HOC MATtA ANG THl D

Trnh Anh Ngoc

8/5/2009
Hoc MATLAB bang th du I
Tai lieu nay c viet vi muc ch hng dan cac sinh vien hoc nhanh ve Matlab.
Phan au tai lieu la noi dung bai giang cua tac gia ve Matlab trong hoc phan "Giai
phng trnh bang may tnh". Mot so th du, chng trnh tnh toan so c lay t bai
giang "Giai tch so 1" cho lp c nhan tai nang, "C hoc chat long" cung cua tac gia.
Matlab la phan mem tr giup tnh toan so va ky hieu, do o tai lieu gom hai phan: (1)
tnh toan ky hieu, va (2) tnh toan so. Sau khi oc xong tai lieu nay, sinh vien co the:
- Dung Matlab giai cac bai toan giai tch, ai so va ai so tuyen tnh;
- Dung Matlab e viet chng trnh tnh toan cho cac mon nh Phng phap phan
t hu han, Giai tch so, C hoc vat ran bien dang, C hoc chat long . . .
1 Vai tro coa mav tnb trong ngbicn coo va ong
dong toan boc
Con, cu tro ,iup tinh toan so ya ky hieu.
\e tinh toan so: ,iup mo phon, cac lai toan thuoc lanh yuc khoa hoc ya ky
thuat, phan tich du lieu.
\e tinh toan ky hieu: cho phep thuc hien, kiem tra cac phep lien doi toan
hoc: du doan, thu n,hiem cac du doan toan hoc: danh ,ia thuc hanh cac ket oua ly
thuyet.
Hien thi cac ket oua lan, do hoa.
2 MatIab - pban mcm toan boc
Matlal la mot n,on n,u thuc hien danh cho tinh toan, dac liet la cac tinh toan ky
thuat. \oi Matlal ta co the tinh toan, hnh dun,, ya lap trnh cho cac doi tuon,
toan hoc.
Matlal la mot he thon, tuon, tac ma phan tu du lieu co lan cua no la man,
(array). Lieu nay, the hien tron, ten ,oi cua no (Matlal la yiet tat cua Matrix
Iaboratory), cho phep ta thuc hien de dan, cac tinh toan ma tran ya yecto thuon,
,ap tron, cac lai toan ky thuat.
He thon, Matlal ,om nam phan chinh:
I) ',on n,u Matlal
Z) Moi truon, lam yiec Matlal
J) uan ly do hoa
+) 1hu yien cac ham toan hoc Matlal
5) Ciao dien chuon, trnh un, dun, Matlal
1ron, tai lieu nay ta se lam ouen yoi cac phan I) - +). Ban doc nen tm cac
Z Trnh Anh Ngoc
tai lieu:
Getting Started with MATLAB, MathWorks, Inc., I99o.
Symbolic Math Toolbox User's Guide, MathWorks, Inc., I99o.
tron, tu sach cua MathWorks de doc them ye Matlal khi can.
3 toot qoa MatIab - cai nbn dao
1ron, muc nay ta se luot oua mot yon, Matlal de co mot cai nhn khai ouat ye tinh
nan, ya nhun, dac diem dan, luu y cua no. Le hoc nhanh Matlal lan phai doc tai
lieu nay yoi may tinh truoc mat. Hay thu thuc hien cac thi du duoc dua ra tron, tai
lieu. uan sat phan un, cua Matlal khi xu ly cac lenh dua yao. 1u dat ra cac thi
du de thu n,hiem, doc ky cac don, canh lao, thon, lao loi neu co.
Hnh I: Cua so Matlal.
Le khoi don, Matlal ta chi can nhap kep (doulle click) yao lieu tuon, cua
Hoc MATLAB bang th du J
no, hoac yao menu start\All programs\Matlab 7.1 roi chon Matlab 7.1
1
.
Mot cua so co ten Matlab (hay Matlab command) xuat hien cun, yoi dau nhac
lenh >>(hnh I). Cac lenh cua Matlal duoc nhap yao tu day.
Le thoat (ouit) chi can nhap chuot yao dau X o ,oc tren len phai cua so
Matlab.
1at ca cac doi tuon, dua yao Matlal phai duoc khai lao lan, cach xac
dinh noi dun, cua no.
Vccto
Le tao mot yecto, thi du a, tron, cua so Matlab command ta nhap yao
>> a = [1 2 3 4 5 6 9 8 7 6 5]
sau khi nhan enter Matlal tra ye:
a =
1 2 3 4 5 6 9 8 7 6 5
Chu y: cac thanh phan cua yecto nam ,iua hai dau n,oac yuon,, cach nhau mot
khoan, tran,. Dien n,u Matlal tra ye se duoc hieu n,am tron, cac thi du sau.
1ao yecto b yoi cac thanh phan lay ,ia tri n,uyen tu O den IO
>> b = 0:10
b =
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
'eu muon cac thanh phan lien tiep cach nhau Z th nhap yao
>> c = 0:2:10
c =
0 2 4 6 8 10
Kich thuoc (chieu dai) cua yecto duoc cho nho ham length,
>> dai=length(c)
dai=
6
1inh toan tren yecto cun, rat don ,ian. Con, cac thanh phan cua yecto a
yoi 3
>> a + 3
ans =
4 5 6 7 8 9 12 11 10
Chu y: cac lenh, cac lien dua yao duoc Matlal luu ,iu tron, workspace (yun, lam
yiec). Co the hnh dun, workspace nhu la to ,iay nhap ta dun, khi lam tinh, cac
phep tinh duoc yiet tuan tu tu tren xuon, duoi, ta co the xem lai nhun, ket oua da
thuc hien, xoa nhun, lien hoac lieu thuc duoc dua yao (dun, lenh clear tenbien
hoac clear all - xoa tat ca). 'oi dun, cua workspace duoc hien thi tren cua
so Matlal ta co the dun, thanh truot len phai cua so Matlal de xem cac noi dun,
cu(hnh Z).
1ron, tinh toan tren, do ta khon, chi dinh phep ,an, Matlal luu tru ket oua
1
1en Matlab 7.1 co the khac tuy thuoc phien lan Matlal ma lan dun,.
+ Trnh Anh Ngoc
Hnh Z: 'oi dun, workspace duoc hien thi tren cua so Matlal.
tinh toan tron, mot lien tam thoi ,oi la ans.
\e mat toan hoc ta khon, the con, yecto yoi mot so' 1ron, thi du tren Matlal
da mo ron, 3 ra thanh ma tran [3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3] co cun, do dai nhu yecto
a roi thuc hien phep con,.
'eu can thuc hien lai mot lenh da duoc dua yao truoc do ta co the tai hien
lai lenh nay lan, cach nhan phim mot so lan thich hop ma khon, can phai ,o lai
lenh.
1inh yecto d la ton, cua hai yecto a ya b
>> d = a + b
d =
1 3 5 7 9 11 15 15 15 15 15
Chu y: muon con, hai yecto th chun, phai co cun, do dai. lhep tru tren yecto
cun, duoc thuc hien tuon, tu.
Ma tran
'hap ma tran yao Matlal ,ion, nhu nhap mot yecto, n,oai tru moi don,
cach nhau loi dau cham phay hoac enter (return):
Hoc MATLAB bang th du 5
>> B = [1 2 3 4; 5 6 7 8; 9 10 11 12]
hay
>> B = [1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12]
B =
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
Kich thuoc ma tran duoc cho lan, ham size,
>> size(B)
ans=
3 4
Matlal co the thuc hieu nhieu phep tinh ma tran, duoi day la mot so phep
tinh thuon, dun, (lan doc tu dua ra thi du de thu n,hiem), danh sach cac lenh duoc
hien thi khi dun, lenh help. 1u danh sach nay ta co the tra cuu cu phap lenh ya
cac thon, tin lien ouan.
lhep con, (tru) hai ma tran tuon, tu nhu truon, hop yecto. Lac liet, nhan ma
tran yoi mot so co the yiet theo thu tu nao cun, duoc. 1hi du, neu A la ma tran s
la mot so th hai lenh s*A ya A*s cho cun, mot ket oua.
Chuyen yi:
>> C = B
'eu B la ma tran phuc th B cho chuyen yi cua lien hop phuc cua B. 1ron,
truon, hop muon lay chuyen yi cua B ta phai dun, .'
>> D = B .
'han hai ma tran:
>> D = A * B
'eu muon nhan cac phan tu tuon, un, cua hai ma tran co cun, kich thuoc ta
dun, .*
>> G = E .* F
'eu E la ma tran yuon, th phep nhan ma tran E yoi chinh no n lan co the
thuc hien lan, phep lay luy thua. 1hi du:
>> E

3
'eu muon luy thua tun, phan tu cua ma tran ta dun, .

. 1hi du:
>> E .

3
',hich dao ma tran yuon,:
>> inv(E)
Cac ,ia tri rien,:
>> eig(E)
La thuc dac trun,:
>> poly(E)
o Trnh Anh Ngoc
Ham so
Matlal co mot thu yien cac ham toan hoc rat phon, phu nhu : sin, cos,
log, exp, sqrt, . . . Cac so thuon, dun, nhu : , i (hay j) =

1 cun, duoc dinh
n,hIa san tron, Matlal.
>> sin(pi/4)
ans =
0.7071
Loi so cua ham co the la mot ma tran. 1hi du, x=[1 2; 3 4], lenh exp(x)
tra ye
ans =
2.7183 7.3891
20.0855 54.5982
do chinh la ma tran

exp(1) exp(2)
exp(3) exp(4)

