2020 Bookmatter DesignOfUndergroundStructures

Design of Underground Structures
Zhen-Dong Cui • Zhong-Liang Zhang •

Li Yuan • Zhi-Xiang Zhan •
Wan-Kai Zhang
Design of Underground
Structures
123
Zhen-Dong Cui Zhong-Liang Zhang
China University of Mining and Technology China University of Mining and Technology
Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
Li Yuan Zhi-Xiang Zhan

China University of Mining and Technology China University of Mining and Technology
Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
Wan-Kai Zhang
China University of Mining and Technology
Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
Funded by National Key Research and Development Program (Grant No. 2017YFC500702)
and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2018ZZCX04).
ISBN 978-981-13-7731-0 ISBN 978-981-13-7732-7 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7732-7
Jointly published with China Architecture & Building Press, Beijing, China
The print edition is not for sale in China Mainland. Customers from China Mainland please order the
print book from: China Architecture & Building Press, Beijing, China.
© China Architecture & Building Press and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020
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Preface
With the rapid development of economy, the metro, light rail, high-speed railway,
highway, hydropower, mining, municipal transportation, high-rise buildings, and
underground commercial buildings have made great progress. Urban underground
space has a wide range of uses, including residential, transportation, commerce,
culture, production, disaster prevention, and other uses. Reasonable development
and utilization of underground space can not only expand urban space and save land
resources but also alleviate traffic congestion and improve urban environment. It is
also conducive to urban disaster reduction and prevention. It is not only an
important measure to effectively solve urban population, environment, resources,
and other issues but also an important way to achieve sustainable urban
development.
This textbook is suitable for senior undergraduates and postgraduate students
majoring in urban underground space engineering, construction engineering,
highway engineering, railway engineering, bridge and tunnel engineering, water
conservancy and hydropower engineering, etc. It can also be used as a reference for
relevant professional engineers and technicians.
There are 17 chapters in this book. Chapters 1–6 mainly introduce the basic
concept of underground structures, load types and determination methods, the
elastic foundation beam theory, mechanics calculation methods for underground
structures, numerical analysis methods for underground structures, and the relia-
bility theory for underground structures. Chapters 7–17 introduce the design of
shallow-buried structures, the design of attached underground structures, the design
of underground continuous walls, the design of foundation pit retaining structures,
the design of shield tunnel structures, the design of open caisson structures, the
design of immersed tube structures, the design of pipe-jacking, pipe-roofing, and
box culvert structures, the design of integral tunnel structures, the design of
anchor-sprayed lining structures, and the design of special underground structures.
This book mainly refers to the relevant textbooks and literatures of underground
structures, and combines with new specifications, engineering cases, and numerical
simulations, highlighting the basic concepts, basic theories, and basic methods
of the underground structure design. In particular, it should be emphasized that this
textbook was compiled on the basis of three textbooks: Underground Building
v
vi Preface
Structures (China Architecture & Building Press, 2005), Rock Underground

Building Structures (China Architecture & Building Press, 1979), and Earth
Underground Building Structures (China Architecture & Building Press, 1982).
I would like to express my acknowledgements to those who have contributed to the
compilation of the abovementioned textbooks.
This textbook has been prepared with the combined effort of all researchers in
the group under Prof. Zhen-Dong Cui’s leading, in which Zhong-Liang Zhang, Li
Yuan, Zhi-Xiang Zhan, Wai-Kai Zhang, and others Wen-Bin Zhu, Tong-Tong
Zhang, Dong-Tai She, Chen-Yu Hou, Yan-Jun Wang, Shi-An Dai, Chong Xu, and
Xu-Bing Xu all have involved in this comprehensive work in this textbook. The
cover picture was selected by my eldest son Bo-Jun Cui from many photos taken by
Zhi-Xiang Zhan in the site of Xuzhou Subway Tunnels. In addition, the chinese
version of the textbook (China Architecture & Building Press, 2017) was complied
by Zhen-Dong Cui, Zhong-Liang Zhang, Shan-Shan Hua, Si-Cheng Fan, Zheng
Li, Yin-Xi Jiang, Jia-Qiang Yang, Wan-Kai Zhang, Jun-Lin Liu, Wen-Hao Guo
and Kun He.
In the process of compiling this book, although the author strives to highlight the
key points, refine the content systematically, and give consideration to both
scientificalness and practicability, due to the limited time and level, there must be
some shortcomings and errors in the book. Readers are invited to criticize and
correct them.
Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China Prof. Dr. Zhen-Dong Cui

January 2019
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Underground Space and Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Prospect of the Underground Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Concept of Underground Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 Classification and Forms of Underground Structures . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.1 Classification of Underground Structures . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.2 Forms of Underground Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 Characteristics of Underground Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.3.1 Engineering Characteristics of Underground
Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.3.2 Design Features of Underground Structures . . . . . . . . . 18
1.4 Design Program and Contents of Underground Structures . . . . . 19
1.4.1 Design Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.4.2 Design Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.4.3 Principle of Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2 Loads of Underground Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.1 Load Type, Combination, and Determining Method . . . . . . . . . 27
2.1.1 Load Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.1.2 Load Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.1.3 Load Determination Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.2 Computation of Rock and Soil Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.2.1 Calculation of Earth Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.2.2 Calculation of Surrounding Rock Pressure . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.3 Initial Crustal Stress, Release Load, and Excavation Effect . . . . 71
2.3.1 Determination of Initial Crustal Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
2.3.2 Calculation of Release Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2.4 Elastic Resistance of Stratum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.5 Structural Self-weight and Other Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
2.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
vii
viii Contents
3 Elastic Foundation Beam Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.1.1 Characteristics of Elastic Foundation Beam . . . . . . . . . 79
3.1.2 Types of Elastic Foundation Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.2 Calculation of Elastic Foundation Beam by Winkler’s
Assumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 81
3.2.1 Basic Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 81
3.2.2 Basic Equations of Elastic Foundation Beam Based
on Winkler’s Assumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 82
3.2.3 Computation of Short Beam Based on Winkler’s
Assumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 85
3.2.4 Computation of Long Beam Based on Winkler’s
Assumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 97
3.2.5 Computation of Rigid Beam Based on Winkler’s
Assumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.3 Computation of Foundation Beam Based on the Elastic
Semi-infinite Plane Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.3.1 Basic Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.3.2 Basic Equation of Foundation Beam Based
on the Assumption of the Foundation Being
Elastic Semi-infinite Plane Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.3.3 Use of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
3.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4 Mechanical Calculation Methods for Underground Structures . . . . 115

4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
4.1.1 Design Methods for Underground Structures . . . . . . . . 115
4.1.2 Design Models for Underground Structures . . . . . . . . . 116
4.2 Load-Structure Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
4.2.1 Design Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
4.2.2 Calculation Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
4.3 Stratum-Structure Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
4.3.2 Calculation of Initial Ground Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
4.3.3 Constitutive Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
4.3.4 Element Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
4.3.5 Simulation of Construction Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
4.4 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
4.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Contents ix
5 Numerical Analysis Methods for Underground Structures . . . . . . . 151

