Doan Biodiesel Hoan Chinh 200.

n mn hc QT&TB GVHD ThS.
Nguyn Quc Hi
MC LC
LI M U..................................................................................................................4
CHNG I .....................................................................................................................5
PHN A TNG QUAN V BIODIESEL .....................................................................5
1.1 Gii thiu v BD .....................................................................................................5
1.1.1S lc v BD....................................................................................................5
1.1.1.1 Khi nim v Diesel ....................................................................................5
1.1.1.2 Ti sao phi s dng BD..............................................................................6
1.1.2 u im ca BD so vi Diesel truyn thng ...................................................6
1.1.3 Thng s k thut c a ra so snh gia hai loi nhin liu ......................7
1.1.4 Cc thng s ha l k thut ca Biodiesel......................................................8
1.1.4.1 Ch s Cetan ................................................................................................8
1.1.4.2 im c .....................................................................................................9
......................................................................................................................................
1.1.4.3 im chy ..................................................................................................9
1.1.4.4 im chp chy ..........................................................................................9
1.1.4.5 nht .....................................................................................................10
1.2 Cc ngun nguyn liu sn xut BD.................................................................11
1.2.1 Cc ngun nguyn liu chnh..........................................................................11
1.2.1.1 Du thc vt...............................................................................................11
1.2.1.2 M ng vt ..............................................................................................13
1.2.1.3 Gii thiu v du n ph thi.....................................................................13
1.3 Cng ngh sn xut BD........................................................................................15
1.3.1 Cc phng php iu ch BD t du thc vt..............................................15
1.3.1.1 Phng php sy nng ..............................................................................15
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 1
n mn hc QT&TB GVHD ThS. Nguyn Quc Hi
1.3.1.2 Phng php pha long .............................................................................15
1.3.1.3 Phng php cracking ...............................................................................16
1.3.1.4 Phng php nh tng ha .....................................................................16
1.3.1.5 Phng php transeste ha ........................................................................16
1.3.2 Cc loi xc tc thng s dng cho phn ng chuyn ha este ..................18
1.3.2.1 Xc tc acid ...............................................................................................18
1.3.2.2 Xc tc baz ..............................................................................................19
1.3.2.3 Xc tc enzyme .........................................................................................19
1.3.3 Phn ng iu ch Biodiesel ..........................................................................22
1.3.3.1Cc loi phn ng thng s dng ............................................................22
1.3.3.2Phn ng este ha ......................................................................................22
1.3.3.3 Phn ng ancol phn ................................................................................23
1.3.4 C ch phn ng ............................................................................................24
PHN B QUY TRNH CNG NGH ........................................................................27
2.1 Quy trnh cng ngh .............................................................................................27
2.1.1 S b tr thit b .........................................................................................27
2.1.2 S khi qui trnh ........................................................................................28
2.1.3 Qui trnh cng ngh ........................................................................................28
2.2 Nhim v n....................................................................................................30
2.2.1 Thit k h thng gin on, lin tc hay bn lin tc ...................................30
2.2.2 Tc nhn gia nhit ...........................................................................................30
2.2.3 Chn thit b thit k .......................................................................................30
CHNG II TNH TON THIT B..........................................................................31
3.1 Cc thng s k thut phc v cho tnh ton thit k ..........................................31
3.2 Tnh cn bng vt cht .........................................................................................32
3.3 Tnh kch thc thit b .......................................................................................34
3.4 Tnh cn bng nng lng ...................................................................................40
3.5 Cc thit b km theo ...........................................................................................43
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 2
3.5.1 Tnh ton chn cnh khuy..............................................................................43
3.5.1.1 Vt liu lm cnh khuy, trc khuy..........................................................43
3.5.1.2 Chn dng cnh khuy...............................................................................43
3.5.1.3 Kch thc hnh hc, v tr lp t cnh khuy..........................................43
3.5.1.4 Kch thc hnh hc ca tm chn v v tr lp t ..................................45
3.5.1.5 Tc khuy..............................................................................................46
3.5.1.6 Cng sut khuy ........................................................................................46
3.5.1.7 Tnh thi gian khuy t c mc ng nht xc nh ................47
3.5.2 Tnh bn trc ...................................................................................................48
3.6 Thit b khc trong qui trnh ................................................................................50
3.6.1 Thit b ngng t hi lu methanol bay hi ...................................................50
3.6.2 Thit b ngng t nhm thu hi Metanol t pha glycerine .............................58
3.6.3 Thit b tch pha ............................................................................................65
3.6.4 Tnh ton tai thit b....................................................................................66
TI LIU THAM KHO .............................................................................................69
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 3
Li m u
Ngy nay, cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca cc nn kinh t trn th gii, cc
ngun ti nguyn thin nhin ngy cng b cn kit. S pht trin ny cng dn ti nhu
cu s dng du m rt mnh m, lm cho kinh t ton cu cn bng mt cch mong
manh. Th gii b l thuc qu nhiu vo du m v tnh d dng ca n. S cn kit
ca ngun du m th gii v s quan tm v mi trng ngy cng tng dn n s
nghin cu v pht trin ngun nng lng thay th cho nng lng c ngun gc du
m. Biodiesel l mt s thay th y tim nng cho diesel da vo nhng tnh cht
tng t v nhng u im vt tri ca n. y chc chn s l xu hng nhin liu
ca c th gii trong tng lai.
Vit Nam, ngnh sn xut nhin liu sinh hc cng bt u c quan tm
pht trin. Tuy vn cn s khai nhng y ha hn s tr thnh ngnh sn xut mang
li nhiu hiu qu pht trin kinh t cng nh bo v mi trng ca Vit Nam.
Thy c tm quan trng ca nhin liu sinh hc, chng em chn n mn hc:
Thit k phn xng iu ch Biodiesel t du n ph thi vi mong mun pht trin
thm ngun nhin liu xanh vi nhng li ch thit thc ca n i vi i sng hng
ngy; ng thi c th gii quyt bt mt phn no lng du n thi vn l mt
vn nan gii hin nay.
Trong n ny s i kho st phng n iu ch Biodiesel vi xc tc kim vi
nng sut 1000l/ngy xem c t hiu qu kinh t khng, a vo hot ng.
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 4
Chng em xin chn thnh cm n thy Nguyn Quc Hi v cc thy c khoa Ha
v CNTP tn tnh hng dn v to mi iu kin thun li cho chng em hon
thnh n mn hc ny.
CHNG I: M U
PHN A: TNG QUAN V BIODIESEL
1.1Gii thiu v BD
1.1.1 S lc v BD
1.1.1.1 Khi nim v Diesel
BD manh nha t rt sm nm 1853 nh cng trnh nghin cu ca E.Dufy v
J.Patrick v chuyn ha este ca du thc vt, nhng BD ch c chnh thc ghi nhn
vo ngy 10/08/1893, ngy m k s ngi c Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel cho ra
mt ng c Diesel chy bng du lc, sau ngy 10/08 c chn l Ngy BD quc
t ( International BD Day). n nm 1907 Herry Ford, ngi sng lp cng ty a quc
gia Ford Motor Company, cho ra i chic xe bng Etanol. Nhng do xng du c
ngun gc t nhin liu ha thch c gi r hn nn nhin liu sinh hc cha c coi
trng. Nhng trong thi gian gn y, do gi xng du tng nhanh, nguy c cn kit
nhin liu ha thch e da v yu cu bc thit v chng s bin i kh hu tan cu
m nhin liu sinh hc tr thnh mt nhu cu thit thc ca nhn loi, nht l khi cc
cng ngh bin i gen gp phn lm tng t bin sn lng mt s sn phm nng
lm nghip.
Tm li, c th hiu mt cch tng qut Diesel l loi nhin liu bt k dng cho
ng c Diesel. Da theo ngun gc, c th chia Diesel thnh 2 loi:
Petrodiesel ( thng c gi tt l Diesel) l 1 loi nhin liu lng thu c khi
chng ct du m phn on c nhit t 175
0
C n 370
0
C, thnh phn ch yu
l hidrocacbon t C
16
C
21
.
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 5
Biodiesel: c ngun gc t du thc vt ( c, to, cy Jatropha, cy cao su)
hay m ng vt. Cc loi du m ng thc vt, du m thi tuy rng c th chy
iu kin thng nhng v c nht cao, mt s loi c ch s acid ln nn chng
khng th dng trc tip cho cc ng c m chng cn phi c chuyn ha thnh
Monoankyl Este ri mi em i s dng. Theo phng din ha hc, BD l metyl
este ca nhng acid bo ( trong , thnh phn to nng lng ch yu l gc
hidrocacbon)
1.1.1.2 Ti sao phi s dng BD
Dn s th gii ngy cng tng nhanh, p lc v nng lng v mi trng
cng ln. Tr lng du m ngy cng gim dn, do vn t ra l cn tm nhng
ngun nng lng thay th. l c th l nng lng ht nhn, nng lng mt tri,
nng lng gi, sng bin, nng lng nhit trong lng t. Tt c ngun nng lng
hin ang c nghin cu ng dng nhng vn an tan khi sn xut v gi
thnh ca n cn cao nn vic p dng i tr cn nhiu tr ngi.
Mt ngun nng lng mi t Biomass ang c ch v c nhiu trin vng
v tnh hin thc cng nh kh nng ti sinh v ph hp vi sinh thi ca mi trng
Etanol i t ma ng, tinh bt cng s l mt dng nhin liu sinh hc c
trin vng.
Du m ng thc vt cng l mt dng nguyn liu to ra khng ch cc
hp cht hu c c bn m cn to ra nhin liu cho cc ng c t trong tng t
du DO hay FO ca du m. chnh l Biodiesel. D bo ngun nhin liu ny s
chim 15-20% trong tng nhu cu nhin liu ca th gii trong vng 50 nm ti.
1.1.2 u im ca BD so vi Diesel truyn thng
BD l mt trong nhng ngun nhin liu thay th t gy nh hng n mi
trng v sc kho con ngi; l loi nhin liu sch hn v kh thi khi t BD hu
nh s khng c SO
x
, hm lng CO v hidrocacbon thm gim so vi khi t diesel
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 6
truyn thng (chng hn nh benzofluoranthense t hn 56%, benzopysenes t hn
71% ).
L ngun nhin liu thay th cho diesel khi s dng cho ng c diesel m
khng nh hng n ng c.
L loi nhin liu c th c dng dng t do hoc pha trn vi diesel nhm
t c hiu qu s dng v kinh t theo yu cu ca tng quc qia.
L loi nhin liu ti sinh nn BD s l th mnh ca cc nc c nn nng
nghip pht trin.
L loi nhin liu b vi sinh vt phn hu nn khi tht that ra ngoi mi trng
s t c hi hn rt nhiu so vi cc loi xng du t du m.
Khi t cc tiu chun th BD s l nhin liu t n mn ng c hn so vi
diesel.
1.1.3Mt s thng s k thut c a ra so snh gia hai loi nhin liu
Kh thi n v Diesel truyn thng BD t du nnh BD t du thi
NOx g 0.944 1.156 1.156
CO g 0.23 0.136 0.156
Hidrocacbon g 0.0835 0.0040 0.0038
Bng1.1.3.1: So snh nng kh thi gia DO v Biodisel
Nhin liu Nng sut to nhit (MJ/Kg)
DO 44,8
BDO 37,2
Methanol 18,2
Glyxerin 18,3
Du da 35,3
Du Jatropha 39,6
Du ht cao su 39.18
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 7
Bng1.1.3.2: Bng so snh nng sut to nhit ca mt s loi nhin liu
c tnh nhin liu Diesel Biodiesel
Nhit tr, Btu/gal 129,05 118,17
nht ng hc 40
0
C, mm
2
/s 1,3 4,1 4,0 6,0
T trng 15
0
C, lb/gal 7,079 7,328
Hm lng nc v cn c hc, max 0,05 0,05
im chp chy,
0
C 60 - 80 100 170
im ng c,
0
C -15 - 5 -3 _ -12
Ch s cetane 40 - 55 48 - 65
Bng 1.1.3.3 Mt s c tnh chn lc ca Diesel v Biodiesel [5]
1.1.4 Cc thng s ha l k thut ca Biodiesel:
1.1.4.1 Ch s Cetan
Ch s Cetan l n v o quy c, dng nh gi kh nng t bt chy ca cc
loi nhin liu diesel, c gi tr ng bng gi tr ca hn hp chun c cng kh nng
t bt chy. Hn hp chun ny gm 2 hidrocacbon:
n Cetan C
16
H
34
l cht c kh nng bt chy cao nht vi ch s qui nh l 100
, khi hn hp cha 100% th tch n-Cetan
- metyl naphtalen C
11
H
10
l cht kh bt chy nht vi ch s cetan qui nh l
0
Nhng hp cht c mch thng th d bt chy nn c ch s Cetan cao, trong khi
hp cht vng hoc mch nhnh th c ch s Cetan thp hn. Bn cht chy ca diesel
trong ng c l b nn p sut cao (t s nn khong 14:1 n 25:1) dng phi
trn vi Oxy v c nhit cao thch hp s chy v sinh cng.
Biodiesel cn c ch s cetan cao m bo qu trnh chy, nu cao qu s gy
lng ph nhin liu v 1 s thnh phn nhit cao trong xilanh s phn hy thnh
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 8
cacbon t do (cn gi l mui than) trc khi chy, tuy nhin nu ch s cetan qu thp
s d gy ra hin tng kch n (do c nhiu thnh phn kh b oxy ha i hi phi
phun rt nhiu nhin liu vo xylanh mi xy ra qu trnh t chy, dn n lng nhin
liu b t chy nhiu hn yu cu, nhit lng sinh ra rt ln gy tng mnh p sut,
lm xylanh d b mn v ng c rung git).V th, ch s Cetan l mt trong nhng
tiu chun c quy nh theo tng quc gia cho cc loi nhin liu trong c
Biodiesel.Thng thng, vi ng c Diesel chm (di 500 rpm), ch s cetan khong
45 n 50; cn i vi ng c chy nhanh (n 1000 rpm) ch cn trn 50.
1.1.4.2 im c
im c l nhit m hn hp bt u vn c do c mt s cht bt u kt
tinh. im c c ngha rt quan trng i vi du diesel, c bit khi n c s
dng cc nc c nhit h thp khi ma ng n. Khi nhit thp, nht s
tng ln, nh hng n vic phun nhin liu. Nu nhit h thp hn nhit to
im c th nhng tinh th kt tinh s kt hp li vi nhau to thnh nhng mng tinh
th gy tc nghn ng ng dn cng nh thit b lc lm ng c khng hot ng
c.
1.1.4.3 im chy
im chy l nhit m tan b th tch ca hn hp chuyn pha t th rn sang
th lng. im c v im chy l thng s c xc nh nhm d an kh nng s
dng ca Biodiesel nhit thp.
1.1.4.4 im chp chy
