkhd Njid Fr;rpapy; eide;J gw;w itj;J vhpAk;. fopTfis mt;tg;nghOJ mfw;wp Rj;jkhf itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

24

3.

tpsf;Fj; jphpapy; Njid Cw;wp gw;w itj;jhy; Rj;jkhd Njd; ntb rj;jkpy;yhky; vhpAk;. fyg;glj; Njd; glglntd;W ntbf;Fk;.

4. 5. Fwpg;G:

nfkpf;fy; nl];l; kpfr;rpwe;jJ. mf;khHf; Njitf;F rpwe;j jur;rhd;W epWtdk;. Njdpd; epwk;> kzk;> Fzk;> Rit midj;Jk; g+f;fisg; nghWj;J

khWgLk;. Kf;fpakhf ehty;Njd; frf;Fk;. rHf;fiu Nehahspf;F kpfTk; rpwe;jJ. rHf;fiu Nehia Fzg;gLj;Jk;. Ntk;G Njd; rpwpJ frf;Fk;. KUq;if Njd; Ritahf ,Uf;Fk;. Njdpy; mlq;fpAs;s nghUl;fs;: Njdpy; FSf;Nfh];> gorHf;fiu> <uj;jd;ik mjpf mstpYk;> mkpyq;fs;> GNuhl;Bd;fs;> vd;irk;fs;> itl;lkpd;fs; kpff;Fiwe;j mstpYk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. 1. fiuaf;$ba rHf;fiu 70% Kjy; 80% tiu 2. rHf;fiug;nghUl;fs; gorHf;fiu (Fructose) FSf;Nfh]; (Glucose) fUk;GrHf;fiu (Sucrose) 3. <uj;jd;ik (Moisture) 4. jhJg;nghUl;fs; 5. mkpyq;fs; (Moisture) 7. vd;irk;fs; 8. itl;lkpd;fs; Njd; nkOF Nrfhpj;jy;: Njid milfspypUe;J gphpj;J vLf;f Njdpd; %bia nky;ypa fj;jpahy; rPTk; nghJ nkOF fpilf;Fk;. gHNfhk;G (Burr comb) milfspd; Nky;gFjpfs;> rl;lq;fspd; Nky;gFjpfs; vd gy ,lq;fspy; nkOF fpilf;Fk;. rl;lq;fspd; RtHfspy; xl;bapUg;gij rPtp vLj;jy. 38% 37% 2% 20% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% rpwpjsT rpwpjsT

6. GNuhl;bDk; mkpNdhmkpyKk; -

25

 Nrfuk; nra;j nkOif jz;zPUld; NrHj;J nkOif fhw;W GfhjthW milj;J itj;J ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j nkOif ey;y tpiyf;F tpw;fyhk;.

nte;ePhpy; Njd; fye;Jz;z m[Puzk; ePq;fp cly; vil rPHgLk;

Njdpd; Fzq;fs;
kiyj;Njdpd; Fzk;: kiyj;Njdpdhy; fgfhrk;> tpf;fy;> fz;> tpuzk;> Ruk;> rhPuf;fLg;G Kjypa Neha;fSk; ePq;Fk;. grpAk;> njhdpAk; cz;lhFk;. ,J kUe;JfSf;F ey;yNjhH Jizia mspf;Fk; kUe;J. nfhk;Gj;Njdpd; Fzk;: nfhk;Gfspy; fl;Lk; Njd; Kf;Fw;wk;> cskhe;ij> grpapd;ik> the;jp> kaf;fk; Kjypa gpzpfis xl;Lk;. kug;nghe;Jj;Njdpd; Fzk;: kug;nghe;Jj; Njdpdhy; grpAk;> ntg;gKk; cz;lhFk;. the;jp> mf;fpdp> ke;jk; gytifg;gl;l tpf;fy;> mNuhrpfk;> fhrk;> Rthrk;> f\ak; mjpJ}yk; Kjypa Neha;fisf; Fzg;gLj;Jk;. Gw;Wj;Njdpd; Fzk;: Gw;wpy; fl;Lfpd;w Njd; fgk;> fhrk;> Rthrk;> the;jp> fz; Neha;fs; Kjypatw;iw ePf;Fk;. kiyj;Njdpd; Fzk;: tPLfspy; fl;Lfpd;w Njdhy; Gz;> rpiyNahly;> fug;ghd;> Nej;jpu tpuz;fpUkp> GOntl;L> fgf;Nfhgk;> fhrk; Kjypa Neha;fs; ePq;Fk;. grpAz;lhFk;. GjpaNjdpd; Fzk;: GJj;Njdpdhy; cz;lhFk;. ,ij epiwe;j mjpfkhfr; MASk;> NrHj;jhy; cly; ntg;gKk;> xspAk; neQ;rpy; grpapd;ikAk;>

fgj;ijAk; tpistpf;Fk;.

26

gioa Njdpd; Fzk;: Gspg;Gk;> ,dpg;Gk; fye;j RitAila gioa NjdhdJ thjNeha; $l;lj;ijAk;> tapw;nwupr;riyAk;> thj%y NehiaAk; tpistpf;Fk;. NkYk; kUe;jpdJ ew;Fzq;fisf; nfLf;Fk;. Njdpd; kUj;Jtf;Fzq;fs; 1. Njdpy; tpl;lkpd; B1, B2, B3, B5, B6,C, E tpl;lkpd;fs; mNahbd;> fhy;rpak;> FNshhpd;> rpl;hpf; fe;jfk;> ,Uk;G> Nrhbak;> nkf;dPrpak;> jhkpuk;> cg;G> nghl;lhrpak;> Rz;zhk;Gr;rj;J> mkpyk; gh];gu];>

FSf;Nfh];> nyTNfh];> yhf;bf; mkpyk;> lhHlhhpf; M]pl;> mkpyk;> f;shhpf; Nghd;w tifahd rj;Jg;nghUl;fs; cs;sd. ,itahTk; cly; tsHr;rpf;F kpfTk; ,d;wpaikahjitahFk;. 2. Njd;gpwe;j Foe;ijfs;> fHg;gpzpg; ngz;fs;> ghY}l;Lk; jha;khHfs;> KjpatHfs;> tpisahl;L tPuHfs;> NehAw;wtHfs; Nghd;w midtUf;Fk; Vw;w ,aw;if czT. 3. ,Ujaj;ij gyg;gLj;jTk; Njd; Kf;fpakhfpwJ. mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. ,uj;jj;jpy; uj;jj;ij rptg;gZf;fspd; jUfpwJ. 4. 5. vz;zpf;ifia

J}a;ikg;gLj;JtNjhL ,jaj;jpd; jirehHfSf;Fk; typikiaj; ,Ujak; rPuhf ,aq;fTk; clYf;Fr; rPuhd ,uj;j xl;lk; fpilf;fTk; Jiz GhpAk;. ,uj;jj;jpy; cs;s Ntz;lhj er;Rj; jd;ikAs;s nghUl;fis ntspNaw;wp ,uj;jj;ij J}a;ikg;gLj;j Njd; cjTfpd;wJ. Njd; fy;yPuy; nray;ghl;ilj; er;Rg; J}z;Lfpd;wJ. fpisNfh[d; %yk; cUthf;fj;jpw;Fk; 6. Fly; rk;ge;jg;gl;l nghUl;fis Njd; fy;yuy; P

ntspNaw;wTk; nghpJk; cjTfpd;wJ. tpahjpfisj; Fzg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,ug;ig Gz;> Fly;Gz;> ehf;Fg;Gz;> njhz;ilg;Gz; Mfpatw;iw Njd; Fzg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. 7. 8. Njd; grpia mjpfhpf;fr; nra;Ak;. clypy; cs;s fopTg;nghUl;fisAk; vspjhf ntspNaw;w cjTk; thAit ntspNaw;Wk; Mw;wYk; ,jw;F cz;L.

27

9.