.
Le tm hieu cach dun, mot ham Matlal lat ky chi can ,o
>> help [ten ham]
Matlal cun, cho phep n,uoi su dun, tao cac ham rien, cho mnh lan, lenh
function (se duoc ,ioi thieu duoi day).
o tbi
1ron, Matlal de ye do thi mot ham so ta dun, ham plot. 1hi du de ye do
thi ham sin(t), truoc het ta tao yecto thoi ,ian t ya roi tinh ,ia tri ham sin tai
moi thoi diem
>> t = 0:0.25:7;
y =sin(t);
>> plot(t,y)
Chu y: ten ham (plot) yiet lan, chu thuon,, dau cham phay cuoi moi cau lenh chi
thi Matlal khon, the hien ket oua tinh toan ra man hnh.
M-fiIc
M-file la cac file yan lan (text) chua ma Matlal. 1en M-file co phan mo ron,
.m. Co hai loai M-file:
Script, khon, co doi so nhapxuat, ,ion, nhu mot kich lan ,hi cac lenh
tinh toan tuan tu ma n,uoi su dun, yeu cau. Khi ,o ten file o dau nhac lenh roi
nhan phim enter, Matlal se thuc hien cac lenh ,hi tron, file, tren du lieu hien hanh
tron, yun, lam yiec (workspace). 1ron, thuc hanh, de kiem soat du lieu tinh toan,
script file thuon, lat dau lan, lenh clear all xoa tat ca cac lien luu tru tron,
workspace, ya khoi tao lai cac lien ma script file can dun,.
lunction, co doi so nhapxuat. Loai file nay thuon, duoc dun, de dinh n,hIa
ham (,ion, nhu chuon, trnh con). 1hi du M-file rank.m
Hoc MATLAB bang th du 7
Hnh J: Lo thi ham y = sin(t) yoi 0 t 7.
function r = rank(A,tol)
% RANK Matrix rank.
% RANK(A) provides an estimate of the number of linearly
% independent rows or columns of a matrix A.
% RANK(A,tol) is the number of singular values of A
% that are larger than tol.
% RANK(A) uses the default tol = max(size(A)) * norm(A) * eps.
s = svd(A);
if nargin = =1
tol = max(size(A)) * max(s) * eps;
end
r = sum(s > tol);
Chu y: function tron, don, thu nhat la tu khoa. Don, nay cho ten function ya
thu tu cac doi so. 1iep theo don, dau la cac don, lnh luan, lat dau lan, , don,
dau tien tron, chun, se duoc Matlal hien thi khi ta ,o lenh help rank. lhan con
lai cua file la cac don, kha thi.
4 Gioi tbico vc SvmboIic Matb TooIbox
Muc nay ,ioi thieu cac net chinh cua Symlolic Math 1oollox, mot thanh phan cua
Matlal dam trach yiec tinh toan ky hieu.
o Trnh Anh Ngoc
4.1 oi toong kv bico
Loi tuon, ky hieu (symlolic olject) hay sym la mot cau truc du lieu luu tru mot chuoi
(strin,) lieu dien cua ky hieu. Loi tuon, ky hieu duoc dun, de lieu dien cac lien,
cac lieu thuc ya cac ma tran ky hieu. Le tao cac lien ya lieu thuc ky hieu ta dun,
ham sym. 1hi du,
>> x = sym(x)
tao mot lien ky hieu x luu tru ky tu x ya
>> a = sym(alpha)
tao mot lien ky hieu a luu tru chuoi cac ky tu alpha. 1hi du khac,
>> rho = sym((1 + sqrt(5))/2)
tao mot lien ky hieu lieu dien ti le yan, (,olden ratio).
4.2 Cac pbcp tnb kv bico tboong dong
1a co the thuc hien nhieu phep tinh tren cac lien ky hieu. Duoi day la mot yai
phep tinh thuon, dun,.
SS - thay the ky hieu.
subs(s) thay the tat ca cac lien tron, lieu thuc ky hieu s lan, cac ,ia tri
nhan duoc tu ham ,oi, hay yun, lam yiec. 1hi du, ,ia su a=980, C1=3 da ton tai
tron, yun, lam yiec.
>> y=exp(-a*t)*C1;
>> subs(y)
tra ye ans=3*exp(-980*t)
subs(s,new) thay the cac lien ky hieu tu do tron, s lan, new. 1hi du, s
la lieu thuc f=x

2
>> subs(s,2)
tra ye ans=4 (x duoc thay lan, 2 tron, lieu thuc s).
subs(s,old,new) thay the old lan, new tron, lieu thuc s. day old
la lien ky hieu, chuoi lieu dien mot ten lien hay chuoi dien ta mot lieu thuc: new
la mot lien ky hieu hoac lien so hoac lieu thuc. 1hi du, subs(a+b,a,4) tra ye
4+b (a duoc thay the lan, 4).
Lenh subs cun, cho phep thay the nhieu lien cun, mot luc. 1hi du,
subs(cos(a)+sin(b),{a,b},{sym(alpha),2})
tra ye cos(alpha)+sin(2) (a duoc thay the lan, chuoi alpha, b duoc thay the
lan, 2).
'eu old ya new la cac yecto hay man, co cun, kich thuoc, th moi phan tu
cua old duoc thay loi phan tu tuon, un, cua new. 'eu s ya old la cac yo huon,
con new la man, hay man, ma tran (cell array), th cac yo huon, duoc mo ron, ra
de cho ket oua man,. 1hi du, subs(exp(a*t),a,-[1 3; 4 2]) tra ye
[ exp(-t), exp(-3*t)]
Hoc MATLAB bang th du 9
[ exp(-4*t), exp(-2*t)]
1ron, thi du nay a duoc mo ron, ra thanh man, roi thay the cac phan tu tuon, un,
cua no lan, cac phan tu tuon, un, cua man, -[1 3; 4 2]. \e mat toan hoc, cac
phep tinh duoc thuc hien nhu sau
exp

1 3
4 2

= exp

t 3 t
4 t 2 t

exp(t) exp(3 t)
exp(4 t) exp(2 t)

'eu new la cac ma tran man, hay ma tran so, th su thay the duoc thuc hien
tun, phan tu: n,hIa la subs(x*y,{x,y},{A,B}) tra ye A.*B khi A, B la ma tran
cac so). 1hi du, subs(x*y,{x,y},{[0 1;-1 0],[1 -1;-2 1]}) tra ye
[ 0, -1]
[ 2, 0]
FXFAND - khai trien lieu thuc ky hieu.
expand(s) yiet moi phan tu cua lieu thuc ky hieu s nhu la tich cac thua so
cua no. expand hay duoc dun, yoi da thuc, n,oai ra no cun, duoc dun, de khai
trien cac lieu thuc luon, ,iac, ham mu ya ham lo,arit.
1hi du:
I) ((x-2)*(x-4)) tra ye x

2-6*x+8.
Z) expand(cos(x+y)) tra ye cos(x)*cos(y)-sin(x)*sin(y).
J) expand(exp((a+b)

2)) tra ye exp(a

2)*exp(a*b)

2*exp(b

2).
+) expand([sin(2*t), cos(2*t)])tra ye [2*sin(t)*cos(t), 2*cos(t)

2-
1].
SlMFtlFY - don ,ian lieu thuc ky hieu.
simplify(s) don ,ian moi phan tu cua ma tran ky hieu s.
1hi du:
I) simplify(sin(x)

2 + cos(x)

2) tra ye I.
Z) \oi rho la lien lieu dien ti le yan, (thi du o tren).
>> f = rho

2-rho-1
f =
(1/2+1/2*5

(1/2))

2-3/2-1/2*5

(1/2)
>> simplify(f)
f =
0
J) simplify(exp(c*log(sqrt(alpha+beta))))tra ye (alpha+beta)

(1/2*c).
Chu y, lenh ,an lieu thuc duoi day
>> f = sym(a*x

2 + b*x + c)
khon, tao cac lien tuon, un, yoi cac tu a, b, c, ya x cua lieu thuc. Le thiet lap
cac phep toan ky hieu (e.,., tich phan, yi phan, thay the, etc.) tren f, ta can phai tao
IO Trnh Anh Ngoc
cac lien mot cach tuon, minh
>> a = sym(a)
>> b = sym(b)
>> c = sym(c)
>> x = sym(x)
hay don ,ian
>> syms a b c x
SlMFtF - tm dan, don ,ian nhat cua lieu thuc ky hieu hay ma tran.
simple(s) co ,an, thu nhieu lien doi dai so khac nhau de don ,ian s, roi
tra ye lieu thuc n,an nhat.
Duoi day la ket oua tra ye cua simple(s) kem theo chi dinh phep lien doi
duoc dun,.
s ket oua phuon, phap
cos(x)

2+sin(x)

2 1 simplify
2*cos(x)

2-sin(x)

2 3*cos(x)

2-1 simplify
cos(x)

2-sin(x)

2 cos(2*x) combine(trig)
cos(x)+(-sin(x)

2)

(1/2) cos(x)+i*sin(x) radsimp

cos(x)+i*sin(x) exp(i*x) convert(exp)
(x+1)*x*(x-1) x

3-x combine(trig)
x

3+3*x

2+3*x+1 (x+1)

3 factor
cos(3*acos(x)) 4*x

3-3*x expand
log(x) + log(y) log(x*y) combine
4.3 Mot so cacb dong kbac coa bam sym
a) Chuyen doi mot ma tran tu dan, so san, dan, ky hieu. Lenh A = hilb(3)
sinh ra ma tran Hillert JxJ
A =
1.0000 0.5000 0.3333
0.5000 0.3333 0.2500
0.3333 0.2500 0.2000
/p dun, sym cho /
>> A = sym(A)
ta duoc (chinh xac yo cun,) dan, ky hieu cua ma tran Hillert JxJ
A =
[ 1, 1/2, 1/3 ]
[ 1/2, 1/3, 1/4 ]
[ 1/3, 1/4, 1/5 ]
l) Xay dun, cac lien thuc ya phuc. Lenh sym cho phep chi dinh cac tinh chat
toan hoc cua lien ky hieu lan, cach dun, tuy chon real. ',hIa la, cac lenh
Hoc MATLAB bang th du II
>> x = sym(x,real);
>> y = sym(y,real);
hay hieu oua hon
>> syms x y real
tao cac lien ky hieu x ya y co tinh chat toan hoc them yao la cac lien thuc. Lieu
nay co n,hIa la lieu thuc
f = x

2 + y

2
la khon, am. Suy ra,
z = x + I*y
la mot (hnh thuc) lien phuc ya co the tinh toan nhu so phuc. Cac lenh conj(x),
conj(z), expand(z*conj(z)) tra lai x, x - i*y, x

2 + y

2 (lenh conj la
toan tu lien hop phuc). 'eu conj(x) == x tra lai 1, th x la mot lien thuc. Le
xoa tinh chat thuc cua x, ta dun, lenh
>> syms x unreal
hay
>> x = sym(x,unreal)
>> clear x
khon, lam x tro thanh lien khon, thuc'
c) Dun, sym de truy xuat cac ham Maple. 1a co the truy xuat ham ,iai thua
k! cua Maple, lan, cach dun, sym,
>> kfac = sym(k!).
Le tinh 6! hay n!, ,o
>> syms k n
>> subs(kfac,k,6)
ans =
720
>> subs(kfac,k,n)
ans =
n!
d) 1ao cac ham truu tuon,. Lenh
>> f = sym(f(x))
tao lien ky hieu f tac don, ,ion, nhu f(x) ya co the duoc tinh toan lan, cac lenh
cua Symlolic Math 1oollox. 1hi du, xay dun, ti sai phan cap I, lenh
>> df = (subs(f,x,x+h) - f)/h
hay
>> syms x h
>> df = (subs(f,x,x+h)-f)/h
tra ye
df =
(f(x+h)-f(x))/h
e) 1ao cac ham toan hoc ky hieu
Cach I - dun, cac lieu thuc ky hieu. Day cac lenh
>> syms x y z
IZ Trnh Anh Ngoc
>> r = sqrt(x

