Electrodynamometer Type Instrument

Transfer Instrument: Calibrated with a DC source and then used without modification to measure AC Electrodynamics instruments are capable of service as transfer instrument.
In these instruments the field can be made to reverse simultaneously instruments, with the current in the movable coil if the field coil is connected in series with the movable coil.

Construction: The field is produced by a fixed coil

Th coil is divided into two sections to give a more uniform field near The il i di id d i t t ti t i if fi ld the centre and to allow passage of shaft

The wire of fixed coil is stranded where necessary

to reduce eddy current loss in conductors

The coils are usually varnished and baked to form a solid assembly
This makes the construction rigid so that there is no shifting or change in dimension

Moving coil: Single element instrument has one moving coil

wounded either as a self-sustaining coil or on a non-metallic former g
to avoid eddy current induced by the alternating field

Light but rigid construction is used B th fixed and moving coils are air cored. Both: fi d d i il i d Control: Controlling torque is provided by two control spring Moving System Moving coil is mounted on an aluminum spindle Also carries the counter weight and truss type pointer S Suspension may b used in case of high sensitivity i be di f hi h iti it

 Torque Equation q q
i1 instantaneous value of current in fixed coil; A i2 instantaneous value of current in moving coil; A L1 self inductance of fixed coil; H L2 self inductance of moving coil; H M Mutual inductance between fixed and moving coil Detailed formula is explained on the board.

Electrodynamometer Ammeter: In this case, the fixed and moving coils are connected in series and, therefore carry the same current.
I1 = I2 = I and = 0. Formulae is explained on the board.

The current should not exceed 100mA. h h ld d For ammeters of higher capacity, the moving coil is shunted across by a low resistance
to limit the current through moving coil to 100mA.

Electrodynamometer Voltmeter: The electrodynamometer movement is used as a voltmeter

by connecting the fixed and moving coils in series with a high nonnon inductive resistance. Formulae is explained on the board.

Advantage A th coils are air cored, these instruments are free from As the il i d th i t t f f hysteresis and eddy current errors They have a precision grade accuracy for frequencies from 40 up to 500 Hz. Can be used on both AC and DC. Disadvantage They have a low torque/weight ratio
hence, have a low sensitivity

They are more expensive than either the PMMC or the MI type S iti to overloads and mechanical impacts Sensitive t l d d h i li t
Must be handled with great care

Thermocouple Instrument
When two metals having different work functions are placed together, a voltage is generated at the junction.
Thi voltage is nearly proportional to the temperature. This lt i l ti l t th t t This junction is called a Thermocouple. convert heat energy to electrical energy.

The heat at the junction is produced by the electrical current flowing in the heater element.
Therefore the scale of PMMC instrument can be calibrated to read the Therefore, current passing through the heater

Used for AC and DC applications

Electrostatic Instrument
The deflecting torque is produced by the action of electric field on charged conductors. They are essentially voltmeters
But, may also be used with the help of external components to measure current and power p

Two ways in which the force act:

when two oppositely charged electrodes are considered, one of them is fixed and other is movable.
due to the force of attraction, the movable electrode is drawn towards the fixed one.

when there are forces of attraction or repulsion or both between the electrodes which cause rotary motion of the moving electrodes. In both the cases the mechanism indicates a variable capacitor and the cases, force or torque is related to the moving system.