im chp chy l nhit m hn hp bt u bt la v chy. Ch s ny
dng phn loi nhin liu theo kh nng chy n ca chng. im chp chy ca
Metyl este tinh khit l hn 200
0
C, v Metyl este c xp loi vo nhng cht kh
chy. Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh iu ch v tinh ch, Methanol d cn ln trong sn
phm v lm h thp im chp chy. iu ny gy nguy him khi im chp chy h
xung thp. ng thi Methanol l cht n mn thit b kim loi. Do vy im chp
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 9
chy va c s dng nh mt tiu chun qun l cht lng Biodiesel va kim
tra lng Methanol d tha.
1.1.4.5 nht
nht: th hin kh nng khng li tnh chy ca cht lng. Thng s ny ph
thuc vo s ma st ca mt phn cht lng khi trt ln phn cht lng khc. nht
ca nhin liu cng cao cng khng c li khi s dng v n lm gim kh nng phn
tn khi c phun vo thit b t cng nh lm tng kh nng lng cn trong thit
b. Chnh v vy ngi ta mi buc phi chuyn cc loi du m ng thc vt thnh
Biodiesel ri mi em i s dng v Biodiesel c nht thp hn nhiu.
Ngai ra cn c cc ch s khc. Tt c cc ch s ha l ny c nghin cu v
xy dng thnh tiu chun c th cho Biodiesel.
Bng 1: Tiu chun c th ca Biodiesel
Tnh cht Phng php th Gii hn n v
Nhit chp chy
(phng php cc kn)
ASTM D 93 130 min
0
C
Nc v cn ASTM D 2709 0,05 max % th tch
nht ng hc 40
0
C ASTM D 445 1,9 6,0 mm2/s
Tro Sulfat ASTM D 874 0,020 max % khi lng
Sulfur tng ASTM D 4294 - 99 0,05 max % khi lng
im c ASTM D 2500 oC
Cn Carbon ASTM D 4530 0,05 max % khi lng
Ch s acid ASTM D 664 0,8 max mg KOH/g
Hm lng Glyxerin t do ASTM D 6854 0,02 max % khi lng
Hm lng Glyxerin tng ASTM D 6854 0,24 max % khi lng
Hm lng photpho ASTM D 4951 10 Ppm
1.2Cc ngun nguyn liu sn xut BD
1.2.1 Cc ngun nguyn liu chnh
1.2.1.1 Du thc vt
Bng 2: Ngun gc cc loi du thc vt.
C T hn 10 nm trc trng ti Long An, t 4 tn du /ha. Tuy nhin c 1
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 10
du s kh khn: trng qui m ln mi hiu qu v cn u t dy chuyn x l
ngay sau thu hoch do trong ht cha mem lipase phn hy du trong vng 24
gi thnh este v glycerin nn cn dit men lipase (bng ni hi); c du
khng kh trng nhng cn ma quanh nm kh t c Vit Nam. Hin
nay hu nh khng pht trin c.
Vng Cy ngn ngy, nhy cm thi tit, hin ang trng i tr ti Ngh An, Thanh
Ha, Gia Lai, An Giang.Hin nay vng ch yu c xut khu sang Nht (c
ht v du).
Da Din tch trn 180000 ha, nhng nng sut du thp, ti a t 1 tn du/ha,
bng so vi c du. Sn lng du p khng cao v cy da rt hiu qu i
vi nng dn do cc sn phm khc nh cm da sy, x da, than go da,
th cng m ngh t g da nn gi da tri tng (khong 15000 /l).
u
nnh
Ht thu mua trong dn 5000 /kg, u nnh nhp khu t M 3500 /kg ( k
c thu nhp khu).
Hng
dng
Trng th nghim C Chi (t khong 2.5 tn /ha), Lm ng ( t 3.5 5
tn/ha). Khi trng th nghim cc th h lai, nng sut tng ng k. Do
hng dng tr thnh ngun nguyn liu c trin vng.
Bng
vi
Theo chnh sch Nh nc v t tc 70% nguyn liu dt may, din tch trng
cy bng s pht trin nhanh chng. Din tch 2003, 2005, 2010 tng ng l
33000 ha, 60000ha v 120000ha. Du ht bng ci c th l ngun nguyn
liu tt sn xut BD v ta cha loi c c t gossypol nn khng th
dng sn xut du n. Du bng vi th hin nay gi khong 7000 /l.
(Theo bo co khoa hc ln th nht v nhin liu c ngun gc sinh hc (Biofuel v
BD Vit Nam) 23/08/2006 trang 18)
Bng 3: Tnh cht cc loi du thc vt
Tnh cht Du ht
cao su
Du hoa
hng
dng
Du ht
ci
Du ht
bng ci
Du ht
du nnh
Thnh phn acid bo
(i) Acid panmitic C(16:0) 10,2 6,8 3,49 11,67 11,75
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 11
(ii) Acid stearic C(18:0)
(iii) Acid oleic C(18:1)
(iv) Acid linoleic C(18:2)
(v) Acid linolenic C(18:3)
8,7
24,6
39,6
16,3
3,26
16,93
73,73
0
0,85
64,4
22,3
8,23
0,89
13,27
57,51
0
3,15
23,26
55,53
6,31
T trng 0,91 0,918 0,914 0,912 0,92
nht 40
0
C (mm
2
/s) 66,2 58 39,5 50 65
im chp chy (
0
C) 198 220 280 210 230
Nhit tr (MJ/kg) 37,5 39,5 37,6 39,6 39,6
Ch s acid 34 0,15 1,14 0,11 0,2
Nc ta tuy l nc nng nghip nhng hng nm chng ta vn phi nhp mt
lng rt ln du thc vt tinh luyn phc v nhu cu trong nc v xut khu. S
d nh vy v gi mua nguyn liu ht, qu c du nc ta i khi bng hoc cao hn
so vi gi nhp du thc vt th t nhng nc c tim nng nh Malayxia, MDo
ta nn nh hng nghin cu sn xut BD t cc loi du thc vt khng c gi tr
thc phm c gi thnh thp nh du bng, du ht cao su, du ht Jatropha
1.2.1.2M ng vt
M ng vt c chia ra lm 2 nhm : m ng vt trn cn v m ng vt di
nc.
M ng vt trn cn cha nhiu axit bo no, ch yu l palmaitic v axit
stearic (m heo, m b). M ng vt trn cn cha nhiu axit bo thuc nhm omga-
6 hn, hu nh khng c omga-3 nn thng trng thi rn trong iu kin nhit
thng. Cc axit bo thuc nhm omga-6 c tc dng lm co mch, tng huyt p.
M ng vt di nc cha hm lng axit bo khng no thuc nhm omga-
3 tng i ln, th lng trong iu kin nhit thng.
Vic la chn loi du thc vt hoc m ng vt no ph thuc vo ngui ti
nguyn sn c v iu kin kh hu c th ca tng vng. Chng hn nh Chu u s
dng ch yu l ci du v du hng dng; M- du u nnh; Chu M- du
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 12
u nnh, hng dng v thu du; min Nam Chu Phi- du u nnh, du m;
ng Nam - du c, du da v du m; Chu c- ci du, du lanh v du c nhp
t ng Nam . S dng ngun ti nguyn sn c, cc nguyn liu ph thi nh du
n va gp phn bo v mi trng va gip to ra ngun nhin liu mi thay th cho
cc sn phm du m ang dn cn kit.
1.2.1.3 Gii thiu v du n ph thi
Thnh phn ho hc ca du n ph thi
Tng t nh du thc vt, du n ph thi c thnh phn chnh l triglycerit,
ngoi ra cn c mt lng nh acide bo t do. Thnh phn acid bo trong du n ph
thi khng thay i nhiu so vi du nguyn cht (xem Bng 21).
Bng 4. So snh thnh phn du n ph thi v thnh phn du n nguyn cht.
Thnh phn acid bo (% khi
lng)
n v tnh Du da Du n ph
thi
C 6 : 0 % 0.03 1.3131
C 8 : 0 % 6.11 9.9753
C 10 : 0 % 5.94 7.3156
C 12 : 0 % 52.29 49.5915
C 14 : 0 % 17.56 16.2820
C 15 : 0 % 0 0
C 16 : 0 % 8.22 7.3434
C 16 : 1 % 0 0
C 18 : 0 % 2.11 2.0109
C 18 : 1 % 6.28 4.8262
C 18 : 2 % 1.45 1.3420
Bng 5: Tnh cht ho l ca du n ph thi v du n nguyn cht:
Tnh cht n v Du n nguyn Du n ph thi
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 13
cht
T trng 40
0
C - 0.22 0.176
nht 40
0
C mm
2
/g 4.17 8.39
Ch s axide mgKOH/g 4.74 8.639
Ch s Iod g/100g 9.15 8.5657
Ch s x phng ho mgKOH/g 255.57 270.0
im chp chy
0
C 287.25 243
im vn c
0
C 25 16.5
im chy
0
C 22 14
Du rn ph thi Vit Nam ang c hm lng acid bo t do thp, nn c th s
dng cng ngh sn xut biodiesel mt giai on, n gin. Cn sn phm biodiesel t
cc loi nguyn liu u vo khc nhau c cht lng nh nhau, min l cng ngh
chuyn ha t trn 98%. Du rn ph thi t nh my m n lin thng dng qua
nhiu ln, gi thnh rt r. Gi sn phm biodiesel ph thuc c bn vo gi du rn
ph thi. Trong khi gi du rn ph thi li r cng vi cng ngh sn xut c chi
ph thp chc chn gi sn phm biodiesel ch bng 1/2 gi diesel du m PGS Phm
Ngc Ln cho bit
1.3 Cng ngh sn xut BD
1.3.1 Cc phng php iu ch BD t du thc vt
sn xut BD cn p dng cc phng php x l VO tnh cht ca n gn
vi nhin liu Diesel. S khc nhau c bn ca VO so vi nhin liu Diesel chnh l
nht. nh hng ca nht cao lm cho h thng cp nhin liu ca ng c lm
vic khng bnh thng, nn cht lng ca qu trnh phun v chy km hn. Do cht
lng ca qu trnh phun v chy km nn cc ch tiu ca ng c Diesel s km i
khi s dng VO. V l do trn, trong s cc gii php x l VO tnh cht ca gn
vi Diesel th cc gii php lm gim nht c quan tm trc tin.
1.3.1.1 Phng php sy nng
Hin t s dng v khng thch hp, cn c nhit trn 80
0
C.
1.3.1.2 Phng php pha long
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 14
y l phng php n gin, d dng thc hin mi qui m. Pha trn c tin
hnh bng phng php c hc, khng i hi thit b phc tp, hn hp nhn c
bn vng v n nh trong thi gian di. Nhc im ca phng php ny l khi t l
du thc vt ln hn 50% th khng thch hp, v lc ny nht ca hn hp ln hn
nht Diesel nhiu. Khi pha long Diesel bng du thc vt, hn hp 10% VO c
nht thay i khng ng k so vi Diesel v th hin tnh nng k thut tt i vi
ng c Diesel.
1.3.1.3 Phng php cracking
Qu trnh ny gn ging vi qu trnh cracking du m. Nguyn tc c bn ca qu
trnh l ct ngn mch hydrocacbon ca VO di tc dng ca nhit v cht xc tc
thch hp. Sn phm ca qu trnh cracking VO thng thng bao gm kh, xng,
Diesel v mt s sn phm ph khc. Phng php ny c nhc im l tn nng
lng, khi thc hin qui m nh v sn phm gm nhiu dng nhin liu.
1.3.1.4 Phng php nh tng ha
Nh tng l mt h phn tn cao ca hai cht lng m thng thng khng tan
c vi nhau. Th trong ( th phn tn) l cc git nh c phn tn trong th ngi
( cht phn tn). Ty theo mi trng cht phn tn m ngi ta gi th d nh l nh
tng nc trong du hu nh tng du trong nc.
to bn cho nh tng c th cho thm cc cht hot tnh b mt ( nh cht
nh ha, x phng), cc cht ny ngn hn hp t tch ra thnh cc thnh phn ring
l. Nhn v mt nhit ng lc hc th nh tng li l mt h thng khng bn.
Nguyn liu ban u l du thc vt, ru v cht to sc cng b mt. Vi thit b
to nh c th to ra nh tng VO ru trong cc ht ru c kch thc ht
khong 150 m c phn b u trong nh tng.
Nhc im: kh khn trong vic to v duy tr nh, lc nhin liu v do ru bay
hi ( nhit ha hi ca ru thp) lm cn tr hot ng bnh thng ca h thng
cp nhin liu cho ng c.
1.3.1.5 Phng php transeste ha
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 15
Este l sn phm khi thay th 1 hoc nhiu nguyn t hidro trong phn t acid
bng gc hidrocacbon.
Phn ng transeste c th hiu nm na l phn ng c dng:
R-COO- R + R- R-COO- R + R-
y l phng php khng phc tp c th thc hin qui m nh vi iu kin
cn c cc hiu bit c bn v phn ng este ha.
Trong cc phng php trn, phn ng transete ha l lc chn ti u do qu trnh
phn ng n gin v to ra sn phm este c tnh cht h l gn vi nhin liu Diesel.
Hn na, cc este c th t chy trc tip trong bung t ng c v kh nng hnh
thnh cn rt thp.
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 16
Cc k thut thc hin phn ng transeste ha:
So vi cc phng php khc, phng php khuy gia nhit c nhiu trin vng
p dng trong cng nghip do tnh d thc hin. Nhc im ca phng php ny l
thi gian phn ng di. khc phc nhc im ny, ta s dng xc tc thch hp.
1.3.2Cc loi xc tc thng s dng cho phn ng chuyn ha este
1.3.2.1Xc tc acid
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 17
Thng s dng cc acid Bronsted nh H
2
SO
4
, HCl v acid sulfonic ( acod p-
toluensulfomic). Phn ng cho chuyn ha cc ankyl cao. Tuy nhin phn ng
din ra chm, thi gian phn ng l hn 3 gi t n chuyn ha hon ton.
Phn ng chn lc, i hi nhit cao (trn 100
0
C). Ngoi ra xc tc acid c gi
thnh kh cao v cn gy n mn thit b phn ng, y cng l mt trong nhng
nguyn nhn chnh lm cho loi xc tc ny t c s dng rng ri trong cng
nghip. Thng ta ch dng xc tc khi du thc vt c hm lng acid bo t do
FFA ( Free fatty acid) cao.
1.3.2.2Xc tc base
Phn ng din ra nhanh hn khi ta dng xt acid. V l do ny, cng vi vic xc
tc base t n mn thit b hn acid nn loi xc tc ny rt c a chung trong
cng nghip, nh l alkoxit kim loi kim, cc hidroxit cng nh cc mui cacbonat
ca kali v natri.
1.3.2.3Xc tc enzyme
Do tnh sn c v s thn thin vi mi trng, cc enzyme thy phn ngy cng
c ng dng rng ri trong tng hp hu c. Chng cn c tnh chn lc cao,
tng i n nh v chu c mi trng dung mi hu c.
Mc d phn ng chuyn ha este vi xc tc lipase cha c a vo sn xut
cng nghip, nhng nghin cu v xc tc enzyme vn c pht trin mnh m.
im ch yu ca nhng cng trnh ny l ti u ha cc iu kin phn ng (dung
mi, nhit , pH, c ch sinh enzyme) thit lp nhng c tnh ph hp p
dng vo sn xut. Tuy nhin, hiu sut phn ng vn cha hiu qu bng khi ta dng
xc tc base v thi gian phn ng cn kh di ( hng chc gi).
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 18
Nh nu trn, du n ph thi cha mt lng t acid bo t do FFA. Khi
dng kim lm xc tc cho phn ng transeste ha, kh nng phn ng vi xc tc
kim to ra x phng l rt t do c th s dng xc tc kim.
Nhng yu t nh hng n hiu sut chuyn ha este :
Nguyn liu: Thnh phn v bn cht ca nguyn liu c nh hng quan trng
n qu trnh iu ch biodiesel. Theo cng trnh nghin cu iu ch nhin liu
diesel sinh hc(biodiesel) t du thc vt ph thi theo phng php ha siu m do
tc gi Nguyn Th Phng Thoa lm ch nhim ti [14], trong khi c th s dng
NaOH lm xc tc cho qu trnh ester ha du u nnh, vic s dng NaOH trong qu
trnh ester ha du c s dn n phn ng x phng ha qu mc lm gim hiu sut
thu methyl ester. Cc tc gi ny khuyn co rng, trong trng hp ester ha du c,
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 19
xc tc KOH nn c s dng thay cho NaOH. Ngoi ra, lng axt bo t do c
trong nguyn liu ban u cng cn c x l trc khi tin hnh phn ng ester ha.
Nhit phn ng: y l lai phn ng thu nhit nn nhit phn ng tng th
tc phn ng tng, dn n hiu sut phn ng tng. Tuy nhin, khi thc hin phn
ng iu kin p sut thng th nhit phn ng khng nn vt qu nhit si
ca methanol.
Thi gian phn ng: thi gian phn ng mt giai an nht nh tng th hiu
sut phn ng cng tng. Tuy nhin, v y l mt phn ng thun nghch nn n mt
lc no , phn ng s t cn bng. Nu tip tc tng thi gian phn ng s lm gim
hiu sut do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau, nhng ch yu c th l do thi gian phn
ng qu lu sinh ra nhng sn phm khng mong mun lm gim hat tnh xc tc,
hoc do s gia tng phn ng x phng ha (trong trng hp s dng xc tc kim)
dn n gim hiu sut phn ng v kh nng phn tch sn phm.
T l (methanol:du): theo l thuyt th 1 mol du ch cn 3 mol alcol, tuy nhin,
khi tng t l mol methanol th hiu sut phn ng tng.
T l xc tc:du: S gia tng t l xc tc:du s nh hng n hiu sut phn
ng. V vy, ta cn kho st tm t l xc tc:du cho hp l i vi mi lai xc tc.
Tc khuy trn: Phn ng chuyn ha ester du thc vt vi alcol mch ngn l
hn hp phn ng hai pha. S ha trn cc pha rt kh khn. V vy, tc khuy
phi ln tng hiu sut phn ng. mt s nc ngi ta s dng
tetrahydrofurane (THF) trong hn hp phn ng. Lc ny tc khuy khng nh
hng n hiu sut phn ng na [12]. Tuy nhin, gi thnh ca THF tng i cao
[13]. Ngoi ra, thnh phn, bn cht v cu trc ca xc tc cng ng mt vai tr quan
trng ln hiu sut ca phn ng.
1.3.3 Phn ng iu ch Biodiesel
1.3.3.1 Cc loi phn ng thng s dng
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 20
Trong du thc vt v m ng vt, thnh phn chnh l Triglycerit v acid bo t do
(lng t hn Triglycerit nhiu). Qu trnh chuyn ha du m thnh nhin liu sinh
hc c th chia lm hai loi phn ng:
Phn ng chuyn ha acid bo : c gi phn ng este ha
Phn ng chuyn ha Triglycerit: c gi l phn ng ancol phn
1.3.3.2 Phn ng este ha
Phn ng este ha iu ch Biodiesel l phn ng gia axit bo vi ancol to
thnh este v nc.
Trong trng hp axit hay ancol c nhiu hn hai chc th sn phm phn ng c
th l monoeste hoc polyeste tu thuc vo t l mol s dng:
Trong trng hp c hai cht tham gia phn ng u a chc th phn ng c th
xy ra theo nhiu chiu hng khc nhau. Thng thng ngi ta p dng loi phn
ng ny trong vic tng hp cc polyme l cc polyeste.
Cc phn ng trn u l thun nghch. Khi tin hnh iu kin thng, khng
xc tc, phn ng vn xy ra nhng rt chm. Thm ch ngay c khi gia nhit n nhit
cao (200
o
C 300
o
C) th phn ng xy ra cng kh chm.
Khi c s hin din ca xc tc acid Bronsted mnh nh H
2
SO
4
, HCl ... phn ng
ester nhit 70
o
C 150
o
C xy ra vi tc kh cao. Phng php ny thng
c s dng tng hp nhiu ester do hiu sut thu c kh cao v tinh ch sn
phm d dng.
Cc xc tc acid Lewis d th nh Al
2
O
3
, AlCl
3
... cng cho kt qu kh tt nhng
phn ng phi c tin hnh trong pha kh. Chnh v vy m phng php nykh tn
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 21
km v ch c s dng iu ch cc ester c bit m phng php phn ng
trong pha lng khng p ng c.
Nc sinh ra trong qu trnh phn ng s lm gim tc cng nh hot tnh ca
xc tc nn tng kh nng phn ng ngi ta thng s dng cc dn xut ca axit
nh : anhydryt axit, clorua axit...