5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
5.1.1 Concept of Numerical Analysis Methods
for Underground Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
5.1.2 Classification of Numerical Analysis Methods
for Underground Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
5.1.3 Comparison Between Elastic Mechanics Analysis
and Continuous Medium Numerical Analysis . . . . . . . . 155
5.2 Common Numerical Analysis Methods and Software
for Underground Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
5.2.1 Finite Difference Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
5.2.2 Finite Element Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
5.2.3 Boundary Element Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
5.2.4 Discrete Element Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
5.3 Examples of Numerical Computing Software Applications . . . . 178
5.3.1 Finite Element Analysis of Shield Tunnel
Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
5.3.2 Finite Element Analysis of Shield Tunnel Under
Train Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
5.3.3 Discrete Element Analysis of Direct Shear
Test on Soil Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
5.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
6 Reliability Theory for Underground Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
6.1.1 Development of Reliability Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
6.1.2 Uncertainties of Underground Structures . . . . . . . . . . . 209
6.1.3 Reliability Analysis Characteristics of Underground
Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
6.2 Basic Principles of Reliability Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
6.2.1 Basic Random Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
6.2.2 Limit State of Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
6.2.3 Reliability of Underground Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
6.3 Approximate Methods for Reliability Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
6.3.1 Overview of Reliability Analysis Methods . . . . . . . . . . 220
6.3.2 Central Point Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
6.3.3 Checking Point Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
6.3.4 JC Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
6.3.5 First-Order Asymptotic Integration Method . . . . . . . . . 236
6.3.6 Monte Carlo Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
6.3.7 Reliability of Structural Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
6.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
x Contents
7 Design of Shallow-Buried Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
7.1.1 Straight Wall and Arch Lining Structures . . . . . . . . . . 253
7.1.2 Rectangle Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
7.1.3 Beam–Slab Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
7.2 Calculation of Rectangle Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
7.2.1 Load Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
7.2.2 Internal Force Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
7.2.3 Anti-floating Checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
7.3 Section Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
7.4 Detailing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
7.4.1 Forms of Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
7.4.2 Concrete Cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
7.4.3 Transverse Force Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
7.4.4 Distributed Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
7.4.5 Stirrup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
7.4.6 Rigid Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
7.4.7 Setting of Deformation Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
7.5 Calculation of Closed Framework on Elastic
Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
7.5.1 Framework Under Symmetrical Loading . . . . . . . . . . . 275
7.5.2 Framework Under Dissymmetrical Loading . . . . . . . . . 279
7.6 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
7.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
8 Design of Attached Underground Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
8.1.1 Characteristics of Attached Underground
Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
8.1.2 Forms of Attached Underground Structures . . . . . . . . . 296
8.1.3 Structure of Attached Underground Structures . . . . . . . 301
8.2 Design of Beam–Slab Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
8.2.1 Roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
8.2.2 Side Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
8.2.3 Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
8.2.4 Load-Bearing Interior Wall (Column) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
8.2.5 Example of Beam–Slab Structural Design . . . . . . . . . . 318
8.3 Assembled Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
8.3.1 General Situation of Assembled Structures . . . . . . . . . . 326
8.3.2 Design Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Contents xi
8.4 Entrance and Exit of Attached Underground Structures . . . . . . . 330

8.4.1 Indoor Entrance and Exit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
8.4.2 Outdoor Entrance and Exit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
8.4.3 Ventilation Lighting Hole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
8.5 Research and Development of Attached Underground
Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
8.5.1 Questions to Be Studied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
8.5.2 Development of Attached Underground Structures . . . . 336
8.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
9 Design of Underground Continuous Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
9.1.1 Construction Method of Underground Continuous
Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
9.1.2 Characteristics and Applicable Occasions of
Underground Continuous Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
9.2 Design of Underground Continuous Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
9.2.1 Slot Amplitude Design and Stability Checking . . . . . . . 342
9.2.2 Design of the Guide Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
9.2.3 Design of the Thickness and Depth of Underground
Continuous Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
9.2.4 Static Calculation of Underground Continuous
Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
9.3 Detailed Design of Underground Continuous Walls . . . . . . . . . 365
9.3.1 Concrete Engineering Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
9.3.2 Reinforcement Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
9.3.3 Joint Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
9.4 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
9.4.1 General Situation of Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
9.4.2 Engineering Geological Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
9.4.3 Calculation of the Load and Earth Pressure . . . . . . . . . 375
9.4.4 Check of the Basal Heave Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
9.4.5 Check of the Basal Anti-seepage Stability . . . . . . . . . . 381
9.4.6 Check of the Stability Against Overturning of the
Underground Continuous Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
9.4.7 Check of the Global Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
9.4.8 Calculation of Axial Forces and Internal Forces of the
Underground Continuous Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
9.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
xii Contents
10 Design of Foundation Pit Retaining Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391

10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
10.1.1 Concept and Characteristics of the Foundation Pit
Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
10.1.2 Types and Applicable Conditions of the Foundation
Pit Retaining Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
10.1.3 Design Principles and Contents of the Foundation Pit
Retaining Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
10.1.4 Horizontal Loads and Earth Pressure Acting on the
Retaining Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
10.2 Cement–Soil Pile Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
10.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
10.2.2 Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
10.2.3 Structural Requirements of Cement–Soil Pile Walls . . . 402
10.3 Soil Nailing Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
10.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
10.3.2 Structural Size Determination of Soil Nailing Walls . . . 403
10.3.3 Design of Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
10.3.4 Calculation of the Bearing Capacity of Soil Nails . . . . . 404
10.3.5 Checking of the Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
10.4 Row Pile-Retaining Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
10.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
10.4.2 Cantilever Support Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
10.4.3 Monolayer-Retaining Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
10.4.4 Multilayer-Retaining Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
10.5 Stability of the Foundation Pit Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
10.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
10.5.2 Overall Stability Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
10.5.3 Analysis of the Rotational Stability of the Retaining
Structure around the Lowest Anchor Point . . . . . . . . . . 424
10.5.4 Analysis of the Stability of the Bottom Heave . . . . . . . 425
10.5.5 Analysis of the Anti-seepage Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
10.6 In-Site Monitoring and Informatization Construction of
Foundation Pits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
10.6.1 Role of the Monitoring and the Prediction . . . . . . . . . . 428
10.6.2 Design Principles of the Monitoring System . . . . . . . . 429
10.6.3 Monitoring Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
10.6.4 Analysis and Evaluation of Monitoring Results . . . . . . 432
10.6.5 Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
10.6.6 Protection of Measuring Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
10.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Contents xiii
11 Design of Shield Tunnel Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437

11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
11.2 Design Process of the Shield Tunnel Lining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
11.2.2 Design Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
11.3 Design of the Lining Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
11.3.1 Forms and Structures of the Lining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
11.3.2 Prefabricated Reinforced Concrete Segment . . . . . . . . . 445
11.3.3 Loads Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
11.3.4 Design Models of Shield Tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
11.3.5 Internal force calculation methods for the lining
structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
11.3.6 Design of Lining Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
11.4 Tunnel Waterproofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
11.4.1 Anti-permeability of Linings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
11.4.2 Manufacturing Accuracy of Linings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
11.4.3 Basic Technical Requirements for Joint
Waterproofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
11.4.4 Secondary Lining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
11.5 Example of the Shield Tunnel Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
11.6 Application of FEM for the Tunnel Computing Model . . . . . . 479
11.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
12 Design of Open Caisson Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
12.1 Introduction of Open Caisson Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
12.1.1 Concept, Characteristics, and Application of Open
Caisson Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
12.1.2 Classification of Open Caisson Structures . . . . . . . . . . 494
12.1.3 Design Principle of Open Caisson Structures . . . . . . . . 494
12.1.4 Construction Steps of the Open Caisson Structure . . . . 495
12.2 Structures of the Open Caisson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
12.2.1 Shaft Lining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
12.2.2 Cutting Edge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
12.2.3 Groove . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
12.2.4 Internal Parting Wall and Base Girder . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
12.2.5 Dredging Well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
12.2.6 Bottom Sealing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
12.2.7 Roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
12.3 Design and Calculation of the Open Caisson Structure . . . . . . . 502
12.3.1 Calculation of the Subsidence Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . 502
xiv Contents
12.3.2
Check of the Bottom Open Caisson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
12.3.3
Calculation of the Shaft Lining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
12.3.4
Check of the Cutting Edge of the Open Caisson . . . . . 507
12.3.5
Calculation of the Bottom Concrete of the Open
Caisson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
12.3.6 Calculation of the Bottom Plate of the Open
Caisson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
12.3.7 Check of the Anti-floating Stability of the Open
Caisson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
12.4 Caisson Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
12.4.1 Main Structures of the Caisson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
12.4.2 Design Condition and Method for the Caisson
Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
12.4.3 Attentions for the Caisson Structure Design . . . . . . . . . 520
12.5 Example of the Caisson Structure Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528
12.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
13 Design of Immersed Tube Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
13.1.1 Main Construction Methods for Underwater Tunnels . . . . 554
13.1.2 Construction of the Immersed Tube Tunnel . . . . . . . . . 555
13.1.3 Design of the Immersed Tube Tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
13.2 Design of the Immersed Tube Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
13.2.1 Types and Structures of the Immersed Tube
Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
13.2.2 Loads Acting on the Immersed Tube Structure . . . . . . . 559
13.2.3 Buoyancy Calculation of the Immersed Tube
Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562
13.2.4 Calculation of the Immersed Tube Structure . . . . . . . . . 565
13.2.5 Application of the Prestress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
13.3 Waterproof Measures of the Immersed Tube Tunnel . . . . . . . . . 569
13.3.1 Water Stopping Band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
13.3.2 Waterproof of Steel Shells and Steel Plates . . . . . . . . . 572
13.3.3 Rolled Waterproof Material and Waterproof
Coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
13.4 Design of Deformation Joints and Element Joints . . . . . . . . . . . 573
13.4.1 Arrangement and Structures of Deformation Joints . . . . 573
13.4.2 Design of the Element Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576
13.5 Foundation of the Immersed Tube Tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
13.5.1 Geological Conditions and the Foundation of the
Immersed Tube Tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
Contents xv
13.5.2 Foundation Treatment of the Immersed Tube

Tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
13.5.3 Foundation of the Immersed Tubes on the Weak Soil
Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
13.6 Immersing of the Tubes and the Underwater Connection . . . . . . 586
13.6.1 Methods for Immersing of Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
13.6.2 Underwater Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
13.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
14 Design of Pipe-Jacking, Pipe-Roofing, and Box Culvert
Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
14.1 Pipe-Jacking Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
14.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
14.1.2 Classification of Pipe-Jacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
14.1.3 Calculation of Pipe-Jacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
14.1.4 Main Equipment for the Pipe-Jacking Construction . . . 603
14.1.5 Major Technical Measures for the Pipe-Jacking
Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
14.1.6 Example of the Pipe-Jacking Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610
14.2 Pipe-Roofing Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616
14.2.1 Characteristics and Application Range of the Pipe-
Roofing Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616
14.2.2 Mechanical Analysis for the Pipe-Roofing Structure . . . 618
14.2.3 Pipe-Roofing Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620
14.3 Box Culvert Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
14.3.1 Structure Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
14.3.2 Design of the Box Culvert Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622
14.3.3 Location of the Settlement Joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
14.3.4 Jacking Construction Method of the Culvert . . . . . . . . 629
14.3.5 Example of the Box Culvert Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630
14.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
15 Design of Integral Tunnel Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
15.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
15.1.1 Concept of Integral Tunnel Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
15.1.2 Classification of Integral Tunnel Structures . . . . . . . . . 636
15.2 General Technology Requirements for Integral Tunnel
Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640
15.2.1 Section and Geometry Size of Lining Structures . . . . . 640
15.2.2 Lining Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
15.2.3 General Detailing Requirements of Lining
Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646
xvi Contents
15.3 Calculation Methods for Integral Tunnel Structures . . . . . . . . . . 647

15.4 Semi-lining Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648
15.4.1 Calculation Diagrams for Semi-lining Structures . . . . . 651
15.4.2 Internal Force Calculation Method for Semi-lining
Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652
15.4.3 Elastic Fixed Coefficients of Skewbacks . . . . . . . . . . . 657
15.4.4 Calculation of Arch Ring Displacements . . . . . . . . . . . 659
15.5 Straight Wall and Arch Lining Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
15.5.1 Calculation Diagram for Straight Wall and Arch
Lining Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
15.5.2 Internal Force Calculation Method for Straight Wall
and Arch Lining Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
15.5.3 Design Example of Straight Wall and Arch Lining
Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674
15.6 Curved Wall and Arch Lining Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697
15.6.1 Calculation Diagram for Curved Wall and Arch
Lining Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
15.6.2 Internal Force Calculation Steps for Curved Wall and
Arch Lining Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702
15.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706
16 Design of Anchor-Sprayed Lining Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711

16.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711
16.2 Classification of Surrounding Rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712
16.2.1 Surrounding Rock and Its Classification Basis . . . . . . . 712
16.2.2 Classification Method of Surrounding Rock . . . . . . . . . 713
16.3 Anchor-Sprayed Lining Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716
16.3.1 Design with Local Action Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717
16.3.2 Design with Whole Action Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720
16.3.3 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724
16.4 Supervisory Control Design of the Anchor-Sprayed Lining . . . . 725
16.4.1 Purpose, Principle, and Method of Monitoring
Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725
16.4.2 Contents and Means of Monitoring and Measuring . . . . 726
16.5 Feedback for Construction Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
16.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729
17 Design of Special Underground Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731
17.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731
17.2 Dome Vertical Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731
17.2.1 Lining Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731
17.2.2 Lining Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733
Contents xvii

17.3 Portal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735
17.3.1 Forms of Portal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735
17.3.2 Lining Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736
17.4 End Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742
17.4.1 Forms of the End Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742
17.4.2 Calculation for the End Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743
17.5 Bifurcation Tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744
17.5.1 Forms of Bifurcation Tunnels and Joints . . . . . . . . . . . 745
17.5.2 Detailing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748
17.6 Vertical Shaft and Inclined Shaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749
17.6.1 Vertical Shaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749
17.6.2 Inclined Shaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759
17.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762
Appendix A: Tables for Calculating the Elastic Foundation Beam . . . . . 763

Appendix B: Major Published Works of the Book Author . . . . . . . . . . . 841
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845
About the Author
Prof. Dr. Zhen-Dong Cui is the Dean of Institute of

Geotechnical Engineering, China University of Mining
and Technology. In July 2008, he obtained the Ph.D.
from School of Civil Engineering, Tongji University,
Shanghai, China. Since then, he had been a Postdoc-
toral Research Fellow in the Hong Kong University of
Science and Technology for 1 year. He joined Shanghai
Institute of Geological Survey in 2009. In July 2010, he
joined CUMT as an associate professor and was
promoted to full professor in 2013. Supported by
China Scholarship Council, from August 2015 to
August 2016, as a visiting scholar, he researched and
studied in the Department of Civil, Environmental and
Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado
Boulder.
He won Nomination of 100 Excellent Doctoral
Dissertations in China in 2011. He won Shanghai
Excellent Doctoral Dissertations in 2010 and Excellent
doctorate thesis of Tongji University in 2009. In 2015,
he was awarded the third prize of Shanghai Natural
Science. In 2003, he was awarded the second prize of
Natural Science of the Ministry of Education. In 2008,
he was awarded the second prize of Progress of Science
and Technology in Shanghai. In 2012, he was selected
as Qinglan Project for Outstanding Young Teachers of
Jiangsu Province and in 2016, he was selected as 333
Talent Project in Jiangsu Province. In 2014 and in
2017, he was twice selected as Young Academic
Leader of China University of Mining and Technology.
In 2015, he was awarded as Excellent Innovation Team
Leader of China University of Mining and Technology.
xix
xx About the Author
His research interests focus mainly on the urban

subway tunnel, the deformation of soft foundation, the
soil dynamics, the centrifuge model test, and the
artificial frozen soil. In the past 5 years, he took charge
of National Natural Science Foundation of China
(NSFC), Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation of China,
Outstanding Innovation Team Project in China Univer-
sity of Mining and Technology, and Special Fund for
China Postdoctoral Science Foundation. He published
more than 60 papers, in which 37 English papers
(indexed by SCI) have been published in Engineering
Geology, Natural Hazards, Computers and Geotech-
nics, Cold Regions Science and Technology, Environ-
mental Earth Sciences, International Journal of Rock
Mechanics and Mining Sciences, etc. He has applied
for eight national invented patents, among which four
patents have been awarded. He is the Associate Editor
of Arabian Journal of Geosciences, the specialized
committee member of the soft soil engineering of the
geotechnical engineering branch of the Civil Engineer-
ing Society of China, the member of International
Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engi-
neering (ISSMGE), and the member of International
Association for Engineering Geology and Environment
(IAEG).
List of Figures
Fig. 1.1 The urban rail transit in China by 2018. (https://www.