Njd; clYf;F Neha; vjpHg;G rf;jpia mspf;fpwJ. njhw;W Nehia vjpHf;Fk; Mw;wy; ,jw;F cz;L. Nghd;w Neha;f;F Njd; rpwe;j kUe;jhfpwJ. mJ

10. fha;r;ry;

me;NehahspfSf;F

,oe;j

rf;jpia

mspg;gNjhL

me;Nehaf;fpUkpfis vjpHj;J NghuhLk; rf;jpia mspf;fpwJ. 11. njhz;ilapDs; rij tsHtij jLf;fpd;wJ. njhz;ilf;fl;L ,UkiyAk; Fzg;gLj;JfpwJ. 12. euk;Gj;jsHr;rpia ePf;fpj; J}f;fj;jpy; gLf;ifapy; rpWePH fopg;gijj; jLf;fpd;wJ. if>fhy; eLf;fj;ijg; Nghf;fty;yJ. vYk;Gf;fSf;F$l typik juf;$baJ. Njd; J}f;fkpd;ikia Juj;jp cwf;fk; juty;yJ. 13. gw;fSk;> vYk;GfSk; tYg;ngWk; jirfis tYg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. 14. ,uj;jf;Fiwthy; Vw;gLk; Nrhif Nehiaf; Fzkhf;f cjTk;. 15. Njd; rPo;g;gpbf;Fk; epiyapYs;s Gz;fis Mw;w cjTfpwJ. fl;bfs;> nfhg;Gsq;fs;> ntl;Lf;fhaq;fs;> jPf;fhaq;fs; Njidj; jltp Fzg;gLj;jyhk;.%isg; gFjpapy; rPuhd ,uj;j xl;lk; ngw cjTk;. ,jdhy; epidthw;wYk; mjpfhpf;f cjTk;. 16. fPo;thjk;> gf;fthjk; Nghd;w Neha;fis Fzkhf;f cWJizahf Njd; cjTk;. 17. ,uj;j%yk; ,Ug;gpDk; mijf;Fzkhf;Fk; ,ay;G NjDf;F cz;L goq;fis gjg;gLj;j Njd; gad;gLfpwJ. nuhl;b> Nff;> kpl;lha; jahhpf;f Njd; gad;gLfpwJ. 18. kJ jahhpf;f Njd; gad;gLfpwJ. Nghij> eQ;R> mgpd; Nghd;w eQ;R tiffis Kwpf;Fk; jpwd; NjDf;F cz;L. 19. Njd; cly; ntg;gj;ij jzpf;fty;yJ. 20. KJikiaj; jhkjg;gLj;jp thOq;fhyj;ij $l;LfpwJ. 21. ntl;lg;gl;l Fr;rpfisj; Njd; jltp eLk;nghOJ tpiutpy; NtH gpbf;fpd;wJ. 22. Njd; (NghPl;rk;gok;) Mz;ikf;Fiwit (Honey ePf;fp ,dg;ngUf;f vd;W czHit caHj;Jfpd;wJ.

Moon)

tHzpf;fg;gLtJk; Njd; jhd;.

28

23. Njd; MaHNtj kUj;Jtj;jpy; gytif Nyfpaq;fs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ. 24. ,Uky;> rsp> njhz;ilf;fl;L> the;jp> tpf;fy;> jiytyp Mfpatw;iw Njd; Fzg;gLj;JfpwJ. uhay; n[y;yp (mur $o;): 6 Kjy; 14 ehs; taJila Ntiyf;fhuj; NjdPf;fs; ,ij cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wd. uhay; n[y;yp 1 Kjy; 3 ehs; tiu GOTf;F czthf itf;fg;gLfpwJ. jpwd; GOTf;F mw;w mJ ngz; Kl;ilapLk; ehs;fs;

NjdPahf cUthfpwJ. 1 Kjy; 5 czthf Cl;bdhy; KOikahd ngz; NjdPahf tUfpwJ. ,uhzpj;NjdP ,e;j czit rhg;gpLtjhy; 3 Mz;Lfs; tiu Kl;ilapl;Lf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpwJ. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. tsHr;rpij tsHr;rpia tpiuT gLj;Jfpd;wJ. KJikiaj; jhkjg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. thOq;fhyj;ij $l;Lfpd;wJ. Fiwe;j ,uj;j mOj;j Nehiaf; Fzg;gLj;JfpwJ. mjpf GNuhl;bd; rj;J cs;sJ. ngz;fSf;F fHg;gg; igia Rj;jg;gLj;JfpwJ. Mz;fSf;F tpe;jDf;fis mjpfg;gLj;JfpwJ. euk;Gj;jsHr;rpia ePf;FfpwJ.

,sePhpy; Njd; fye;Jz;z.... Rygkhd Ngjpahy; tapW Rj;jkhFk;. japH/ NkhH Fbj;J Ngjpia epWj;jyhk;.
kfue;jk;: NjdPf;fs; jq;fs; fhy;fspy; nfhz;LtUk; kQ;rs; fyH czTg;nghUs;> kfue;jk; gy;NtW jug;gl;l kuk;> nrb> nfhbfspd; g+r;rpfspy; ,Ue;J vLf;fg;gLfpwJ. kfue;jk; cly; tsHr;rpf;F cjTfpwJ. grpia J}z;lty;yJ. rPuzf;NfhshWfisr; rhp nra;fpd;wJ. ,jaj;jpw;F ,uj;jk; nfhz;L tUk; uj;jf;Foha;fisAk; tYg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
29

euk;G rk;ge;jg;gl;l

Neha;fisf; Fzg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. Qhgf rf;jpia tYg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. fz;ghHitia Nkk;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. Nfr tshr;rpiaf; $l;Lfpd;wJ. Neha; ePq;fpa gpd;dUk;> mWitr; rpfpr;;irf;F gpd;dUk; cly;epiy tpiue;J Kd;Ndw cjTfpd;wJ. Mz;ikf;Fiwit ePf;f cjTfpd;wJ. fpl;dpia ghJfhf;fpd;wJ. ,dg;ngUf;f czHit caHj;Jfpd;wJ. kfue;jk; kJthy; Vw;gLk; kaf;fj;ijg; nghpJk; Fiwf;fpd;wJ. NjdP tp\k;: gzpj;NjdPfs;> nfhl;Lk; jd;ik cilait. nfhl;bdhy; xU ehs; tPf;fk; typ Vw;gLk;. ek;ikf; nfhl;ba NjdP ,we;JtpLk;. gad;fs;: 1. %l;Ltyp> jirg;gpbg;G kw;Wk; Klf;F thjj;jpw;F kpfr;rpwe;j kUe;jhFk;. 2. NjdP nfhl;Ltjhy; gpw tp\g;g+r;rpfs; nfhl;bdhYk; mtw;wpd; tp\j;jhy; vt;tpjg;ghjpg;Gk; Vw;glhJ jLf;f ,aYk;. 3. NjdP tp\k; nfhz;L caHe;j ,uj;j mOj;j Nehiaf; fl;LgLj;j ,aYk;. 4. clk;gpy; Neha; vjpHg;G rf;jp mjpfkhf fpilf;Fk;. 5. euk;G rk;ge;jg;gl;l Neha;fs; tuhky; jLf;fpwJ. Njdpd; gad;ghLfs; clw;NrhHT ePq;f: clw;NrhHthf ,Ug;gtHfs; 1 jk;sH ,sQ;#l;L nte;ePhpy; 1 Njf;fuz;b Njidf;fye;J Fbj;Jtu ehsiltpy; clw;NrhHT ePq;Fk;. %is RWRWg;ghFk;. kdKk; cw;rhfk; milAk;. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; Njdpy; cs;s FSf;NfhR rj;J MFk;.

NjdPf;fs; xU jw;nfhiyg;gil.. rKjhaj;ij fhg;gjpy; fjz;il mopf;f NghuhLk; NjdPf;fs;

J}f;fk; tu: ,uT gLf;fg; NghFk; Kd;G> xH vYkpr;rk;goj;ijr; rhW gpope;J mjDld; rk msT Njd; fye;J ,uT Fbj;J tpl;Lg;gLj;jhy;> Mo;ej ; J}f;fk; tUk;. (my;yJ) ,uT gLf;fg;NghFk; Kd;G 1 jk;sH fha;r;rpa

30

ghypy;

Njf;fuz;b

Njd;

fye;J

Fbf;fyhk;.