2 + y

2 + z

2)
>> t = atan(y/x)
>> f = sin(x*y)/(x*y)
sinh ra cac lieu thuc ky hieu r, t, ya f. 1a co the dun, diff (dao ham), int (tich
phan), subs, ya cac ham Symlolic Math 1oollox khac de tinh toan nhun, lieu thuc
nhu yay.
Cach Z - tao mot M-lile. Muon tao ham sinc (=sin(x)/x), ta tao mot M-
file tron, thu muc sym.
function z = sinc(x)
% SINC The symbolic sinc function
% sin(x)/x. This function
% accepts a sym as the input argumen.
if is equal(x,sym(0))
z = 1;
else
z = sin(x)/x;
end
Ham plot duoc dun, de ye do thi cua cac ham duoc cho duoi dan, so, tron,
thi du ye do thi o tren, ham y=sin(t) ham duoc cho duoi dan, so nhu la day cac
diem hnh hoc (t(i),y(i)) (i=1,2,...,29) duoc xac dinh loi hai yecto t ya y.
Ham plot ye do thi nay lan, cach noi cac diem loi cac doan than,. \oi cac ham
toan hoc duoc dinh n,hIa lan, ky hieu Matlal cun, cap ham ezplot de ye do thi
cua chun,,
>> syms x real
>> ezplot(sin(x))
cho ta do thi cua ham sin tron, khoan, mac nhien [2, 2]. 'eu muon ye do thi
Hnh +: Lo thi ham sin(x) dun, lenh ezplot(sin(x)).
tron, khoan, [0, 7] th ta phai chi dinh ro
Hoc MATLAB bang th du IJ
>> ezplot(sin(x),[0 7])
Hnh 5: Lo thi ham sin(x) dun, lenh ezplot(sin(x),[0 7]).
4.4 icn kv bico mac nbicn
Khi ta dua yao mot ham toan hoc lan, lieu thuc cua no, thi du
>> clear all
>> syms x n a t b
>> f = x

n
>> g = sin(a*t+b)
Matlal se tu don, nhan dan, dau la lien ky hieu. \a khi duoc yeu cau tinh dao
ham cua cac ham nay, khon, chi dinh lien doc lap, th Matlal se tinh theo cac lien
ky hieu mac nhien. \oi cac ham tren chun, ta nhan duoc
n*x

(n-1)
a*cos(a*t+b)
Lam the nao de liet lien ma Symlolic Math 1oollox lay dao ham! Cau tra
loi la lenh findsym.
>> findsym(f,1)
tra ye
ans =
x
'eu tron, findsym yan, mat doi so thu hai th Matlal tra ye mot danh sach tat ca
cac lien
>> findsym(g)
ans =
a, b, t
I+ Trnh Anh Ngoc
uy tac: Bien ky hieu mac nhien tron, mot lieu thuc ky hieu la chu cai ,an x nhat.
'eu co hai chu cai ,an x nhu nhau, chu cai dun, sau tron, lan, chu cai duoc chon.
4.5 Cac tb do tnb toan kv bico
Bay ,io chun, ta lat dau hoc cach dun, Matlal, cu the la Symlolic Math 1oollox,
de tinh toan ky hieu thon, oua cac thi du.
Tb do 1. Dun, phuon, phap khu Causs ,iai he phuon, trnh dai so tuyen tinh
x + 2y + 4z = 31
5x + y + 2z = 29
3x y + z = 10
Lua yao ma tran cac he so noi ron,
>> clear all >> a=[1 2 4 31; 5 1 2 29; 3 -1 1 10]
a =
1 2 4 31
5 1 2 29
3 -1 1 10
Dun, don, I khu cac so han, len duoi a
11
>> a(2,:)=a(2,:)-5*a(1,:)
a =
1 2 4 31
0 -9 -18 -126
3 -1 1 10
>> a(3,:)=a(3,:)-3*a(1,:)
a =
1 2 4 31
0 -9 -18 -126
0 -7 -11 -83
Dun, don, Z khu cac so han, len duoi a
22
>> a(2,:)=a(2,:)/(-9)
a =
1 2 4 31
0 1 2 14
0 -7 -11 -83
>> a(3,:)=a(3,:)+7*a(2,:)
a =
1 2 4 31
Hoc MATLAB bang th du I5
0 1 2 14
0 0 3 15
Ban doc thuc hien not phan con lai (phep the n,uoc).
Tb do 2. Ciai ya lien luan he phuon, trnh dai so tuyen tinh
x + 2y + 2z = 0
2x + (m 2)y + (m 5)z = 2
mx + y + (m+ 1)z = 2
Dun, ouy tac Cramer
>> clear all
>> syms m
>> a=[1 2 2; -2 m-2 m-5; m 1 m+1];
>> b=[0; 2; -2];
1inh cac dinh thuc co lan
>> d1=det(a)
d =
m

2-4*m+3
d=factor(d1)
d =
(m-1)*(m-3)
1hay cot I cua a lan, b. Le tranh thay doi ta dua yao ma tran ad=a
>> ad=a;
>> ad(:,1)=b;
>> d1=det(ad)
d1 =
-4*m+12
Lam tuon, tu
>> ad=a;
>> ad(:,2)=b;
>> d2=det(ad)
d2 =
0
>> ad=a;
>> ad(:,3)=b;
>> d3=det(ad)
d3 =
2*m-6
Khi m = 1 ya m = 3 he co n,hiem duy nhat
>> x=d1/d
x =
(-4*m+12)/(m

2-4*m+3)
>> x=simplify(x)
Io Trnh Anh Ngoc
x =
-4/(m-1)
>> y=d2/d
y =
0
>> z=d3/d
z =
(2*m-6)/(m

2-4*m+3)
>> z=simplify(z)
z =
2/(m-1)
1ruon, hop m = 1
>> subs(d1)
ans =
8
he yo n,hiem. 1ruon, hop m = 3 ta co d1 = d2 = d3 = 0 truon, hop nay phai xet
cu the ya dun, phuon, phap Causs, danh cho lan doc.
Cbo tbcb 1. Lenh factor(s) tra ye yecto chua cac thua so n,uyen to cua s. 1ron,
thi du nay ta thay factor co the phan tich da thuc thanh tich.
Tb do 3. Cho day
u
n
=
1
n + 1
+
1
n + 2
+
1
n + 3
+ . . . +
1
n + n
.
Chun, minh day {u
n
} hoi tu ya tm ,ioi han cua no.
1hon, thuon,, de tm ,ioi han cua cac day so ma so han, ton, ouat cua day la
mot ton,, truoc het ta tinh ton, de xac dinh u
n
duoi dan, con, thuc don,
2
. 1ron,
Matlal lenh symsum cho ta con, cu tinh ton, rat tien loi
3
.
>> clear all
>> syms n,i
>> un=symsum(1/(i+n),i,1,n)
un =
Psi(2*n+1)-Psi(n+1)
Len day ta ,ap mot ham dac liet, ham di,amma (lan co the dun, help Psi de
liet them ye ham nay). 1uy nhien, neu tiep tuc dun, lenh limit ta se duoc ,ioi
2
Con, thuc don, cua mot lieu thuc la con, thuc ma so phep tinh can thuc hien la xac
dinh. day con, thuc cua u
n
co so phep tinh tan, theo chi so n (khon, xac dinh).
3
1u day, n,oai mot yai truon, hop, cu phap cua cac lenh Matlal se khon, duoc phat lieu
tuon, minh, lan nen hoc (doan) cu phap cua no thon, oua thi du hien hanh, ya chi nen
dun, den help khi thay that can thiet.
Hoc MATLAB bang th du I7
han cua day
>> limit(un,n,inf)
ans =
log(2)
Ket oua tra ye cun, lieu thuc xac dinh u
n
,oi y cho ta, u
n
la ton, tich phan cua
ham f(x) = 1/(1 + x) tren doan [0, 1] yoi phan hoach deu x
i
= 1/n ya cac diem

i
la diem cuoi cua cac doan con. 1a co
u
n
=
1
1 + 1/n
1
n
+
1
1 + 2/n
1
n
+
1
1 + 3/n
1
n
+ . . . +
1
1 + 1
1
n
suy ra
lim
n
u
n
=

1
0
dx
1 + x
= ln(1 + x)|
1
0
= ln(2).
Cbo tbcb 2. day ta ,ap lenh limit - lay ,ioi han mot lieu thuc. Lenh nay xuat
hien duoi nhieu dan, thuc:
limit(F,x,a) lay ,ioi han cua lieu thuc ky hieu F khi x a.
limit(F,a) dun, findsym(F) nhu la lien doc lap.
limit(F) dun, a = 0 nhu la diem ,ioi han.
limit(F,x,a,right) hay limit(F,x,a,left) lay ,ioi han mot phia.
1hi du:
>> syms x a t h
Khi do:
limit(sin(x)/x) tra ye 1
limit((x-2)/(x

2-4),2) tra ye 1/4

limit((1+2*t/x)

(3*x),x,inf) tra ye exp(6*t)

limit(1/x,x,0,right) tra ye inf
limit(1/x,x,0,left) tra ye -inf
limit((sin(x+h)-sin(x))/h,h,0) tra ye cos(x)
v = [(1 + a/x)

x, exp(-x)];
limit(v,x,inf,left) tra ye [exp(a), 0]
Tb do 4. Khao sat su hoi tu cua day {x
n
} xac dinh loi con, thuc truy hoi
x
1
=

2, x
n
=

2 x
n1
(n 2).
Y tuon, dau tien den yoi ta la ap dun, dinh ly hoi tu cho day don dieu. 1uy
nhien, dun, Matlal tinh ZO so han, dau cua day
Io Trnh Anh Ngoc
>> clear all
>> x(1)=sqrt(2);
>> for i=2:20, x(i)=sqrt(2-x(i-1)); end
>> x
x =
Columns 1 through 15
1.4142 0.7654 1.1111 0.9428 1.0282 0.9858 1.0071 0.9965 1.0018 0.9991
1.0004 0.9998 1.0001 0.9999 1.0000
Columns 16 through 20
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.4142 0.7654 1.1111 0.9428 1.0282
0.9858 1.0071 0.9965 1.0018
Ket oua tra ye cho thay day khon, don dieu. 'hun, hnh nhu day hoi tu ye
I (dao don, ouanh ,ia tri I). Lieu nay dan ta den y tuon, dun, n,uyen ly anh xa co.
De thay, yoi moi n
0 x
n

2 < 1.5.
Ky hieu f(t) =

2 t, ta co x
n
= f(x
n1
). Hon nua,
x
n
x
n1
= f

(x

)(x
n1
x
n2
) x
n2
< x

< x
n1
hay x
n1
< x

< x
n2
.
Dun, Matlal khao sat ham so f

(t) tren doan [0, 1.5]

>> syms t
>> f=sqrt(2-t);
>> df=diff(f)
df =
-1/2/(2-t)

