Diet of Augsburg- Directed by Charles V, was an assembly of protestant and Catholic representatives called together to talk about the

reformation Charles V simply stated that he wanted all to return to Catholicism Response from the Lutherans, the Augsburg Confession, or a Statement of Protestant Beliefs

By the 1530s, German Lutherans created Regional Consistories that oversaw the administration of Protestant churches Lutheranism was introduced to Denmark in mid 1500s In Sweden, King Gustavus embraced Lutheranism and subjected his authority over the clergy at the Diet of Vesteras

Poland= Lutherans, Anabaptists, Calvinists, and Antitrinitarians

Charles V tried to compromise with protestants from 1540-1541 In 1547 turns to the military and crushes the Schmalkaldic League, captures John Frederick of Saxony and Philip of Hesse Charles V sets up puppet governments in the two German principalities, mandates everyone returns to Catholicism

In 1552, protestant armies defeat Charles V and reinstated leaders through the Peace of Passau In 1555, The Peace of Augsburg made the division between protestants and Catholics permanent The new law would be Cuiu regio, eius religio=ruler of the land will determine religion Peace of Augsburg did not apply to Calvinism or Anabaptism, Calvinists eventually organize to lead revolutions

Lollardy, humanism, anticlerical sentiments paved the way for Protestant ideas in England 1520s, English reformers met in Cambridge to discuss Lutheran writings Cardinal Thomas Wolsey and Sir Thomas More opposed Protestantism on behalf of the king Henry VIII actually defended the sacraments against Luthers attack

Henry was unhappy with his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, was not able to get a male heir from her Henry believed that God had cursed his union with Catherine 1527, Henry falls for Anne Boleyn, decides he wants to take her as his wife.he cannot!! Cardinal Wolsey was charged with trying to get an annulment for Henry VIII from the pope

1529, Reformation Parliament convenes, passed legislation that took power of the clergy In 1531, the Convocation (representing the English Clergy), announced Henry VIII the head of the new church of England Passed Submission of Clergy which placed canon law under royal control and the clergy under royal jurisdiction

1533, Henry weds Anne, parliament makes the king the highest court of appeal, the Convocation annuls Henrys marriage to Catherine Through the Act of Succession, Anne Boleyns heirs became eligible to succeed the throne Act of Supremacy declares Henry the only supreme head in earth of the church of England Thomas More and John Fisher, bishop of

1536, Anne Boelyn executed for alleged adultery and treason, daughter Elizabeth declared illegitimate 1537, 3rd wife Jane Seymour died after giving birth to Edward VI After, married Anne of Cleves to unify England with the Protestant princes of Germany, marriage annulled Catherine Howard, 5th wife, beheaded for adultery Catherine Parr, last wife, worked out

Was conservative in religious beliefs Agreed that clergy should not be married, maintained many of the the traditions of Catholicism In the Six Articles of 1539, he reaffirms transubstantiation, celibate vows inviolable, continued confession England had to wait until Henrys death until it was a truly Protestant country

Edward VI corresponded directly with John Calvin Henrys Six laws and laws against Protestants were repealed Images and alters removed from the churches The Second Act of Uniformity passed in 1552, imposed a Common Book of Prayer on all churches 1533, Mary I restores Catholic doctrine

Even before the Reformation, Catholics had begun to make efforts at reforms, but they were squashed. Once the Reformation set in, new religious orders had begun to form.

1524, Theatines to groom church leaders 1528, the monastic Capuchins

The Jesuits were the most successful of the reform movements.

Founded by Ignatius Loyola in the 1530s, it was recognized in 1540. Based on a military model, he wanted people to be soldiers of Christ. Preached self-mastery through discipline, self-sacrifice and obedience.

The success of the Reformation forced the Church to call general council, in order to reassert doctrine.

In preparation, the pope appointed liberal theologian Caspar Contarini to head a reform commission.

The council was strictly under the popes control. Its most important reforms concerned internal discipline.
Bishops needed to preach regularly and spend time in their dioceses. Priests were required to be neatly dressed, educated and strictly celibate.

No doctrinal concessions were made to the Protestants.

They reaffirmed many key doctrines such as:

The role of good works The authority of tradition Indulgences

Rulers initially resisted the reforms, but eventually the new legislation took hold.

The clergy were ubiquitous. Daily life was regulated by the calendar, with frequent fasts and festivals. Monasteries and nunneries were influential institutions. Even many Catholic clergy had concubines and children, and were often resented by lay people.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

The Reformation had a profound effect on education, as it implemented humanistic educational reforms. Counter-reformers emphasized the classic Scholastic writers: Lombard, Bonaventure and Aquinas. Some humanists thought that the Protestant cooption of their curricula narrowed it; however, the Reformation spread humanist ideas farther than they had been before.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

The Protestant rejection of celibacy accompanied their rejection of the Medieval tendency to degrade women as temptresses or exalt them as virgins. Instead, they praised women as mothers and housewives. Marriage was viewed as a partnership between man and wife.

Women had the right to divorce and remarry, just as men did. However, wives remained subject to their husbands.
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Between 1500 and 1800, men and women married later than they had before.

Men: mid to late 20s Women: early to mid 20s

Marriages tended to be arranged, however it was usual for the couple to have known each other, and their feelings were often respected. Families consisted of two parents and two to four children. The church and physicians condemned those who hired wet nurses. The traditional family had features that seemed cold and distant. The pragmatic was often stressed over the Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, romantic. Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All
rights reserved.

The Reformation did not only bring about cultural and changes. There were also major innovations in literature.

Miguel De Cervantes Saavedra was a Spanish writer.

His major work was Don Quixote, which was a satire of the

chivalric romances popular in Spain. The juxtaposition of idealism and realism in the novel was very innovative.

William Shakespeare was an English playwright.

He wrote histories, tragedies and comedies. His work struck universal human themes, many of which

were rooted in contemporary religious traditions.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.