Mch hydrocacbon ca axit bo cng di th kh nng phn ng cng gim. Tng
t, bc v mc phn nhnh mch ca ancol cng cao th cng gim kh nng phn
ng.
1.3.3.3 Phn ng ancol phn
Phn ng ancol phn iu ch Biodiesel l phn ng gia ru v este dng
TriGlyxerit thnh este ca ru v Glyxerin. Phng trnh phn ng tng qut:
Trong R
1
,R
2
,R
3
l nhng mch hydrocacbon mch di. y l loi phn ng
thun nghch v tc phn ng ph thuc rt nhiu vo bn cht v nng ca loi
xc tc s dng, nhit phn ng, t l tc cht, tc khuy trn v thi gian phn
ng.
1.3.4 C ch phn ng
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 22
c nhiu c ch phn ng c ngh nhng c ch sau y c ng dng rng
ri nht
S dng xc tc kim
Giai on u tin ca phn ng l phn ng ca baz vi ancol to anion ancolat
v xc tc proton ha:
ROM
RO
-
M
+
MOH ROH
M
2
CO
3
HMCO
3
+
+
RO
-
+
H
2
O M
+
+
+ ROH RO
-
+ + M
+
Anion ancolat tn cng ln nguyn t cacbon nhm C=O ca este
O
R
3
O
O
O
R
1
O
R
2
O
-
OR
O
R
3
O
O
R
1
O
R
2
O
O R
O
-
O
R
3
O
-
O
O
R
2
O
R
1
O
O R
O
R
3
O
O
O
R
2
O
H
RO H
+
-
OR
+
R Nhm ankyl trong phn t ancol