NjDld;

ghy;

NrHj;Jf;Fbf;Fk; NghJ Rit mjpfhpf;fpwJ. tho;ehSk; ePbf;fpwJ. gLf;ifapy; rpWePH;fopf;Fk; gof;fk; ePq;f: 1 jk;sH nte;ePhpy; 1 Njf;fuz;b jhNd ePq;Fk;. rpWePH NfhshWfSf;Fk;> tpiuaow;rpahy; Vw;gLk; NfhshWfSf;Fk; Njd; ey;y kUe;J MFk;. rpWePH vhpr;ry; ePq;f: nfhj;jky;yp> rPufk;> Rf;F ,itfis xd;W NrHj;J xU ghj;jpuj;jpypl;L ePHtpl;Lf; fha;r;rp> tbfl;b> ,sQ;#l;by; Njd; fye;J Fbj;J tu rpWePH vhpr;ry; ePq;Fk;. rpWePHj;jhiuapy; vhpr;ry;> nrhl;L %j;jpuk;> %j;jpuk; typAld; ntspNaWjy; Fzkhf> rpWePHf;NfhshWfs; ePq;f. Mypt; vz;nza; Njd; vYkpr;rk;gor;rhW 15 kp.yp 2 Njf;fuz;b 50 kp.fpuhk; Njd; fye;J> ,uT gLf;fg; NghFk; Kd; Fbj;Jtu> 1 thuj;jpy; gLf;ifapy; rpWePHf;fopf;Fk; gof;fk;

,tw;wpy; fye;J Fbj;jhy; clNd Fzk; fpilf;Fk;. typAld; $ba ePHr;RUf;F ePq;f: fz;lq;fj;jphp ,iyr;rhW Njd; fye;J Fbj;jpl 2 2 Njf;fuz;b Njf;fuz;b

kzp Neuj;jpy; vhpr;ry; ,y;yhky; Rfkhf

rpWePH fopAk;. mjd;gpd; 2 kzp Neuj;jpw;Fg; gpwF ,Nj Nghy; cl;nfhs;s NkYk; ey;y Fzk; fpilf;Fk;. rpWePHj;jhiu Neha;fs; ePq;f: my;ypg;g+tpjo; Mthuk;g+tpjo; ,t;tpuz;ilAk; mL;g;gpNyw;wp> xU xU jk;sH 1 ifg;gpb msT 1 ifg;gpb msT rl;bapypl;L mstpw;Ff; 2 jk;sH jz;zPH ,wf;fp> tpl;L fha;r;rp> tbfl;b>

Mwitj;J> mjpy; 1 Njf;fuz;b Njd; fye;J> jpdk; fhiy> khiy vd 2

31

Ntis tPjk; 3 ehl;fs; Fbj;Jtu vy;yhtpj ePHj;jhiu Neha;fSk; FzkhFk;. ePhpopT Neha; Fzkhf: rpye;jp ehafk; vdg;gLk; ntbf;fha;r;nrb ,iyr;rhW -2 Njf;fuz;b> fha;r;rpa ghy; -1 jk;sH> Njd; -2 Njf;fuz;b ,it %d;iwAk; fye;J fhiy> khiy vd 2 Ntis tPjk; jpdk; 40 ehl;fs; Fbj;Jtu ePupopT Neha; Kw;wpYk; FzkhFk;. Njky; kiwa: jpg;gpypg;nghbia 1 Njf;fuz;b vLj;J Njdpy; Fioj;J fhiy> khiy njhlHe;J 1 khjk; rhg;gpl;L tu Njky; kiwe;JtpLk;. gpwF tuhJ. kQ;rs;fhkhiy Fzkhf: fhpryhq;fz;zpr;rhW Njd; kQ;rs;fhkhiyf;F kUe;J: fPohney;yp> kzj;jf;fhsp ,iy> nghw;whiyf; fhpg;ghd;> rq;fd; NtHg;gl;il> mjpkJuk;. ,tw;iw tiff;F 10 fpuhk; vLj;J 5 rPufk; NrHj;J> vYkpr;irg; gor;rhWk; NrHj;J fhiy> khiy Fbj;J tuTk;. %d;W tajpw;F cl;gl;l Foe;ijfshf ,Ue;jhy; ,k;kUe;jpy; %d;wpy; xU gq;F vLj;Jf; nfhLf;fTk;. Fwpg;G: Njd;> NjdpYs;s fy;yuy; P ,af;fj;jpw;F fy;yuy; P kpfr;rpwg;ghf jpRf;fspd; nraypYk; gad;gLfpwJ. capuZf;fisg; ,jd; FSf;Nfh]; 2 gq;F 1 gq;F

fye;J fhiyapy; kl;Lk; Fbj;J tu kQ;rs;fhkhiy FzkhFk;.

ghJfhf;fpd;wJ. <uypy; fpisNfh[pd; Nrkpg;ig mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. jpRf;fis khw;wpaikf;Fk; cjTfpwJ. fhuzkhf clypy; njhw;W Neha;j; jLg;ghw;wy; mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ.

32

may; kfue;jr; NrHf;iff;F NjdPf;fis ek;gpAs;s jhtuq;fs;

gotiffs; : Mg;gps;> vYkpr;ir> jpuhl;ir> nfha;ah> kh> gg;ghsp> Ke;jphp> Nghpf;fha;> gpsk;];> ypr;rp> ghjhk;. njd;id> fLF> #hpafhe;jp Nful;> nts;shp> ntq;fhak;> Kl;ilf;Nfh];> fhypgpstH> E}y;Nfhy;> Ks;sq;fp. Fjpiukrhy; gUj;jp> ,ug;gH.

vz!nza; tpj;Jf;fs; : fha;fwpg; gapHfs; :

jPtdg;gapHfs; gzg;gapHfs;

: :

fha;r;ry; Fzkhf: ney;yp> tw;wj;J}s; nra;J> Njd;tpl;Lf; Fioj;J 1 Njf;fuz;b msT rhg;gpl;lhy; epyNtk;G> ,wf;fp tbfl;b tPjk; gbg;gbahf fha;r;ry; Ntg;gk; jzpAk;. gl;il> 1 md;W vijAk; rhg;gplhky; cz;zh Nehd;G ,Uj;jy; ey;yJ. fLf;fha;j;Njhy;> itj;Jf;nfhz;L rpwpJ Njd; Nfhiuf;fpoq;F Ntisf;F tu 1 ,tw;iwr; rkkhf vLj;J ,bj;J 1 ypl;lH ePhpypl;L ypl;luhff; fha;r;rp Foe;ijf;F Njf;fuz;b tuTk;. neQ;Rr; rsp ePq;f ,Q;rpr; rhW nts;isg;g+z;Lr;rhW Njd; Nghd rsp ntspNaWk;. eha;j;Jsrp ,iy - 1 ifg;gpb msT vLj;J xU rl;bapypl;L tjf;fp> mjpy; 2 jk;sH ePHtpl;L> 1jk;suhff; fha;r;rp tbfl;b> ,ij 2 1 Njf;fuz;b 1 Njf;fuz;b 2 Njf;fuz;b fiye;J nfhLj;J fha;r;ry;

FzkhFk;. nghpatHfSf;F 30 kpyp msT jpdKk; 3 Ntis Fbj;J

fye;J fhiy> khiy jpdk; 2 Ntis cz;Ltu neQ;rpy; ciwe;J

33

gq;fhf;fp fhiy> khiy 1 Ntisf;F 1 Njf;fuz;b Njd; NrHj;Jf; Fbj;Jtu neQ;rpy; fl;ba fgk; ,sfp ntspNaWk;. Foe;ijf;F khHGr;rsp> ,Uky; Fzkhf: Njitahd msT fWe;Jsrp ,iyfisr; Rj;jk; ghHj;J> Mtpapy; Ntf itj;J> rhWgpope;J vLj;Jf;nfhs;sTk;. ,r;rhw;wpy; 12 Jspfs; vLj;J 2 Njf;fuz;b ePHtpl;L 5 nrhl;L Njd;tpl;L fye;J 2-5 taJs;s Foe;ijf;F 1 ehisf;F xU Ntis nfhLj;jhy; khHGr;rsp ,sfp ntspNaWk;. ,UkYk; FzkhFk;. Foe;ijf;F ,Uky; jPu: Njd; vYkpr;rk; rhW Njf;fuz;b Njf;fuz;b