transitmap.net/china-metro-evolution). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3
Fig. 1.2 Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge. (http://cn.chinadaily.
com.cn/2018-01/08/content_35455208.htm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4
Fig. 1.3 Que’ershan tunnel. (http://www.sohu.com/a/305766671_
100264374) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4
Fig. 1.4 Diagram of underground structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6
Fig. 1.5 The forms of underground structures. a Rectangular;
b Trapezoid; c Straight wall and arch ring; d Curved wall
and arch ring; e Inverted arch; f Circular; g Polygon. . . . . . . . . 8
Fig. 1.6 Shallow-buried structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Fig. 1.7 Attached underground structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Fig. 1.8 Open caisson structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Fig. 1.9 Construction process of underground continuous wall
structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Fig. 1.10 Subway shield tunnel structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Fig. 1.11 Immersed structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Fig. 1.12 Foundation pit retaining structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Fig. 1.13 Pipe-jacking structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Fig. 1.14 Semi-lining structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Fig. 1.15 On-wall lining structure. a Thick-arch and thin wall lining
structure; b Straight wall and arch lining structure; c Curved
wall and arch lining structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Fig. 1.16 Off-wall lining structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Fig. 1.17 Anchor-sprayed lining structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Fig. 1.18 Dome structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Fig. 1.19 Multi-arch lining structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Fig. 1.20 Composite lining structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Fig. 1.21 Elastic resistance of the stratum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Fig. 2.1 Relationship between the earth pressure and the displacement
of retaining wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 31
xxi
xxii List of Figures
Fig. 2.2 Limit equilibrium state of soil. a Active earth pressure;

b Passive earth pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Fig. 2.3 Calculation of static earth pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Fig. 2.4 Calculation of Coulomb earth pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Fig. 2.5 The case with distributed loads at surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Fig. 2.6 Equivalent internal friction angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Fig. 2.7 Calculation scheme considering the cohesion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Fig. 2.8 Rankine limit equilibrium state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Fig. 2.9 Calculation of active earth pressure for layered soil. . . . . . . . . . 44
Fig. 2.10 Calculation of active earth pressure for overloaded
on the fill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Fig. 2.11 Active earth pressure under uniform and locally uniform
overload. a Full uniform overload on top of pit wall;
b Uniform overload at L off top of pit wall; c Uniform
overload with L1 in width at L off top of pit wall . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Fig. 2.12 The active earth pressure under the concentrated force . . . . . . . 48
Fig. 2.13 Lateral pressure caused by concentrated load on the top of pit
wall ðl ¼ 0:5Þ: a Lateral pressure caused by concentrated
load on the top of pit wall; b Lateral pressure along the wall
on both sides of the action point of concentrated load . . . . . . . . 49
Fig. 2.14 The lateral pressure under the linear load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Fig. 2.15 The lateral pressure under strip loads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Fig. 2.16 The active pressure under irregular surface conditions . . . . . . . . 51
Fig. 2.17 Calculation of earth pressure and pore water pressure . . . . . . . . 53
Fig. 2.18 Water pressure distribution around the wall ① Pressure
headline in front of wall; ② Pressure headline behind wall;
③ Hydrostatic pressure headline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Fig. 2.19 Distribution of unbalanced water pressure acting on
supporting structure. a Triangular distribution; b Trapezium
distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Fig. 2.20 Comparison of u by different test methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Fig. 2.21 Calculation of vertical surrounding rock pressure for
shallow-buried structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Fig. 2.22 Calculation of vertical surrounding rock pressure of
deep-buried structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Fig. 2.23 Computing model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Fig. 2.24 Elastoplastic model for calculating surrounding rock
pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Fig. 2.25 Excavation boundary node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Fig. 2.26 Deformation law of lining structure under external force . . . . . . 74
Fig. 2.27 Self-weight calculation of arch ring structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
List of Figures xxiii
Fig. 3.1 Classification of elastic foundation beam. a Short beam;

b Infinite long beam; c Semi-infinite long beam; d Rigid
beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 80
Fig. 3.2 Local elastic foundation model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 82
Fig. 3.3 The load on the elastic foundation beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 83
Fig. 3.4 The initial parameters of the beam and the coordinates of the
loading point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Fig. 3.5 A length of distributed load on the beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Fig. 3.6 Full span of distributed load on the beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Fig. 3.7 Loads distributed on the short beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Fig. 3.8 The infinite beam under the concentrated force P . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Fig. 3.9 Loads distributed on the long beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Fig. 3.10 The infinite beam under the concentrated bending
moment m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Fig. 3.11 Semi-infinite beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Fig. 3.12 Computation of rigid beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Fig. 3.13 Calculation of foundation beam based on the assumption
of the foundation being elastic semi-infinite plane body . . . . . . 104
Fig. 3.14 Foundation settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Fig. 3.15 Uniform load q0 distributed on the whole beam . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Fig. 3.16 Concentrated load P on the beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Fig. 3.17 Bending moment m on the beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Fig. 3.18 A concentrated force P is loaded on Point o of the infinite
elastic foundation beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Fig. 3.19 A uniform load q is distributed on the whole beam . . . . . . . . . . 113
Fig. 3.20 Four concentrated forces loaded on the beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Fig. 4.1 Schematic diagram of convergence limit method . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Fig. 4.2 The yield criterion in the principal stress space and the p
plane. a Yield surface in principal stress space; b The yield
line in the plane p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Fig. 4.3 Material strength under various stress conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Fig. 4.4 Material hardening type. a Isotropic hardening model;
b Kinematic hardening model; c Mixed hardening model . . . . . 134
Fig. 4.5 The loading and unloading criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Fig. 4.6 Generalized Kelvin model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Fig. 4.7 The creep curve of the generalized Kelvin model . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Fig. 4.8 The elastic aftereffect of the creep of the generalized Kelvin
model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Fig. 4.9 Time-space effect diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Fig. 5.1 Numerical analysis methods commonly used in geotechnical
engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Fig. 5.2 One-dimensional difference grid with a step of h . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Fig. 5.3 Finite difference grid of a two-dimensional continuum . . . . . . . 159
xxiv List of Figures
Fig. 5.4 Tension step bar. a Schematic diagram; b Finite element

model; c Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Fig. 5.5 Schematic diagram of the cantilever beam. a Concentrated
load on cantilever beam; b Discretized finite element model;
c Element and node number relationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Fig. 5.6 ADNIA analysis flow chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Fig. 5.7 Jointed rock roadway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Fig. 5.8 Solution flow chart of PFC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Fig. 5.9 Finite element model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Fig. 5.10 Soil distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Fig. 5.11 Displacement after ground stress balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Fig. 5.12 Shield tunnel excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Fig. 5.13 Vertical displacement after excavation of whole model . . . . . . . 182
Fig. 5.14 Vertical displacement after excavation of lining . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Fig. 5.15 Vertical displacement paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Fig. 5.16 Vertical displacements on different paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Fig. 5.17 Soil displacements of upper and lower model surface
at 40 m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Fig. 5.18 Horizontal displacement of the model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Fig. 5.19 Horizontal displacements on different paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Fig. 5.20 Vertical stress distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Fig. 5.21 Vertical stress on different paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Fig. 5.22 Train size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Fig. 5.23 Reference points and paths for analysis of results . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Fig. 5.24 Nephograms of uz and ux at the surface under different loads
when the load propagating to the midpoint of the model . . . . . . 193
Fig. 5.25 Variation of acceleration with time at monitoring point 1
under different loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Fig. 5.26 Measuring circle distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Fig. 5.27 Force chains distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Fig. 5.28 Stress value comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Fig. 5.29 Distribution of shape and force chain before and after shearing
of model A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Fig. 5.30 Velocity distribution of model A after shearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Fig. 5.31 Distribution of shape and force chain before and after shearing
of model B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Fig. 5.32 Velocity distribution of model B after shearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Fig. 5.33 Shear stress–displacement relationship of model B in direct
shear test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Fig. 5.34 Distribution of shape and force chain of model C . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Fig. 5.35 Velocity vector distribution of model C with different shear
displacements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
List of Figures xxv
Fig. 5.36 Shear stress–displacement relationship of model C