R
1
,R
2
,R
3
Gc ca axit bo
M K,Na
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 23
Anion ny deproton ha xc tc v gii phng kim loi kim trng thi hot ng
bt u tn cng mt phn t ancol mi. C nh th vng tun hon ca phn ng
c thc hin.
Nng lng hot ha l nng lng cn thit to ra lin kt gia anion (OR)
ny vi nhm cacbonyl. Cc nhm th R hay R c xu hng lm thay i tnh cht ca
nhm C=O v cn to iu kin d dng cho phn ng to ra bng cch gim nng
lng hot ha.
Nng lng hot ha ca phn ng ancol phn bng Methanol c gi tr trong
khong 6 20 Kcal/mol. Hng s tc phn ng k tng theo nhit i vi
TriGlyxerit (TG), DiGlyxerit v MonoGlyxerit cho c chiu thun v chiu nghch. Tuy
nhin, hng s tc phn ng to Glyxerin gim theo thi gian. Gi tr kt hng s
tc phn ng theo chiu thun- nhit 60 0C tun theo th t sau: kMGt >
kDGt > kTGt.
Phn ng ancol phn vi xc tc kim xy ra vi vn tc ln ngay c nhit
thng. Tuy nhin ch c li khi cht bo s dng c hm lng axt bo t do thp v
hn hp tht khan. Nu hn hp cha nhiu nc v axit bo t do th x phng hnh
thnh lm mt hot tnh kim v xc tc s chuyn sang dng mui tc mt i kh nng
xc tc cho phn ng. Ngoi ra x phng cn to thnh cu trc gel lm cn tr giai
on tinh ch sn phm sau ny.
V d ta c phn ng x phng ha:
C OH
O
(CH
2
)
7
CH CH(CH
2
)
7
CH
3
KOH C K
+-
O
O
(CH
2
)
7
CH CH(CH
2
)
7
CH
3
H
2
O
+
+
Axit oleic Kali hydroxit
Kali oleate (xa phong)
Nc trong hn hp cn gy ra mt hin tng bt li khc l phn ng thu
phn.. V vi s c mt ca xc tc kim, cc axit bo phn ng vi kim li to thnh
x phng. X phng ca cc loi axit bo no c xu hng ng rn nhit thng
v th sn phm c cha nhiu x phng thng qunh li thnh khi rt kh tinh ch.
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 24
CH
2
CH
O C
O
OR
1
CH
2
O C
O
OR
2
O C
O
OR
3
+
Triglyxerit
H
2
O
CH
2
CH
CH
2
O C
O
OR
2
O C
O
OR
3
OH
C
O
OH R
1
+
Diglyxerit Nc Axtbeo
'

Xc tc baz ch tt vi trng hp cht tham gia phn ng l methanol tuyt i
hay c nng cao.
Mi loi du m ng thc vt u c mt hm lng acid bo t do (FFA) nht
nh.
Loi m Hm lng FFA (% khi lng)
Du m sau x l 0,05
Du thc vt tinh luyn 0,3 0,7
Du n ph thi 1 - 3
Du m v cha x l 5 - 30
Bng 1.5: Hm lng acid bo t do trong du m
PHN B: QUY TRNH CNG NGH.
2.1. Quy trnh cng ngh
2.1.1 S b tr thit b
2.1.2 S khi qui trnh
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 25
R2
R1
R3
R2
R3
Biodie
sel
Este ha bng
baz
Du n ph thi
Metyl este
Tch pha
Trung ha baz
d
Ra
( khuy, tch)
Lm khan
(khuy)
90
Methanol, xc tc kim
Nc nng 70
o
C
Glixeri
n
2.1.3 Qui trnh cng ngh
H thng c c nhp liu gin on v c tho liu lin tc.
+ Du n ph thi v Methanol nhit 25
0
C c dn vo bnh( 1).
+ Tin hnh khuy s b (nh ng c khuy( 3)) hn hp t ng nht
tng i (thi gian khuy khong 1 pht).
+ Nguyn liu v xc tc c chuyn xung thit b phn ng (5)
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 26
+ Bt in tr nng nhit hn hp ln 65
0
C, lc ny phn ng din ra
mt phn. Nhit lng cn cung cp cho giai on ny tng i ln.
+ Gi nhit n nh trong thit b (5) v khuy trong vng 30 40 pht p
sut thng, nhm gip phn ng xy ra trit hn.
+ Nhit c gi n nh bng h thng iu khin nhit t ng.
+ Trong bnh (5), nng metanol khong 18% - 24%, do trong thnh phn
pha hi, nng metanol chim khong 60%. Metanol l mt cht rt c i vi c
th con ngi, v th ta dng sinh hn hn lu hi metanol. Nhit hi bo ha
Metanol dui p sut kh quyn di 65
0
C, do dng sinh hn nc thch hp.
Sau khi phn ng dng sn phm trn thit b phn ng (5) c a xung thit b (6)
thc hin qu trnh tch pha.
+ Lp di, ch yu cha tp cht v glixerin, c ly ra trc ( cha trong bnh
(8)); Ester vn cn nm lp trn
+ Lp trn cha Methyl ester (ch yu) c dn vo bnh (7) ra nhm loi
b tp cht v glixerin cn st. Nc nng (khong 10% th tch) c xt ln b mt
ca lp ester v khuy nh. Lp di c b, cn lp c mu vng pha trn (thnh
phn chnh l biodiesel) c gi li trong thit b. Tin hnh gia nhit lm khan
nc cn st li ( lng nc cn li trong BD phi tha tiu chun v BD).
+ Do nc bay ln c kh nng li ko theo cc cht nh Metanol, Biodiesel, cc
cht trong dung dch ra, d lng rt thp nhng vn c, v th ta cn dng sinh hn
ngng t thu hi hi bay ln.
+ Thi gian tin hnh phn ng v thi gian xc ra thit b (5) khong (40) pht,
trong khi thi gian tch pha khong 4 gi . Do ta cn
6
40
60 4
thit b tch
pha( mi bnh c th tch s dng bng th tch ca hn hp cn tch pha trong 1 m).
2.2. Nhim v n
2.2.1 Thit k h thng gin on, lin tc hay bn lin tc
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 27
H thng c thit k theo hnh thc bn lin tc cho php nhp liu gian on
v tho liu lin tc.
2.2.2 Tc nhn gia nhit
Nhit ca cc hn hp cn gia nhit trung bnh (65
0
C), trong thit b phn ng
c t thit b khuy nn ta dng gia nhit bng v o.
2.3.1 Chn thit b thit k
Cc qu trnh cn cp nhit: qu trnh tng nhit ca hn hp dng vo, qu
trnh phn ng, qu trnh bay hi ca Methanol v tn tht nhit qua v thit b... Nhit
lng cn cung cp thit b phn ng 5 v thit b 7(theo s nguyn l trn) l
ln nht. Tuy nhin, th tch lng lng trong thit b 5 nhiu hn thit b 7 nn ta s
thc hin tnh ton thit k v kim tra cc iu kin bn cng nh qu trnh khuy
trn, trao i nhit trn thit b ny. Cc thng s thu c cng s l thng s thit k
cho cc thit b tng t cn li trong h thng
CHNG II: TNH TON THIT B
3.1 Cc thng s k thut phc v cho tnh ton thit k
Phn t lng trung bnh ca axit bo: M
tb
= 278 Kg/Kmol.
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 28
TryGlyxerit quy i cng axit bo trung bnh:M
TG
= 874 Kg/Kmol
Du n ph thi c phn t lng trung bnh l M
d
= 856 Kg/Kmol.
Khi lng ring ca NaOH l D
NaOH
= 1050(kg/m
3
)
Cc thng s ha l:
Thng s ha l Du nhp liu Methanol Glyxerin Du BD
Phn t lng TB M
i
,Kg/Kmol 856 32 92 287,41
Khi lng ring
i
, Kg/m
3
873 770,0 1260,0 904,3
Nhit dung ring C
i
, J/Kg.K 2820 2715 3520 3110
H s dn nhit
i
, W/m.K 0,1100 0,2068 0,285 0,1722
nht
i
, N.s/m
2
35,6 10
-3
0,40 10
-3
2,6 10
-3
3,9 10
-3
Vi i l d,m,g,b,n,a tng ng vi thng s ca du n ph thi, metanol, glycerin,
BD, nc v acid.
K hiu F, m, X, x... vi cc s km theo i mang ngha l ta ang cp n
thnh phn ca cht no trong hn hp vo ca thit b i.
Chng hn nh F
BD5
: s mol BD trong hn hp u vo ca thit b 5.
Dng nc gii nhit:
+ Nhit dng vo: T
1
= 30
0
C
+ Nhit dng ra: T
2
= 34
0
C
+ Nhit trung bnh: T
n tb
= 32
0
C
+ Nhit dung ring trung bnh: C
n
= 4181 J/Kg.K
+ Khi lng ring: = 995,05 kg/m
3
+ nht:
n
= 0,7679 x 10
-3
N.m/
2
H s dn nhit:
n
= 0,6064 w/m.k
3.2 Tnh cn bng vt cht
Tng thi gian = t
np liu
(15p)

+ t
un
(15p)+ t
tho sp
(15p)+ t
p
(45p)= 90p = 1,5h.
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 29
Mt ngy dy chuyn hot ng 9h

do s c c
6
5 . 1
9

m.
Vi nng sut 1000l/ngy v chi 1 m cn 1 lng du nhp liu l:
Phng trnh phn ng.
Khi thc hin giai on ra, hiu sut thu hi BD ca qu trnh tch t 95% .
Theo phng trnh phn ng nu ly sn phm thu c trong mt m l 167l th
trc khi qua giai on ra th BD c th tch:
Khi thc hin giai on tch pha, hiu sut tch pha t 95% do th tch BD
thit b 6 l:
Hiu sut phn ng thit b (5) t 95% th tch BD c to thnh y
l V
BD
195
95
100 185
5

Khi lng BD c to thnh sau phn ng:

SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 30
l 167
6
1000
l V
BD
176
95
100 167
7

l V
BD
185
95
100 176
6


5 BD
m

=
170kg = 0.873 195 = D V
BD5 BD5

.

kmol
M
m
X
BD
BD
BD
2 . 0
856
170
5
5

Lng methanol cn cho phn ng l:

kg F m
BD OH CH
2 , 19 32 3 2 . 0 32 3
5
3

Do phn ng xy ra theo 2 chiu do lng methanol nhp liu phi gp i
lng phn ng =>
kg m
Me
4 . 38 2 2 . 19
kmol X
Me
2 . 1
32
4 . 38

Th tch methanol nhp liu 43.1l
0.891
38.4
= D m V
Me Me Me

Lng Triglixerit tham gia phn ng:
kg
M X
m
Tri BD
Tri
175
3
874 2 . 0
3
5
Gi s lng axit bo c trong du nhp liu chim khi lng khng ng k =>
lng du nhp liu bng lng Triglixerit =175kg.
Lng axit bo c trong du nhp liu vi hm lng trung bnh khong 2%
kg m
Gli
5 . 3
100
2 175
Dng vng lp hi qui tnh ton c lng du nhp liu l:178,6kg.