,tw;iwf; fye;J Foe;ijf;F fhiy> khiy nfhLj;J tu ,Uky; jzpAk;. Foe;ijf;Fj; Njidj; jdpahff; nfhLf;ff;$lhJ. NjDld; rkmsT ePUk; fye;Nj nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,Uky; jzpAk;. Foe;ijf;F ke;jk; Fzkhf: Rf;F> xkk;> ngUq;fhak;> trk;G> kQ;rs; ,itfisj; Njitf;Nfw;g rk vil vLj;J> vy;yhtw;wpYk; jdpj;jdpNa ed;F fUf tWj;J> ,bj;Jg;nghb nra;J xd;whff; fye;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,g;nghbiaf; Foe;ijf;F -3/4 Njf;fuz;b msT vLj;J> Njdpy; Fioj;Jf; nfhLj;Jtu ke;jk; FzkhFk;. Foe;ijapd; tapW cg;gprkhf ,Ue;jhy;> ,Nj nghbiaj; Njdpy; Fiof;fhky; tpsf;nfz;nza;apy; Fioj;Jf; nfhLj;jhy; ,uz;nlhU Kiw NgjpahFk;. mNjhL khe;jKk; FzkhFk;. EiuaPuy;> rpWePuf Neha;fs; jPu: ehAUtp rhk;gypy; vLj;j cg;ig 2 fpuhk; vLj;J Njdpy; Fioj;J rhg;gpl;L tu 1. rpWePuf Neha; 2. EiuaPuy; Neha; jPUk;. jLkd; ePq;f: ney;ypf;fdp nghbAld; Njd; fye;J rhg;gpl;lhy; jLkd; FzkhFk;. rsp ePq;f Ks;sq;fpr; rhw;Wld;> Njd; fye;J rhg;gpl;L tu rspj;njhy;iy ePq;Fk;. rspf;F kUe;jhf cl;nfhs;Sk; NghJ mjpf

34

miyr;ry; ,y;yhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Vndd;why; Njd; tpaHitia mjpfsT ntspNaw;Wk; Fzk; cilaJ. njhlf;fepiy fhrNeha; Fzkhf: Nuh[h ,jo;fisj; Njdpy; Cw itj;J rhg;gpl;L tu njhlf;f epiy fhrNeha;f;FzkhFk;. vYk;GUf;fp Neha;f;F: fhrNeha; vYk;ikg; ghjpf;Fk; NghJ mjid vYk;GUf;fp Neha; vd;gH. rpWehfg;g+ kpsF fpuhk;G jhsprk; Rf;F rHf;fiu 40 fpuhk; 20 fpuhk; 10 fpuhk; 80 fpuhk; 320 fpuhk; 1 fpNyh

,tw;iw nkhj;jkhf vLj;Jf;nfhz;L rHf;fiuj; jtpHj;J kw;w kUe;Jr; ruf;Ffisr; Rj;jk; nra;J ,bj;J nghbahf;fTk;. rHf;fiuiaj; jdpahf ,bj;Jj;J}s; nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gpwF kUe;Jg;nghbiaAk;> rHf;fiug; nghbiaAk; ed;F fye;J fz;zhbg;Gl;bapy; gj;jpug;gLj;jp 1 Ntisf;F 1 Njf;fuz;b tPjk; jpdk; 3 Ntis Njdpy; Fioj;J 3 khjq;fs; rhg;gpl;L tu vYk;GUf;fp Neha; FzkhFk;. ehl;gl;l fhrNeha;f;F kUe;J: J}JNtis ,iyfisj; Njitahd msT Nrfhpj;J> mjd; NkYs;s $Hikahd Kl;ilfis ntl;b mfw;wp> ,iyfis kl;Lk; mk;kpapy; itj;J miuj;J 3 vYkpr;rk;gok; msT vLj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;. mNj msTf;Fg; gRtpd; ntz;nza;iar; NrHj;J Fog;gpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mhprpj;jpg;gpyp> xkk;> fLf;fha;j;Njhy; ,tw;iw tiff;F 10 fpuhk; Nrfhpj;J mk;kpapy; itj;Jj; J}s; nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. miuj;J itj;jpUf;Fk; tpOJf;Fs; ,j;J}isg; nghjpe;J %b Vwj;jho xU gfYk;> ,uTk; mg;gbNa itj;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;. kWehs; fhiyapy; ghj;jpuj;ij mLg;gpy; itj;J #Nlw;wpf; fha;r;rpdhy; ntz;nza; cUfp kUe;Jfs; nte;J> kUe;Jld; NrUk;.

35

kUe;J nte;J xUtpj third tUk;. me;j rkak; ghj;jpuj;ij ,wf;fp itj;J Mwpa gpd;> kUe;ijg; gpope;J vLj;Jtpl;L nea;ia kl;Lk; Jzpapy; tbfl;b> xU fz;zhbg;Gl;bapy; gj;jpug;gLj;Jf. fhrNehahspfs; jpdKk; ,k;kUe;J 1 Ntisf;F> 1 Njf;fuz;b msT vLj;J cl;nfhz;L cld; jdpahf 1 Njf;fuz;b NjidAk; cl;nfhz;L tpl Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW xU ehisf;F 2 Ntis tPjk; njhlHe;J 40 ehl;fs; cl;nfhz;L tu vt;tsT ehs;gl;l fhrNehahf ,Ue;jhYk; FzkhfptpLk;. kw;w kUj;JtKiwfspy; fhrNeha;f;F 6 khjj;jpw;F Nkyhf kUe;J rhg;gpl Ntz;baJ tUk;. Mdhy; ek; jkpo; kUj;Jtj;jpy; 40 ehl;fspy; fhrNehiaf; Fzg;gLj;j KbfpwJ.

njhpe;J nfhs;Nthk;....
Njd; jiyapy; gl;lhy; eiuf;Fk; vd;gJ jtwhd fUj;J..

M];Jkh jPu: kQ;rs; fhprhiyg; nghb> jpg;gpypg;nghb ,tw;iwr; rk msT vLj;J Njf;fuz;b nghbia Njdpy; Fioj;J fhiy> khiy 2 Ntis tPjk; 40 ehl;fs; rhg;gpl;L tu M];Jkh jPUk;. khHGtyp> Nky;Rthrk;> ,Uky;> thA jPu: jpUePw;Wg; gr;rpiyr;rhW Njd; M];Jkh Neha; Kw;wpYk; Fzkhf> Nky;%r;R thq;Fjy; (,isg;G) Fzkhf: nfhd;iw kuj;jpd; cl;gl;ilia ntl;b vLj;J> ntapypy; fha itj;Jg; nghb nra;jJ 1 gq;F> J}JNtisr; r%yg;nghb 15 kpyp ,t;tpuz;ilAk; fye;J tha; mfd;w xU fz;zhb Gl;bapy; gj;jpug;gLj;jpf; nfhs;f. ,jpy; 1 Njf;fuz;b J}is Njf;fuz;b Njd; 15 kpyp 15 kpyp

fye;J Fbj;J tu Nkw;nrhd;d gpzpfs; jPUk;.

36

fye;J> xU ehisf;F jpdk; 3 Ntis tPjk; cl;nfhz;L tu 3 ehl;fspy; %r;R thq;Fjy; FzkhfptpLk;. jpdKk; ,t;thW njhlHe;J 40 ehl;fs; rhg;gpl;L tu M];Jkh Neha; KOikahff; FzkhfptpLk;. M];Jkh Fzkhf: Fg;igNkdp ,iyr;rhW FzkhFk;. neQ;Rtyp> neQ;Rf;Fj;jy;> %r;Rj;jpzwy; Fzkhf: Fg;igNkdp ,iyr;rhW fha;r;rpa gRk;ghy; Njd; njhlHe;J 7 ehl;fs; 1 Njf;fuz;b 1 jk;sH 1 Njf;fuz;b neQ;Rtyp> fye;J ,uT 4 Njf;fuz;b> Njd; 2 Njf;fuz;b Nrh;;j;J fhiyapy; kl;Lk; cl;nfhz;L tu 40 ehl;fspy; M];Jkh

gLf;iff;Fg; Nghtjw;F kzp Neuj;jpw;F Kd; Fbf;fTk;. ,t;thW Fbj;Jtu neQ;Rf;Fj;jy;> %r;Rj;jpzwy; FzkhFk;. rspgpbf;fhky; ,Uf;f: fhiyapy; FspHe;j ePhpy; Njd; fye;J rhg;gpl;L te;jhy; rsp gpbf;fhJ. ,Uky; Fzkhf: Njf;fuz;b kQ;rs; J}Sld;> Njf;fuz;b msT Njd; fye;J rhg;gpl;L tu ,Uky; jdpAk;. rsp> ,Uky;> M];Jkh jpg;gpyp mjpkJuk; rpw;wuj;ij KRKRf;if 10 fp 10 fp 10 fp 15 fp 15 fp 7 ehl;fs; Fbj;Jtu

MlhNjhil ,iy

,tw;iw 250 kpyp ePhpypl;L 50 kpyp jz;zPhpy; fha;r;rp tbfl;b 1 Njf;fuz;b Njd; fye;J ,utpy; 15 kpyp tPjk; Fzg;gLk;.