(300 kPa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Fig. 5.37 Shear stress–displacement relationship of the three models
(300 kPa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Fig. 5.38 High-speed railway embankment section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Fig. 6.1 2D domain and limit state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Fig. 6.2 Relationship between failure probability and reliability
index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Fig. 6.3 Limit state surface and central point with three normal random
variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Fig. 6.4 Limit state surface and checking point with three normal
random variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Fig. 6.5 L-shaped retaining wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Fig. 6.6 Equivalent normalization of nonpositive random variables in
the JC method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Fig. 6.7 Logic diagram of the series model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Fig. 6.8 Logic diagram of the parallel model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Fig. 6.9 Logic diagram of the series–parallel model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Fig. 7.1 The straight wall and arch lining structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Fig. 7.2 The rectangle frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Fig. 7.3 Double-span rectangle framework with open holes . . . . . . . . . . 255
Fig. 7.4 Double-span beam–column rectangle framework . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Fig. 7.5 Double-storey and multi-span framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Fig. 7.6 The planar graph of an underground classroom . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Fig. 7.7 Subway passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Fig. 7.8 Calculation diagram of loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Fig. 7.9 Calculation diagram of the rectangular framework . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Fig. 7.10 The calculation diagram of the longitudinal beam and
column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Fig. 7.11 Simplified computational model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Fig. 7.12 Calculation diagram of the closed framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Fig. 7.13 Calculation diagram and basic structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Fig. 7.14 Calculation diagram of design moment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Fig. 7.15 Calculation diagram of design shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Fig. 7.16 The framework with supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Fig. 7.17 Form of reinforcement in the closed framework . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Fig. 7.18 Distributed reinforcement layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Fig. 7.19 Rigid joint structural diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Fig. 7.20 Reinforcement layout at the frame Joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Fig. 7.21 The stirrup at the corner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Fig. 7.22 Caulking deformation joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Fig. 7.23 Attached deformation joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Fig. 7.24 Embedded deformation joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
xxvi List of Figures
Fig. 7.25 Special deformation joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

Fig. 7.26 Single-span symmetric framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Fig. 7.27 Two-span symmetric framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Fig. 7.28 Three-span symmetric framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Fig. 7.29 Calculation diagram and basic structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Fig. 7.30 Moment diagram under different forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Fig. 7.31 Moment diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Fig. 7.32 Calculation diagram of the framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Fig. 7.33 Basic structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Fig. 7.34 Loads and calculation diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Fig. 7.35 Moment diagram ðkN mÞ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Fig. 7.36 Final moment diagram ðkN mÞ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Fig. 8.1 Attached underground structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Fig. 8.2 Beam and slab structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Fig. 8.3 Slab–column structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Fig. 8.4 Box structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Fig. 8.5 Frame structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Fig. 8.6 Arch shell structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Fig. 8.7 The exterior wall and inner frame structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Fig. 8.8 Calculating diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Fig. 8.9 Calculating diagram. a Compression-bending member; b Half
frame; c Overall framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Fig. 8.10 Sketch of calculation of load-bearing inner wall with
door holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Fig. 8.11 Plan diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Fig. 8.12 Reinforcement result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Fig. 8.13 Calculation diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Fig. 8.14 Internal force calculation diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Fig. 8.15 The actual reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Fig. 8.16 Structure for entrance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Fig. 8.17 Configure of oblique structural steel bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Fig. 9.1 Construction procedure. a Guide wall; b Drill the unit groove;
c Install joint pipes; d Clear the bottom sediment;
e Reinforcement cage; f Pour concrete; g Pull out joint pipes;
h Drill the next . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Fig. 9.2 Section of the guide wall. a Board; b C; c L;
d Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Fig. 9.3 The free stability at the bottom of the sheet pile . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Fig. 9.4 The fixed end (cantilever sheet pile) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Fig. 9.5 The fixed end (sheet pile with supports) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Fig. 9.6 Imagine beam method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Fig. 9.7 Sketch of Yama Mayo Hodan’s precise solution . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Fig. 9.8 Schematic diagram of approximate solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
List of Figures xxvii
Fig. 9.9 Schematic diagram of domestic general solution . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

Fig. 9.10 Calculation diagram of elastic method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Fig. 9.11 Fundamental hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Fig. 9.12 Supporting internal force changing with the excavation
process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Fig. 9.13 Calculation diagram of a cantilevered underground after the
first excavation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Fig. 9.14 Basic program diagram of the cantilevered underground wall
calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Fig. 9.15 Forms of joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Fig. 9.16 Direct joint. 1—First phase project; 2—Second phase project;
3—Reinforcement; 4—Joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Fig. 9.17 Construction procedure. 1—Inverted groove; 2—Concrete
wall; 3—Excavated section; 4—Unexcavated section;
5—Chain pipe; 6—Reinforcement cage; 7—Pour concrete;
8—Hole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Fig. 9.18 Forms of joints. a Circle; b Circle with gaps; c Shape with
wings; d Convex shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Fig. 9.19 Joints made of the joint box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Fig. 9.20 Joints made of diaphragms. 1—Reinforcement cage (during
the construction); 2—Reinforcement cage (completed
construction); 3—Chemical fabric; 4—Steel diaphragm;
5—Connecting reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Fig. 9.21 Joints made of precast elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
Fig. 9.22 Wave plate joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
Fig. 9.23 Steel sheet pile joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Fig. 9.24 Direct joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Fig. 9.25 Joins connected through steel plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Fig. 9.26 Joints connected through cutter blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Fig. 9.27 Calculation diagram of soil pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Fig. 9.28 Distribution map of soil pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
Fig. 9.29 Calculation diagram of the basal heave stability . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Fig. 9.30 Calculation diagram of the basal anti-seepage stability . . . . . . . 382
Fig. 9.31 Calculation diagram of the basal anti-confined water . . . . . . . . . 382
Fig. 9.32 Calculation diagram of the stability against overturning . . . . . . 383
Fig. 9.33 Calculation diagram of the first support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Fig. 9.34 Calculation diagram of the second support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Fig. 9.35 Calculation diagram of the third support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Fig. 9.36 Calculation diagram of the fourth support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
Fig. 9.37 Diagram of the strut axial forces and internal forces of
retaining structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
xxviii List of Figures
Fig. 10.1 The lateral earth pressure graph proposed by Terzaghi and
Peck. (a) Sand; (b) Soft to medium hard clay; (c) Hard clay . . . 397
Fig. 10.2 The checking of the stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Fig. 10.3 Grille structure. 1––Cement–soil-mixing pile; 2––Centerline;
3––Calculated perimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Fig. 10.4 Calculation of the uplift bearing capacity of soil nails.
1––Soil nail; 2––Surface of shotcrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Fig. 10.5 Calculation drawing of the soil nailing wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Fig. 10.6 Checking of the integral sliding stability of soil nailing walls.
1––Soil nail; 2––Surface of shotcrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Fig. 10.7 Distribution of the earth pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Fig. 10.8 Calculation diagram of the monolayer-retaining structure . . . . . 416
Fig. 10.9 Basic principle of the equivalent beam method . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Fig. 10.10 Calculation diagram of the equivalent beam method . . . . . . . . . 418
Fig. 10.11 The support load 1/2 sharing method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Fig. 10.12 The calculation diagram of the elastic fulcrum method . . . . . . . 422
Fig. 10.13 Overall stability analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Fig. 10.14 Checking of the rotational stability around the lowest anchor
point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Fig. 10.15 Calculation diagram of the anti-heave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
Fig. 10.16 Checking of the anti-quicksand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Fig. 10.17 Checking of the anti-uprush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Fig. 11.1 Reinforced concrete box segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
Fig. 11.2 Reinforced concrete flat-plate segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
Fig. 11.3 Load calculation sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
Fig. 11.4 Calculation model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Fig. 11.5 Load distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
Fig. 11.6 Moment redistribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
Fig. 11.7 Rotating spring model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Fig. 11.8 Schematic diagram of multi-hinged ring structure . . . . . . . . . . . 456
Fig. 11.9 Rod 1–2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Fig. 11.10 Rod 2–3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
Fig. 11.11 Rod 3–4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Fig. 11.12 Stress and strain of the lining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
Fig. 11.13 The calculation model of linings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Fig. 11.14 The distribution of soil layers and tunnel parameters . . . . . . . . . 467
Fig. 11.15 The internal force diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
Fig. 11.16 The reinforcement diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
Fig. 11.18 Models for tunnel calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Fig. 11.19 Load-structure model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
Fig. 11.21 The first deformation of the lining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
List of Figures xxix
Fig. 11.22 The distribution diagram of the principal stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482