Lng axit bo c trong du nhp liu
kg m
Gli
6 . 3
100
2 6 , 178
kmol X
Gli
3
10 35 . 9
278
6 . 3

Lng Triglixerit c trong du nhp liu l:
178,6 3,6 = 175kg.
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 31

Kmol X
Tri
2 . 0
Lng x phng c th to ra trong qu trnh phn ng:

kg
M
M m
m
Gli
Gli Gli
xp
9 . 3
278
) 23 278 ( 6 . 3 ) 23 (
Lng NaOH cn cho phn ng to x phng:

kg
M
M m
m
Gli
NaOH Gli
NaOH
5 . 0
278
40 6 . 3
Chn lng xc tc nhp liu vo l 2kg.

l V
NaOH
9 . 1
05 . 1
2

3.3 Tnh kch thc thit b
178.6 l du ban u + 38.4l Metanol + 2.1l NaOH phn ng tch pha
Th tch dng nhp liu: V
nl
= 178.6 + 43.1 + 1.9=223.6l
Vt liu ch to thp X18H10T.
Th tch cha ca thit b c thit k vi h s d tr l
2
hay hn hp cht
lng cha trong thit b vi h s cha y
5 , 0
1

c gi tr :
3
4476 . 0 2236 . 0 * 2 . m V V
nl tb

Thit b c thit k s c np hnh elp. Khi ng knh v trong ca thit b truyn
nhit v o c xc nh theo cng thc
m
K K
V
D
tb
8 . 0
071 , 0 1
4
4476 . 0
'
4
3 3

+

Trong d:
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 32
D
l
K
- T s gia chiu di tnh ton ca thit b khi c np, y dng elp v kch
thc ng knh v trong ca thit b. Cho K = 1.
K H s ph thuc vo hnh dng y. ng vi y elip K =0,071.
T kch thc ng knh tnh ta tra s tay theo ti liu [5] v chn gi tr ng
knh tiu chun. Cc kch thc ca y v elip c gi tr tng ng khi tra s tay :
- ng knh trong ca thn: D
t
= 800 mm
- Chiu cao phn thn: H
t
= 537 mm
- y v np elip tiu chun c g: h = 40 mm h
t
= 200 mm
Th tch y thit b :

3
2 2 2 2
09 . 0 04 . 0
4
2 . 0
4
8 . 0
3
2
4 4 3
2
m
D
h
D
h
D
V
t t
t
t
+ +

Th tch cha thc ca thit b:
3
2 2
45 . 0 09 . 0 2 537 . 0
4
8 . 0
4
2 m V H
D
V V V
t
t
t
+
+ +

Vi cc thng s chn theo s tay th gi tr ca h s d tr v h s cha y s
thay i tng ng:
H s cha y ca thit b:
5 . 0
45 . 0
2236 . 0

V
V
pu
H s d tr:
2
2236 . 0
45 . 0 1

Chiu cao thy tnh hn hp cht lng xt t b mt ca y elip ca thit b:

SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 33
mm m
D
V V
h h H
t
nl
t l
500 5 . 0
4
8 . 0
09 . 0 2236 . 0
2 . 0 04 . 0
4
2 2

+ +
+ +

p sut thy tnh P
tt
= P
th
+ P
h
p sut trn mt thong P
th
:
Thit b c gn sinh hn ( hi lu hi Metanol) thng trc tip vi kh quyn, do
p sut trn mt thng cht lng bng p sut kh quyn
P
th
= 1 at = 9,81 x 10
4
N/m
2
p sut P
h
do lng lng trong thit b gy ra: P
h
=
5
+ g + H
l
Nhit lm vic T
lv
:nhit cao nht ca mi trng bn trong thit b
T
lv
= 65
0
C
Nhit tnh ton T
tt
:
Thit b c gia nhit bng in tr ngoi. Do ta ly nhit tnh ton l
nhit cao nht ca in tr trong lc hot ng.
Nhit hot ng ca in tr ty thuc vo gi tr in tr, din tch tip xc
gia in tr v thn thit b, hiu sut nhit, nhit cn t n sau khi gia nhit,
thi gian hn hp lng t c nhit yu cu
in tr gia nhit ta s dng dng vng nhit, nhit hn hp lng cn t
n (65
0
C), do ta ly s liu gi nh nhit in tr T
R
= 200
0
C.
T
tt
= T
R
+ 65 = 200 + 65=265
0
C
in tr gia nhit c thit k ty vo yu cu ca khch hng. Do , ta hon
ton c th chn gi tr gi nh tnh ton m vn m bo tnh thc t ca qui trnh.
V mi trng hot ng c tc nhn n mn vt liu nn phi dng vt liu l thp
khng r, chn vt liu l X18H10T. Mt s tnh cht ca thp X18H10T:
B
dy,mm
Gii hn bn dn di tng
i khi ko ,%
nht va p
a
k
x 10
6
J/m
2
c
x
10
-6
N/m
2
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 34
1_3 540 220 40 2,0
4_25 550 220 38 2,0
H s an ton khi ch to thit b bng phng php cn v rn : theo bng 1.6,tr
14, [9]
p sut d trong TB < 0,5 N/mm
2
H s bn ko n
B
2,6
H s bn chy n
Bc
1,65
H s mi n
m
1,5
H s bin dng do n
d
1,0
Gii hn bn mi ca vt liu, [
m
]* = 450 x 10
6
N/m
2
H s hiu chnh:
hc
= 0,9. Thit b cha ha cht c vi mi trng v khng b
t nng trc tip bi ngun t.
H s bn mi hn
h
: theo bng 1.8, tr 19, [9]
Thit b c D
t
=0,8 m , khng c kh nng hn gip mi 2 pha

h
= 0,8
Khi lng ring:
vl
= 7900 kg/m
3
H s dn nhit:

:
vl
= 16,3 w/mK
ng sut cho php tiu chun: *= 134 N/mm
2

( theo hnh 1.2, tr 16, [9])
ng sut cho php : =
hc
x * = 0,9 x 134 = 120,6 N/mm
2
B dy ti thiu S
ca thn thit b :
Do D
t
= 800 mm < 1000 mm nn chn s b S = 2 mm
H s b sung b dy tnh ton:

o c b a
C C C C C + + +

Trong :
+ C
a
: h s b sung do n mn ha hc ca mi trng, mm
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 35
Chn tc n mn v = 0,1 mm/nm; thi gian s dng thit b l 10 nm nn
C
a
= v.t = 0,1.10 = 1 mm
+ C
b
: h s b sung do bo mn c hc ca mi trng, mm
Chn C
b
= 0, do mi trng cht lng.
+ C
c
: h s b sung do sai lch khi ch to, lp rp, mm.
Chn C
c
= 0 mm
+ C
o
: h s b sung quy trn kch thc:
C
o
= 0 mm
C = 1 mm
B dy tnh ton ca thn thit b:
S = S + C = 2 + 1 = 3 mm
Kim tra iu kin bn:

'
>
+

<

2
TT
2
3
N/mm 004 , 0 p N/mm 48 . 0
2 800
2 8 , 0 6 , 120 2
) (
) ( ] [ 2
] [
1 , 0 10 . 5 . 2
800
1 3
C S D
C S
p
D
C S
t
h
t

Tho mn iu kin bn.
Chn kch thc y v np nh nhau.
B dy y v np bng b dy thn: S = 3 mm.
Kim tra p sut cho php tnh ton i vi y v np khi chu p sut trong:

) (
) ( ] [ 2
] [
C S R
C S
p
t
h
+

Trong R
t
bn knh cong bn trong nh y (np), mm
i vi y (np) eclipse tiu chun th R
t
= D
t
= 800 mm.
Do :

2
TT
2
N/mm 004 , 0 p N/mm 48 . 0
2 800
2 8 , 0 6 , 120 2
) (
) ( ] [ 2
] [ >
+

C S D
C S
p
t
h

Vy vi b dy S = 3 mm th thit b tho cc yu cu v bn.
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 36
Trn np, ta cn khot cc l:
L gn hp m ( gn trc khuy) : ng knh 34 mm
2 l gn ng nhp liu du n ph thi v Methanol: ng knh 27 mm
(ng knh trong 22 mm + 2x2mm + khong lm kn ch ni ( bng keo).
L gn ng dn nc ra thit b: ng knh 27 mm.
L gn sinh hn: ng knh 25 mm.
(chn ng thp tiu chun = 21,2 1,83 theo [15]
p sut lm vic ca thit b l p sut kh quyn, do khi khot l y v np
ta khng cn phi tng cng. tr125, HLV
Khong cch cho php b nht A
0
gia 2 tm l gn nhau:
mm d d d
l lm
47 ) 27 40 ( 7 . 0 ) ( 7 . 0
min 0
+
Chn A
0
= 200 mm
3.4Tnh cn bng nng lng
Q = Q
1
+Q
2
+Q
3
+ Q
4
Q: Nhit lng do in tr cung cp
Q
1
:Nhit lng c ch lm nng hn hp trong thit b 5 t nhit T
1
n 65 5
0
C.
Q
2
: Nhit lng cung cp phn ng xy ra.
Q
3
: Nhit lng lm bay hi Metanol.
Q
4
:Nhit lng hao ph do :lm nng thn thit b, tht thot qua thn thit b
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 37
A
0
Tm Q
1
:
T
1
l nhi t c a h n h p g m:
+ D u giai an 1: v th i gian tch pha kho ng 40p. Nhi t
d u thay i ty vo h s h i l u, ty thu c vo s m t mt nhi t
qua thn c a thi t b tch. y ta xem T
1
= 27
0
C
+ Metanol nhi t 27
0
C
p d ng nh lu t b o ton nhi t n ng:
Nhi t l ng d u t a ra khi gi m nhi t = Nhi t l ng do
Metanol h p thu t ng nhi t :
Q
1
= C
tb
x m
5
x ( 60 - T
1
)
= 2964 x ( 19,37 + 170 + 38,4 ) x (60 - 27) = 22,278.
3
10 kJ
Tm Q
2
:
Q
2
= H x F
TG

Hi n t i ta ch a xc nh H c gi tr kho ng bao nhiu. y
ti gi nh
H = 10 kcal/kg TG = 41,8 kJ/ Kg TG
Q
2
=H x m
5
= 41,8 x 19,37 = 809,7 KJ
Tm Q
3
vQ
4
Metanol trong h n h p b c h i d i p su t kh quy n nhi t
nh h n nhi t si c a dung d ch Metanol bo ha. L ng Metanol
bay h i ln sinh hn r t kh (n u ni l khng th ) xc nh c.
Nhi t l ng hao ph ra mi tr ng c ng khng th tnh ton m t
cch chnh xc c. V th ta l y Q
3
=Q
4
= 5% Q
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 38
Q = Q
1
+Q
2
+Q
3
+ Q
4
= Q
1
+Q
2
+ (5%+5%)Q
Q =
+
+
9 , 0
7 , 809 10 . 278 , 22
9 , 0
3
2 1
Q Q
25,653.
3
10 kJ
Q
3
=Q
4
= 5% Q =5%=1282,65 kJ
3.5 Cc thit b km theo
3.5.1 Tnh ton chn cnh khuy:
3.5.1.1Vt liu lm cnh khuy, trc khuy
Do hn hp trong thit b c gia nhit, c tnh n mn cao (Metanol v base) nn
theo bng XII.45, tr 348,[8] v bng XII.50, tr 352 ta chn vt liu ch to cc chi tit
tip xc trc tip vi mi trng trong thit b (nh cnh khuy, trc khuy, b phn
lm kn) l thp khng g X18H10T.
3.5.1.2 Chn dng cnh khuy: da vo nht
Cht lng trong thit b c nht = 0,84.10
-3
N.s/m
2
, thuc dng cht lng c
nht thp, do c th khuy c vi tc cao (cht lng trong thit b cn c
khuy vi tc tng i m bo qu trnh trn ln 2 pha kh tan) m khng i
hi cng sut thit b khuy qu ln.
Vi nht ca cht lng nh trn, theo hnh 2.5 a, tr 31,[5], ta c th s dng
cnh khuy chn vt hoc cnh khuy turbin h.Tuy nhin, cnh khuy turbin h c kh
nng pha trn cc cht khng tan vo nhau tt hn, san bng nhit tt hn, nng
lng s dng t hn nhiu..khi so snh vi cnh khuy chn vt.
Ta chn cnh khuy turbin h.
3.5.1.3 Kch thc hnh hc, v tr lp t cnh khuy
Theo bng 2.9, tr 37, [5], cch khuy turbin h c 6 cnh c cc thng s hnh hc sau:
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 39