37

Fuy; fk;ky;> njhz;il typ ePq;f: KUq;if ,iyr;rhw;Wld;> rk msT Njd; fye;J rh;ggplTk;. ,Nj kUe;jijj; njhz;ilapYk;> jltp tu Fuy; fk;ky;> njhz;iltyp FzkhFk;. njhz;ilg;Gz;> ehtwl;rp twl;bUky;: mf;fhu> mjpkJuk; ,tw;iwr; rkmsT vLj;Jg; nghb nra;J jpdk; 3 Ntis cztpw;Fg;gpd;G Njf;fuz;b nghbia Njdpy; Fioj;J rhg;gpl;L tuTk;. Fuy; tsk; mjpfhpf;f: rpwpjsT ntw;wpiy Ntiu ,uT gLf;FKd; ed;Fnkd;W rf;ifiaj; Jg;gptpl;L> ,sQ;#Ls;s ePhpy; 1 Njf;fuz;b Njd; fye;J rhg;gpl;lhy; njhz;iltsk; ngWk;. Fuy; fk;gukhfTk;> ,dpikahfTk; P ,Uf;Fk;. ,k;kUe;J ghlfHfSf;F kpf ey;yJ. tpf;fy; Fzkhf: 1 jk;sH ePhpy; 1 Njf;fuz;b> Njidf;fye;J Fbj;Jtu tpf;fy; FzkhFk;. euk;Gj;jsHr;rp ePq;f: tpy;tkug;g+f;fisf; fhaitj;Jg; nghb nra;J> mj;J}spy; 2 Njf;fuz;b vLj;J> Njdpy; Fioj;J mjpfhiy ntWk; tapw;wpy; jpdKk; rhg;gpl;L tu euk;Gj;jsHr;rp ePq;Fk;. ,uj;jKk; Rj;jkhFk;. euk;Gj;jsHr;rp ePq;f: xhpiyj;jhkiuia xU gPq;fhd; fpz;zj;jpy; Nghl;L> Njdpy; Cw itj;Jr; rhg;gpl;L tu euk;G jsHr;rp ePq;Fk;. thjNeha;fs; Fzkhf> %l;L typ ePq;f: fWe;Jsrp ,iyr;rhW ,Q;rpr;rhW Njd; vy;yhtpj Neha;fSk; FzkhFk;. khjtplha; fhyj;jpy; mjpf ,uj;jg;Nghf;F Vw;gl;lhy;: khq;nfhl;ilg; gUg;ig ntapypy; fhaitj;J vLj;J> ,bj;Jg; nghb nra;J nfhz;L> khj tpyf;Fj; njhlq;fpaJk; xU fuz;b
38

10 kpyp 10 kpyp 20 kpyp

,tw;iwf; fye;J fhiy> khiy vd 2 Ntis rhg;gpl;L tu

J}isj; Njdpy; Fioj;J fhiy> khiy rhg;gpl;L tu ,uj;jg; Nghf;F clNd epw;Fk;. ,uj;jg; Nghf;if epWj;Jk; Mw;wy; Njdpw;F cz;L. khjtplha; fhy tapw;Wtyp (#jf typ) ePHr;RUf;F ePq;f: fy;ahz KUq;if ,iyr;rhW Njd; khjtplha; jil ePq;f: ehAUtpia vhpj;j rhk;giy 2 fpuhk; vLj;J Njdpy; Fioj;J fhiyapy; nfhLf;f khjtpyf;Fj; jil ePq;Fk;. jha;g;ghy; Rug;G mjpfhpf;f: ,ytq;fg;gl;ilia tWj;J ,bj;j nghbia 1 Ntisf;F 3 fpuhk; msT Njdpy; Fioj;J 2 Ntis rhg;gpl;Ltu jha;g;ghy; ed;F Ruf;Fk; ePz;l ehl;fs; Foe;ijf;F ghy; juyhk;. ney;ypf;fdp nghb xU B];g+d; Njd; 2 ];g+d; jz;zPhpy; fye;J rhg;gpl;Ltu jha;gghy; ed;F Ruf;Fk;. ; NkfNeha;f;Fzkhf: tpy;t kuj;jpd; jspH ,iyfisg; gwpj;J> ed;fiuj;J> kpsF msT khj;jpiufshf cUl;b> epoypy; fhaitj;J vLj;Jf;nfhs;f. ,jpy; 1 Ntisf;F 2 khj;jpiu tPjk;> xU ehisf;F jpdk; 2 Ntis Njdpy; Fioj;J> 48 ehl;fs; rhg;gpl;L tu Nkf Neha; mbNahL ePq;Fk;. ,uj;jk; Rj;jkhtjhy; ,e;Neha; kPz;Lk; Vw;glhJ. cly;epwk; ngw kUe;J: nghd;dhq;fz;zpr; rhW Njd; epwk; ngWk;. cly;epwk; ngw kUe;J -2: khk;goj;ijAk;> NjidAk; Cwitj;Jr; rhg;gpl;lhy; cly; rpwg;G epwkhf khWk;. Njhy; tpahjp jPUk;> khHG typ ePq;Fk;. 100 kp.yp 4 Njf;fuz;b 2 Njf;fuz;b 2 Njf;fuz;b

fye;J jpdk; 2 Ntis Fbj;jhy; #jftyp clNd FzkhFk;.

fye;J jpdKk; mjpfhiy ntWk; tapw;wpy; Fbj;Jtu cly; ey;y

39

Kfk; moF ngw: vYkpr;rk; gor;rhw;wpy; rpy Jspj;Njd; fye;J> Kfk; KOtJk; Nja;j;J 10 epkplk; Cwitj;J Kfj;ij ed;F fOtp> Jzpahy; mOj;jp Jilj;J te;jhy; Kfk; gpufhrkhf ,Uf;Fk;. cly; nghypT ngw> Njhy; kpDkpDf;f: kQ;rs; J}s; Fq;Fkg;g+ Njd; ,k;%d;iwAk; 1 jk;sH Fbj;J tuTk;. cly; gyk; ngw: ghjhk; gUg;G Njd; nty;yk; ,tw;iwr; NrH;j;J cly; typik ngw: gg;ghspg; gor;rij Njd; 30 fpuhk; 4 Njf;fuz;b 2 vz;zpf;if 1 Njf;fuz;b 1 Njf;fuz;b cl;nfhz;L tu cly; typik ngWk;. Njf;fuz;b Njf;fuz;b Njf;fuz;b ghypy; fye;J> jpdKk; ,uT gLf;Fk; Kd;

,uz;ilAk; fye;J ed;F gpire;J> ,uT gLf;FKd; rhg;gpl;L gpwF 1jk;sH gRk;ghy; Fbj;J tu cly; typik ngWk;. clYwT ,d;gk; ePbf;f> jhJ G\;b mjpfhpf;f: kfpokug;g+f;fis 1 ifg;gpb msT gwpj;J te;J> xU rl;bapypl;L 1 jk;sH ePHtpl;L. ,uT gLf;Fk;Kd; jk;siuf; fha;r;rp> tbfl;b itj;Jf;nfhz;L> jpdk; 21 ehl;fs; Fbj;J tu tpe;jZf;fs; ,jDld; 1 jk;sH fha;r;rpa gRk;ghYk; 2 Njf;fuz;b NjDk; NrHj;J mjpfhpf;Fk;. clYwtpy; ePbj;j ,d;gk; fpilf;Fk;. jhk;gj;a ,d;gk; ePbf;f: mjpkJug; nghbia 2 Njf;fuz;b vLj;J ypl;lH gRk;ghypy; fye;J 2 Njf;fuz;b NjDk; fye;J clYWTf;F 3 kzp Neuj;jpw;F Kd; jpdKk; Fbj;Jtu clYwT ,d;gk; ePbf;Fk;. tpe;jZf;fs; mjpfhpf;f: Vyf;fha; tpijg;nghbAld; rHf;fiu fye;J 1 Ntisf;F 3 fpuhk; vLj;J Njdpy; Fioj;J fhiy> khiy rhg;gpl;L tu tpe;jZf;fs; mjpfhpf;Fk;. Fd;kk; FzkhFk;.

