CNGNGHCHBINDUMVKHTHINNHIN

I.Thnhphncadum&khthinnhin:
Khthin nhin ch yul khMetan chim94 98% thtch; Cc
ParafincmchCacbontC2C5thucloikhdum,ngoirakhthin
nhincnc2loikhkhc:
Khnghnhlkhtrongccmdu:ngoiMetanchyucnc
cchyrocacbonkhctC2C5(khnghnhcsntrnbmtca
du).
Khichbin,dumctothnhtrongqutrnhchbingm:
cchyrocacbonkhongnolnhngnguynliuqutrongcngnghiptng
hphuc.
Ngoiccthnhphntrncnc:Hyro,cchpchtchi(cchp
chtcaluhunh),CO2,N2,him.
*Thnhphncadu:chyulcchyrocacbon,ngoiracnc
nha,ccchthucchaluhunh,nitvcctpchtvckhc.
Hyrocacboncadumcthnhphnrtpctp,chyugm3loi
no,naphten,vngthm.Chngcnhiungphn.
Chtlngdumcnhgitheolnghyrocacbonnhitsictrong
dum.Qunhtldumcnhiuhyrocacbondsictrnglngring
thpgildunh.
II.Xlduth:
Tytheomcchsdngmkhcxlkhcnhau.
1.Lmschkh:
a)Tchhinc:hincchi.
Khihnhithinccthngbnglmvngnghocvi
cchyrocacbonthnhcchydrat(CH4.7H2O,C2H6.7H2Ov.v...)btkn
ngnghocthitb.
Hincctchbngchthtncthrn(Canxicloruaht,NaOH
rnv.v...)hoclng(dungdchCanxicloruadietylengly).
b)KhkhH2Svcchpchtchaluhunhkhc:
H2Snmnthitb.
CchpchtluhunhkhitstothnhSO2dnmnthitbdng
c,nhngchtlmxctcnhimc.loinngitadngchthpth
rnvlng(rn:Fe(OH)3,thanhottnh),(lng:muibazmnhviacid
yunhcacbonat,photphatcanatrihockali).
Na2CO3+H2SDNaHCO3+NaHS
Haydngbazhucyu:

2(CH2CH2OH)NH2+H2SD[(CH2CH2OH)NH3]2S
Dungdchhpthctittrnthphpthkium(1),cnkhicn
lmschingcchiutdiln.
thitbhpthradungdchcbm(2)quathitbtruynnhit(3),sau
quathitbtruynnhit(4)nngnhitnnhittisinh,rii
vothptisinhcbmquabm(6)quaccthitbnhittraoinhit(3)
vccthitblmlnh(7)tunhontrlithitbhpth(1).
2.Tchxngkh:
lqutrinhhyrocacbondbayhitntitrongkhngkhdidnghi.Ki
quchaisnphm:
HyrocacboncmchcacbontC2C5.
HyrocacbonhicmchCacbon>C4.
Xnglhnhpcchyrocacbonthhi.
C 3phngphpchyutchxngkh:
Ngngtxngkh.
Hpth.
Hpph.
+Ngngtxngkh:hnhpkhcxnpsut1520atm
rilmlnhbngncthng.Tytheonhit&psutlmlnh,mc
tchxngkhcthcaothpkhcnhau,xngkhkhngtchchon
ton.
+Hpth:phngphpnytchxngkhchonton.
0
Ngitadngsnphmdumthlng,cnhitkhong100200 C
lmdungmihpth.Trcyngitadnghpthginon;hinnay
thngdngsdngthphpthlintc,ngmc3phn:
VnglmlnhIccutobngnc.
VngkhhpthIIIccutongchm,gianhitbnghinchn
hpvovngII&thanhottnhsaukhiquavngI,cngivaovngIItheo
chiungcnhau.ThanHpthukhnngtiptcixungvngIII.Khnh
rakhivnghpphclyraphntrncathphpphmtphnkh
tunhontrlitheongng(1)athanatisinhtheongng
(2)lnnhthpxngkhsaukhitchra,cchakhpropan&metandto
nntikhtrongngdnnhinliuccngcttrongdovycnphi
tchchngraxngcnnhcthchinbngphngphpchng
dipsutcao.
3Tchkhthnhcccutringbithayccnhmcut:
Qutrnhtchcchnhpkhcthchintheophngphphp