(1/2)
>> ezplot(df,[0 1.5])
Lo thi (hnh o) cho thay max
[0,1.5]
|f

(t)| < 1, f la anh xa co tren [0, 1.5]. Chun,

minh chi tiet danh cho lan doc.
Tb do 5. Ciai phuon, trnh yi phan (x
2
+1)dy+ydx = 0 yoi dieu kien dau y(1) = 1.
1a co the ,iai n,ay phuon, trnh tren lan, cach ,oi ham dsolve. Muc dich
ya cu phap cua ham nay duoc the hien neu ta ,oi help dsolve tu dau nhac Matlal.
>> y=dsolve((1+x

2)*Dy+y,y(1)=1,x)
y =
1/exp(-1/4*pi)*exp(-atan(x))
day ta chi dun, Matlal tro ,iup khi tinh toan. Lay la phuon, trnh yi phan co
lien phan ly, tach lien ta duoc:
dy
y
+
dx
x
2
+ 1
.
>> clear all
>> syms x y
Hoc MATLAB bang th du I9
Hnh o: Lo thi ham f

(t), thi du +.
>> tp1=int(1/y,y)
tp1 =
log(y)
>> tp2=int(1/(x

2+1),x)
tp2 =
atan(x)
',hiem ton, ouat cua phuon, trnh la
ln y + arctgx = C.
Le tm n,hiem rien, ta dun, Matlal tro ,iup yiec xac dinh han, so tich phan C.
>> syms c
>> pt=subs(tp1+tp2+c,{x,y},{1,1})
pt =
1/4*pi+c
>> c=solve(pt,c)
c =
-1/4*pi
\ay n,hiem can tm la
ln y + arctgx =

4
.
Cbo tbcb 3. 1ron, thi du ta ,ap hai lenh moi cua Matlal: int ya solve.
lNT - tich phan ham so. Cu phap:
int(s) la tich phan lat dinh cua s doi yoi lien ky hieu nhu duoc xac dinh
loi findsym. 'eu s la han, th tich phan duoc lay yoi x.
ZO Trnh Anh Ngoc
int(s,v) la tich phan lat dinh cua s lay doi yoi v. v la lien ky hieu yo
huon,.
int(s,a,b) la tich phan xac dinh cua s doi yoi lien ky hieu cua no tu a
den b. a, b la cac so hay lien ky hieu yo huon,.
int(s,v,a,b) la tich phan xac dinh cua s doi yoi v tu a den b.
SOtVF - ,iai phuon, trnh dai so. Cu phap:
solve(eqn 1,eqn 2,...,eqn N)
solve(eqn 1,eqn 2,...,eqn N,var 1,var 2,...,var N)
solve(eqn 1,eqn 2,...,eqn N,var 1,var 2,...var N)
Cac eqn i la cac lieu thuc ky hieu hay chuoi cac phuon, trnh chi dinh. Cac
var j la cac lien ky hieu hay chuoi chi dinh cac lien chua liet. 'eu cac var j
khon, duoc chi dinh th cac an duoc xac dinh loi findsym.
'eu khon, co n,hiem ,iai tich duoc tm thay ya so phuon, trnh lan, so an
th n,hiem so duoc tm.
Le liet cach xuat ket oua cua solve xem cac thi du sau.
I) solve(p*sin(x) = r) chon 'x' nhu la an, tra ye ans = asin(r/p).
Chu y, thay y yiet p*sin(x) = r ta co the yiet p*sin(x) - r: Matlal mac
nhien hieu ye hai la O.
Z) [x,y] = solve(x

2 + x*y + y = 3,x

2 - 4*x + 3 = 0) tra ye
x =
[ 1]
[ 3]
y =
[ 1]
[ -3/2]
J) s = solve(x

2*y

2 - 2*x - 1 = 0,x

2 - y

2 - 1 = 0) tra ye
n,hiem dan, cau truc
s =
x: [8x1 sym]
y: [8x1 sym]
+) [u,v] = solve(a*u

2 + v

2 = 0,u - v = 1) xema nhu la tham

so ya ,iai hai phuon, trnh tm u,v. So sanh yoi thi du len duoi 5).
5) s = solve(a*u

2 + v

2,u - v = 1,a,u) xem v nhu la tham

so, ,iai hai phuon, trnh, ya tra ye s.a, s.u.
Tb do 6. Ciai phuon, trnh yi phan xy

y = x
2
cos x.
lhuon, trnh co the yiet lai duoi dan, chuan,
y

y
x
= x cos x.
Hoc MATLAB bang th du ZI
Lay la phuon, trnh yi phan tuyen tinh cap mot. ',hiem ton, ouat:
y

+ p(x)y = q(x).
'hac lai, n,hiem ton, ouat cua phuon, trnh yi phan tuyen tinh cap mot co dan,:
y = y
p
+ Cy
1
yoi Cy
1
la n,hiem ton, ouat cua phuon, trnh thuan nhat tuon, un, (y
1
la n,hiem
co so): y
p
la mot n,hiem rien, cua phuon, trnh xac dinh loi:
y
p
=

G
1
(x, s)q(s)ds
tron, do
G
1
(x, s) =
y
1
(x)
y
1
(s)
la ham Creen cap mot, ya s duoc thay lan, x sau khi lay tich phan.
Bay ,io ta ,iai phuon, trnh. lhuon, trnh thuan nhat tuon, un, (phuon, trnh
co lien phan ly)
y

y
x
= 0 hay
dy
y
=
dx
x
.
Dun, Matlal tro ,iup lay tich phan
>> clear all
>> syms x
>> int(1/x,x)
ans =
log(x)
\ lny = lnx nen n,hiem co so: y
1
= x.
Ham Creen cap mot: G
1
(x, s) = x/s. Dun, Matlal tro ,iup tm n,hiem rien,
>> y1=x;
>> syms s
>> yp=subs(int(y1/subs(y1,x,s)*s*cos(s),s),s,x)
yp =
x*sin(x)
\ay n,hiem ton, ouat cua phuon, trnh: y = (C + sinx)x.
Tb do 7. Cho phuon, trnh yi phan tuyen tinh cap hai thuan nhat
y

+ a(x)y

+ b(x)y = 0.
ZZ Trnh Anh Ngoc
Cia su phuon, trnh co n,hiem co so y
1
, tm n,hiem co so con lai.
',hiem co so thu hai duoc tm duoi dan,:
y
2
(x) = u(x)y
1
(x).
Dun, Matlal de xac dinh u(x)
>> syms x
Lua yao cac ham truu tuon,
>> a=sym(a(x));
>> b=sym(b(x));
>> y1=sym(y1(x));
>> u=sym(u(x));
>> y2=u*y1;
1hay y2 yao phuon, trnh yi phan
>> p=simple(diff(y,2)+a*diff(y)+b*y)
p =
diff(u(x),$(x,2))*y1(x)+2*diff(u(x),x)*diff(y1(x),x)+
u(x)* diff(y1(x),$(x,2))+a(x)*(diff(u(x),x)*y1(x)+
u(x)*diff(y1(x),x))+b(x)*u(x)*y1(x)
'hom cac so han, co chua u
>> p=collect(p,u)
p =
(diff(y1(x),$(x,2))+diff(y1(x),x)*a(x)+b(x)*y1(x))*
u(x)+diff(u(x),$(x,2))*y1(x)+2*diff(u(x),x)*
diff(y1(x),x)+a(x)*diff(u(x),x)*y1(x)
Le thay ro ket oua nhom ta dun, lenh pretty
>> pretty(pp)

d
2
dx
2
y1(x)

+ a(x)

d
dx
y1(x)

+ b(x)y1(x)

u(x) +

d
2
dx
2
u(x)

y1(x)
+2

d
dx
u(x)

d
dx
y1(x)

+ a(x)

d
dx
u(x)

y1(x)
He so cua u lan, khon, do y1 la n,hiem co so. Matlal khon, phat hien duoc dieu
nay. 1a phai ,iup'
>> p=subs(p,diff(y1,2)+diff(y1)*a+b*y1,0);
>> pretty(p)

d
2
dx
2
u(x)

y1(x) + 2

d
dx
u(x)

d
dx
y1(x)

+ a(x)

d
dx
u(x)

y1(x)
Hoc MATLAB bang th du ZJ
Le ha lac dat v = u

hay u =

vdx. 1ruoc het dua yao ham truu tuon, v
>> v=sym(v(x));
>> p=subs(p,u,int(v));
>> pretty(p)

d
dx
v(x)

y1(x) + 2v(x)

d
dx
y1(x)

+ a(x)v(x)y1(x)
lhuon, trnh nhan duoc la phuon, trnh yi phan cap mot co lien phan ly. 1ach
lien. 1a thuc hien lien tiep hai lan lenh collect: xem chu thich len duoi ye lenh
collect ya ,iai thich ly do phai thuc hien hai lan.
>> p=collect(collect(p/v/y1,v),y1)
p =
diff(v(x),x)/v(x)+2*diff(y1(x),x)/y1(x)+a(x)
Lay tich phan. 1a can tinh tich phan tun, so han, cua p. Le chi dinh so han,
tron, mot lieu thuc ta ,oi lenh op cua Maple. Cu phap cua lenh nay tron, Maple
la op(i,s) - lay so han, thu i tron, lieu thuc s. Le ,oi mot lenh cua Maple. 'eu
tron, Maple lenh do duoc yiet la
function(arg1, arg2, ...)
th tron, Matlal de thuc hien lenh do ta yiet
maple(function,arg1,arg2,..,) .
>> p=int(maple(op,1,pp))+int(maple(op,2,pp))+ int(maple(op,3,pp))
Warning: Explicit integral could not be found.
In D:\MATLABR11\toolbox\symbolic\@sym\ int.m at line 58
p =
log(v(x))+2*log(y1(x))+int(a(x),x)
Xac dinh v ta lam nhu sau
>> p1=subs(p,v,m);
>> v=solve(p1,m)
v =
1/exp(int(a(x),x))/y1(x)

2
1ai sao ta khon, ,iai truc tiep ra v! \ m chua duoc khai lao lien sym nen ta phai
dat no ,iua hai dau nhay, chi dinh chuoi.
>> u=int(v)
Warning: Explicit integral could not be found.
In D:\MATLABR11\toolbox\symbolic\@sym\ int.m at line 58
u =
int(1/exp(int(a(x),x))/y1(x)

2,x)
1om lai,
y
2
= y
1

dx
y
2
1
exp(

adx)
. (I)
Z+ Trnh Anh Ngoc
Cbo tbcb 4. Cu phap cua lenh collect la collect(s,v) tron, do s, v la cac
lieu thuc ky hieu. \oi lenh nay Matlal tra ye lieu dien moi cua s nhu la mot da
thuc theo v.
Lenh pretty, co cu phap: pretty(s) - xuat s duoi dan, thuc toan hoc, de
doc hon.
Canh lao cua Matlal Explicit integral could not be found ya cho
liet yan de nay sinh o dau la hien nhien y cac ham cho truoc khon, co lieu
thuc toan hoc cu the.
Tb do 8. 1m n,hiem co so cua phuon, trnh Cauchy - Luler
x
2
y