40

ntl;il Neha;f;Fzkhf. neUQ;rpy; ,iyfisg; gwpj;J ntapypy; fhaitj;J> ,bj;Jg; nghb nra;J> fz;zhbg;Gl;bapy; gj;jpug;gLj;jTk;. 1 jk;sH fha;r;rpa gRk;ghypy;> 1 Njf;fuz;b ,j;J}isf; fye;J 1 Njf;fuz;b NjDk; fye;J jpdk; fhiy> khiy ,UNtis 40 ehl;fs; Fbj;J tuTk;> 1 thuj;jpy; Nkf ntl;ilf; FzkhFk;. ntl;ilr;#L Fzkhf: Nfhit ,iyr;rhW Njd; ntl;ilr;#L FzkhFk;. ,uj;j xl;lk; rPuhf: ,ja Neha;f;Fj; Njd; mUe;JgtHfs; xNu Neuj;jpy; mjpf msT Njid cl;nfhs;shky; rpWfr;rpWf gyjlit cl;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Njidj; jdpahf cl;nfhs;shky; NjDld; rkmsT ePH NrHj;J (m) vYkpr;irg; gor;rhW NrHj;J cl;nfhz;L te;jhy; Muk;g epiy ,ja Neha;fs; FzkhFk;. mNjhL fPo;f;fhZk; ed;ikfSk; Vw;gLk;. 1. caH ,uj;j mOj;jk; FiwAk;. 2. ,uj;j ehsq;fspd; milg;G ePq;Fk;. 3. ,uj;j ehsq;fis mfyg;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy; NjDf;F cz;L. 4. ,uj;j xl;lj;ij Njd; vg;NghJk; rPuhf itj;jpUf;f cjTfpwJ. 5. ,uj;jjpy; rptg;gZf;fisj; Njd; mjpfhpf;fr; nra;fpwJ. caH ,uj;j mOj;jk; Fiwa kUe;J -1 : xH vYkpr;rk; goj;ijr; rhW gpope;J 100 kp.yp. ePhpy; fye;J 2 Njf;fuz;b Njd; fye;J> jpdKk; mjpfhiy cl;nfhz;L tu mjpf ,uj;j mOj;jk; FiwAk;. caH ,uj;j mOj;jk; Fiwa kUe;J -2 : KUq;if ,iyg;nghbia 4 Njf;fuz;b 2 Njf;fuz;b

,tw;iw fye;J fhiyapy; kl;Lk; jpdk; 7-15 ehl;fs; rhg;gpl;L tu

Njf;fuz;b

vLj;J Njdpy; Fioj;J

jpdk; fhiy> khiy rhg;gpl;L tu caH ,uj;j mOj;jk; FiwAk;. g+r;rpf;fb> tz;bf;fbf;F: Jsrp ,iyg;nghb Njd; 41

1 Njf;fuz;b 1 Njf;fuz;b

vLj;J Fioj;J cl;nfhz;lhy; g+r;rpf;fb> tz;Lf;fb khWk;. ghk;Gf;fb cs;spl;l vy;yhtif eQ;Rk; Kwpa: nfhz;ilr;rhzp vd;Wk; nfhbg;ghiy vd;Wk;> eQ;RKwpr;rhd; vd;Wk; gy;NtW ngaHfspy; miof;fg;gLk; ,f;nfhbia NtUld; gpLq;fp te;J Rj;jkhff; fOtp> nghbahf eWf;fp> ntapypy; rUF Nghy; fhaitj;J> 50 fpuhk; msT vLj;Jf;nfhz;L ,jDld; 10 fpuhk; msT kpsifr; NrHj;J cuypy; ,l;L ,bj;Jj; J}shf;fp rypj;J xU fz;zhbg; ngl;bapy; gj;jpug;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. tp\g;g+r;rpfs; fbj;J tpl;lhNyh my;yJ NtW ve;j tifahd tp\k; clypy; cl; nrd;W tpl;lhNyh> clNd ,g;nghbia 1 Ntisf;F 2 Njf;fuz;b vLj;J> 2 Njf;fuz;b Njdpy; Fioj;J jpdk; ,UNtis tPjk; 3 ehl;fs; cl;nfhz;lhy; vy;yhtif tp\Kk; Kwpe;JtpLk;. kyr;rpf;fy; ePq;f: ney;ypf;fha; my;yJ ney;yp tw;wy; 20 fpuhk; vLj;J iej;J> xU jk;shpy; Nghl;L ePh Cw;wp ,utpy; Cwitj;J> fhiyapy; gy;Jyf;fpa gpwF me;ePhpy; rpwpJ Njd; fye;J Fbj;J te;jhy; kyr;rpf;fy; ePq;Fk;. khHGtyp> tapw;Wtyp> Flw;Gz;. fz;typ ePq;f: gOj;j thiog;goj;ij xU gPq;fhd; fpz;zj;jpy; Nghl;L> Njdpy; Cw itj;J jpdKk; fhiyapy; rhg;gpl;L tu Nkw;nrhd;d gad;fs; fpilf;Fk;. grp mjpfhpf;f: tpy;t kyHfisg; gwpj;J> clNd gr;irahf miuj;J gRk;ghypy; fyf;fp> rpwpJ Njd; fye;J cl;nfhz;L tu grp czHr;rp mjpfhpf;Fk;. rk;gq;fpg; g+f;fisr; Rj;jk; nra;J xU ifg;gpb msT ghj;jpuj;jpypl;L mjpy; nfhjpf;Fk; ePiu tpl;L> rpwpJ Neuk; %b itf;fTk;. ,Wj;J tbfl;b> 1 jk;sH msT vLj;J> mjpy; 2 Njf;fuz;b Njd; fye;J jpdk; fhiy> khiy> 2 Ntis cl;nfhz;L tu ed;F grp Vw;gLk;. thAj;njhy;iy: Jsrpr;rhW Njd; 2 Njf;fuz;b 2 Njf;fuz;b

42

fye;J fhiy> khiy vd 2 Ntis tPjk; 5 ehl;fs; Fbj;J tu thAj; njhlHghd Neha;fs; FzkhFk;. nrhpahik> thAf;NfhshW> tapw;Wtyp jPu: g+z;il ghyhtpapy; Ntf itj;J file;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gdq;fUg;gl;bAk;> NjDk;> Rf;Fj;J}Sk; fye;J ,sfyhf (Nyfpakhf) nra;J itj;Jf;nfhz;L 10 fpuhk; msT fhiy> khiy rhg;gpl;L tu Nkw;nrhd;d gpzpfs; jPUk;. the;jp> Fkl;ly;> tha;f;frg;G> kaf;fk;> jiyg;ghuk; ePq;f: Ntg;gk; g+f;fisr; Nrfhpj;J epoypy; cyHj;jp> ,bj;Jg; nghb nra;J ,j;J}spy; 1 Njf;fuz;b msT vLj;J> Njdpy; Fioj;Jj; jpdk; 2 Ntis fhiy> khiy rhg;gpl;L tu Nkw;nrhd;d gpj;j Neha;fs; midj;Jk; FzkhFk;. the;jp> Fkl;ly;: ney;ypf;fha;r; rhWld; Njd; 2 Njf;fuz;b fye;J rhg;gpl;L tu the;jp> Fkl;ly; jPUk;. xU ehisf;F 3 Ntis ,t;thW rhg;gpLf. tapw;Wg;Nghf;F: ntw;wpapiyAld; xkj;ijr; rk vil NrHj;J ,bj;Jg;gpope;J> mr;rhw;Wld; Njd; fye;J Fbj;J tu tapw;Wg; nghUkYld; $ba tapw;Wg; Nghf;Ff; FzkhFk;. ntg;gNgjp ePq;f: tpy;t Ntiug;nghb nra;J> ,jpy; Njf;fuz;b msT vLj;J Njdpy; Fioj;Jr; rhg;gpl;Ltu c\;z Ngjp epw;Fk;. vy;yhtif NgjpAk; Fzkhf: gpuz;il cg;ig Njf;fuz;b msT vLj;J Njdpy; Fioj;Jj; jpdk; 3 Ntis rhg;gpl;L tu vy;yhtif NgjpAk; FzkhFk;. Njdpw;F tapw;Wg; Nghf;if epWj;Jk; FzKz;L. kyr;rpf;fy; cilatHfs; Njidj; jdpahfr; rhg;gplf;$lhJ. ney;ypf;fha; rhw;Wld; fye;Njh> my;yJ ghypy; fye;Njh gUfpdhy; kyr;rpf;fy; Vw;glhJ. nrhpahik Ngjp Fzkhf: ehty; kuj;jpd; ,se;jspHr;rhW Njd; 2 Njf;fuz;b 1 Njf;fuz;b

