UMTS link budgets

UMTS link budgets

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UMTS link budgets

Contents

What is a link budget? Link budget parameters. Uplink link budget. Downlink link budget. Cell ranges. Cell loading.

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UMTS link budgets

The Link Budget Parameters

Information Rate Interference margin (Intercell & Intracell) Fast Fading Margin Soft Handover Gain Required Eb/No Body Loss Penetration Loss Mobile antenna Gain Base station antenna gain Shadow Fading Margin

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UMTS link budgets

Information Rate
This is the bit rate that the user service requires. Currently in UMTS the following non packet options are supported: 4.75,5.15,5.9,6.7,7.4,7.95,10.2,12.2kbit/s (AMR Voice Codec), 32, 64, 144, 384 kbits/s LCD

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UMTS link budgets

Interference margin
The interference margin is used to account for the increase in the interference levels within the cell due to other users. It introduces in the link a budget a way for accounting for the loading of the cell. The more loading is allowed the larger a margin is needed. Typical values for the interference margin are between 1-3dB corresponding to 20%-50% loading.

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UMTS link budgets

Fast Fading margin

The Fast Fading margin is included to account for the additional headroom needed in the mobile station transmition power to maintain adequate power. This is a consequence of the fast power control utilised in UMTS Typical values are between 2-5dB

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Soft Handover gain

Soft handover gain accounts for the diversity gain achieved during soft handover conditions. The soft handover gain is extracted by the receiver being able to compensate for both slow and fast fading since it has information arriving from almost uncorrelated paths. It is highly sensitive to channel conditions and number of link available. Typical values are usually assumed to be between 2-4dB
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Required Eb/No
This the required Eb/No needed by the user service to maintain error free links. It can be affected by parameters such as -channel type -mobile speed -QoS -receiver implementation

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UMTS link budgets

Body Loss
The body loss introduces in the link budget the effect of the human being handling the terminal. It is a variable parameter that in general depend on the operational conditions the environment and the human being. Usually an average value is introduced in the link budget. Typical values are about 3dB Note that in UMTS it is expected that for a lot of non voice The use of the terminal will not result in losses due to the body.
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UMTS link budgets

Penetration Loss
Penetration Loss accounts for the environment the mobile operates in. Typical examples include: Indoor. Typical generalised value of about 15dB In car. Typical generalised value of about 8dB Note that the actual value between different environments can vary significantly. Ideally measurements for the local conditions are needed

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UMTS link budgets

Antenna Gain
Accounts for the gain at the antennas of the mobile terminal and Base Station Typical values for the Mobile station are 0dBi although it is expected that some data terminal will have antennas giving slightly higher gain ~2dBi. Base station antennas gains are dependant on configuration but Typically are similar to DCS 1800 values.

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UMTS link budgets

Shadow fading Margin

The shadow fading margin introduces a way to include in the link budget the effect of reliability required. It is dependant on the environment surrounding the base station and mobiles.

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UMTS link budgets

Processing gain
Processing gain Gp is the ratio of transmission bandwidth Bt to
information bandwidth Bi. Bi Bt Gp = __

It represents the ability of the receiver to disregard unwanted spread

signals.
P f

Rx Signal (= Tx Signal + Noise)

Channel
f

Spreading Code

Signal

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UMTS link budgets

Receiver Noise
The receiver noise power is mostly thermal noise which is increased by
the receiver noise figure.

Thermal noise can only be reduced by cooling the receiver. The only way of reducing the level of noise is by selecting a receiver
with a low noise figure. Receiver noise power = Receiver noise density + Information rate [dbm/Hz] [db Hz]

Receiver noise density = Thermal noise density + Receiver noise figure [dbm/Hz] [dbm/Hz] [db]

Information Rate = 10 log (Chip Rate)

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Uplink Budget
Mobile Terminal Side Losses Base Station Side Losses

Transmitted Power

EIRP

Maximum acceptable Uplink Path Loss

Receiver Sensitivity

Required Eb/No

Gains

Gains

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Downlink Budget
Base Station Side Loading Factor Maximum acceptable Uplink Path Loss Reliability margin Environment Correction Mobile Terminal Side

Losses

Uplink Path loss Gains

EIRP

Receiver Sensitivity Losses Gains

Required Eb/No

Output Power per link

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An Example of the Uplink Budget

Service type Mobile speed Frequency Chip Rate Data Rate km/h MHz MHz kb/s RT 144kbit/s, 3km/h 3 2000 3.84 144 Uplink link budget Max Load Transmitter (MS) Max transmitted Power Antenna Gain Body Loss Cable Loss EIRP 50 % BS 24 0 0 0 24 MS -174 5 -169 -103.1566878 3.010299957 -103.1566878 -100.1463878 1.5 0 14.25968732 -112.9060751 18 2 4 148.9060751 e f g=e+f h=g+10*log(W*10^6) I j=10*LOG(10^((i+h)/10)-10^(h/10)) k=10*log(10^(h/10)+10^(j/10)) l Ia m=10*LOG(W/R) n=k-m+l-Ia o p pbl q r=d-n+o-p-q F W R

dBm dBi dB dB

a b c cl d=a+b-c-cl

Receiver (BS) Thermal Noise density dBm/Hz Receiver NF dB Receiver Noise density dBm/Hz Receiver Noise Power (Pn) dBm Interference Margin (Ir) dB Total interference (Io) dBm Total interfernce + noise (Io+Pn) dBm Required Eb/No MDC Gain Processing Gain Receiver sensitivity Antenna Gain Cable Loss Body Loss Fast Fading margin (TPC) Max Path loss dB dB dBm dBi dB dB dB