+ axy

+ by = f(x),
tron, do a, b la cac han, so.
1a tm n,hiem duoi dan, y = x
m
. Dun, Matlal de xac dinh m.
>> clear all
>> syms a b x m
>> y=x

m
y =
x

m
1hay y yao phuon, trnh yi phan
>> p=simple(x

2*diff(y,2)+a*x*diff(y)+b*y)
p =
x

m*(m

2-m+a*m+b)
Coi lenh coeff cua Maple de lay he so cua x tron, lieu thuc p
>> p=maple(coeff,p,x

m)
p =
m

2-m+a*m+b
Ciai phuon, trnh xac dinh m. Chu y, o day khon, can chi dinh an (tai sao!)
>> m=simple(solve(p))
m =
[1/2-1/2*a+1/2*(1-2*a+a

2-4*b)

(1/2)]
[ 1/2-1/2*a-1/2*(1-2*a+a

2-4*b)

(1/2)]
'hu yay, noi chun,, co hai ,ia tri m
m
12
=
1 a

(1 a)
2
4b
2
.
Cac n,hiem co so:
y
1,2
= x
1a

(1a)
2
4b
2
.
Hoc MATLAB bang th du Z5
Tb do 9. Bai toan ,ia tri rien, Sturm-Liouyille chinh ouy
1oan tu yi phan L, tac don, len cac ham y(x) xac dinh tren I = [a, b], dinh
loi:
Ly =
d
dx

p(x)
dy
dx

+ q(x)y
duoc ,oi la toan tu yi phan Sturm-Liouyille ton, ouat.
Bai toan tm n,hiem khon, tam thuon, cua phuon, trnh yi phan tuyen tinh
thuan nhat:
L + w(x) = 0,
thoa dieu kien lien thuan nhat dan,:

1
(a) +
2

(a) = 0,
3
(b) +
4

(b) = 0
duoc ,oi la lai toan ,ia tri rien, Sturm-Liouyille chinh ouy yoi w la ham tron, luon,.
Cac dieu kien han che dat len he la, tren khoan, huu han I, cac ham p(x),
q(x) ya w(x) la cac ham thuc lien tuc, p(x) ya q(x) la duon, tren khoan, nay. Cac
dieu kien lien duoc cho tach liet theo tun, diem.
1ai mot diem lien, thi du a, dieu kien lien chinh ouy duoc phan thanh la
loai:
I) Loai I -- dieu kien Dirichlet y(a) = 0.
Z) Loai Z -- dieu kien 'eumann y

(a) = 0.
J) Loai J -- dieu kien Rolin y

(a) + hy(a) = 0.
Cac ,ia tri
n
lam cho lai toan ,ia tri rien, Sturm-Liouyille co n,hiem khon,
tam thuon, duoc ,oi la ,ia tri rien,, n,hiem tuon, un,
n
duoc ,oi la ham rien,.
1a co cac tinh chat sau:
(i) 1on tai yo so cac ,ia tri rien, co the sap theo thu tu do lon tan, dan
n
yoi n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
(ii) 1at ca cac ,ia tri rien, la thuc.
(iii) \oi moi ,ia tri rien, tuon, un, yoi mot ham rien, duy nhat.
(iy) Cac ham rien, tuon, un, yoi cac ,ia tri rien, khac nhau truc ,iao doi yoi
ham tron, luon, w tren I. 'eu cac ham rien, duoc chuan hoa th

b
a

n
(x)
m
(x)w(x)dx =
mn
.
1a co the chuan hoa cac ham rien, lan, cach chia no cho chuan (do dai) cua no

n
=

b
a

n
(x)
2
w(x)dx.
Zo Trnh Anh Ngoc
Mot truon, hop dac liet cua phuon, trnh Sturm -- Liouyille yoi p(x) = 1,
q(x) = 0 ya w(x) = 1 la phuon, trnh Luler
y

+ y = 0
1m ,ia tri rien, ya ham rien, tuon, un, cho phuon, trnh Luler tren khoan,
I = (0, 1) yoi cac dieu kien lien y

(0) = 0, y(1) = 0.
>> clear all
>> syms x c k c1 c2 real
a) 1ruon, hop = c
2
= 0
',hiem dac trun,
>> solve(k

2-c

2,k);
lhuon, trnh lac hai co hai n,hiem. Le truy xuat ta yiet k(1), k(2).
',hiem co so, n,hiem ton, ouat
>> y1=exp(k(1)*x);
>> y2=exp(k(2)*x);
>> y=c1*y1+c2*y2;
Dun, dieu kien lien
>> eq1=subs(y,x,1);
>> eq2=subs(diff(y),x,0);
1a xac dinh c de he ,om eq1 ya eq2 co n,hiem khon, tam thuon,, n,hIa la tm c
de dinh thuc co so cua he lan, khon,
>> delta=det([maple(coeff,eq1,c1) maple(coeff, eq1, c2);
maple(coeff, eq2, c1) maple(coeff, eq2, c2)])
delta =
-exp(c)*c-exp(-c)*c
>> delta=simplify(delta)
delta =
-c*(1+exp(-2*c))*exp(c)
luon khac khon, ( = 0), lai toan chi co n,hiem tam thuon,.
l) 1ruon, hop = 0
>> clear all
>> syms x c k c1 c2 real
>> k=solve(k

2)
k =
[ 0]
[ 0]
phuon, trnh dac trun, co n,hiem kep k = 0.
>> y1=exp(k(1)*x); y2=x*y1; y=c1*y1+c2*y2;
>> eq1=subs(y,x,1); eq2=subs(diff(y),x,0);
>> delta=det([maple(coeff,eq1,c1) maple(coeff, eq1, c2);
maple(coeff, eq2, c1) maple(coeff, eq2, c2)])
delta =
1
Hoc MATLAB bang th du Z7
lai toan chi co n,hiem tam thuon,.
c) 1ruon, hop = c
2
>> clear all
>> syms x c k c1 c2 n real
>> k=solve(k

2+c

2,k)
k =
[ i*c]
[ -i*c]
1ruon, hop n,hiem dac trun, phuc
>> y1=cos(c*x); y2=sin(c*x); y=c1*y1+c2*y2;
>> eq1=subs(y,x,1); eq2=subs(diff(y),x,0);
>> delta=det([maple(coeff, eq1, c1), maple(coeff, eq1, c2);
maple(coeff, eq2, c1), maple(coeff, eq2, c2)])
delta =
cos(c)*c
>> solve(ans,c)
ans=
[ 1/2*pi]
[ 0]
Chu y, doi yoi phuon, trnh cos(c)*c (=O) chi cho n,hiem acos(0). Loai n,hiem
c=0.
>> cn=pi/2+n*pi;
>> eq1=subs(eq1,c,cn)
eq1 =
-c1*sin(n*pi)+c2*cos(n*pi)
Matlal khon, phan liet duoc n la so n,uyen nen khon, danh ,ia duoc sin(n*pi)
ya cos(n*pi) ta phai ,iup'
>> eq1=subs(eq1,sin(n*pi),0); eq1=subs(eq1, cos (n*pi), (-1)

n)
eq1=
c2*(-1)

n
>> eq2=subs(eq2,c,cn(1))
eq2 =
c2*(1/2*pi+n*pi)
'hu yay c2=0 con c1 tuy y. 1a chon c1=1
>> phi n=subs(y,{ c,c1,c2},{cn,1,0})
phi n=
cos((1/2*pi+n*pi)*x)
Zo Trnh Anh Ngoc
Cac ,ia tri rien, ya cac ham rien, tuon, un,:

n
=
(2n + 1)
2

2
4
,

n
= cos

(2n + 1)x
2

,
n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
Chuan hoa cac ham rien,
>> phi n=cos((pi/2+n*pi)*x);
>> norm=sqrt(int(phi n*phi n,0,1));
>> norm=simple(subs(norm,sin(n*pi),0));
>> phi n=phi n/norm
phi n=
cos((1/2*pi+n*pi)*x)*2

(1/2)
\ay cac ham rien, chuan hoa:

n
=

2 cos

(2n + 1)x
2

n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
Tb do 10. lhuon, trnh son, I-chieu - lhuon, phap tach lien
Xet phuon, trnh dao ham rien,, mo ta phan lo son, u(x, t) cho dao don, doc
tron, thanh,
u
tt
= c
2
u
xx
u
t
0 < x < 1; t > 0.
Lieu kien lien:
u(0, t) = 0,
u
x
(1, t) + u(1, t) = 0.
Lieu kien dau:
u(x, 0) = f(x),
u
t
(x, 0) = g(x).
1a tm n,hiem duoi dan, tach lien,
u(x, t) = X(x)T(t).
1hay yao phuon, trnh dao ham rien,, roi chia hai ye phuon, trnh cho c
2
XT ta
duoc
T

+ T

c
2
T
=
X

X
.
Hoc MATLAB bang th du Z9
\ ye trai la ham chi cua t con ye phai la ham chi cua x nen chi co the xay ra neu
ton tai han, so de cho
T

+ T

+ c
2
T = 0 ya X

+ X = 0.
lhuon, trnh yi phan dau tien la phuon, trnh yi phan tuyen tinh thuan nhat cap
hai he so han,. 1uon, tu, phuon, trnh yi phan thu hai cun, la phuon, trnh yi phan
tuyen tinh thuan nhat cap hai. 1a de dan, nhan ra chun, thuoc loai Sturm-Liouyille.
\oi dieu kien lien da cho lai toan Sturm-Liouyille theo lien khon, ,ian la
phuon, trnh Luler
X

+ X = 0
yoi cac dieu kien lien
X(0) = 0,
X

(1) + X(1) = 0.
Le tranh lap lai lap luan da lam tron, thi du truoc, ta chi xet truon, hop
= c
2
> 0. Khi do n,hiem co so cua phuon, trnh Luler: X
1
= sin(cx), X
2
= cos(cx).
>> clear all
>> syms x c c1 c2 real
>> X=c1*sin(c*x)+c2*cos(c*x);
>> eq1=subs(diff(X,x),x,0)
eq1 =
c2
>> eq2=subs(diff(X,x)+X,x,1)
eq2 =
c1*cos(c)*c-c2*sin(c)*c+c1*sin(c)+c2*cos(c)
>> delta=det([maple(coeff,eq1,c1) maple(coeff,eq1,c2);
maple(coeff,eq2,c1) maple(coeff,eq2,c2)])
delta=
-cos(c)*c-sin(c)
'hu yay cac ,ia tri rien,
n
la n,hiem cua phuon, trnh
tan(

n
) =

n
()
ya cac ham rien, tuon, un, la (do c2=0)
X
n
(x) = sin(

n
x).
Chuan hoa ham rien,:
>> syms lambda n
>> X n=sin(sqrt(lambda n)*x);
JO Trnh Anh Ngoc
>> norm2 n=int(X n