43

,it ,uz;ilAk; NrHj;J fhiy> khiy Fbj;J tu nrhpahik Ngjp FzkhFk;. tapw;Wg;Gz; Mw: Njd; japH Njq;fha;g;ghy; 2 Njf;fuz;b 2 Njf;fuz;b 2 Njf;fuz;b

,k;%d;iwAk; fye;J fhiyapy; ntWk; tapw;wpy; Fbf;fTk;. ,Nj Nghy; khiyapYk; Fbj;Jtu tapw;Wg;Gz; tpiutpy; FzkhFk;. Flw;Gz; Mw: gRtpd; ghiyf; fwe;j clNd mjDld; Njd; fye;J Fbj;J te;jhy; Flw;Gz; MWk;. kh>gyh> thiog;goq;fisj; Njdpy; Cw itj;J> 21 ehl;fs; rhg;gpl;L tu fPo;f;fhZk; ed;ikfs; fpilf;Fk;. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. cly; gsgsf;Fk;. fz; xsp ngWk;. Flw;Gz; MWk;. khHG typ ePq;Fk;. cly;typ ePq;Fk;. %l;Ltyp ePq;Fk;. ,ja Neha; FzkhFk;. ,uj;jf;nfhjpg;G FiwAk; mjpf ,uj;j mOj;jk; FiwAk 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Njhy; Neha;fs; FzkhFk;. cly; rijNghLk;. kyr;rpf;fy; jPUk; %y Neha; ePq;Fk;. $e;jy; fUfUntd tsUk;. nrhpahikf;NfhshWfs; ePq;Fk;. euk;Gj;jsHr;rp ePq;Fk;. rpWePuf; FzkhFk;. fizak;> EiuaPuy; gyg;gLk;. NfhshWfs;

ntspkUe;Jfs; jiyapy; GO ntl;L ePq;f: nts;isg; g+z;il iej;Jr; rhnwLj;J> mr;rhw;Wld; Njd; fye;J> ,uT gLf;Fk; Kd; GOntl;by; jltp tu ehsiltpy; GOntl;L Fzkhfp mt;tplj;jpy; Gjpa Kb Kisf;Fk;.

44

fl;bfs; gOj;Jila: NjDld; rpwpa Rz;zhk;igf; fye;J fl;bfSf;Fg; gw;wpl;lhy; ; ehsiltpy; fl;b gOj;J cile;J Kis ntsptUk;. jPg;Gz;: jPg;Gz; kPJ Njidj;jltp tu tpiutpy; MWk;> jOk;Gfs; khWk;. nte;ePHg;gl;Ltpl;lhy;: ifapNyh> fhypNyh> nfhjpf;Fk; nte;ePiuf; nfhl;btpl;lhy; clNd Njid jlt nfhg;Gsk; vohJ. Gz;Zk; Vw;glhJ. tha;Ntf;fhL (tha;g;Gz;) kQ;ris ,ioj;Jj; Njdpy; Fioj;Jj; jltp tu tha;g;Gz; FzkhFk;. my;yJ kzj;jf;fhsp ,iyr;rhw;iw Njdpy; fye;J ehf;fpy; jlt Ntz;Lk;. Mwhj Gz; NjDld; rkmsT Njq;fha; vz;nza;iaf; fye;J itj;Jf;nfhz;L Gz;kPJ jltp tu tpiutpy; MwptUk;. NjidAk; NfhJikAk; ePH fyf;fhky; gpire;J> mil Nghy jl;b Mwhj Gz; kPJ itj;Jf;fl;b tu tpiutpy; MWk;. njhw;W Neha;g;Gz;: NjidAk;> kPd; vz;nza;iaAk; fye;J g+rptu njhw;Wg;Gz; MwptpLk;. rpuq;F Fzkhf: fWg;G epwf;fk;gspiar;Rl;L vhpj;j fhpia g+rptu Fioj;Jj; jltpdhy; rpuq;F FzkhFk;. ntl;Lf;fhak; Mw: rpwpa ntl;Lf;fhak; kPJ Njidj; jltp xU fl;Lg;Nghl kWehNs Fzk; fpilj;JtpLk;. NjDld; ney;ypg;nghbAk; fye;J jltpdhy; tpiutpy; Fzk; fpilf;Fk;. Gz;> ntbg;Gfs; Fzkhf: Njidr; rpwpjsT thapypl;L nfhg;gspj;J tu tha;gGz; MWk;. ; (my;yJ) tha;g;Gz; kPJ Njidj;jltp te;jhYk; tpiutpy; MwptpLk;.

45

fz;ghHit njspthf> fz;Neha;fs; Fzkhf: Rj;jkhd Njidf; fz;fspy; ik Nghy; jPl;b te;jhy; fz; Neha;fs; FzkhFk;. fz;ghHit njspthFk;. Njs;fb> g+r;rpf;fbf;F: Njs; nfhl;ba ,lj;jpNyh> g+r;rpf;fbj;j ,lj;jpNyh Njidj; jltp rpwpJ #L fhl;bdhy;> fLfLg;Gf; FiwAk;. eQ;Rk; KwpAk;. gy;typFzkhf: ,Q;rpr;rhW rhw;Wld; Njidf;fye;J nrhj;ijg; gy; kPJ jltp te;jhy; gy;typ clNd FzkhFk;. (or) NjDld; ney;ypg;nghb fye;J jltp te;jhy; gy;typ clNd FzkhFk;. ePhpopT Neha;f;F Njd; ePhpopT Neha;f;fhuHfs; Njid kl;Lk; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; rhg;gplhky; NjDld; ,Q;rpr;rhW (my;yJ) ney;ypf;fha;r; rhW fye;J rhg;gpLjy; ey;yJ. ePhpopT Neha; FiwAk;. jpUkzj;jpy; Njd;: iggps;> Ntjq;fs;> ,jpfhrq;fs; kw;Wk; Fuhd;fspy; Njdpd; Fzq;fSk;> gad;fSk; ntFthf tpthpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. NehahspfSf;F> fpNuf;fHfs; Njid kaf;f kUe;jhf gad;gLj;jpdH. vfpg;jpa gpukpLfspy; ,we;jtHfspd; cliy gjg;gLj;Jtjpy; Njd; gad;gl;lJ. gpuhd;]; ehl;bdhplk; jpUkzkhd Kjy; Kg;gJ ehl;fSf;F kzkf;fSf;F Njd; gUf nfhLf;Fk; gof;fk; ,Ue;jJ. ,jd; %yNk Njd;epyT (Honey Moon) vd;w thH;j;ij te;jjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. jkpo;kuGg;gb md;W ahUk; ghiy kl;Lk; jdpahf Fbg;gjpy;iy. ghYld; Njd; fye;Nj Fbj;J te;jdH. mf;fhyg; ngz;fs; KjypuT miwf;Fr; nry;Yk; NghJ nrk;gpy; ghYld; Njd; fye;Nj vLj;Jr; nrd;wdH. Njd; Mz;fSf;F tpe;jZf;fis mjpfhpf;Fk;. euk;Gj;jsHr;rpia ePq;Fk;. ,uj;jj;ij tpUj;jp nra;Ak; vd;w cz;ikia fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Njid itj;Nj te;jJ Njd;epyT vd;w ngaH.