Fig. 11.23 The distribution diagram of the axial force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Fig. 11.24 The distribution diagram of the moment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Fig. 11.25 The axial force distribution diagram of springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Fig. 11.26 New calculation model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Fig. 11.27 Deformation diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
Fig. 11.31 The axial force distribution diagram of springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Fig. 11.32 The model mesh diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Fig. 11.33 The vector diagram of the deformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
Fig. 12.1 Plane form of the open caisson. a Circular open caisson with
single dredge well; b Square open caisson with single dredge
well; c Rectangular open caisson with single dredge well;
d Square open caisson with double dredge wells;
e Round-ended open caisson with double dredge wells;
f Rectangular open caisson with multi-dredge wells . . . . . . . . . 495
Fig. 12.2 The construction steps of the open caisson structures . . . . . . . . 496
Fig. 12.3 Schematic diagram of the open caisson structure . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
Fig. 12.4 The schematic diagram of the section type of the shaft lining.
a, b Vertical shaft lining; c, d Step shaft lining; e Conical shaft
lining; f Inverted conical shaft lining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
Fig. 12.5 The schematic diagram of the cutting edge. a Cutting edge of
concrete; b Angle steel cutting edge (unit: m); c Cutting edge
of steel plate (unit: mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Fig. 12.6 Types of the cutting edge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Fig. 12.7 The open caisson supporting on Point 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Fig. 12.8 The open caisson supporting on Points 2 and 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
Fig. 12.9 The vertical internal force of the shaft lining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Fig. 12.10 Computing model of the shaft lining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
Fig. 12.11 External forces acting on the cutting edge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
Fig. 12.12 The vertical reaction RV acting on the unit width of the cutting
edge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Fig. 12.13 The soil reaction acting on the slope of the cutting edge . . . . . . 510
Fig. 12.14 The cutting edge is in the adverse situation of inward
deflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Fig. 12.15 A horizontal frame of the cutting edge of a rectangular open
caisson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
xxx List of Figures
Fig. 12.16 A schematic diagram of shear calculation of the underwater

bottom concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Fig. 12.17 Operational principle of pneumatic caisson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
Fig. 12.18 Composition of the main body of the caisson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
Fig. 12.19 The relationship between the internal dimension of the caisson
and risers (unit: mm). Note U is the external
diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
Fig. 12.20 A schematic diagram of the open caisson (unit: mm) . . . . . . . . 528
Fig. 12.21 The diagram of water pressure and active earth pressure . . . . . . 530
Fig. 12.22 The distribution of frictional resistance acting on the
shaft lining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
Fig. 12.23 Position of the supporting points (unit: mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532
Fig. 12.24 The difference of the bending moment of the shaft lining . . . . . 532
Fig. 12.25 Calculation diagram when the cutting edge bending inward
(unit: mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
Fig. 12.26 Calculation diagram when the cutting edge bending outward
(unit: mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
Fig. 12.27 Moment distribution coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
Fig. 12.28 The moment distribution diagram and moment diagram . . . . . . 539
Fig. 12.29 The reinforcement of the reinforced concrete floor
(unit: mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
Fig. 13.1 The construction procedures of the immersed tube . . . . . . . . . . 556
Fig. 13.2 The construction drawing of the immersed tube . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
Fig. 13.3 Cross section of immersed tunnel (unit: m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
Fig. 13.4 The settlement friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Fig. 13.5 An example of the assumption of subgrade reaction . . . . . . . . . 562
Fig. 13.6 The anti-tipping moment acting on the freeboard . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Fig. 13.7 Round, octagonal, and basket shaped section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Fig. 13.8 The outer dimension of the immersed tunnel (unit: m) . . . . . . . 565
Fig. 13.9 The cross section of Almendares tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
Fig. 13.10 The cross section of the underwater tunnel in Lafontaine . . . . . 569
Fig. 13.11 The rubber waterstop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
Fig. 13.12 The rubber waterstop with steel flanges. 1—Steel flange
(0.7 mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
Fig. 13.13 The structures of waterproof steel plate.
1—Waterproof steel plate; 2—Seal; 3—Filler;
4—Transverse bolt; 5—Concrete cushion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
Fig. 13.14 Contraction cracks on the side wall of the tube section . . . . . . . 574
Fig. 13.15 Deformation joints and element joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
List of Figures xxxi
Fig. 13.16 The step deformation joints (unit: mm). 1—The outside of the
immersed tube; 2—The inside of the immersed tube; 3—Roll
waterproof material coating; 4—Rubber waterstop with steel
flanges; 5—Asphalt waterproofing; 6—Asphalt filler;
7—Reinforced concrete cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
Fig. 13.17 The waterproofing of the step deformation joint. 1—Tube
wall; 2—Deformation joint; 3—Rubber waterstop with steel
flanges; 4—Waterstop steel plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576
Fig. 13.18 The rigid joint (unit: mm). 1—Rubber pad; 2—Back sealing
concrete; 3—Steel membrane; 4—Reinforcement concrete
cover; 5—Anchor bolt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
Fig. 13.19 The common flexible joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
Fig. 13.20 The construction drawing of the joint with GINA and
OMEGA water stopping bands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
Fig. 13.21 Distribution of the pressure acting on the bottom surface
of the groove . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
Fig. 13.22 The methods for the foundation treatment of the immersed
tube tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
Fig. 13.23 The scraping and laying machine. 1—Buoyant box; 2—Sand
and stone inlet pipe; 3—Screed board; 4—Sand-gravel
cushion; 5—Anchor block; 6—Bottom of grooves; 7—Steel
rail; 8—Mobile steel beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
Fig. 13.24 The prefabricated support plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Fig. 13.25 Sand-jetting method. 1—The prefabricated support plate;
2—Sand-jetting bracket; 3—Sand-jetting pipe; 4—Sand
cushion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582
Fig. 13.26 Sack-filling method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582
Fig. 13.27 Mortar grouting method (unit: mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Fig. 13.28 Sand flow method. 1—Barge; 2—Sucker mouth; 3—Buoyant
boxes; 4—Sand hole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Fig. 13.29 Sand hole. 1—Sand pipe; 2—Valve; 3—Ball valve . . . . . . . . . 584
Fig. 13.30 Displacement method with sand (unit: m). 1—Sand layer;
2—Bottom elevation of the tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
Fig. 13.31 Load-transferred path for the underwater concrete.
1—Underwater concrete; 2—Pile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
Fig. 13.32 Load-transferred path for the mortar bag. 1—Sand and stone
cushion; 2—Mortar bag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
Fig. 13.33 Adjustable pile head method (unit: mm). 1—Steel-pipe pile;
2—Pile shoe; 3—Water cement slurry; 4—Adjustable pile
head; 5—Precast concrete pile; 6—Guiding pipe;
7—Polyester bag; 8—Mud-jacking pipe; 9—Control valve . . . . 587
Fig. 13.34 The divided and coupled hanging-sinking methods with
crane ships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
xxxii List of Figures
Fig. 13.35 The divided and coupled hanging-sinking methods