2,x,0,1)
norm2 n=
1/2*(-cos(lambda n

(1/2))*sin(lambda n

(1/2))+lambda n

(1/2))
/lambda n

(1/2)
Ket oua tinh lan, Matlal cho
normZ n =
cos(

n
) sin(

n
) +

n
.
Le y ran,, sin(

n
) =

n
cos(

n
) (do (*)), nen ta co the thu ,on lieu thuc cua
norm2 n ya chuan hoa cac X
n
nhu sau
>> norm2 n=simplify(subs(ans,sin(sqrt(lambda n)),-sqrt(lambda n)
*cos(sqrt(lambda n))))
norm2 n=
1/2*cos(lambda n

(1/2))

2+1/2
>> X n=X n/sqrt(norm2 n)
X n=
2*sin(lambda n

(1/2)*x)/(2*cos(lambda n

(1/2))

2+2)

(1/2)
X
n
(x) =

2 sin(

n
x)

cos
2
(

n
) + 1
yoi n = 1, 2, . . .
',hiem ton, ouat tuon, un, cua phuon, trnh yi phan theo lien thoi ,ian la
T
n
(t) = e
t/2
(A
n
cos(
n
t) + B
n
sin(
n
t)) n = 1, 2, . . . ,
tron, do

n
=
1
2

4
n
c
2

2
.
Ban hay tu tm ket oua nay lan, Matlal.
',hiem ton, ouat cua phuon, trnh, lan, phep chon, chap n,hiem
u(x, t) =

n=1
X
n
T
n
=

n=1
e
t/2
(A
n
cos(
n
t) + B
n
sin(
n
t))

2 sin(

n
x)

cos
2
(

n
) + 1
.
tron, do cac han, so A
n
, B
n
duoc xac dinh nho dieu kien dau cua lai toan.
Hoc MATLAB bang th du JI
Bay ,io ta xet cach dua dieu kien dau yao n,hiem ton, ouat. 1hay dieu kien
thu nhat yao n,hiem ton, ouat, tai thoi diem x = 0,
f(x) =

n=1
A
n
X
n
(x). ()
Le dun, dieu kien thu hai ta lay dao ham n,hiem ton, ouat theo t
u
t
(x, t) =

n=1
X
n
e
t/2

A
n

2
+ B
n

cos(
n
t)

A
n

n
+
B
n

sin(
n
t)

.
1ai thoi diem t = 0,
g(x) =

n=1
X
n

B
n

n

A
n

. ( )
'hac lai ran, cac ham rien, cua lai toann Sturm-Liouyille chinh ouy lap thanh mot
tap day du doi yoi cac ham tron tun, khuc tren khoan, huu han I. \ay, ca hai
phuon, trnh tren la khai trien lourier ton, ouat cua hai ham f(x) ya g(x) theo cac
ham rien, cua he. Cac he so A
n
ya B
n
co mat tron, cac he so cua hai khai trien
nay. Bay ,io ta tinh cac he so A
n
ya B
n
.
Lay tich tron, hai ye cac phuon, trnh (**), (***) yoi cac ham rien,. Do tinh
truc chuan cua cac ham rien,, ta co:
A
n
=

b
a
f(x)X
n
(x)dx,
B
n

n

A
n

2
=

b
a
g(x)X
n
(x)dx B
n
=
1

b
a

f(x)
2
+ g(x)

X
n
(x)dx.
\ay, ta co the yiet n,hiem hnh thuc cua lai toan ,ia tri dau cho phuon, trnh
son,:
u(x, t) =

n=1
X
n
(x)e
t/2

b
a
f(x)X
n
(x)dx cos(
n
t)
+
1

b
a

f(x)
2
+ g(x)

X
n
(x)dx sin(
n
t)

.
JZ Trnh Anh Ngoc
1at ca cac phep toan duoc thuc hien o tren dua tren ,ia thiet cac chuoi (**), (***)
hoi tu deu ya su thay doi thu tu lay ton, ya thuc hien phep toan la co hieu luc. Co
the chun, to ran, neu f(x) ya g(x) thoa cac dieu kien lien nhu cac ham rien,, th
ca hai chuoi hoi tu deu.
Le cu the, ta tinh cac he so A
n
ya B
n
cho truon, hop c = 1/4, = 1/5, ya
cac ham tron, dieu kien dau:
f(x) = x
2x
2
3
, g(x) = x.
1ruoc het ta thiet lap con, thuc tinh A n, B n
>> clear all
>> syms n lambda n x real
>> c=1/4; gamma=1/5;
>> f=x-2*x

2/3; g=x;
>> omega n=sqrt(4*lambda n*c

2-gamma

2)/2;
omega n=
1/20*(25*lambda n-4)

(1/2)
>> A n=int(f*sqrt(2)*sin(sqrt(lambda n)*x)/sqrt(cos(sqrt(lambda n))

2+1),
x,0,1)
A n=
-1/3*2

(1/2)*(sin(lambda n

(1/2))*lambda n

(3/2)+4*cos(lambda n

(1/2))
*lambda n+cos(lambda n

(1/2))*lambda n

2-4*lambda n)/lambda n

(5/2)
/(cos(lambda n

(1/2))

2+1)

(1/2)
>> A n=simplify(subs(A n,sin(sqrt(lambda n)),-sqrt(lambda n)
*cos(sqrt(lambda n))))
A n=
-4/3*2

(1/2)*(cos(lambda n

(1/2))-1)/lambda n

(3/2)
/(cos(lambda n

(1/2))

2+1)

(1/2)
>> B n=int(g*sqrt(2)*sin(sqrt(lambda n)*x)/sqrt(cos(sqrt(lambda n))

2+1),
x,0,1)/omega n;
>> B n=simplify(subs(B n,sin(sqrt(lambda n)),-sqrt(lambda n)
*cos(sqrt(lambda n))))
B n=
-40*2

(1/2)*cos(lambda n

(1/2))/lambda n

(1/2)
/(cos(lambda n

(1/2))

2+1)

(1/2)/(25*lambda n-4)

(1/2)
Hoc MATLAB bang th du JJ
Le tien theo doi ta yiet lai cac con, thuc yua tm:

n
=

25
n
4
20
,
A
n
=
4

2(cos(

n
) 1)
3
3/2
n

cos
2
(

n
) + 1
,
B
n
=
8

2(15 cos(

n
)
n
+ cos(

n
) 1)
3

25
n
4
3/2
n

cos
2
(

n
) + 1
.
yoi n = 1, 2, . . .
Le hoan tat ta can tm cac ,ia tri rien,
n
la n,hiem cua phuon, trnh (*).
lhuon, trnh nay chi co the ,iai xap xi. Le cu the ta ,iai tm la ,ia tri rien, dau
tien. 1ruoc het ta ye do thi ham y = tan(v) ya ham y = v de xac dinh tho n,hiem
cua phuon, trnh
>> syms v real
>> hold on
(lenh hold on nham muc dich ,iu lai do thi da co khi ye do thi moi)
>> ezplot(tan(v),[0 20])
>> ezplot(-v,[0 20])
1u do thi (hnh 7), cac ,ia tri lan dau cua n,hiem xap xi nen chon la 2, 5, 8.
>> lambda 1=fsolve(inline(tan(v)+v),2)

2
Optimization terminated: first-order optimality is less than op-
tions.TolFun.
lambda 1 =
4.1159
>> lambda 2=fsolve(inline(tan(v)+v),5)

2
Optimization terminated: first-order optimality is less than op-
tions.TolFun.
lambda 2 =
24.1393
>> lambda 3=fsolve(inline(tan(v)+v),2)

3
Optimization terminated: first-order optimality is less than op-
tions.TolFun.
lambda 3 =
63.6591
lhan con lai, thay cac ,ia tri yua tm yao chuoi chat cut ,iu la so han, (un,
yoi la ,ia tri
n
yua tm) duoc danh lai cho lan doc.
Cbo tbcb 5. Lenh fsolve ,iai cac phuon, trnh phi tuyen dan, F(X)=0 lan,
phuon, phap lnh phuon, toi thieu. Cu phap don ,ian nhat: x=fsolve(fun,x0)
J+ Trnh Anh Ngoc
Hnh 7: Lo thi ham y = tan(v) ya y = v.
lat dau tai x0 ya ,iai cac phuon, trnh mo ta tron, fun. 1a co the chi dinh fun
la mot doi tuon, ham inline, thi du, x = fsolve(inline(sin(x.*x)),x0).
day lenh inline(bieuthuc) tao mot doi tuon, ham inline tu mot lieu thuc chua
tron, chuoi bieuthuc. fun cun, co the la mot chuoi chua ten mot ham (mot M-file
hay mot ham dinh san) cho phep tinh ,ia tri cua cac phuon, trnh yoi moi ,ia tri cu
the cua x, F=fun(x).
5 Vict cboong trnb bang MatIab
Chuon, trnh yiet lan, n,on n,u Matlal ,an ,ion, cac n,on n,u cap cao ouen thuoc
nhu lascal, C. Duoi day ta se hoc cach yiet chuon, trnh thon, oua cac thi du cu the.
'hun, truoc het ta can liet cac cau truc thuon, dun, tron, n,on n,u Matlal.
5.1 Cac cao troc trong ngon ngo MatIab
lF - thuc hien cac lenh co dieu kien
Dan, chun, cua lenh if la
Hoc MATLAB bang th du J5
if lieu thuc
cac lenh
elseif lieu thuc
cac lenh
else
cac lenh
end
Cac lenh duoc thuc hien neu phan thuc cua lieu thuc khac khon,. Cac phan else
ya elseif la tuy chon. 'lieu thuc' tron, lenh if thuon, co dan,:
lieu thuc I R lieu thuc Z
tron, do R la ==, <, >, <=, >=, hay =.
FOk - lap lai cac lenh mot so lan duoc chi dinh
Dan, chun, cua lenh for la
for lien = ,ia tri dau : luoc ,ia tan, : ,ia tri cuoi
cac lenh
end
'lien' lay ,ia tri ',ia tri dau', sau moi lan thuc hien cac lenh duoc tan, them mot
luon, 'luoc ,ia tan,', neu 'lien' yan con nho hon th cac lenh yan duoc thuc hien.
WHltF - lap lai cac mot so lan khon, xac dinh
Dan, chun, cua lenh while la
while lieu thuc
cac lenh
end
Cac lenh duoc thuc hien khi phan thuc cua 'lieu thuc' khac khon,. 'lieu thuc' tron,
lenh while thuon, co dan,:
lieu thuc I R lieu thuc Z
tron, do R la ==, <, >, <=, >=, hay =. Lenh break co the duoc dun, de dun, yon,
lap.
SWlTCH - chuyen doi ,iua nhieu truon, hop tren co so lieu thuc
Dan, chun, cua lenh switch la
Jo Trnh Anh Ngoc
switch lieu thuc
case truon, hop I,
cac lenh
case truon, hop Z
cac lenh
...
otherwise
cac lenh
end
Cac lenh theo sau case thu i duoc thuc hien khi 'lieu thuc' co ,ia tri 'truon, hop i'.
',oai cac truon, hop duoc liet ke th cac lenh theo sau otherwise duoc thuc hien.
5.2 Mot so cboong trnb tb do
Muc nay chua dun, mot so chuon, trnh don ,ian yiet lan, n,on n,u Matlal. Moi
thi du lat dau lan, co so thuat toan ya cuoi cun, la chuon, trnh tinh. Ban doc nen
doc ky phan thuat toan de hieu muc dich ya noi dun, cua chuon, trnh. Hay chay
thu ya tm cach sua doi no neu duoc.
Tb do 11. Ciai phuon, trnh dai so tuyen tinh AX = B - lhep khu Causs
'hac lai, he phuon, trnh dai so tuyen tinh co dan,
a
11
x
1
+ a
12
x
2
+ . . . + a
1n
x
n
= b
1
a
21
x
1
+ a
22
x
2
+ . . . + a
2n
x
n
= b
2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
a
n1
x
1
+ a
n2
x
2
+ . . . + a
nn
x
n
= b
n
,
tron, do ye phai b
i
, i = 1, . . . , n, ya cac he so a
ij
, i, j = 1, . . . , n la cac du lieu cho
truoc: x
1
, . . . , x
n
la an.
Y tuon, dan, sau phuon, phap khu Causs la dun, cac phep lien doi so cap de
khu cac an cua he. He phuon, trnh tuon, duon,, sau khi lien doi, co dan, tam ,iac
tren, duoc ,iai lan, phep the n,uoc.
'eu a
11
= 0, th o luoc dau tien ta khu x
1
khoi (n 1) phuon, trnh cuoi
lan, cach tru phuon, trnh thu i yoi nhan tu
m
i1
= a
i1
/a
11
, i = 2, . . . , n
lan phuon, trnh dau. Lieu nay sinh ra mot he rut ,on ,om (n 1) phuon, trnh
yoi cac an x
2
, . . . , x
n
, tron, do cac he so moi duoc cho loi
a
(2)
ij
= a
ij
m
i1
a
1j
, b
(2)
i
= b
i
m
i1
b
1
, i = 2, . . . , n.
Hoc MATLAB bang th du J7
'eu a
(2)
22
= 0, tiep theo lan, cach tuon, tu ta khu x
2
tu (n 2) phuon, trnh cuoi
cua he phuon, trnh nay. Sau k 1 luoc, k n, cua phep khu Causs ma tran A tro
thanh ma tran co dan,
A
(k)
=

