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Power System - Causes For Over Voltage and Prevention: S Murali Krishnan
Power System - Causes For Over Voltage and Prevention: S Murali Krishnan
S Murali Krishnan
5050910061 BTech EEE SRM University, Chennai
Normal
2.The reverse of a sag: Swell 3.Increase in voltage above 110% of nominal for more than one minute - Over-voltage.
Stepped Leader
Streamer
Direct strike
Side Flash
Once the building is struck, lightning current can cause damage either by spark over or intrusion through service lines
Once entered into nearby structures, these radiation may damage sophisticated electronics irrespective of whether they are in operation or not
A service line may directly encountered with lightning or a nearby hit may induced large voltage pulses in the service line
Catastrophe Failure
Degradation (Un-noticed Damage) Break-Down of ICs Loss of Circuit Traces, or Insulation Shortening of Component Thermal Runaway of Semi-Conductors
Burn-Out (Catastrophic Failure) Board Damage & Failure System Down System Failure
Damage to a modem card The surge has come through the communication line. In this case the damage to the modem has prevented further damage to the computer
Direct Stroke A-Cloud to tall object protection is possible, Stroke B-Between clouds-protection not possible
Indirect Line directly below the cloud gets electrostatically charged. When the cloud discharges to earth thro lighhtning, -ve charge on the line gets isolated and it travels fast on the line in both directions in the form of waves. Indirect lightning is the major cause for transients in elec lines
OH grounding wire
Lightning arrester
Earthing screen A grid of earthed copper conductors criss crossing the Substation provide a low resistance path for lightnings. They do not guard against travelling waves
Rod gap
Horn gap
Multigap
Expulsion Type
Valve Type
Motors & Transform. Relays Valves Passive components Diodes Transistors (power) Integrated circuit ICs Semi-conductor diodes
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
10
10
10
10
10
Values
Diverting surge current to earth Clamping output voltage to a safe level Does NOT prevent lightning but protects against effects
A protector performs like a switch controlled by voltage. If the voltage is higher than the rated voltage of the electrical line to be protected, then the protector changes its state to low impedance and derives current to earth. The usual state of the protector is being in high impedance, so that the protector is transparent for the installation.
Spark gaps (air gaps) Gas discharge tubes (GDTs) Zener diodes (avalanche diodes) Metal oxide varistors (MOVs) Transobers Relays Fuses PTCR (Positive Temperature Coefficient Resistor) TBU (Transient Blocking Unit)
MOV/GDT/SAD
MOV
GDT
SILICON DIODE
Bundled wires introduce much less voltage drop than unbundled wires
Details of SPDs
Two electrodes, close together, enclosed in a tube filled with gas When the voltage rises, a low impedance arc is formed between the two electrodes
Symbol:
The most common type of varistor is the Metal Oxide Varistor, or MOV
MOVs
Semiconductor devices with similar characteristics to varistors Symbol: Also called transorbs and clamping diodes
SAD Best
GDA Bad
Good
Good Best
Good Best