Gio vin: Bi Hng Ngc

CHUYN : AXIT TC DNG VI KIM LOI

Cch lm:
1/ Phn loi axit:
Axit loi 1: Tt c cc axit trn( HCl, H2SO4long, HBr,...), tr HNO3 v H2SO4 c.
Axit loi 2: HNO3 v H2SO4 c.
2/ Cng thc phn ng: gm 2 cng thc.
Cng thc 1: Kim loi phn ng vi axit loi 1.
Kim loi + Axit loi 1 ----> Mui + H2
iu kin:
-

Kim loi l kim loi ng trc H trong dy hot ng ho hc Bktp.

Dy hot ng ho hc Bktp.
K, Na, Ba, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Ni, Sn, Pb, H, Cu, Hg, Ag, Pt, Au.

c im:
-

Mui thu c c ho tr thp(i vi kim loi c nhiu ho tr)

Th d: Fe + 2HCl ----> FeCl2 + H2

Cu + HCl ----> Khng phn ng.
Cng thc 2: Kim loi phn ng vi axit loi 2:
Kim loi + Axit loi 2 -----> Mui + H2O + Sn phm kh.
c im:
-

Phn ng xy ra vi tt c cc kim loi (tr Au, Pt).

Mui c ho tr cao nht(i vi kim loi a ho tr)

Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Ho tan ht 25,2g kim loi R trong dung dch axit HCl, sau phn ng thu c
1,008 lit H2 (ktc). Xc nh kim loi R.
p s:
Bi 2: Ho tan hon ton 6,5g mt kim loi A cha r ho tr vo dung dch axit HCl, th
thu c 2,24 lit H2 (ktc). Xc nh kim loi A.

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Gio vin: Bi Hng Ngc

p s: A l Zn.
Bi 3: Cho 10g mt hn hp gm Fe v Cu tc dng vi dung dch axit HCl, th thu c
3,36 lit kh H2 (ktc). Xc nh thnh phn % v khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn
hp u.
p s: % Fe = 84%, % Cu = 16%.
Bi 4: Cho 1 hn hp gm Al v Ag phn ng vi dung dch axit H 2SO4 thu c 5,6 lt
H2 (ktc). Sau phn ng th cn 3g mt cht rn khng tan. Xc nh thnh phn % theo
khi lng cu mi kim loi trong hn hp ban u.
p s: % Al = 60% v % Ag = 40%.
Bi 5: Cho 5,6g Fe tc dng vi 500ml dung dch HNO3 0,8M. Sau phn ng thu c
V(lit) hn hp kh A gm N2O v NO2 c t khi so vi H2 l 22,25 v dd B.
a/ Tnh V (ktc)?
b/ Tnh nng mol/l ca cc cht c trong dung dch B.
Hng dn:
Theo bi ra ta c:
nFe = 5,6 : 56 = 0,1 mol
n

HNO3 = 0,5 . 0,8 = 0,4 mol

Mhh kh = 22,25 . 2 = 44,5

t x, y ln lt l s mol ca kh N2O v NO2.
PTHH xy ra:
8Fe + 30HNO3 ----> 8Fe(NO3)3 + 3N2O + 15H2O (1)
8mol

3mol

8x/3

Fe + 6HNO3 -----> Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O (2)

1mol

3mol

y/3

T l th tch cc kh trn l:
Gi a l thnh phn % theo th tch ca kh N2O.
Vy (1 a) l thnh phn % ca kh NO2.