th,hpthchnlcvphngphpchngct(vnnycxttrong
phntnghpchthuc).
Scutothphpthlintc.
I.Vnglmlnh
II.VngHpth
III.Vngkhhpph
III.Chbindu:
Ducdngchyu:
Lmnhinliungc.
Lmnguynliutrongcngnghiphacht
Toranhiusnphmdngtrongnhiungnhkhc.
Ducnhiuloikhcnhau,nnphidngnhiuphngphpl
hakhcnhauchbindu.
Qutrnhchbindubaogmcccngonchyusau:
Xldutrckhichbin.
Chngphnontchmazutviccphnchngctkhc.
Chngmadt.
iuchxngbngcchcrcking,madtvccphnchng.
Tnghpcccutcchsctancaocanhinliungc.
Tinhchccsnphmdum.
1.Xldusbtrckhichbin:
Trckhichbin,duphicloicctpcht.
Trchtphitchkhnghnh,nlsnphmcgitr.Saudu
casangblngtchcctpchtchc(ct,t,st),ncvcc
muikhong(NaCl,MgCl2,CaCl2)trongthitblng,ncvcctpchtc
hcclyrayb,nctoviduthnhcchtnhtng(0,1
100mm)dobinphplngkhngktquivinc;cnphiphnh
tngtrndnginxoaychiu:ducavothitbkhnc,ccc
inccchuinpcao((3000040000V)ditcdngcaincc
xoaychiu,cchtnhtngbphhykthpvinhautothnhhtln
lngxungy.
tchmuichontonhn,ngitatrnduvincnng.Saukhix
lbngnhitvin,khducavxnghipchbin.Trctinh
phnloivtrnthnhphntngin,rixlbngkimhocAmniac
trunghaaxt,Sunfuavcctpcht.
2.Chngct:
Hthngchngctphbintrongcngnghipchbindulhthng

chngchnkhngpsutthng.Hthngnychialm2giaion:
Chngctpsutthng.
Chngchnkhng.
a)Chngpsutthung:
Thpchnglmvicpsutthng.Trongcngnghip,tytheo
thnhphnduthvsnphmnhlymlutrnhchngctkhcnhau.
Slutrnhcngnghchngctdumpsutthng.
1:Bchaduth;2:Bm;3:Thitbtraoinhit;4:Lt;5:Thpchng;
6:Thitbngngt;7:Thngchaxng.
Duthbcha(1)cbmquaccthitbtraoinhit(3)nngnhit
ln180oCrivolt(4),tbngdumazut.Khidulnnnhit
320oC325oCthaquathpchng(5).dunhbayhiln,tip
xcvidulngixungthchinqutrnhtraoinhit,lmcccutd
bayhitiptcbayhi,cngxungthp,dulngcngnhiucutkhbay
hi.
Hixngnhthpchngra,saukhiquathitbngngt(6).
Tthpchngpsutthnglyracmtssnphm:
Trncnglxnglyranhdnglmnhinliuttrong.
Rinlydroinlloidudnglmnhinliuchongcphnlc.
Duhalyctrongkhongnhit180oC280oC
Dinaldunng(duXla)khongnhit250oC350oCdng
chongcDiezen,chocrcking.
Cuicnglmadt,lyythpchngvinhitl275oC.
b)Chngchnkhng:
Thpchngchnkhngdngchngmazut.Chngchnkhngnhmh
nhitsicamazu1t,mazutkhibphnhy,P=60mmHg(plm
vic)
Tthpchngchnkhng,lyracccloidubitrnvnhang;
gmccloidubitrn:
Ducngnghipbitrnccmymcvdutruynng.
Dubitrnchongcttrongdngbitrnpttngxilanhcacc
ngc.
Dumynntuabin.
Ducbit.
Phncnlisaukhichnglopiron(hcn)

3.Tinhchccsnphmdum:
Trongsnphmdumcchachamtstpchtchicnphi
loib:
Cchpchtcaluhunh,khichytothnhSO2ctcdngn
mnthitbvucxctc.
Ccaxithucctcdngnmnthitb.
Cctpchtcnha,ckhnngkttavlmnhinliukhchy
Cchpchtkhngnolmsnphmdumkmbn.
a)Tinhchbngkim:
ylphngphpphbinnhtdtinhchxng;lidroinvdu
ha.PhngphpnyloicH2S,mecaptan,phenon,ccaxitnaptanic.
Phngphpnaydngdungdchkimmcvmetanol30%40%:
KimchtchcH2S.Metanoltchhontonmecaptan.
Qutrnhcthchin40oCvpsutl57atm.Dungdchkimv
metanolcavotrchly(1)cngvixngth.
Xngschclyranhthp,dungdchccmecaptancngkimc
lyraythpcbm(2)bmsangthpchng(3)tchkim.Dung
dchkimlyraythpcatrlithp(1).Hnhpmecaptannh
thpraquathitbngngt(4)vothitbphnly(5).Mecaptanclyra
phatrn,cndungdchlongmecaptancavothpchngmetanol
(6)thuhimetanol,atrlithp(1).
b)Tinhchbngaxitvhpph:
XlbngaxitH2SO4cthtchccctpchtcnha,phhyH2S
vmecaptan;CcSunfuaSR'vDisunfuaRSSR'thtantrongacid;cnli
cchpchtkhngnothtothnhccaxitsunfonicRSO2OH.
Dngaxitcnngkhcnhau;thng96%voleum.
Xlbngaxitcnhiunhcim:
Acidmc.
Mtnhitsnphmdum.
Tonhiubthi.
Dovyngynaytadngphngphpnylmschdubitrn.
*Hpph:
Phngphphpphcdnglmschdubitrn,xngvduha.
Chthpthphbinnhtl:tst,thanhottnh,silicugen.
Sauytrnhbyslmschkthphaiphngphpaxthpph:
utincavothitbtrn(1)cngviaxitxl.Qutrnhkhuy

