E5164 Chapter-7-computer-Peripherals.

COMPUTER PERIPHERALS
VIDEO CARD VOICE CARD MODEM AND FAX
PREPARED BY : MOHD FADHIL BIN RAMLE
circuit board installed in computer to increase the capabilities of that computer. The card must be match to the bus type of the motherboard (example : install a PCI network card only into a PCI expansion slot).
WHAT IS ADAPTER CARD?
Commonly called video card. To allow the computer to display
information on some kind of monitor or LCD display. Responsible to converting the data sent to it by the CPU into the pixels, addresses and other items required for display. Sometimes, video cards can include dedicated chips to perform certain of these functions, thus accelerating the speed of display. With todays motherboard, most video cards are AGP and, with increasing popularity, PCIe expansion cards that fit in the associated slot on a motherboard.
VIDEO CARD
History
MDA, HGC, CGA, EGA or MCGA was obsolete. All current display adapter that connect to
MDA (Monochrome Display Adapter). HGC (Hercules Graphics Card) CGA (Color Graphics Adapter) EGA (Enhanced Graphics Adapter) VGA (Video Graphics Array) SVGA (Super VGA) XGA (Extended Graphics Array)
of video-display technology:
the 15-pin VGA analog connector or the DVI analog/digital connector are based on the VGA standard.
VIDEO CARD
VIDEO DISPLAY ADAPTOR
Unlike
earlier video standards, which are digital, VGA is an analog system. Most personal computer displays introduced before the PS/2 are digital. This type of display generates different colors by firing the RGB electron beams in on-or-off mode, which allows for the display of up to eight colors (23). In the IBM displays and adapters, another signal doubles the number of color combinations from 8 to 16 by displaying each color at one of two intensity levels.
VIDEO CARD
Digital display is easy to manufacturer and offers simplicity with consistent color combination from system to system. The real drawback of the older digital displays such as CGA and EGA is the limited number of possible colors. In the PS/2 system, IBM went to analog display circuit (April 2, 1987). Analog displays work like the digital displays but each color in the analog display system can be displayed at varying levels of intensity-64 levels, in the case of VGA. So, analog system provide 262,144 possible colors (643) of which 256 could be simultaneously displayed. For realistic computer graphics, color depth is often more important than high resolution because the human eye perceives a picture that has more colors as being more realistic.
VIDEO CARD
Video Graphic Array
a purely IBM-defined standard VGA BIOS is the control software
residing in the system ROM for controlling VGA circuits. The VGA can run almost any software that originally was written for the CGA or EGA. A standard VGA card displays up to 256 colors onscreen, from a palette of 262,144 (256KB) colors; when used in the 640x400 text mode, 16 colors at a time can be displayed. Because the VGA outputs an analog signal, you must have a monitor that accepts an analog input.
VIDEO CARD
Also
come in monochrome VGA models. 64 gray shades are displayed instead of colors. Uses an algorithm that makes the desired color and rewrites the formula to involve all three color guns, producing varying intensities of gray.
VIDEO CARD
Super VGA
was
defined by the Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) In that first version, it called for a resolution of 800 600 4-bit pixels (Each pixel could therefore be any of 16 different colours). extended to 1024 768 8-bit pixels, and well beyond that in the following years.
VIDEO CARD
SVGA uses a VGA connector (DE-15)
Integrated Video/Motherboard Chipsets The performance and features of built-in video differed only slightly from add-on cards using the same or similar chipsets.
VIDEO CARD
Integrated Video Features of Intel 8xx Chipsets
Table 15.9
All
video adapters contain certain basic components, such as the following:

Video BIOS Video processor/video accelerator Video memory Digital-to-analog converter (DAC). Bus connector Video driver
VIDEO CARD
VIDEO DISPLAY ADAPTOR COMPONENTS
VIDEO CARD
VIDEO BIOS
Containing
basic instructions that provide an interface between the video adapter hardware and the software running on your system. Enables your system to display information on the monitor during the system POST and boot sequences. Can be upgraded (use EEPROM). Video BIOS upgrades (sometimes referred as firmware upgrades) are sometimes necessary in order to use an existing adapter with a new operating system or when manufacturer encounters a significant bug in original programming.
VIDEO CARD
VIDEO PROCESSOR
The
heart of any video adapter and essentially defines the cards functions and performance levels. Two video adapters with the same chipset often have the same capabilities and deliver comparable performance. Software drivers that OS and applications use to address the video adapter hardware are written primarily with the chipset. The video adapter that use the same chipset may differ in the amount and type of memory installed.
VIDEO CARD
VIDEO CARD
VIDEO AND SYSTEM CHIPSETS