46

NjDk; ney;ypAk;. 1. xU ];g+d; NjDk; ney;ypg;nghb (my;yJ rhW) fye;J cgNahfpj;jhy; ,jaNfhshWfs; ePq;Fk;. ,jw;F ,jaf;fdp vd;w ngaUk; cz;L. ,jaj;ij ghJfhf;Fk;. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. EiuaPuy; gpur;ridfs; jPUk;. ,uj;jjpy; rHf;fiuia Fiwf;Fk;. ,uj;jj;ij Rj;jpfhpf;Fk; ePhpopT Neha; FzkhFk;. rsp>Jk;ky; jPUk;. euk;Gj;jsHr;rp> %isr;#L Mfpait jPUk;. ,seiu ePq;Fk;. Njhy; RUf;fk; Nghd;wit FzkhFk;. gy;ypy; ,uj;jk; tbtJk; FzkhFk;. gy;NtHfspy; cz;lhFk; Nehahd gNahhpa FzkhFk;. gw;fs; cWjpahFk;. M];Jkh> %f;filg;G> ,iug;ig Gz; FzkhFk;. fz;zpy; Vw;gLk; ePH mOj;j Neha; FzkhFk;. fz;ghHit rpwg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;. fz; euk;Gfs; gyg;gLk;. gpurtk; vspjhFk;. mNjhL kfg;NgW mile;j ngz;fSf;F jha;g;ghy; jilapd;wpr; Ruf;Fk;. ,uj;jf;Foha;fspy; gbAk; nfhOg;Gf;F g+z;L vg;gb vjphpNah mNj Nghy; ney;ypf;fdpAk; nfhOg;ig fiuf;Fk; jd;ik cilaJ. nfhy];l;uhy; gpur;rid jPUk;. 10. fy;yPuy;> kz;zPuy;> vYk;Gfs;> efk;> Nuhkk; Nghd;wit. 11. tha;gGz; MWk;. Fuy; fk;ky; rhpahFk;. ; 12. ,sik Fiwahky; ,Uf;Fk;. 13. MAs; mjpfhpf;Fk;. 14. thjk;> gpj;jk;. rpNyj;Jkk; vd;w Kf;$w;wq;fisAk; rkepiyg;gLj;jp cliyr;rPuhf;FfpwJ. 15. %j;jpug;ghij Neha;fs; ePq;Fk;. %j;jpuf;fha;fspy; typ FzkhFk;. 16. fhkhiy> m[Puzk;> fHg;gg;ig NfhshWfs; ePq;Fk;. 17. Rj;jkhd Njd;> ePhpopTf;F kUe;J vd;W rpj;jH E}y;fspy; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sJ. xU ];g+d; ney;ypg;nghb ,uz;L ];g+d; Njd; xU lk;sH ntJntJg;ghd ePH NrHj;J jpdKk; gUf Ntz;Lk;. gpzpfis nty;Yk; fdpfspy; Kjd;ikahdJ ney;ypf;fdp fhafy;gf;fdp> ,jaf;fdpNa.

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NjDf;F epfuhd czT. cyfpy; ,y;iy. Kjd;ikAk;> Kjd;ikAk; NrUk; NghJ ,dpikNa.

,e;jpa NjdP- ,j;jhyp NjdP - NtWghLfs;

,e;jpa NjdP xU FLk;gj;jpy; 10000-15000 ,Uf;Fk;. NjdPf;fs; ,Uf;Fk;. ,j;jhyp NjdP xU FLk;gj;jpy; 40000-50000 NjdPf;fs; ,Uf;Fk;.

jkpofj;jpy; 15 ehspy; 1 fpNyh Njd; jkpofj;jpy; 15 ehspy; RkhH 20 nfhLf;Fk;. fpNyh Njd; nfhLf;Fk;. cly; msT 1 gq;F ngl;b msT 9 mq; x 9 mq; x 6 mq; 30% NjdPf;fs; Ntiy nra;Ak;. #hpafhe;jp Nghd;w nghpa g+f;fSf;F vl;lhJ. rhjhuz NjdPf;fs;. MfNt milahsk; fhz;gJ rpukk;. NjdPf;fs; NfhgkhdJ. nfhLf;Ffspy; tp\j;jd;ik FiwT uhzpj;NjdP 1 Mz;bw;F MNuhf;fpakhapUf;Fk;. MAs; %d;W tUlk; Gjpa fhydp gphpg;gJ rpukk; Gjpa fhydp gphpj;jhy; Fiwe;jJ fpNyh kPl;lH nfhz;L nry;y Ntz;Lk;. Ntiyf;fhu NjdP FiwT. Njd; rPrdpy; ,aw;ifahfNt fhydp gphpaNt gphpahJ. itu]; Neha; jhf;Fk; mghaKz;L. cly; msT 1. 5 gq;F 2 mq; x 18 mq; x 12 mq; 60% NjdPf;fs; Ntiy nra;Ak;. Njd; cwpQ;Rf; Foy; nghpaJ. MfNt midj;J kyUf;Fk; vl;Lk;. vspatif NjdPf;fs; MfNt milahsk; fhz;gJ vspJ. NjdPf;fs; rhJthdJ. nfhLf;Ffspy; tp\j;jd;ik mjpfk;. uhzpj;NjdP 2 Mz;LfSf;F MNuhf;fpakha; ,Ue;J gzpahw;Wk;. MAs; ehd;F tUlk; Gjpa fhydp gphpg;gJ vspJ Gjpa fhydp gphpj;J mUfpNyNa itj;J guhkhpf;fyhk;. Ntiyf;fhu NjdP mjpfk;. vg;NghJk; jhdhff; fhydp gphpe;J gwe;JtpLk;. itu]; Neha; jhf;Fk; mghaKz;L.

48

ngl;biar; rhpahfg; guhkhpf;f tpy;iynadpy; gwe;J xbtpLk;. ngl;bapd; nkhj;j vil 3-4 fpNyh. Njd; Nrfhpg;G RkhH. kfue;jr;NrHf;if eLj;jukhf mghpkpjk;. Njdpy; <ug;gjk; mjpfk; 22-24%. Njd; Gspg;gile;J Eiuj;J thA cUthFk;.

guhkhpg;Gr; rhpapy;iy vd;whYk; NjdPf;fs; nfhQ;rk; clNd xbtplhJ. ngl;bapd; nkhj;j fpNyh 30-40 fpNyh. mbf;fb Njd; vLf;fyhk;. kfue;jr; NrHf;if ,Uf;Fk;. <ug;gjk; FiwT 18-20%. Njd; Gspf;fhJ> Eiuj;J thA cUthfhJ.

NjdPf;fspd; nghUshjhu gad;fs;:

,e;jpahtpy; jf;f mstpy; NjdPf;fs; ,y;yhjjhy; may; kfue;jr; NrHf;if eilngwhky; tUlj;jpw;F RkhH &.3000 Nfhb &gha; kf#y; ,og;G Vw;gLtjhf fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt> NjdP tsHg;gJ Njd; vL;f;f kl;Lky;y. ,e;jpag; nghUshjhuj;ijNa Nkk;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rpahFk;. cjhuzkhf> NjdPg;ngl;bfs; ,uz;il nfhz;L xU Vf;fH njd;idfs; cs;s epyj;jpy; 30% $Ljy; kf#y; fpilf;fpwJ. jHg+rzp Nghd;w gapHfspy; 70 Kjy; 80 rjk; tpisr;riy mjpfg;gLj;j ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W NjdPg;ngl;bfs; NghJkhdJ. Njd; kw;Wk; Vida nghUl;fshy; NjdPf;fs; jUk; ,yhgj;ij tpl mit kf#iy ngUf;Ftjd; %yk; fpilf;Fk; tUtha; mstpl KbahjJ. vdNt> cotHfspd; cw;w ez;gH> coTf;F cWJizaha; cjTk; Njtijfs; vd NjdPf;fs; tHzpf;fg;gLtJ rhpahdjhFk;. NjdPf;fs; %yk; ngwg;gLk; nghUs;fis tpl gapHfs; topahf kf#y; ngUfp tUtha; gd;klq;F fpilf;fpwJ.

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KbTiu: kfhuh\;;buh khepyk; GNd khefhpYs;s kz;ly NjdP Muha;r;rp epiyaj;jpd; Ma;T FOtpd;gb> NjdPf;fs; tsHe;J may; kfue;j NrHf;if vt;tsT ,Uf;Fnkd fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ. fLF #hpafhe;jp vs; gUj;jp nts;shp ntq;fhak; Ks;sq;fp nfhj;Jky;yp 43% 38-49% 32% 17-19% 66% 93% 700% 30% Mg;gps; jpuhl;ir vYkpr;ir Nfus Vyk; Nfus fhgp nte;jak; g;sk;]; 44% 37% 15-33% 29-37% 83% 20% 15%

,j;jid kf#y; caUnkd;why;> ,aw;if tptrhapfs; mtrpak; NjdP tsHg;Gj; njhopypy; epr;rak; tpUg;gj;NjhL <LgLthHfs; vd;gJ cWjp. ****** ghHit E}y;fs;: 1. jha;kz; 2. Njtij (Njdp) tsHg;Gk; Njdpd; kUj;Jt gad;fs; 3. taYk; tho;Tk; 4. etPd Ntshz;ik (khj ,jo;) 2009Mk; Mz;L 5. NjdP tsHg;G 6. gy;NtW ,izajsq;fs; thdfk; fy;tpf;FO N[h];gpd; nry;tuh[; CNuhb tPuFkhH tP. mhpjhrd; lhf;lH K. godprhkp>
Phd.,

50