cthchinbngkhngkhnnmtphncngudrontchray.
Dungdchduaxtsangthitb(2)lngtchhtgudron.
Saubm(3)aduvothitbhnhp(4)trnvichthpph
dngbtmn.T(4)rahnhpduchthpphcavothitbbc
hi(5).Hnhpctunhonqualt(6).Sauhnhpcbm
sangthitblmsch(7)rivothngchacmykhuy(
.Tyhn
hpquahthngmyp(9)vthucdutinhch.
c)Chitchnlcbngdungmi:
Phngphpnycsdngphbintrongnhngnmgny;chyu
tinhchdubitrn,xng,duha.
Nguynlcaphngphpnyl:dungmikhnghatandumchha
tancctpchtcnloib(nha,hpchtSunfua,hpchtkhngno).
Tytheotnhchtcadu,tpchtvmctinhchmchnccdung
mikhcnhau.Thngdngdungmifufurol,phenol,nitrobenzenvnhiu
dungmihuckhc.
IV.Chbinccsnphmdum:
Ccphngphpchbinccsnphmdumcdnghinnay:
crcking,refoming.
1.Crcking:
CrckinglqutrnhctccphntHydroCacbonmchdithnhnhng
phntcmchngnhn,nhhn.
CCC...CCCCC=CC...+CCC...
Qutrnhcrckingccimlnchyulmthayislngnguynt
CacbontrongphntHydroCacbonmkhnglmthayicutrchahc
cachng.
Chailoicrcking:crckingnhit,crckingxctc.
a)Crckingnhit:
Crckingnhitthchinnhittngithpvpsutcaothtng
snlngxng(trn60%xngclybngphngphpny).
Crckingnhitthchinnhitcaotrn700oCvpsutthng
torahpchtthmvccHydroCacbonnothkh.
Tytheotnhchtcanguynliuvloisnphmnhiuchmc
nhngquitrnhcrckingnhitkhcnhau:
psutcao(1270atm)vnhittngithp(di540oC).
psutthp(25atm)vnhitdi600oC.
psutthngvnhitcao>670720oC.
VinguynliulHydroCacbonnh,bnnhitthqutrnhphithc

hinnhitvpsutcaocnvinguynliulHydroCacbonnngth
iukinkhngnghimngtbng.
Slutrnhcrckingnhitdumazutpsutcao.
1,7.Thpchng;2,10.Lt;3.Thpphnng;4.Vangimp;5.Thitb
bayhi;6.Thitblmlnh;8.Thitbngngt;9.Thitbphnly.
Nguynliusaukhicgianhitivothpchng(1)lmvicp
sut10atm.Hitthitb(5)sangchngnguynliuthnhphnonnhv
nng.
Phnonnngcnhitcao,lyraythpriavolt(2),
nhitun480(C,p=45atm;iukinny,cchyrocacbonbtub
phnhy.Sauasangthitbphnng(3)cpsut20atm,nhit
480(C,qutrnhcrckingktthctiy.Quavan(4),snphmivothit
bbayhi(5),tiyccsnphmtchthnhcnvhi.Cncrckingc
avothitblmlnh(6).Hicavothp(1).
Qutrnhcrckingthchinqualt(2)lcrckingnh.
Phnonnhlhinhthpchng(1)ra,cavothpchng(7)
iukingingthpchng(1).Hilyranhthplxngvkh,ca
quathitbngngt(
rivothitbphnly(9)tchxngvkh
crcking.
Phnlnglyraythp(7)lgazonvduha.
b)Crckingxctc:
Mcchcacrckingxctcccsnphmdumltngsnlng
vchtlngxng.
Chtlngxngcngnhnhinliuchongcquinhbihaiyu
t:
GimhmlngccHyrocacbonnomchthngvchngcchsoctan
thp.
GimhmlngccHyrocacbonkhngnovkhichychngtonn
nhiunhavtrochongc.
XngcrckingxctcbnhnxngcrckingnhitvhmlngHydro
Cacbonkhngnothp,chsoctancao...
2.Refoming:
Phngphpcrckingxctctuykhngtoracnnhngcngtora
khvcc.trnhshaohtvtokhvcn...Ngitadngrefoming,l
phngphpbinitrctipcutophntcaccsnphmdumiu

chcbngphngphpcrckingmkhnglmtrnglngphntca
chngthayinhiu.