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An Example of the Downlink Budget

Downlink link budget Max Load Transmitter (MS) Max transmitted Power Antenna Gain Body Loss Cable Loss EIRP 50 % dBm dBi dB dB 8.564573042 dBm/channel 18 2 24.56457304 a=d-b+cl b c cl d=r+n-o+p+q+pbl

Receiver (BS) Thermal Noise density dBm/Hz Receiver NF dB Receiver Noise density dBm/Hz Receiver Noise Power (Pn) dBm Interference Margin (Ir) dB Total interference (Io) dBm Total interfernce + noise (Io+Pn) dBm Required Eb/No MDC Gain Processing Gain Receiver sensitivity Antenna Gain Cable Loss Body Loss Fast Fading margin (TPC) Path loss dB dB dBm dBi dB dB dB

-174 8 -166 -100.1566878 3.010299957 -100.1566878 -97.1463878 5.5 1.2 14.25968732 -107.1060751 0 0 0 0 131.6706482

e f g=e+f h=g+10*log(W*10^6 I j=10*LOG(10^((i+h)/ k=10*log(10^(h/10)+ l Ia m=10*LOG(W/R) n=k-m+l-Ia o p pbl q

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UMTS link budgets

An Example of the Range Dimensioner

Cell Dimensioning Path loss standard deviation Added In-car loss Added In building Loss Standard Deviation (Sw) in dB path loss exponent (n) Area Location probability Log Normal fading margin Soft Handover Gain Allowed Path loss Frequency Base Station Antenna Height (Hb Mobile Antenna Height (Hm) Road Width (Rw) Road orientation (ro) Building separation (Bs) Building Height (BH) MHz m m m deg m m dB 148.9060751 12 0 15 12 3.5 dB dB 80.00000183 4.235426958 2 131.6706482 2000 30 1.5 20 90 50 25 4 0 0.516047894 0.516016893 0.325279716

dB dB

Clutter Correction loss (cm) Mobile antenna height correction (a(hm)) range in (Okumura-Hata) Range (Walfish-Ikegami) km km

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Typical Ranges in UMTS

Indoor with 95% probability

Dense Urban 0.28 0.25 0.29 0.23 Urban 0.39 0.34 0.40 0.31 SubUrban 0.99 0.85 1.00 0.78 Rural 1.28 1.11 1.30 1.01 Open 2.16 1.87 2.19 1.71

12 kbps Speech 64 kbps RT data 144 kbps NRT data 384 kbps NRT data

Outdoor with 95% probability

Dense Urban 1.40 1.21 1.42 1.11 Urban 1.82 1.57 1.84 1.44 SubUrban 3.07 2.66 3.10 2.43 Rural 3.98 3.45 4.03 3.15 Open 5.17 4.48 5.24 4.10

12 kbps Speech 64 kbps RT data 144 kbps NRT data 384 kbps NRT data

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Uplink loading

The loading factor is defined as

UL = Prxd I total

Where Prxd is the received power for that link Itotal is the total interference in the cell It can be linked to the Noise Rise as
NoiseRise = 1 1 UL
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Uplink loading

The loading factor can also be linked to the user generated traffic as: N
UL 1 = (1 + i ) W j= 1 1+ (Eb N 0 )j R j j

Where Rj is the bit rate of the j-th link in the cell j is the user activity factor i is the other to own cell interference ratio Eb/N0 is the target for the j-th link in the cell W is the chip rate

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Uplink loading and Range

Effect of loading on cell range

2.5

Voice 12.2 kbit/s, 3km/h

Range (km)

1.5

0.5

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 Cell Loading

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Downlink loading

In the Downlink the loading factor can be expressed as

DL 1 (1 j + i j ) = W j =1 1+ (Eb N 0 )j R j j
N

Where j is the orthogonality factor in the downlink Rj is the bit rate of the j-th link in the cell j is the user activity factor i is the other to own cell interference ratio Eb/N0 is the target for the j-th link in the cell W is the chip rate
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Base Station Transmitted Power Dimensioning

The limiting factor in the Downlink is the maximum power that the amplifier can provide. An estimate of the Base Transmitted power can be determined using: N (Eb N o )j N rf W L j (W R )j j =1 Ptotal _ BS = 1 DL Where Nrf is the noise spectral density at the receiver
N rf = 108.2 + NF
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Coverage vs Capacity relation

160

Capacity is uplink limited

155 NRT Data 144k UL Pathloss NRT Data 384k UL Pathloss DL Pathloss, low asymmetry DL Pathloss, medium asymmetry DL Pathloss, high asymmetry 150

Pathloss

Capacity is Downlink limited

145 0 5 10 15 20 25 UL Load 30 35 40 45 50

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