EECE 301 Signals & Systems Prof.

Mark Fowler
Note Set #19
C-T Systems: Frequency-Domain Analysis of Systems Reading Assignment: Section 5.2 of Kamen and Heck

Course Flow Diagram

The arrows here show conceptual flow between ideas. Note the parallel structure between the pink blocks (C-T Freq. Analysis) and the blue blocks (D-T Freq. Analysis). New Signal Models
Ch. 1 Intro
C-T Signal Model Functions on Real Line System Properties LTI Causal Etc D-T Signal Model Functions on Integers

Ch. 3: CT Fourier Signal Models

Fourier Series Periodic Signals Fourier Transform (CTFT) Non-Periodic Signals

Ch. 5: CT Fourier System Models

Frequency Response Based on Fourier Transform

Ch. 6 & 8: Laplace Models for CT Signals & Systems

Transfer Function

New System Model

New System Model

Ch. 2 Diff Eqs

C-T System Model Differential Equations D-T Signal Model Difference Equations Zero-State Response Zero-Input Response Characteristic Eq.

Ch. 2 Convolution
C-T System Model Convolution Integral D-T Signal Model Convolution Sum

New System Model

New Signal Model Powerful Analysis Tool

Ch. 4: DT Fourier Signal Models

DTFT (for Hand Analysis) DFT & FFT (for Computer Analysis)

Ch. 5: DT Fourier System Models

Freq. Response for DT Based on DTFT

Ch. 7: Z Trans. Models for DT Signals & Systems

Transfer Function

New System Model

New System Model

5.2 Response to Aperiodic Signals

-Impulse Response h(t) is a time-domain description of the system -Frequency Response H() is a frequency-domain description of the system

Recall that: Because h(t) and H() form a FT pair, one completely defines the other. h(t) and convolution completely describe the zero-state response of an LTI to an input i.e. h(t) completely describes the system.

Conv. Property from chapter 4!! Proof Step 1: Think of the input as a sum of complex sinusoids -Each component

= F ( )e jt
F ( )e jt

Step 2: We know how each component passes through an LTI -This is the idea of frequency response - H ( ) F ( )e jt is the out. component that is due to the input component Step 3: Exploit System Linearity (again Step 2 was the first time) -Total output is a sum of output components y (t ) =
1 2

[H ( ) F ( )]e jt d

Input-Output Relationship Characterized Two Ways 1. Time-Domain: y(t) = h(t)*f(t) 2. Freq-Domain: Y() = H()F() Given input f(t) and impulse response h(t), to analyze the system we could either: 1. Compute the convolution h(t)*f(t) or 2. Do the following: (a) Compute H() & compute F() (b) Compute the product Y() = H()F() (c) Compute the IFT: y(t) = F 1{ H()F()}

From the Freq-Domain view we can see how H() boosts or cuts the amounts of the various frequency components

Relationships between various modeling methods Recall: we are trying to find ways to model CT Linear Time-Invariant Systems in Zero-State

Example Scenario: You need to send a pulse signal into a computers interface circuit to initiate an event (e.g. next PTT slide) Q: What kind of signal should you use? Possibility: A rectangular pulse: AP (t ) A t

Q: Will this work? It depends on the interface circuitry already in the computer! Suppose the interface circuitry consists of an AC Coupled transistor amplifier as shown below

AC coupled

Well ignore the effects of this capacitor in our analysis

Input signal

Output signal

Equivalent Circuit Model

x(t )

y (t )

Now we need to find the System Model viewpoint!

Equivalent System Model

x(t ) X ( )
H()

y (t ) Y ( )

What is H()?? Use Sinusoidal Analysis to find it we did that once already for this circuit Use Phasors, Impedances, and Voltage Divider: v v Req V0 = V 1 i Req + jC

x(t )

y (t )

H ( ) =

jReq C 1 + jReq C

Nowwhat does the input pulse look like in the frequency domain? From FT table:

p (t ) sinc 2

X ( )
jReqC So the output FT looks like: Y ( ) = H ( ) X ( ) = sinc 2 1 + jReqC
Now how do we find y(t)?

y (t ) = F 1{ ( )} Y

YUCK!!! HARD!!!

Welldo we need to go back to the time domain? NO! Just look at Y() and see what it tells Think Parsevals theorem

The plots below show that very little energy gets through the system Systems Freq. Resp.
1 0.8 |H(f)| 0.6 0.4 0.2 -500 0 f (Hz) 500 1000 0 -1000 1 -500 0 f (Hz) 500 1000 0.1 0.08 |Y 1(f)| 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 -1000 01 -500 0 f (Hz) 500 1000

Input FT
0.1 0.08 |X 1(f)| 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 -1000 01

Output FT

So this pulse signal is not usable here because

The problem lies in that |H()| is small where |X()| is big (and vice versa) Pick an X() that does not do that!! Use a pulse that is Modulated Up to where |H()| allows it to pass

x2 (t ) = p (t ) cos(0t )
A modulated pulse

sinc shifted up

sinc shifted up

X 2 ( )

0
See actual plots on next page

Original Input FT
0.1 0.08 |X 1(f)| |H(f)| 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 -1000 0.1 0.08 |X 2(f)| |H(f)| 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 -1000 -500 0 f (Hz) 500 1000 -500 0 f (Hz) 500 1000 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -1000 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -1000

Systems Freq. Resp.

0.1 0.08 |Y 1(f)| -500 0 f (Hz) 500 1000 0.06 0.04 0.02

Original Output FT

0 -1000 0.1 0.08 |Y2(f)| 0.06 0.04 0.02

-500

0 f (Hz)

500

1000

-500

0 f (Hz)

500

1000

0 -1000

-500

0 f (Hz)

500

1000

Alternate Input FT

Same Freq. Resp.

Alt. Output FT

Example: Attenuation of high frequency Disturbance

This scenario could occur in an audio setting (a high-pitched interference). Weve also seen it occur in the example of a radio receiver (the de-modulator created the desired lowfreq signal but it also created undesired highfreq signals

|X()|

Frequency (rad/sec)

X() (degrees)

Time-Domain View of Input

Undesired High Freq Wiggle

Frequency (rad/sec)

Time (sec)

y(t) output signal x(t) input signal

Undesired High Freq Wiggle

Reduced High Freq Wiggle

Retained Low Freq. Signal!!

Comments on This Example We can use the FT to see at what frequencies there are undesired signals Then we can specify a desired system frequency response H() that will reduce (or attenuate) the undesired signal while keeping the desired signal
Note that it would be virtually impossible to try to directly specify a desired system impulse response that will do this

Once we have specified the desired H() we could try to find a circuit (i.e., a physical system) that will implement it (either exactly or approximately)
This is the design or system synthesis problem We havent yet learned how to do this!! Tools well learn later will help! However, if we have H() specified as a mathematical function we could possibly compute the inverse FT to get the impulse response h(t) then we could implement this digitally like we did earlier to simulate an RC circuit using D-T convolution.