with buoys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
Fig. 13.36 The divided and coupled hanging-sinking methods with
buoyant boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
Fig. 13.37 Hanging-sinking method helped by steel beams fixed on
boats. 1—Positioning tower; 2—Deck barge; 3—Positioning
cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
Fig. 13.38 Hanging-sinking method helped by workbench across the
tunnel line. 1—Positioning rod; 2—Pull-in jack . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
Fig. 13.39 Pulling-sinking method. 1—Pull-in jack; 2—Windlass;
3—Steel cable; 4—Ballast water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
Fig. 13.40 The hydraulic pressure connecting method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Fig. 14.1 The construction schematic diagram of pipe-jacking
method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
Fig. 14.2 The external force on the pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596
Fig. 14.3 The relationship of H/D1-Kp. 1—Clay (dry); 2—Sand or
harden clay (moisture or saturated); 3—Plastic clay; 4—Flow
plastic clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
Fig. 14.4 The stress–strain curve of the soil behind the thrust wall . . . . . 600
Fig. 14.5 The thrust wall without sheet pile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
Fig. 14.6 The thrust wall with sheet pile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
Fig. 14.7 The resistance curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
Fig. 14.8 The hand-digging tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
Fig. 14.9 The crushing tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604
Fig. 14.10 The muddy water balanced tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604
Fig. 14.11 The tool with three segments and two hinges. 1—The foot
blade; 2—Grid; 3—Floodlight; 4—Plastron; 5—Vacuum
manometer; 6—Inspection window; 7—High-pressure water
room; 8—Vertical hinge; 9—Oil cylinder of rectifying
deviation; 10—Squirt; 11—Small watertight door; 12—The
entering grid; 13—The door of drawing-in; 14—Pit; 15—The
entering of suckers; 16—Union; 17—Oil cylinder of
rectifying deviation; 18—Horizontal hinge; 19—Sucker;
20—Pneumatic valve; 21—Large watertight door;
22—Sucker valve; 23—The ring of slurry; 24—The pit of
cleaning; and 25—Pipes; 26—Air pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
Fig. 14.12 The multi-cutter earth pressure balance tool. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
Fig. 14.13 The relay ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606
Fig. 14.14 The component of the relay ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
Fig. 14.15 The water pressure on the wall of the working well . . . . . . . . . 612
Fig. 14.16 The earth pressure on the wall of the working well . . . . . . . . . . 612
Fig. 14.17 The pipe-roofing method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
Fig. 14.18 The types of locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618
List of Figures xxxiii
Fig. 14.19 The calculation of pipe-roofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618

Fig. 14.20 The box culvert with gentle slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
Fig. 14.21 The box culvert with steep slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
Fig. 14.22 Box culvert structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622
Fig. 14.23 The distribution of the vertical earth pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Fig. 14.24 The lateral pressure calculated by arch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625
Fig. 14.25 The internal water pressure in the free-flow box culvert . . . . . . 626
Fig. 14.26 The external hydrostatic pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626
Fig. 14.27 The uniform pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
Fig. 14.28 The single tunnel culvert constructed by filling . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
Fig. 14.29 The calculation of the box culvert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632
Fig. 15.1 The lining form of the tunnel structures. a Semi-lining
structures; b Straight wall and arch lining structures; c Curved
wall and arch lining structures; d Anchor-sprayed lining
structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636
Fig. 15.2 Composite lining structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638
Fig. 15.3 Multi-arch lining structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
Fig. 15.4 Lining section of cutting circular arch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
Fig. 15.5 Lining section of three-centered pointed circular arch . . . . . . . . 641
Fig. 15.6 The diagram of semi-lining structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
Fig. 15.7 Reasonable skewback types. a Inclined skewback; b Broken
line skewback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
Fig. 15.8 Calculation diagram of semi-lining structures. a Element;
b Calculation diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652
Fig. 15.9 Calculation diagram and basic structure of symmetric
problems. a Calculation diagram; b Basic structure . . . . . . . . . . 653
Fig. 15.10 Calculation diagram and basic structure of asymmetric
problems. a Calculation diagram; b Basic structure . . . . . . . . . . 654
Fig. 15.11 Calculation diagram for internal forces of the arbitrary section
of arch rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656
Fig. 15.12 Internal force diagram of the moment and axial force of the
semi-lining structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657
Fig. 15.13 Calculation of the unit displacement of the skewback
section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657
Fig. 15.14 Calculation diagram of the unit displacement of the basic
structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
Fig. 15.15 Straight wall and arch lining structures. a Basic parts;
b Expanded foundation structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
Fig. 15.16 Calculation diagram of straight wall and arch lining
structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
Fig. 15.17 The diagram of the side wall when it is short beam . . . . . . . . . 670
Fig. 15.18 The diagram of the side wall when it is long beam . . . . . . . . . . 672
xxxiv List of Figures
Fig. 15.19 The diagram of the side wall when it is rigid beam . . . . . . . . . . 672
Fig. 15.20 The section size of the straight wall and arch lining
structure (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674
Fig. 15.21 The load structure diagram of the straight wall and arch lining
structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678
Fig. 15.22 Corrected contour of the straight wall and arch lining
structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696
Fig. 15.23 Moment and axial force diagram of the straight wall and arch
lining structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696
Fig. 15.24 Assumed distribution of the elastic resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700
Fig. 15.25 Calculation diagram of the curved wall and arch lining
structure. a General diagram; b Under active loads; c Under
passive loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701
Fig. 15.26 The internal force diagram of the structure under active loads
and passive loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703
Fig. 15.27 Calculation diagram of the largest elastic resistance rh . . . . . . . 705
Fig. 15.28 Calculation chart for Problem 15.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707
Fig. 16.1 Anchor rod reinforcing dangerous rock at arch
top. 1—Anchor rod; 2—Fissure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717
Fig. 16.2 Anchor rod reinforcement of the dangerous rock at
side wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718
Fig. 16.3 Shotcrete local reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719
Fig. 16.4 Principle calculation of composite arch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721
Fig. 16.5 Internal force calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721
Fig. 16.6 Calculation of shotcrete composite arch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723
Fig. 17.1 Separated dome vertical lining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732
Fig. 17.2 End-wall portal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735
Fig. 17.3 Wing-wall portal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736
Fig. 17.4 Post portal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737
Fig. 17.5 Bench portal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737
Fig. 17.6 Ring-frame portal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737
Fig. 17.7 Calculation diagram of the portal wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739
Fig. 17.8 Stability computation of the portal wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740
Fig. 17.9 Planar graph of the end wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742
Fig. 17.10 Horizontal and vertical calculated span of the end wall . . . . . . . 743
Fig. 17.11 End wall of the large-span and high-sidewall portal.
1––Longitudinal rib; 2––Horizontal rib; 3––Two-way slab;
4––Long anchor; 5––Lining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744
Fig. 17.12 Perpendicular bifurcation tunnel. a Cross; b T shaped;
c L shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745
List of Figures xxxv
Fig. 17.13 Skew bifurcation tunnel. a Bidirectional cross;

b Unidirectional cross; c Trifarious cross. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746
Fig. 17.14 Hybrid bifurcation tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746
Fig. 17.15 Radial bifurcation tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746
Fig. 17.16 Joint forms. a Sidewall intersection; b Vault intersection;
c Arch intersection; d Cylindrical joint; e Reserve holes in
sidewalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747
Fig. 17.17 Arch rib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749
Fig. 17.18 Vertical shaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750
Fig. 17.19 Calculation drawing of internal force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754
Fig. 17.20 Calculation drawing of rectangular shaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755
Fig. 17.21 Calculation drawing of elliptical shaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756
Fig. 17.22 Forms of the walling crib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
Fig. 17.23 Biconical walling crib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758
Fig. 17.24 Calculation diagram of the inclined shaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
Fig. 17.25 Inclined shaft with the foundation for steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762
List of Tables
Table 1.1 The available underground space resources for effective

utilization in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5
Table 1.2 Classification of the underground structures by
functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7
Table 1.3 Classification of underground structures by buried
depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8
Table 1.4 The lining materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 23
Table 2.1 Reference value of shear strength index of soil
(unit of u0 is and that of c0 is kPa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 59
Table 3.1 Values of hyperbolic trigonometric function u . . . . . . . . . .. 95
Table 3.2 Values of hyperbolic trigonometric function u . . . . . . . . . .. 99
Table 4.1 The development stages of the underground structure
design theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Table 4.2 The underground engineering structure design methods . . . . 120
Table 5.1 Comparison of several commonly used numerical analysis
methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Table 5.2 Parameters of soils and structures in the model . . . . . . . . . . 180
Table 5.3 Material parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Table 5.4 Load form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Table 5.5 Model parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Table 7.1 Load type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Table 7.2 Minimum thickness of concrete cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Table 7.3 Minimum reinforcement ratio (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Table 7.4 Maximum spacing of the stirrup (mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Table 7.5 Formulas for the framework with two hinges . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Table 8.1 Grade of the material strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Table 8.2 Impermeability grade of the waterproof concrete . . . . . . . . . 302
Table 8.3 Minimum thickness of the structure member
(Unit: mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Table 8.4 Minimum thickness of the protective layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Table 8.5 Minimum reinforcement ratio of stressed steel bars for
reinforced concrete structure members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
xxxvii
xxxviii List of Tables
Table 8.6 The value of b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