a
(1)
11
a
(1)
12
. . . a
(1)
1k
. . . a
(1)
1n
0 a
(2)
22
. . . a
(2)
2k
. . . a
(2)
2n
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0 0 . . . a
(k)
kk
. . . a
(k)
kn
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0 0 . . . a
(k)
nk
. . . a
(k)
nn

, b
(k)
=

b
(1)
1
b
(2)
2
.
.
.
b
(k)
k
.
.
.
b
(k)
n

,
tron, do ta da dat A
(1)
= A, b
(1)
= b. Cac phan tu cheo a
(1)
11
, a
(2)
22
,. . . , xuat hien tron,
oua trnh khu duoc ,oi la cac phan tu tru.
Ky hieu A
k
la ma tran con chinh cua A,
A
k
=

a
11
a
12
. . . a
1k
a
21
a
22
. . . a
2k
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
a
k1
a
k2
. . . a
kk

.
\ dinh thuc cua ma tran khon, thay doi duoi phep lien doi so cap thu la nen
det(A
k
) = a
(1)
11
a
(2)
22
a
(k)
kk
, k = 1, . . . , n.
Cac phan tu tru a
(i)
ii
, i = 1, . . . , n, tron, phep khu Causs la khac khon, neu ya chi
neu det(A
k
) = 0, k = 1, . . . , n. 1ron, truon, hop nay ta co the khu cho den sau luoc
thu (n 1), con lai mot phuon, trnh duy nhat
a
(n)
nn
x
n
= b
(n)
n
(a
(n)
nn
= 0).
Cac an cua phuon, trnh co the tinh lan, con, thuc truy hoi
x
n
= b
(n)
n
/a
(n)
nn
, x
i
=

b
(i)
i

n

k=i+1
a
(i)
ik
x
k

/a
(i)
ii
, i = n 1, . . . , 1.
ua trnh nay ,oi la the n,uoc.
Jo Trnh Anh Ngoc
Cia su o luoc thu k cua phep khu Causs ta co
a
(k)
kk
= 0.
'eu A khon, suy lien, th k cot dau cua ma tran A la doc lap tuyen tinh. Lieu nay
cun, dun, yoi ma tran da lien doi. ',hIa la ton tai a
pk
= 0 (k < p n). Ban, cach
hoan yi don, k ya don, p th phan tu nay co the lay lam phan tu tru ya phep khu
duoc tiep tuc. 1om lai, ma tran khong suy bien bat ky co the dan ve dang tam giac
tren bang phep kh Gauss neu phep hoan v dong c dung neu can.
'eu rank(A) < n th co the xay ra o luoc thu k 1 nao do
a
(k)
ik
= 0, i = k, . . . , n.
'eu toan lo cac phan tu a
(k)
ij
= 0, i, j = k, . . . , n th rank(A) = k 1 ya ta dun, lai.
',uoc lai, neu co phan tu khac khon,, chan, han
a
(k)
pq
,
ta co the man, no den yi tri tru lan, cach hoan yi don, k yoi p, cot k yoi q (khi cot
cua ma tran A li hoan yi th ta cun, phai hoan yi cac phan tu tuon, un, tron, yecto
x. 1ien hanh theo cach nay moi ma tran A deu co the dua ye dan, hnh than,
A
(r)
=

a
(1)
11
. . . a
(1)
1r
a
(1)
1,r+1
. . . a
(1)
1n
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. a
(r)
rr
a
(r)
r,r+1
. . . a
(r)
rn
0 . . . 0 0 . . . 0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0 . . . 0 0 . . . 0

, b
(r)
=

b
(1)
1
.
.
.
b
(r)
r
b
(r)
r+1
.
.
.
b
(r)
n

,
o luoc r = rank(A).
Cac phan tu tru nho co the dan den ket oua khon, chinh xac. Co mot cach de
tranh phan tu tru nho duoc ,oi la phep xoay cuc lo. 1heo cach nay, khi khu x
k
, ta
chon he so lon nhat (ye ,ia tri tuyet doi) cua x
k
tron, nk+1 phuon, trnh cuoi nhu
la phan tu tru. ',hIa la, neu |a
(k)
lk
| la lon nhat cua cac |a
(k)
jk
| yoi j = k, k + 1, . . . , n
ta hoan yi don, k ya l. Ban, cach danh so lai ta co the ,ia su ran, phan tu tru a
(k)
kk
co do lon lon nhat.
Hoc MATLAB bang th du J9
/p dun, ,iai he phuon, trnh
x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
= 1
3x
1
+ x
2
3x
3
= 5
x
1
2x
2
5x
3
= 10
Le luu ,iu ma tran cac he so a ya ye phai b, tron, chuon, trnh ta dua yao ma tran
cac he so noi ron, ad. Lenh [v,index]=max(ad(k:n,k)) tra ye hai ,ia tri: v la
phan tu lon nhat cua yecto ad(k:n,k) con index la yi tri cua phan tu do.
% chuong trinh 1 - giai he phuong dstt
clear all
a=[1 1 1; 3 1 -3; 1 -2 -5];
b=[1;5;10];
n=size(a,1);
% ma tran noi rong
ad=a;
ad(:,n+1)=b;
for k=1:n-1
% tim phan tu tru
[v,index]=max(ad(k:n,k));
if v==0
disp(he phuong trinh suy bien)
return
end
% dong chua phan tu tru
index=index+k-1;
% hoan vi dong k va dong index
tam=ad(index,:);
ad(index,:)=ad(k,:);
ad(k,:)=tam;
% dung dong k khu cac dong duoi
for i=k+1:n
for j=k:n+1
ad(i,k:n+1)=ad(i,k:n+1)-(ad(i,k)/ad(k,k))*ad(k,k:n+1);
end
end
end
% phep the nguoc
if ad(n,n)==0
disp(he phuong trinh suy bien)
return
+O Trnh Anh Ngoc
end
x(n)=ad(n,n+1)/ad(n,n);
for i=n-1:-1:1
x(i)=ad(i,n+1);
for j=i+1:n
x(i)=x(i)-ad(i,j)*x(j);
end
x(i)=x(i)/ad(i,i);
end
disp(nghiem cua he:)
x
Ket oua tinh toan
nghiem cua he:
x =
6.0000 -7.0000 2.0000
Tb do 12. Ciai phuon, trnh f(x) = 0 - 1huat toan chia doi khoan,
Hnh o: Lo thi ham so f(x) = x
3
3x
2
+ x + 1.
'eu ham lien tuc f(x) co dau doi nhau tai cac diem x = B ya x = C, th no
co it nhat mot khon, diem tron, khoan, ,iua B ya C. lhuon, phap chia doi (hay
tm kiem nhi phan) duoc dat tren su kien nay. 'eu f(B)f(C) < 0, ham f(x) duoc
danh ,ia tai diem ,iua M = (B + C)/2 cua khoan,. 'eu f(M) = 0, mot khon,
diem duoc tm thay. 'eu khac, f(B)f(M) < 0 hoac f(M)f(C) < 0. 1ron, truon,
hop dau co it nhat mot khon, diem o ,iua M ya B, ya tron, truon, hop thu hai co
it nhat mot n,hiem o ,iua C ya M. 1heo cach nay mot khoan, chua n,hiem duoc
tm thay ma co chieu dai lan, nua chieu dai khoan, lan dau. 1hu tuc duoc lap lai
cho den khi dinh yi duoc n,hiem yoi do chinh xac mon, muon.
Hoc MATLAB bang th du +I
/p dun, ,iai phuon, trnh x
3
3x
2
+x +1 = 0 (phuon, trnh nay co n,hiem
chinh xac: 1, 1