45 , 0 _ 2 , 0
t
k
d
d

36 . 0 _ 16 . 0 8 . 0 ) 45 . 0 _ 2 . 0 ( ) 45 . 0 _ 2 . 0 (
t k
D d
Chn
25 . 0
k
d
m
2 , 0
k
d
b

25 , 0
k
d
a

0625 . 0 25 . 0
k
d a
5 , 0
0
k
d
d

Chiu cao t y thit b n im thp nht ca cnh khuy h
k
:
5 , 0 _ 25 , 0
t
k
D
h

4 . 0 _ 2 . 0 8 . 0 ) 5 . 0 _ 25 . 0 ( ) 5 . 0 _ 25 . 0 (
t k
D h
Chn
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 40
d
k
b
a
d
tr
d
0
0,75d
k
s
1
3.5.1.4 Kch thc hnh hc ca tm chn v v tr lp t
Tc khuy n= 2 vng/s thuc loi khuy nhanh. tng cng s chy xoy
(tc l kh nng khuy trn dc) v gim kh nng to phu, ta b tr tm chn. Cc
tm chn ny c th phn b ngay cnh thnh thit b hoc cch thnh thit b 1 on.
Khi b tr ngay cnh thnh thit b s d dn n vic hnh thnh vng ng quanh
tm chn.Mc d cht lng y c nht khng cao, nhng do ta s dng in tr
ngoi gia nhit, cht lng s rt d b qu nhit (nhit cao hn so vi nhit cn
tin hnh phn ng), lm tng kh nng to sn phm ph ( to x phng, cc sn
phm oxy ha khc.)Do , ti s chn cch b tr tm chn cch thnh thit b 1
on.
S tm chn: 6
B rng tm chn B:
1 , 0 _ 08 , 0
t
D
B

Chn
B dy tm chn:
m B
tc
00875 . 0 007 . 0 07 . 0
8
1
10
1
8
1
10
1

,
_

,
_

Chn
m
tc
008 . 0
Khong cch t tm chn n thn thit b:

0175 . 0 014 . 0 07 . 0
4
1
5
1
4
1
5
1

,
_

,
_
B d
B
Chn
m d
B
016 . 0
Chiu cao tm chn bng kch thc thn. Nhng khi vn hnh chiu cao lm vic
ca tm chn bng vi mc hn hp cht lng ng vi phn thn thit b:
Chiu cao mc cht lng trong thit b:
m H
l
5 . 0
Chiu cao tm chn:
m H
tc
5 . 0
b/ Vt liu ch to:
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 41
+ Hn hp trong thit b c tnh n mn cao
+ Thit b c gia nhit bng in tr ngoi
3.5.1.5Tc khuy
Vi mi th nghim kho st t l cc cht phn ng, nhit , chuyn ha ca
cc chtu ng vi 1 tc khuy c th. Theo bo co khoa hc ta chn lm c s
tnh ton cn bng vt cht trn th tc khuy n= 2 vng/s.
Chun s Reynold khuy:
3
3
2 2
10 515476
10 84 . 0
866 25 . 0 2
Re >
tb k
k
d n

Theo tr 66, [5], vi gi tr Re
k
nh trn, ta xc nh c ch thy ng ca hn
hp l ch chy ri .
3.5.1.6 Cng sut khuy
Theo IV.7a, tr 618, [7], cng sut khuy:
kW
d n N
k tb p
17 . 3 25 . 0 2 ) 10 84 . 0 ( 866 845 . 0
845 . 0
9 . 4 95 . 2 05 . 0 3 95 . 0
9 . 4 95 . 2 05 . 0 95 . 0

Cng sut khi ng ng c thng gp 2-3 ln cng sut lm vic:
kW N N
p
) 51 . 9 _ 34 . 6 ( ) 3 _ 2 (
Chn kW N 8
Chn my khuy c cng sut :
kW
N
N
c
m
5 . 13
65 . 0
8
) 25 . 0 1 ( ) 25 . 0 1 ( + +
Trong :
+ H s d tr l 0,25
+ Hiu sut truyn lc t ng c sang my khuy
c
= 0,6_0,7
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 42
+ .Chn
c
= 0,65

Cng sut th tch :
3
7 . 35
2238 . 0
8
m
kW
V
N
tt

3.5.1.7 Tnh thi gian khuy t c mc ng nht xc nh
Vn tc dng chy dc trc theo (3.35),tr135,[6]
64 . 0 09 . 0
36 . 0
Re 55 . 0

,
_

D k
k k
k zc
G
Z
d n v
Trong :
+ S lng cnh khuy lp trn trc khuy Z
k
=1
+ H s tr lc cnh khuy ca Tuabin h theo Bng 3.1,tr118,[6]
4 , 8
k
+ Thng s cha y ca thit b theo (3.11),tr121,[6]

6 1
8 . 0
5 . 0 8
1
8
+
t
l
D
H
s m v
zc
/ 576 . 1 3 515476
6
4 . 8 1
25 . 0 2 55 . 0
3 64 . 0 09 . 0
36 . 0

,
_
H s khuch tn theo 3.67, tr 153, [6]

s m D v D
t zc k
/ 126 . 0 8 . 0 576 . 1 1 . 0 1 . 0
3

Khi b tr tm chn trong thit b, theo [6] th tc dc trc v
zc
gi vai tr ch
yu trong thit b.Theo 3.68, tr 153, [6] thi gian khuy hn hp trong thit b
t c ng nht
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 43
= F
0
x (
k
t ltt
D
D H
2 2
+
)
Vi F
0
l chun s Furie
F
0
= -0,43 x ln( 1-
n
)

n
l ng nht. Chn
n
= 0,99
s
D
D H
k
t ltt
n
1 . 49
126 . 0
8 . 0 576 . 1
) 99 . 0 1 ln( 43 . 0 ) 1 ln( 43 . 0
2 2
2 2
,
_
,
_
3.5.2 Tnh bn trc

Tnh trc khuy theo iu kin bn: tnh ton theo 5.1.2, tr 134, [5]
Tnh ton ng knh trc s b:
[ ]
3
16
,
_
xcp
x
trsb
M
d

ng sut xon cho php:
[]
x cp
= 0,6 x []
*
x
hc
= 0,6 x 134 x 0,9 = 72,36 x 10
6
N/m
2
Mmen xon ca trc khuy:
Nm
n
N C N C
M
c x c x
xtr
129
2 2
1350 2 . 1
2

Trong :
N
c
- Cng sut ng c, W
x
C
- H s dao ng ti, c gi tr t 1,1 n 1,6. Chn C
x
= 1,2
m d
trsb
021 . 0
10 36 . 72
129 16
3
6

,
_
Lc hng knh bng lc tc dng ln 1 cnh ca c cu khuy (c im t lc nm

cch ng trc ca trc khuy mt on r
F
):
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 44
F
r
= F
c
=
c F
xtr
N r
M
.
N
c
: s cnh ca c cu khuy, N
c
= 6
r
F
: khong cch t im t lc F
C
n trc quay.
r
F
= (0,7
_
0,805) d
k
= (0,7
_
0,805) 0.25=(0.175
_
0.20125) m
Chn r
F
= 0.2 m
N
N r
M
F F
c F
xtr
c r
5 . 107
6 2 . 0
129

Trc ra ca b truyn ng l trc my khuy. Hp m t ngay np thit b. Khong
cch trc t cnh khuy n hp m L
= L
1
L
d
= h
t
+ h + H
t
- h
k
= 0.2 + 0.04 + 0.537 - 0,3 = 0.5 m
Chn cch b tr c 2 u pha di b bin tc v ngay trn hp m
Khong cch gia 2 :
a = (5_10) x d
tr
= (5_10) x 0.02 = ( 0.1_0.2) m
chn a = 0,15 m
Khong cch t hp m n th nht b
1:
b
1
= (1/4_1/3) x 0.15 = ( 0.375_0.05) m
Chn b
1
= 0.04 m
ng sut mi cho php:

[ ]

2 , 1 3
5 . 1 10 450 * ] [
6
b m
d m
m
n
k
187.5 x 10
6
N/m
2
Trong :
m
: gii hn bn mi, N/m

2
n
m
: h s an ton mi, n
m
= 2_3. Chn n
m
= 3
b
: h s tc dng bc. Chn
b
= 1,2
k
: h s ln, chn s b ng knh trc khuy d

t
= 20 mm, suy ra k

= 1.5
Tnh ng knh trc theo xon v mi ng thi c tnh n s mi:
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 45
m m
M
M
M
d
m
xtr
xtr
uB
tr
02 . 0 0197 . 0
10 5 . 187
129
129
88
3
4
1
3 16
3
4
1
3 16
3
1
6
6
1
2
3
1
3
1
6
1
2
3
1

,
_
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
,
_
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_

Vy ta chn ng knh trc khuy l d
tr
= 20 mm.
L ra ta phi tnh li a, b
1
L, L
1
, nhng do chnh lch d
tr sb
v d
tr
khng ln, mc
khc cc thng s trn u c chn theo d
tr
vi h s t l thuc khong xc nh.
Do ta khng cn tnh ton li.
3.6 Thit b khc trong qui trnh
3.6.1 Thit b ngng t hi lu methanol bay hi
H thng ta thit k dng kho st cc h s thc nghim cc ch vi t l du
n ph thi v Methanol khc nhau. Sinh hn s dng cn m bo hot ng tt vi
mi t l mol du thi v Methanol (t 1:4 n 1:20, thm ch cao hn). Khi lng
Methanol cng chim a s trong hn hp nhp liu, lng nhit hao ph cho in tr
ta s dng cp nhit cho thit b c cng sut thc l 6 KW. Trng hp trong thit
b cha 100% Methanol, lng nhit do in tr cung cp c chuyn trc tip sang
Methanol. Khi nhit lng ti a m nc cn ly bng nhit lng do Methanol
nhn trc tip t in tr ( y ta xem nhit mt mt qua thn thit b bng 0,
Methanol nhn nhit u ha hi hon ton)
Trong , chn nhit nc vo gii nhit T
1
= 27
0
C; nhit nc ra T
2
= 31
0
C.
Nhit hi Metanol khong 50 n 65
0
C, thi gian lu trung bnh ca nc trong
sinh hn khng ln
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 46
- Lu lng hi methanol i vo thit b ngng t trong 1 giy:
G
h
=

1118
6
S
h
r
Q
5,4.10
-3
kg/s
vi n nhit ngng t ca methanol l : r
methanol
= 1118 kJ/kg.
- Chn thit b ngng t kiu v ng t ng. Cc dng lu cht c b tr nh sau:
hi i trong cc ng truyn nhit, cn nc i pha v ng .
- ng truyn nhit c lm bng thp X18H10T, kch thc ng l 25 x 2 mm.
ng knh ngoi ca ng l d
ng
= 25 mm = 0,025 m.
B dy ng l = 2 mm = 0,002 m.
ng knh trong ca ng l d
tr
= 21 mm = 0,021 m
Chiu cao ng truyn nhit l l
o
= 30 cm = 0,3 m
- Nc i trong ng c nhit vo l T
1
= 27
0
C; nhit nc ra l T
2
= 41
0
C.
- Nhit pha vch tip xc vi hi methanol ngng t l T
w1
; Nhit pha vch
tip xc vi nc l T
w2
- Lu lng nc ti thiu cn dng ngng t lng methanol bay hi:

( ) ( )

27 41 18 , 4
6
.
1 2
T T c
Q
G
n
hh
ntt 0,1 kg/s
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 47
- Chn lu lng nc thc t dng cho qu trnh gii nhit gp khong 2 ln lu
lng nc ti thiu:
G
Nthc
= 2 x 0,1 = 0,2 kg/s
- B tr hai dng lu cht chuyn ng ngc chiu nhau nn chnh lch nhit
trung bnh c tnh nh sau:

24
38
ln
24 38
ln
2
1
2 1
log
T
T
T T
T
30,47 K
Trong :
T
1
= T
nt
T
1
= 65 27 = 38 K
T
2
= T
nt
T
2
= 65 41 = 24 K
- H s truyn nhit tng qut K c tnh nh sau :

D
t
n
r
K

1 1
1
+ +
Vi :
n
- H s cp nhit ca nc chy ngoi ng; W/m

2
.K

D
- H s cp nhit ca hi ngng t trong ng; W/m

2
.K

t
r
- Nhit tr ca thnh ng v lp cu ; m
2
.K/W
Xc nh h s cp nhit pha nc gii nhit i ngoi ng:
- Nhit trung bnh ca nc i trong ng : T
tb
= 0,5.(T
1
+ T
2
) = 0,5.(27 + 41) =
34
0
C.
- Ti nhit ny th:
Khi lng ring ca nc:
n
= 994 (kg/m
3
)
nht ca nc:
n
= 7,23.10
-7
(m
2
/s)
H s dn nhit ca nc:
n
= 0,626 (W/mK)
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 48
Chun s Prandtl: Pr
n
= 4,9
- Theo [9, trang 176], vn tc nc i trong ng c chn t 0,3 n 2 m/s.
- Vn tc thc t ca nc trong ng:
v
n
=

4 . 025 , 0 . . 994
2 , 0 . 4
. . .
. 4
2 2
n d
G
ng
N
0,1 m/s
Chun s Reynolds:

7
10 . 23 , 7
025 , 0 . 1 , 0
.
Re
n
n
d v
ng
3458 > 2300
=> nc i ngoi ng ch chy qu
p dng cng thc [V.44, trang 16, 9] tnh chun s Nusselt pha nc:
Nu =
25 , 0
43 , 0
0
Pr
Pr
. Pr . .