Table 8.7 The value of a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Table 8.8 Relationship between M 2 =M 1 and l2 =l1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Table 8.9 Load combination of the sidewall in wartime . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Table 8.10 Improvement factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Table 8.11 Calculated results of moment and actual reinforcement . . . . 320
Table 8.12 Actual reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Table 8.13 Internal force calculation results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Table 9.1 Physical properties of soil layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Table 10.1 Common support forms and their application
conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Table 10.2 Support structure selection table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Table 10.3 Safety grade and importance coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
Table 10.4 The standard value of the ultimate bond strength . . . . . . . . . 406
Table 10.5 The foundation pit monitoring project table . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Table 11.1 Outer diameters of tunnels and corresponding empirical
tapers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
Table 11.2 Coefficient of elastic compression for strata . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
Table 11.3 Typical methods of shield tunnels in different
countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
Table 11.4 Coefficient table of internal forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Table 11.5 Internal forces caused by PK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
Table 11.6 Deformation coefficients in different load conditions at the
horizontal diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
Table 11.7 The calculation result of the internal force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
Table 11.8 The distribution of soil layers at the shallowest
covering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
Table 11.9 The material parameters of the tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
Table 12.1 Vertical tensile force and minimum reinforcement ratio
of the open caisson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Table 12.2 Characteristics of each member of caisson structure . . . . . . . 520
Table 12.3 Design conditions and necessary information about the
caisson structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
Table 12.4 The relationship between the mining area of the caisson
and the number of airlocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
Table 12.5 Standard components’ sizes of the pneumatic caisson
(unit: m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
Table 12.6 Stratigraphic conditions of the open caisson . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
Table 12.7 The moments of the horizontal shaft lining frame
(Design value) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
Table 12.8 The moments of the horizontal shaft lining frame (standard
value) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
Table 12.9 The horizontal reinforcement of the shaft lining . . . . . . . . . . 542
List of Tables xxxix
Table 12.10 The crack width of the shaft lining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544

Table 12.11 The data about the self-weight of the open caisson . . . . . . . 552
Table 13.1 Construction differences between shield method and
immersed tube method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Table 13.2 Loads acting on the immersed tube structure . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
Table 14.1 The frictional coefficient between the pipe wall and
the soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
Table 14.2 The coefficient of soil quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
Table 14.3 The coefficient of active and passive earth pressure . . . . . . . 601
Table 14.4 Mix proportion of thixotropic slurry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
Table 14.5 The relationship of particle size to the amount
of bentonite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
Table 14.6 Physical and mechanical parameters of soil layers . . . . . . . . 611
Table 14.7 The Protodyakonov coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624
Table 15.1 The minimum thickness of the lining section (cm) . . . . . . . . 640
Table 15.2 Summary of geometry size calculation of
lining structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642
Table 15.3 The tunnel lining materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
Table 15.4 The tunnel portal materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
Table 15.5 The width of deformation joints (mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
Table 15.6 The calculation methods of the integral tunnel
structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
Table 15.7 The coordinates of the arch ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688
Table 15.8 The moment of the arch ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688
Table 15.9 The axial force of the arch ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688
Table 15.10 The internal force of the side wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690
Table 15.11 Strength checking of the vault section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
Table 15.12 The coordinate of the arch ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694
Table 15.13 The moment of the arch ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695
Table 15.14 The axial force of the arch ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695
Table 15.15 The internal force of the side wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698
Table 15.16 The strength checking of the vault section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
Table 16.1 Surrounding rock classification of highway tunnels . . . . . . . 715
Table 17.1 Materials for the wall of the portal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738
Table 17.2 Minimum section thickness of the portal wall . . . . . . . . . . . 739
Table 17.3 Design specification of the portal wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741
Table 17.4 Design and calculation parameters of the portal . . . . . . . . . . 742
Table 17.5 Parameters of the lining in the vertical shaft. . . . . . . . . . . . . 751
Table 17.6 Section internal force coefficients k and l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756
Table 17.7 Lining parameters of the transverse gallery and
the air duct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760
Table A.1 Hyperbolic trigonometric function u1 u4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764
Table A.2 Hyperbolic trigonometric function u5 u8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766
xl List of Tables
Table A.3 Hyperbolic trigonometric function u9 u15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768

Table A.4 Coefficients of r, Q and M for the foundation beam under
uniformly distributed load. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769
Table A.4-1 Uniformly distributed load r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770
Table A.4-2 Uniformly distributed load Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771
Table A.4-3 Uniformly distributed load M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772
concentrated load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773
Table A.5-1a t ¼ 0 concentrated load r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774
Table A.5-1b t ¼ 0 concentrated load Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776
Table A.5-1c t ¼ 0 concentrated load M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778
bending moment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798
Table A.6-1a t ¼ 1 bending moment r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799
Table A.6-1b t ¼ 1 bending moment Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801
Table A.6-1c t ¼ 1 bending moment M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803
Table A.7 Variable angle h of the foundation beam under uniform
load q0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820
Table A.8 Variable angle h of the foundation beam under two
symmetric concentrated loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821
Table A.8-1 t = 0 two symmetric concentrated loads P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822
List of Tables xli

symmetric bending moments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826
Table A.9-1 t = 0 two symmetric bending moments m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827
antisymmetric concentrated loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831
Table A.10-1 t = 0 two antisymmetric concentrated loads P . . . . . . . . . . . 832
antisymmetric bending moments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836
Table A.11-1 t = 0 two antisymmetric bending moments m . . . . . . . . . . . . 837

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Design of Underground Structures

Zhen-Dong Cui • Zhong-Liang Zhang •

Li Yuan Zhi-Xiang Zhan

ISBN 978-981-13-7731-0 ISBN 978-981-13-7732-7 (eBook)

Structures (China Architecture & Building Press, 2005), Rock Underground

Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China Prof. Dr. Zhen-Dong Cui

3 Elastic Foundation Beam Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

4 Mechanical Calculation Methods for Underground Structures . . . . 115

5 Numerical Analysis Methods for Underground Structures . . . . . . . 151

6 Reliability Theory for Underground Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

7 Design of Shallow-Buried Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

8.4 Entrance and Exit of Attached Underground Structures . . . . . . . 330

10 Design of Foundation Pit Retaining Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391

11 Design of Shield Tunnel Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437

13.5.2 Foundation Treatment of the Immersed Tube

15.3 Calculation Methods for Integral Tunnel Structures . . . . . . . . . . 647

16 Design of Anchor-Sprayed Lining Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711

17.2.3 Calculation Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734

Appendix A: Tables for Calculating the Elastic Foundation Beam . . . . . 763

Prof. Dr. Zhen-Dong Cui is the Dean of Institute of

His research interests focus mainly on the urban

Fig. 1.1 The urban rail transit in China by 2018. (https://www.

Fig. 2.2 Limit equilibrium state of soil. a Active earth pressure;

Fig. 3.1 Classiﬁcation of elastic foundation beam. a Short beam;

Fig. 5.4 Tension step bar. a Schematic diagram; b Finite element

Fig. 5.36 Shear stress–displacement relationship of model C

Fig. 7.25 Special deformation joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

Fig. 9.9 Schematic diagram of domestic general solution . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

Fig. 11.22 The distribution diagram of the principal stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482

Fig. 12.16 A schematic diagram of shear calculation of the underwater

Fig. 13.35 The divided and coupled hanging-sinking methods

Fig. 14.19 The calculation of pipe-rooﬁng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618

Fig. 17.13 Skew bifurcation tunnel. a Bidirectional cross;

Table 1.1 The available underground space resources for effective

Table 8.6 The value of b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

Table 12.10 The crack width of the shaft lining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544

Table A.3 Hyperbolic trigonometric function u9 u15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768

Table A.8-4 t = 5 two symmetric concentrated loads P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825

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