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specific weight of the oil. the average collection time (step 3).
into the height of the oil. correspond to two different pipe lengths. f using the Darcy-Weisbach equation.
City College of New York School of Engineering Department of Civil Engineering CE 361 - Hydraulics
Laboratory Experiment No. 2
Velocity Profile Measurements in a Closed Conduit Using LDV (Laser Doppler Velocimetry) The dual beam approach is the most common optical arrangement used for an LDV system. Basic components of a complete LDV system include a Laser, Beamsplitter, Focusing lens, Collecting lens, Photodetector, Signal processor and Data Analysis system. To optimize a measurement, one must have particles following the flow. 1. The velocity profile is measured at the entrance, before the obstacle, after the obstacle and at the exit. 2. Assuming symmetry, half of the profile is measured; the other half of the profile is the mirror image of the measured part. 3. Set up your own coordinate system; you have to be able to specify the position of the profile within the closed conduit. 4. The entire profile must be drawn at each section. 5. Interpret the shape of each profile and compare it to the situation with no obstacle in the conduit. 6. The profiles at different sections must be compared as well; for example the maximums and the minimums of the profile before the obstacle and the profile after the obstacle should be compared.
City College of New York School of Engineering Department of Civil Engineering CE 361 - Hydraulics
Laboratory Experiment No. 3 - Hydraulic Jump Introduction
Hydraulic jumps mostly occur naturally in open channels. They are very efficient in dissipating the energy of the flow to make it more controllable and less erosive. In a hydraulic jump the flow goes from supercritical ( high velocity) to subcritical (low velocity) regime. In fact, occasionally it might be necessary to create a jump to consume the excessive energy. For instance when water flows down from an outlet of an arch dam, it carries an enormous amount of kinetic energy, which might damage the receiving channels. To avoid damage, a hydraulic structure called stilling basin is built underneath the dam. This structure produces a controlled hydraulic jump, where the damaging energy is lost in the transition from supercritical to subcritical.
Experimental Procedure
A hydraulic jump has been established in the elevated flume of the Hydraulics Laboratory. The following tasks must be accomplished in this experiment: 1. Measure the width of the channel; 2. Measure the sequent depths of the jump; 3. Measure the flow depth upstream from the jump (subcritical region); 4. Estimate the flow velocity in the subcritical region of the flow; Choose two points in the channel in the subcritical region downstream from the jump and measure their distance;
Put a piece of paper on the flow surface and measure the time it
takes for the paper to travel from one point to the other. Repeat this procedure three times and take the average travel time; Divide the distance by the average travel time to approximate the flow velocity at the water surface;
Report Preparation
1. Compute the average velocity using the equation provided in the laboratory; 2. Multiply the velocity by the cross sectional area (flow depth measured in step 3 in experimental procedure times width of the channel) to estimate the flow rate. 3. Estimate the critical depth in the channel; 4. Estimate the Froude number before and after the jump; 5. Using the initial depth, approximate the sequent depth of the jump with the appropriate relations given in your text book and compare it with your measurement; 6. Repeat step 5 but use sequent depth to obtain the initial depth; 7. Estimate the energy loss in the jump; 8. Draw the specific force curve and specific energy curve; 9. Specify the sequent depths on each curve and answer the following questions: (a) Are the specific forces of the initial depth and the sequent depth exactly the same? Why? (b) Is the energy loss that you obtain from the specific energy curve the same as the one in step 9? Why?
City College of New York School of Engineering Department of Civil Engineering CE 361 - Hydraulics
Laboratory Experiment No. 3 Calibration of Sharp-Crested Weirs
Introduction
A weir is an overflow structure extending across a stream or a channel and normal to the direction of the flow. They are normally categorized by their shape as either sharp-crested or broad-crested. This laboratory experiment focuses on sharp-crested weirs only. Two different types of weirs will be introduced: 1- The V-notch weir; 2- The rectangular weir (horizontal weir with end contractions).
Objectives
Estimation of coefficient of discharge for a rectangular and a V-notch weir.
Experimental Apparatus
The experiments will be carried out on a mobile "hydraulic bench" located in the hydraulic laboratory. A schematic of the hydraulic bench is shown in Fig. 1. It consists of five basic elements:
1- Flow channel, located at the top of the bench; 2- Water storage tank; 3- Pump/valve system, next to water storage tank; 4- Holding tank for water volume measurement, below the flow channel; 5- The drainage system for hydraulic bench.
Quick release connector is unscrewed from the bed of the channel and the delivery nozzle (5) screwed in place. Stilling baffle (6) is slid into the slots in the walls of the channel. These slots are polarized to ensure correct orientation of the baffle. The inlet nozzle and stilling baffle in combination promote smooth flow conditions in the channel. Water is circulated in the system by a small centrifugal pump between the channel and the holding tank. A vernier hook and point gauge is mounted on an instrument carrier (11), which is located on the side channels of the molded top. The carrier may be moved along the channels to the required measurement position. The gauge is provided with a coarse adjustment locking screw (7) and a fine adjustment nut (8). The vernier (10) is locked to the mast by a screw (4) and is used in conjunction with the scale (9). The hook and point (1) is clamped at the base of the vertical mast (3) by a thumb screw (2). The rectangular weir or V-notch weir, which is to be calibrated (12), is clamped to the weir carrier by thumb nuts (13). The weir plates incorporate captive studs to aid assembly.
7 8 9 10
11
6 5 4 3 2 1
12
13
weir plate. drops until water flow over the weir stops.
789-
For each flow rate, after the conditions are stable, measure and record H. Take readings of volume discharged and time of discharge using the Repeat steps 5 to 7 five times for each weir type.
Data Analysis
A- Rectangular Weir In a rectangular weir: Q = 2/3* Cd * B*(2g)1/2* H1.5 where Q = flow rate, Cd = coefficient of discharge, B = width of the weir, and H = head above the weir.
Compute and tabulate Q, H2/3 , Cd=3Q/ (2BH1.5(2g)0.5), log Q, log H; Plot Q2/3 versus H; Plot Cd versus H; Estimate an average value for Cd and the standard deviation.
Is Cd constant for this weir? Can The Q-H relationship be described by an empirical formula Q = k * Hn? If so find the values of k and n.
B- V-notch Weir In V-notch weirs: Q = 8/15* Cd * (2g)1/2* tan (/2)*H5/2 where Cd = coefficient of discharge, /2 = half of the enclosed angle of the V, and H = head above the weir. Determine C in accordance with the following: 1- Tabulate volumes, times and heads;
23-
Compute and tabulate Q and Q5/2 ; Plot Q5/2 versus H and find Cd from the slope of the graph.
Is Cd constant for this weir? What are the advantages and disadvantages of plotting Q2/5 versus H instead of Q versus H5/2 ?