,
_
w
l
k
Trong :
- k
0
h s ph thuc Reynolds.
Vi Re = 3458 , tra bng [trang 16, 9], k
0
= 10.
-
l
- h s tnh n nh hng ca h s cp nhit theo t l gia chiu di l

v ng knh d ca ng.
Ta c:

025 , 0
3 , 0
ng
o
d
l
12 , tra bng V.2 [trang 15,9],
l
= 1,2.
H s cp nhit pha nc:

td
.
d
Nu
n
n

Nhit ti ca nc lm lnh :

( )
tb w n n
T T q
2
.

Xc nh nhit tr ca lp cu:

2 cau 1 cau
r r r
w
+ +
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt

Trn Phc Sang 49
Trong :
r
cu 1
nhit tr ca lp cu pha hi methanol ngng t , m
2
.K/W
= 0,002 m chiu dy thnh ng thp
= 16,3 W/m.K dn nhit ca thp X18H10T.
r
cu 2
nhit tr ca lp cu pha nc, m
2
.K/W
Theo ph lc bng 31, bng tra cu qu trnh c hc truyn nhit:
r
cu 1
= r
cu 2
=
5000
1
m
2
.K/W

+ +
5000
1
3 , 16
002 , 0
5000
1
w
r
5,23.10
-4
m
2
.K/W
Nhit ti qua thnh ng v lp cu:

w
w w
w
r
T T
q
2 1
Xc nh h s cp nhit ca hi methanol ngng t pha trong ng:

4
0 W1 S
S
).l T - .(T
g . r
3 2
. .
15 , 1
S
n nhit ngng t : r
methanol
= 1118 kJ/kg.
Cc thng s ha l cn li tra ti nhit trung bnh T
m
=
2
1 w S
T T +
Trong trng hp ny, cc nhit vch T
w1
v T
w2
u cha bit nn cn chn
trc gi tr thc hin vic tnh ton. Qu trnh tnh ton da trn s cn bng
nhit lng: lng nhit truyn t hi methanol ngng t n vch ngoi q
S
, phi
bng vi lng nhit truyn qua tng v lp cu q
w
, v bng vi lng nhit
truyn t tng n nc q
n
.
- Chn T
w1
= 63
0
C (< T
S
= 65
0
C):
T
m
= 0,5.(T
S
+ T
w1
) = 0,5.(65 + 63) = 64
0
C.
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 50
T
2
= T
S
T
w1
= 65 63 = 2
0
C

S
4511 W/m
2
.K
q
S
=
( ) ( ) 63 65 . 4511
1

w S D
T T
= 9021 W/m
2
T
w
= q
S
.r
w
= 9021 x 5,23.10
-4
= 4,7 K
T
w2
= T
w1
- T
w
= 63 4,7 = 58,3
0
C

w
T = 0,5.(63+ 58,3) = 60,6
0
C Pr
w
= 2,98

n
= 674 W/m
2
.K
q
n
=
( ) ( ) 34 6 , 60 674 .
2 tb w n
T T
16361 W/m
2
Do q
S
v q
n
cch nhau rt xa nn cn tnh li ln 2.
Chn T
w1
= 60
0
C (T
1
= 3 K)
Qu trnh tnh ton tng t ln th nht thu c kt qu nh bng sau:
T
w1
q
s
T
w2
q
n
q
60 3588 17940 9,4 50,6 55,3 659 10955 0,64
Kt qu sai s q lc ny vn rt ln, cn tnh lp ln 3.
ln ny, ta c th v ng thng ni 2 im ng vi q
S
v q
n
tm giao im chnh
xc.
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 51
s
W
T
w
T
n
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
59.5 60 60.5 61 61.5 62 62.5 63 63.5
Tw1
q
T th, ta c th chn chnh xc hn T
w1
= 61,5
0
C. Sau , tnh ton kim tra xc
nh li cc thng s cha bit thu c bng sau:
T
w1
q
s
T
w2
q
n
q
61,5 3922,5 13729 7,2 54,3 57,9 666 13536 0,014
Nh vy sai s trong trng hp ny l 1,4% < 5%, c th chp nhn c.
Khi , n = 3922,5 W/m
2
.K v s = 666 W/m
2
.K
H s truyn nhit tng qut K:

+ +
+ +
666
1
10 . 23 , 5
5 , 3922
1
1
1 1
1
4
S
t
n
r
K

439 W/m
2
.K
Din tch b mt truyn nhit :

47 , 30 439
10 . 6
.
3
log
T K
Q
F
hh
nt 0,45 m
2
S ng trong chm ng l:
n =
+
023 , 0 4 , 0
45 , 0
2
.
'
0

ng tr
d d
l
F
14
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 52
s
W
T
w
Tn
Vy thit b ngng t loi v ng c cu to nh sau:
S ng truyn nhit l 14 ng.
Kch thc ng truyn nhit: 25 x 2mm, chiu cao ng l 0,4 m.
Kch thc hnh hc ca sinh hn: tnh ton theo tr 176, [9]
Cc ng truyn nhit c b tr theo nh tam gic u.
ng truyn nhit c gn cht vo v ng nh cc mi hn.
Khe h gia ng v l trn v ng:
sh
= ( 0,5_1) % x d
sh t
= ( 0,5_1)% x 21 = 0,1_ 0,21
mm
Chn
sh
= 0,2mm
ng knh khot l trn v ng: d =d
sh t
+2 x
sh
= 25 + 2 x 0,2 =
25,4mm
S ng nm trn ng cho ca hnh 6 cnh: b = 5
Tr s bc ti thiu t gia cc ng trong v ng:
T
min sh
= 1,3 x d
n sh
= 1,3 x 25 = 32,5 mm
ng truyn nhit c gn cht vo v ng nh cc mi hn.
3.6.2 Thit b ngng t nhm thu hi Metanol t pha glycerine
- Khi tin hnh phn ng xong mt m (thi gian thc hin phn ng l t
1
= 45 pht)
th thc hin qu trnh tch pha ester v pha glycerine. Do bn cht ha hc ca
methanol l mt ru, nn c khuynh hng di chuyn vo pha glycerine khi thc hin
s tch pha.
m
methanol d
= 19.4 Kg
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 53
- Gi nh thi gian chng thu hi methanol (tng ng vi mt m) l t
2
= 18 pht, v
lng methanol bay hi trong thi gian ny bng 80% lng methanol l thuyt nm
trong pha glycerine.
- Lu lng hi methanol i vo thit b ngng t:
G
methanol
=
s kg / 10 16 . 3
45 18
2 . 3 8 . 0
3

- Lu lng nc cn thit ngng t methanol c xc nh t phng trnh cn

bng nhit:
G
methanol
.r
S
= G
N
.C
N
.(t
NR
t
NV
)
Trong : G
N

- lu lng nc cn thit , kg/s
t
NV
= 27
0
C - nhit nc i vo thit b ngng t,
0
C
t
NR
= 41
0
C - nhit nc ra khi thit b ngng t,
0
C

s kg
t t C
r G
G
NV NR N
S methanol
N
/ 06 . 0
) 27 41 ( 18 . 4
1118 10 16 . 3
) (
3 '
'
- Chn lng nc thc t cn s dng ngng t hi methanol gp 1,5 ln lng

nc cn thit:
s kg G G
N Ntt
/ 09 . 0 06 . 0 5 . 1 5 . 1
' '

- Chn thit b ngng t l thit b trao i nhit loi v ng t ng, ng truyn nhit
c lm bng thp X18H10T.
ng knh ngoi ca ng l
'
ng
d
= 25 mm = 0,025 m.
B dy ng l
'
= 2 mm = 0,002 m.
ng knh trong ca ng l
'
tr
d
= 21 mm = 0,021 m
Chiu cao ng truyn nhit l
'
o
d
= 30 cm = 0,3 m
- B tr cc dng lu cht chuyn ng nh sau: hi methanol ngng t pha
ngoi ng cn nc di chuyn pha trong ng. Chnh lch nhit trung bnh
c tnh nh sau:
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 54

K 30,47
24
38
ln
24 38
ln
2
1
2 1
log

T
T
T T
T

Trong :
T
1
= T
nt
T
NV
= 65 27 = 38 K
T
2
= T
nt
T
NR
= 65 41 = 24 K
- Gi nhit pha vch tip xc vi hi methanol ngng t l T
v1
; nhit pha
vch tip xc vi nc l T
v2
.
- H s truyn nhit tng qut K c tnh nh sau :

D
t
n
r
K

1 1
1
+ +
Vi :
n
- H s cp nhit ca nc chy ngoi ng; W/m

2
.K

D
- H s cp nhit ca hi ngng t trong ng; W/m

2
.K

t
r
- Nhit tr ca thnh ng v lp cn ; m
2
.K/W
Xc nh h s cp nhit pha nc gii nhit :
- Nhit trung bnh ca nc i trong ng :
T
tb
= 0,5.(T
1
+ T
2
) = 0,5.(27 + 41) = 34
0
C.
- Ti nhit ny th:
Khi lng ring ca nc:
n
= 994 (kg/m
3
)
nht ca nc:
n
= 7,23.10
-7
(m
2
/s)
H s dn nhit ca nc:
n
= 0,626 (W/mK)
Chun s Prandtl: Pr
n
= 4,9
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 55
- Vn tc thc t ca nc trong ng:

2 2
021 , 0 . . 994
081 , 0 . 4
' . .
. 4
n v

tr
N
d
G
0,24 m/s
Chun s Reynolds ca nc i trong ng:

2300 > 6880
10 . 23 , 7
021 , 0 . 24 , 0 ' .
Re
7

n
tr N
d v

=> nc i ngoi ng ch chy qu
p dng cng thc [V.44, trang 16, 9] tnh chun s Nusselt pha nc:
Nu =
25 , 0
43 , 0
0
Pr
Pr
. Pr . .

,
_
w
l
k
Trong :
k
0
h s ph thuc Reynolds
Vi Re = 6880 , tra bng [trang 16, 9], k
0
= 22.
- h s tnh n nh hng ca h s cp nhit theo t l gia chiu

di l v ng knh d ca ng.
Chn s b
l
= 1
H s cp nhit
n
pha nc:

tr
n
n
d
Nu
'
.

Nhit ti ca nc lm lnh :

( )
tb v n n
T T q
2
.

