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Gravity Load Floor System
Gravity Load Floor System
Structural systems for multistory buildings The structural system is required to resist
Dead and imposed load (gravity load-resisting system)
They are resisted by floor slabs, beams and vertical elements (columns, walls) These members should poses adequate strength to carry the load and adequate stiffness to avoid large deflections that may cause cracking of ceiling, finishes or damages to equipments
For tall building design, it is necessary to reduce the weight of the floors so as to reduce the size of columns and foundations and thus permit the use of larger space. Floors are required to resist vertical loads and they are usually supported by secondary beams. The spacing of the supporting beams must be compatible with the resistance of the floor slabs.
Sometimes openings in the webs of beams are required to permit passage of horizontal services, such as pipes (for water and gas), cables (for electricity and tele and electronic communication), ducts (air-conditioning), etc. In addition to strength, floor spanning systems must provide adequate stiffness to avoid large deflections due to live load which could lead to damage of plaster and slab finishers. Where the deflection limit is too severe, pre-cambering with an appropriate initial deformation equal and opposite to that due to the permanent loads can be employed to offset part of the deflection.
(a) Composite floor plan and (b) stress distribution in a composite cross-section.
Example of application
Haunched Beams
The span length of a composite beam can be increased by providing haunches or local stiffening of the beam-to-column connections The length of haunch is typically 5 to 7% the span length for nonsway frames or 7 to 15% for sway frames. Service ducts can pass below the beams as in conventional construction
Haunched Beams
Haunched composite beams are usually used in the case where the beams frame directly into the major axis of the columns. This means that the columns must be designed to resist the moment transferred from the beam to the column. Thus, a heavier column and a more complex connection would be required. However, haunched connections behave differently under positive and negative moments, as the connection configuration is not symmetrical about the bending axis.
Composite Trusses
Trusses are frequently used in multistory buildings for very long span supports. The openings created in the truss braces can be used to accommodate large services. Although the cost of fabrication is higher in relation to the material cost, truss construction can be cost-effective for very long spans when compared to other structural schemes. An additional disadvantage other than fabrication cost is that truss configuration creates difficulty for fire protection. Fire protection wrapping is labor intensive and sprayed-protection systems cause a substantial mess to the services that pass through the web opening. From a structural point of view, the benefit of using a composite truss is due to the increase in stiffness rather than strength.
Composite truss.
Composite Trusses
Several forms of truss arrangement are possible. The three most common web framing configurations in floor truss and joist designs are:
Warren Truss Modified Warren Truss Pratt Truss
Experience has shown that both Pratt and Warren configurations of web framing are suitable for short span trusses with shallow depths. For truss with spans greater than 10 m, or effective depths larger than 700 mm, a modified Warren configuration is generally preferred. The Warren and modified Warren trusses are more popular for building construction since they offer larger web openings for services between bracing members.
Composite Trusses
Truss configuration: (a) Warren truss, (b) Modified Warren truss, and (c) Pratt truss.
Slim-floor system
Slim-floor system
Slim-floor system
Slim floor system offers a number of advantages:
Floor thickness reduction Built-in fire resistance Incorporating under-floor technical equipment Freeing-up working space Creating vertical movement space
2. PLACING ROLLBARS: Rollbars are designed to support the plywood forms, the slab dead weight and a the construction load. When rotated and locked into notches in the top chord, the rollbars guarantee joist spacing while providing lateral and torsional stability.