2). Le co cai nhn so lo ye phuon, trnh cho ta dun, Matlal ye

do thi cua ham f(x) = x
3
3x
2
+x +1. 1u do thi (hnh o) ta thay phuon, trnh co
la n,hiem don, lan luot nam tron, cac khoan, [0.5, 0], [0.5, 1.5], [2, 3]. 'hu mot thi
du ap dun, ta yiet chuon, trnh tm n,hiem xap xi cua phuon, trnh tron, khoan,
[0.5, 0].
% chuong trinh 2 - giai phuong trinh bang phuong phap chia
% doi khoang
% chuong trinh goi function f1
clear all
b=-0.5;
c=0;
epsilon=10^(-4);
m=b; % m duoc khoi tao bang b
while (abs(c-b)>=epsilon)&(f1(m)~=0)
m=(b+c)/2;
if f1(b)*f1(m)<0
c=m;
else
b=m;
end
end
disp(nghiem xap xi:)
m
Chuon, trnh ,oi function f1 tra lai ,ia tri cua ham f(x)
function v=f1(x)
v=x^3-3*x^2+x+1;
Ket oua tinh toan
nghiem xap xi:
m =
-0.4142
Tb do 13. Ciai phuon, trnh f(x) = 0 - 1huat toan 'ewton ya thuat toan day cun,
Ca hai thuat toan deu xap xi duon, con, y = f(x) lan, duon, than, y = L(x)
roi sau do xap xi n,hiem phuon, trnh f(x) = 0 lan, n,hiem cua phuon, trnh
+Z Trnh Anh Ngoc
L(x) = 0. lhuon, phap 'ewton lay y = L(x) la tiep tuyen yoi duon, con, y = f(x)
tai diem xap xi truoc do x
i
ya lay diem xap xi ke tiep x
i+1
la n,hiem cua phuon,
trnh L(x) = 0, theo con, thuc taylor, ta co f(x) f(x
i
) +f

(x
i
)(x x
i
) = 0, suy ra
x
i+1
= x
i

f(x
i
)
f

(x
i
)
.
1huat toan day cun, nhan duoc tu thuat toan 'ewton lan, cach xap xi f

(x
i
) lan,
Hnh 9: 1huat toan 'ewton.
ti sai phan
f

(x
i
)
f(x
i
) f(x
i1
)
x
i
x
i1
.
1u day ta suy ra con, thuc lap cua thuat toan day cun,
x
i+1
= x
i
f(x
i
)
x
i
x
i1
f(x
i
) f(x
i1
)
.
/p dun, ,iai phuon, trnh x
2
2 = 0 (phuon, trnh co n,hiem chinh xac la

2). 1a ap dun, thuat toan 'ewton yoi diem xap xi lan dau lay lan, Z. Lieu
kien dun, thuat toan la |x
i+1
x
i
| < ya de tranh truon, hop xau - chuon, trnh
thuc hien oua lau ta dun, yon, lap for chi dinh so lan lap toi da.
% chuong trinh 3 - giai phuong trinh bang phuong phap Newton
% chuong trinh goi function f2 va df2
clear all
xc=2; % diem xap xi ban dau
epsilon=10^(-4);
Hoc MATLAB bang th du +J
Hnh IO: 1huat toan day cun,.
nmax=100; % so lan lap toi da
for i=1:nmax
xm=xc-f2(xc)/df2(xc);
if abs(xm-xc)<epsilon
break;
else
xc=xm;
end
end
disp(so lan lap:)
i
disp(nghiem xap xi:)
xm
Chuon, trnh ,oi function f2 tra lai ,ia tri cua ham f(x) ya df2 tra lai ,ia tri cua
ham f

(x)
function v=f2(x)
v=x^2-2;
function v=df2(x)
v=2*x;
Ket oua tinh toan
so lan lap:
i =
4
nghiem xap xi:
xm =
++ Trnh Anh Ngoc
1.4142
/p dun, thuat toan day cun, chuon, trnh yiet cho thuat toan 'ewton duoc
lien doi mot chut
% chuong trinh 4 - giai phuong trinh bang phuong phap day cung
% chuong trinh goi function f2
clear all
x1=2;
xc=3; % hai diem xap xi ban dau
epsilon=10^(-4);
nmax=100; % so lan lap toi da
for i=1:nmax
xm=xc-f2(xc)*(xc-x1)/(f2(xc)-f2(x1));
if abs(xm-xc)<epsilon
break;
else
x1=xc;
xc=xm;
end
end
disp(so lan lap:)
i
disp(nghiem xap xi:)
xm
Ket oua tinh toan
so lan lap:
i =
5
nghiem xap xi:
xm =
1.4142
Ban doc hay thu n,hiem yoi cac thi du so khac ya neu nhan xet (dua tren cac ket
oua so) ye la thuat toan tm n,hiem xap xi cua phuon, trnh f(x) = 0.
Tb do 14. Ciai phuon, trnh yi phan - lhuon, phap Luler 1ron, thi du nay ta xet
lai toan xac dinh ouy dao cua mot hat x
0
= (a, b, c) liet truon, yan toc v: tm ham
Hoc MATLAB bang th du +5
yecto x = (x(t), y(t), z(t)) thoa phuon, trnh yi phan
dx
dt
= v(x, t) ()
ya dieu kien dau x(0) = x
0
.
Mot thuat toan don ,ian ,iai lai toan nay la xet su thay doi yi tri cua hat
tron, khoan, thoi ,ian t, ya thay phuon, trnh yi phan (!!) lan, cac phuon, trnh
dai so
x(t + t) x(t)
t
= v
x
(x, y, z, t),
y(t + t) y(t)
t
= v
y
(x, y, z, t),
z(t + t) z(t)
t
= v
z
(x, y, z, t).
Le nhan duoc cac phuon, trnh nay ta da thay dao ham theo thoi ,ian len ye trai
phuon, trnh (*) lan, sai phan tien cua x tai t.
Ciai cac phuon, trnh tren, ta duoc
x(t + t) = x(t) + tv
x
(x, y, z, t),
y(t + t) = y(t) + tv
y
(x, y, z, t),
z(t + t) = z(t) + tv
z
(x, y, z, t).
\e mat yat ly, cac phuon, trnh tren phat lieu ran, yi tri cua mot hat tai thoi diem
t +t lan, yi tri tai thoi diem truoc t con, them mot dich chuyen le tron, khoan,
thoi ,ian t. 1ron, khoan, thoi ,ian nay hat xem nhu co yan toc khon, doi lan,
yan toc cua hat tai thoi diem t.
Tboat toan
I. Chi dinh thoi diem dau (t = 0).
Z. Chon luoc luoi thoi ,ian.
J. Chi dinh toa do dau x(0), y(0), z(0).
+. 1inh cac yan toc v
x
(x, y, z, t), v
y
(x, y, z, t) ya v
z
(x, y, z, t).
5. 1inh ye phai cua (!!), roi toa do cua hat tai thoi diem t + t.
+o Trnh Anh Ngoc
o. Dun, hoac tro ye tinh tu luoc + den luoc o.
/p dun, thuat toan, xac dinh ouy dao cua hat lan dau o yi tri (1, 1, 1) co yan toc:
v = xi + yj + cos tk.
(',hiem ,iai tich tron, truon, hop k = a = = 1: x = e
t
, y = e
t
, z = sint + 1)).
% Chuong trinh 5 - xac dinh quy dao cua diem bang phuong phap
% Euler
clear all
tmax=2; % thoi gian khao sat
N = 100; % so nut thoi gian
dt=tmax/(N-1);
t=0:dt:tmax; % cac nut thoi gian
% vi tri ban dau cua diem
x(1) = 1;
y(1) = 1;
z(1) = 1;
for i = 2:N
x(i) = x(i-1) + dt*f(x(i-1),y(i-1),z(i-1),t(i-1));
y(i) = y(i-1) + dt*g(x(i-1),y(i-1),z(i-1),t(i-1));
z(i) = z(i-1) + dt*h(x(i-1),y(i-1),z(i-1),t(i-1));
end
% ve quy dao
plot3(x,y,z)
Chuon, trnh ,oi cac ham f.m, g.m, h.m
function v=f(x,y,z,t)
v=-x;
function v=g(x,y,z,t)
v=y;
function v=h(x,y,z,t)
v=cos(t);
Ban doc nen so sanh n,hiem xap xi thu duoc tu chuon, trnh nay yoi n,hiem
chinh xac cua lai toan.
'hu da liet, phuon, trnh yi phan cap hai tuon, duon, yoi he hai phuon,
trnh yi phan cap mot. Ban hay tu dua ra thuat toan ,iai so phuon, trnh yi phan
cap hai dua tren thuat toan dua ra o day.
kFT tAN
1ai lieu Hoc Matlal lan, thi du duoc trnh lay theo ouan diem thuc dun,,
chi hoc nhun, , can thiet ya hoc chun, tai noi chun, xuat hien. Lieu nay truoc
Hoc MATLAB bang th du +7
Hnh II: uy dao cua hat (1, 1, 1), thi du I+.
tien nham dat muc dich hoc nhanh ye Matlal, n,oai ra, cach hoc nay con co loi
diem la n,uoi hoc de nho ya liet ap dun, n,ay kien thuc dan, hoc. 1uy nhien, day
chua phai la tat ca. 'oi dun, cua Matlal rat phon, phu, kha nan, tinh toan cua
Matlal rat da dan,. \an con rat, rat nhieu nhun, dieu can liet ye Matlal, ya nhat
la cho den cuoi tai lieu nay chun, ta yan chua lan den nhun, han che cua Matlal.
Ban doc tron, nhun, un, dun, cua mnh se nhan thay nhun, ,ioi han do, se thay
can phai liet them nhun, , ye Matlal - nhun, noi dun, chua duoc lan den o day.
Khi yiet tai lieu nay chun, toi ap u mot hy yon, - yoi tai lieu nay lan doc se cam
thay hun, thu hoc ya ap dun, Matlal tron, con, yiec hoc tap ya n,hien cuu cua
mnh.
'hu moi thu thuoc ye con n,uoi, tai lieu nay at ham chua nhun, dieu sai sot,
chun, toi rat mon, nhan duoc nhun, don, ,op ,iup hieu chinh nhun, sai sot cua
tai lieu. Xin ,ui nhun, y kien nhan xet, nhun, don, ,op ,iup hoan thien tai lieu
den cho chun, toi theo dia chi email: tan,ochcmuns.edu.yn. Xin chan thanh cam
on.
1rinh /nh ',oc
+o Trnh Anh Ngoc
Moc Ioc
I \ai tro cua may tinh tron, n,hien cuu ya un, dun, toan hoc . . . . . I
Z Matlal - phan mem toan hoc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
J Luot oua Matlal - cai nhn dau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z
+ Cioi thieu ye Symlolic Math 1oollox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
+.I Loi tuon, ky hieu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o
+.Z Cac phep tinh ky hieu thuon, dun, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o
+.J Mot so cach dun, khac cua ham sym . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IO
+.+ Bien ky hieu mac nhien . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IJ
+.5 Cac thi du tinh toan ky hieu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I+
5 \iet chuon, trnh lan, Matlal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J+
5.I Cac cau truc tron, n,on n,u Matlal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J+
5.Z Mot so chuon, trnh thi du . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jo
+9