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Gio vin: Bi Hng Ngc

Ta c: 44a + 46(1 a) = 44,5
a = 0,75 hay % ca kh N2O l 75% v ca kh NO2 l 25%
T phng trnh phn ng kt hp vi t l th tch ta c:
x = 3y (I)
---> y = 0,012 v x = 0,036
8x/3 + y/3 = 0,1 (II)
Vy th tch ca cc kh thu c ktc l:
VN 2 O = 0,81(lit) v VNO 2 = 0,27(lit)
Theo phng trnh th:
S mol HNO3 (phn ng) = 10nN 2 O + 2n NO 2 = 10.0,036 + 2.0,012 = 0,384 mol
S mol HNO3 (cn d) = 0,4 0,384 = 0,016 mol
S mol Fe(NO3)3 = nFe = 0,1 mol
Vy nng cc cht trong dung dch l:
CM(Fe(NO3)3) = 0,2M
CM(HNO3)d = 0,032M
Bi 6: ho tan 4,48g Fe phi dng bao nhiu ml dung dch hn hp HCl 0,5M v
H2SO4 0,75M.
Hng dn: Gi s phi dng V(lit) dung dch hn hp gm HCl 0,5M v H2SO4 0,75M
S mol HCl = 0,5V (mol)
S mol H2SO4 = 0,75V (mol)
S mol Fe = 0,08 mol
PTHH xy ra:
Fe + 2HCl ---> FeCl2 + H2
Fe + H2SO4 ---> FeSO4 + H2
Theo phng trnh ta c: 0,25V + 0,75V = 0,08
---> V = 0,08 : 1 = 0,08 (lit)

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Gio vin: Bi Hng Ngc

Bi 7: ho tan 4,8g Mg phi dng bao nhiu ml dung dch hn hp HCl 1,5M v
H2SO4 0,5M.
a/ Tnh th tch dung dch hn hp axit trn cn dng.
b/ Tnh th tch H2 thu c sau phn ng ktc.
p s:
a/ Vhh dd axit = 160ml.
b/ Th tch kh H2 l 4,48 lit.
Bi 8: Ho tan 2,8g mt kim loi ho tr (II) bng mt hn hp gm 80ml dung dch axit
H2SO4 0,5M v 200ml dung dch axit HCl 0,2M. Dung dch thu c c tnh axit v
mun trung ho phi dng 1ml dung dch NaOH 0,2M. Xc nh kim loi ho tr II em
phn ng.
Hng dn:
Theo bi ra ta c:
S mol ca H2SO4 l 0,04 mol
S mol ca HCl l 0,04 mol
S mol ca NaOH l 0,02 mol
t R l KHHH ca kim loi ho tr II
a, b l s mol ca kim loi R tc dng vi axit H2SO4 v HCl.
Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
Sau khi kim loi tc dng vi kim loi R. S mol ca cc axit cn li l:
S mol ca H2SO4 = 0,04 a (mol)
S mol ca HCl = 0,04 2b (mol)
Vit cc PTHH trung ho:
T PTP ta c:
S mol NaOH phn ng l: (0,04 2b) + 2(0,04 a) = 0,02
---> (a + b) = 0,1 : 2 = 0,05
Vy s mol kim loi R = (a + b) = 0,05 mol
---> MR = 2,8 : 0,05 = 56 v R c ho tr II ---> R l Fe.

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Gio vin: Bi Hng Ngc

Bi 9: Chia 7,22g hn hp A gm Fe v R (R l kim loi c ho tr khng i) thnh 2
phn bng nhau:
-

Phn 1: Phn ng vi dung dch HCl d, thu c 2,128 lit H2(ktc)

Phn 2: Phn ng vi HNO3, thu c 1,972 lit NO(ktc)

a/ Xc nh kim loi R.
b/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp A.
Hng dn:
a/ Gi 2x, 2y (mol) l s mol Fe, R c trong hn hp A --> S mol Fe, R trong 1/2 hn
hp A l x, y.
Vit cc PTHH xy ra:
Lp cc phng trnh ton hc;
mhh A = 56.2x + 2y.MR (I)
nH 2 = x + ny/2 = 0,095

(II)

nNO = x + ny/3 = 0,08

(III)

Gii h phng trnh ta c: MR = 9n (vi n l ho tr ca R)

Lp bng: Vi n = 3 th MR = 27 l ph hp. Vy R l nhm(Al)
b/ %Fe = 46,54% v %Al = 53,46%.

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