Xc nh nhit tr ca lp cn:
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 56

2 can 1 can
r r r
w
+ +
Trong :
r
can 1
nhit tr ca lp cu pha hi methanol ngng t , m
2
.K/W
= 0,002 m chiu dy thnh ng thp
= 16,3 W/m.K dn nhit ca thp X18H10T.
r
can 2
nhit tr ca lp cn pha nc, m
2
.K/W
Theo ph lc bng 31, bng tra cu qu trnh c hc truyn nhit:
r
can 1
= r
can 2
=
5000
1
m
2
.K/W

+ +
5000
1
3 , 16
002 , 0
5000
1
w
r
5,23.10
-4
m
2
.K/W
Nhit ti qua thnh ng v lp cn

w
v v
w
r
T T
q
2 1
Xc nh h s cp nhit ca hi methanol ngng t pha ngoi ng:

4
0 V1 S
S
).l' T - .(T
g . r
3 2
. .
15 , 1
S
n nhit ngng t : r
methanol
= 1118 kJ/kg.
Cc thng s ha l cn li tra ti nhit trung bnh T
m
=
2
2 w S
T T +
Trong trng hp ny, cc nhit vch T
v1
v T
v2
u cha bit nn cn chn
trc gi tr thc hin vic tnh ton. Qu trnh tnh ton da trn s cn bng
nhit lng: lng nhit truyn t hi methanol ngng t n vch ngoi q
S
,
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 57
phi bng vi lng nhit truyn qua tng v lp cn q
w
, v bng vi lng
nhit truyn t tng n nc q
n
.
Chn T
v1
= 63
0
C (< T
S
= 65
0
C):
T
m
= 0,5.(T
S
+ T
v1
) = 0,5.(65 + 63) = 64
0
C.
T
1
= T
S
T
w1
= 65 63 = 2
0
C

S
4221,7 W/m
2
.K
q
S
=
( ) ( ) 63 65 . 7 , 4221
1

v S D
T T
= 8443,5 W/m
2
T
v
= q
S
.r
w
= 8443,5 x 5,23.10
-4
= 4,4 K
T
v2
= T
v1
- T
w
= 63 4,4 = 58,6
0
Cq
S
=
( ) ( ) 63 65 . 7 , 4221
1

v S D
T T
= 8443,5
W/m
2
T
v
= q
S
.r
w
= 8443,5 x 5,23.10
-4
= 4,4 K
T
v2
= T
v1
- T
w
= 63 4,4 = 58,6
0
C

v
T = 0,5.(63+ 58,6) = 60,8
0
C Pr
w
= 2,97

n
= 1471,4 W/m
2
.K
q
n
=
( ) ( ) 34 6 , 58 4 , 1471 .
2 tb v n
T T
36177 W/m
2
Do q
S
v q
n
q
S
=
( ) ( ) 63 65 . 7 , 4221
1

v S D
T T
= 8443,5 W/m
2
T
v
= q
S
.r
w
= 8443,5 x 5,23.10
-4
= 4,4 K
T
v2
= T
v1
- T
w
= 63 4,4 = 58,6
0
C

v
T = 0,5.(63+ 58,6) = 60,8
0
C Pr
w
= 2,97

n
= 1471,4 W/m
2
.K
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 58
q
n
=
( ) ( ) 34 6 , 58 4 , 1471 .
2 tb v n
T T
36177 W/m
2
Do q
S
v q
n
Chn T
v1
= 55
0
C (T
1
= 10 K)
Chn T
v1
= 55
0
C (T
1
= 10 K)
Qu trnh tnh ton tng t ln th nht thu c kt qu nh bng sau:
T
w1
q
s
T
w2
q
n
q
55
2823,3
28232,5 14,8 40,2 47,6 1398 8725,3 0,69
Kt qu sai s q lc ny vn rt ln, cn tnh lp ln 3.
ln ny, ta c th v ng thng ni 2 im ng vi q
S
v q
n
tm giao im
chnh xc.
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
54 56 58 60 62 64
Tv1
q
T th, ta c th chn chnh xc hn t
w1
= 58,5
0
C (sai s l 3,57 %)
Khi ,
n
= 1426 W/m
2
.K v s = 3144 W/m
2
.K
H s truyn nhit tng qut K:
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 59
s
W
T
w
T
n

+ +
+ +
3144
1
10 . 23 , 5
1426
1
1
1 1
1
4
S
t
n
r
K

648,4 W/m
2
.K
Din tch b mt truyn nhit :

47 , 30 4 , 648
1118 . 8 , 2
.
'
log
T K
Q
F
hh
nt 0,16 m
2
Tng chiu di truyn nhit :
L =
+
) 025 , 0 021 , 0 ( 14 , 3
16 , 0 2
2
' '
.
ng tr
nt
d d
F
2,2 m
Kim tra li: L/d
tr
= 4,1/0,021 = 195 > 50 nn chn
l
= 1 l ph hp.
Vy thit b ngng t loi v ng c cu to nh sau:
S ng truyn nhit l 7 ng.
Kch thc ng truyn nhit: 21 x 2mm, chiu di ng l 0,35 m.
Bc ng: t = 1,35.d
ng
= 1,35 . 25 = 34 mm
3.6.3 Thit b tch pha
Hn hp trong thit b c th tch 37.3L.
H s cha y: 0,8
Th tch thit b 46.6L
Chn thit b c ng knh 400 mm, y nn tiu chun, np phng.
y:
y gc 60
0
:
R
t
= 0,1750m
R
t
= 0,02 m
H
t
= 0,27m
s
t
= 0,004m
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 60
Th tch y nn:
y nn 60
0
tiu chun ng knh 400 mm c th tch y l
V
t400
= 14,5 x 10
-3
m
3
V
t
= V
t400
x )
400
350
(
3
= 14,5 x 10
-3
x )
400
350
(
3
= 9,7 x 10
-3
m
3
m
R
V V
h
t
t hh
tt
383 . 0
175 . 0
10 ) 7 . 9 6 . 46 (
2
3
2

Chiu cao thit b tch pha:
m h h h
t tt t
653 . 0 270 . 0 383 . 0 + +
3.6.4 Tnh ton tai thit b
Ti trng ti a:G
max
m
6
= m
tb
+ m
l
+ m
tc
vi:
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 61
2.R
h
r
h
t r
2.
r
r
s
m
6
: khi lng cn tnh ca thit b trong qu trnh lm vic
m
tb
: khi lng thit b
m
l
: khi lng cht lng
m
tc
: khi lng tm chn
Khi lng thit b phn ng:
m
tb
= V
X18H10T
x
X18H10T
X18H10T
= 7900 kg/m
3
Khi lng cht lng cha trong thit b 5:
m
l
= m
G
+ m
NaOH
+ m
Me
+ m
BD5

= 19,37 + 1.9 + (0,7917 x 43,1) + 170 = 225,5 kg

Khi lng 6 tm chn:
m
tc
= 6 x 7900 x 0,07x 0,008 x 0,5 = 13,272 kg
Th tch ng knh ngoi ca thit b:
) ( 45064 . 0 537 . 0
4
806 . 0
2 04 . 0
4
806 . 0
2 . 0
4
806 . 0
3
2
4
2
4 4 3
2
3
2
2
2 2 2
m
H
D
h
D
h
D
V
kn kn
t
kn
kn
+
,
_
+
+
,
_
+

vi D
kn
: ng knh ngoi ca thit b: 0.806m
Th tch thnh thi t b :
3
00064 . 0 45 . 0 45064 . 0 m V V V
tb kn Ttb

Kh i l ng thi t b :
kg V m
Ttb tb
45 . 52 7900 00064 . 0 7900
Ngoi ch u t i tr ng t v t li u lm thn thi t b , lm t m ch n,
kh i l ng h n h p l ng trong thi t b ..., tai cn ch u cc t i
tr ng c a cc chi ti t i km nh ng n i, sinh hn
kg m m m m
tc l Ttb
2 . 291 272 . 13 5 . 225 45 . 52
5
+ + + +
Kh i l ng tr hao:
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 62

kg m m
tb
5 . 349 2 . 291 2 . 1 2 . 1
5

9,81
T i tr ng cho php trn 1 tai treo N N
G
G 1000 857
4
6 . 3428
4
max
<
B : chn vt liu lm b l thp CT3
Theo bng XIII.36, tr 438, [8], khi G = 1000 N, ta xc nh c cc kch thc
hnh hc ca tai nh sau:
F,m
2
Q,N/m
2
L,mm B
t
, mm B
1
,mm H
t
,mm S
t
,mm l,mm m
t
, Kg
42,5x10
-4
0,24 80 55 70 125 4 30 0,53
Trong :
B mt : F
Ti trng cho php ln b mt : q
Khi lng 1 tai : m
t
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 63
l

B
t
H
t
B
t
V tr t tai :
Thit b c gia nhit bng vng nhit, do v tr gn tai treo cn cao hn v tr mp
trn ca vng nhit.
Chiu cao mc lng trong thit b H
l
= 0.5
Chn chiu cao mp trn ca vng nhit: H
l
= 0.5
y ta chn v tr tai : H
l
= 0.54m
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 64
L
H
t
B
1
s
t
H
t
Ht
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]: Hi tho khoa hc
[2]: Bo co kt qu
[3]: L Duy Hng, Thit k phn xng ch bin Biodiesel t m c da trn (60 tn
du c ngy), Lun vn tt nghip, 2008.
[4]: Sn xut
[5]: Nguyn Minh Tuyn, Qu trnh v thit b khuy trn trong cng ngh.
[6]: Nguyn Vn La, Qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ha hc v thc phm, tp 1 cc
qu trnh v thit b c hc, quyn 1 khuy lng lc.
[7]: Nguyn Bin (ch bin), S tay Qu trnh v Thit b ha cht tp 1, NXB Khoa
hc & K thut, H Ni, 2004.
[8]: Nguyn Bin (ch bin), S tay Qu trnh v Thit b ha cht tp 2, NXB Khoa
hc & K thut, H Ni, 2004.
[9]:H L Vin, tnh ton thit k cc chi tit thit b ha cht v du kh, H Bch
Khoa H Ni.
[10]:Bng tra cu qu trnh c hc v truyn nhit.
[11]: Qu trnh v thit b truyn nhit,tp 5 qu trnh v thit b truyn nhit, quyn 1
truyn nhit n nh.
[12]: Nguyn Th Hng N (2005). Nghin cu tng hp biodiesel t du thc vt vi
xc tc rn. Lun vn tt nghip, trng i hc Bch Khoa TPHCM.
[13]: Phan Ngc Anh (2002). Nghin cu cng ngh sn xut biodiesel t du n ph
thi. Lun vn cao hc, trng i hc Bch Khoa TPHCM.
[14]: 10. Nguyn Th Phng Thoa (2005). iu ch nhin liu diesel sinh hc
(biodiesel) t du thc vt ph thi theo cng ngh ha siu m. Bo co tng kt
ti nghin cu khoa hc, trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin, i hc Quc Gia
TPHCM.
[15]: Nguyn Hu Lng, Tng quan ti liu v cc nghin cu sn xut biodiesel,
Trng i hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM, 2005.
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 65
[16]:Phm Vn Bn, Qu trnh v thit b trong cng ngh ha hc & thc phm - Tp
5 - Quyn 1,Bi tp truyn nhit, NXB HQGTPHCM, 2004.
SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt
Trn Phc Sang 66

Doan Biodiesel Hoan Chinh 200.

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Doan Biodiesel Hoan Chinh 200.

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n mn hc QT&TB GVHD ThS.

R Nhm ankyl trong phn t ancol

Khi lng BD c to thnh sau phn ng:

n mn hc QT&TB GVHD ThS. Nguyn Quc Hi

Dng vng lp hi qui tnh ton c lng du nhp liu l:178,6kg.

Lng NaOH cn cho phn ng to x phng:

Chn lng xc tc nhp liu vo l 2kg.

Chiu cao thy tnh hn hp cht lng xt t b mt ca y elip ca thit b:

+ Thng s cha y ca thit b theo (3.11),tr121,[6]

H s khuch tn theo 3.67, tr 153, [6]

3.5.2 Tnh bn trc

Lc hng knh bng lc tc dng ln 1 cnh ca c cu khuy (c im t lc nm

: gii hn bn mi, N/m

: h s ln, chn s b ng knh trc khuy d

- H s cp nhit ca nc chy ngoi ng; W/m

- H s cp nhit ca hi ngng t trong ng; W/m

- h s tnh n nh hng ca h s cp nhit theo t l gia chiu di l

SVTH: Phan Ngc Quyt

- Lu lng nc cn thit ngng t methanol c xc nh t phng trnh cn

- Chn lng nc thc t cn s dng ngng t hi methanol gp 1,5 ln lng

- H s cp nhit ca nc chy ngoi ng; W/m

- H s cp nhit ca hi ngng t trong ng; W/m

- h s tnh n nh hng ca h s cp nhit theo t l gia chiu

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