Why you should find out which chipset the video card or video circuit use?:
Better comparisons of card or system to others Access to technical specifications Access to reviews and opinions Better buying decisions Choice of card manufacturer or chipset manufacturer support and drivers.
VIDEO CARD
Video RAM
most
video adapters rely on their own onboard memory to store video images while processing them Size : 32MB, 64MB or more of onboard memory. Many low-cost system with onboard video use the universal memory architecture (UMA) feature to share the main system memory. Memory on the video card or borrowed from the system performs the same tasks.
VIDEO CARD
Video RAM
Amount
of memory on the adapter or used by integrated video determines the maximum screen resolution and color depth the device can support. Common memory size : 32MB, 64MB and 128MB. Adding more memory is not guaranteed to speed up your video adapter. Speed can increase if it enables a wider bus (from 64bits wide to 128bits wide) or provide nondisplay memory as a cache.
VIDEO CARD
Video RAM Table 15.11
VIDEO CARD
Video RAM
SGRAM,
SDRAM, DDR and DDR-II SDRAM have replaced VRAM, WRAM and MDRAM as high speed solutions.
VIDEO CARD
SDRAM
Synchronous
DRAM Usually surface mounted individual chips; on a few early models, a small module containing SDRAMs might be plugged into proprietary connector. Designed to work with bus speeds up to 200MHz and provides performance just slightly slower than SGRAM. Used in current low-end video cards and chipsets such as NVIDIAs GeForce2 MX and ATIs RADEON VE.
VIDEO CARD
SGRAM
Synchronous
Graphics RAM (SGRAM). High-end solution for very fast video adapter designs. Differs from SDRAM by including circuitry to perform block writes to increase the speed of graphics fill or 3D Z-buffer operations. Although SGRAM is faster than SDRAM, most video card makers dropped SGRAM in favor of even faster DDR-SRAM in their newest products.
VIDEO CARD
DDR SDRAM
Double
Data Rate SDRAM. Designed to transfer data at speeds twice that of conventional SDRAM by transferring data on both the rising and falling parts of the processing clock cycle. Todays mid-range and low-end video cards based on chipsets such as NVIDIAs GeForce FX and ATIs RADEON 9xxx series use DDR SDRAM for video memory.
VIDEO CARD
DDR-II SDRAM
Second
generation of DDR SDRAM. Fetches 4 bits of data per cycle, instead of 2 as with DDR SDRAM (double performance at the same clock speed). First video chipset to support DDR-II was NVIDIAs GeForce FX.
VIDEO CARD
GDDR-3 SDRAM
Based
on DDR-II memory with two major differences:

GDDR-3 separates reads and writes with a single-ended unidirectional strobe, whereas DDR-II uses differential bidirectional strobes. This method enables much higher data transfer rates. GDDR-3 uses an interface technique known as pseudoopen drain, which uses voltage instead of current. This method makes GDDR-3 memory compatible with GPUs designed to use DDR or DDR-II memory.
VIDEO CARD
VIDEO RAM SPEED

Video
cards with same type 3D graphics processor chip (GPU) onboard might use different speeds of memory. Example:
Two cards use the NVIDIA GeForce FX 5200-the Prolink PixelView (4ns memory) and the Chaintech A-FX20 (5ns memory)-use different memory speeds. Sometimes, video makers also match different memory speeds with different versions of the same basic GPU, as with ATIs Radeon 9800 XT and 9800 Pro: 9800XT has a core clock speed of 412MHz versus the 9800 Pros 380MHz clock speed.
VIDEO CARD
RAM CALCULATIONS
To
find amount of memory a video adapter needs to display a particular resolution and color depth. Resolution determines the number of total pixels. For example, a screen resolution of 1024x768 requires a total 786,432 pixels. If you were to display that resolution with only two colors, you would need only 1 bit of memory space to represent each pixel.(0=dot is black, 1=dot is white) If you use 24 bits of memory space to control each pixel, you can display more than 16.7 million colors (224 )
VIDEO CARD
Amount
of memory that adapter needs to display that resolution.
1024x768 = 786432 pixels x 24 bits per pixels = 18,874,368 bits = 2,359,296 bytes = 2.25 MB
Because
most adapters support memory amounts of only 256KB, 512KB, 1MB, 2MB or 4MB. You would need to use video adapter with at least 4MB of RAM onboard to run your system using that resolution and color depth.
VIDEO CARD
VIDEO CARD
DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERTER
Commonly
called a RAMDAC Convert the digital images your computer generates into analog signals the monitor can display. Measured in MHz, the higher vertical refresh rates, allow higher resolutions with flicker-free refresh rates (72Hz-85Hz or above) Typically, cards with RAMDAC speeds of 300MHz or above display flicker-free at resolutions up to 1920x1200. Of course, you must ensure that any resolution you want to use is supported by both your monitor and video card.
VIDEO CARD
THE BUS IBM MCA ISA OBSOLETE EISA VL-Bus PCI AGP PCI-eXPRESS
VIDEO CARD
THE BUS AGP

Deliver
maximum bandwidth up to 16times larger PCI Enhancement to PCI bus. Use with only video adapter Provides high-speed access to the main system memory array. Four speed of AGP
VIDEO CARD
VIDEO CARD
THE BUS PCI EXPRESS

Succeed both AGP and PCI Use high speed bidirectional serial data transfer method. PCI Express channels (also known as lanes) can be combine to create wider and faster expansion slots (each lanes provides 250MBps data rate in each directional). Unlike PCI bus, PCI Express do not compete with each other for bandwidth. PCI Express graphics cards use 16 lanes (x16) to enable speeds of 4GBps in each direction. When PCI Express used for other types of cards, fewer lanes are used.
VIDEO CARD
VIDEO CARD
THE VIDEO DRIVER

Driver
enables your software to communicate with the video adapter. Video drivers are designed to support the processor on the video adapter. Provide the interface you can use to configure the display your adapter produces. Video driver: get from supplied disk from card manufacturer or from chipset maker. Sometimes you might find that one of the provides better performance than the other.
VIDEO CARD
HOW 3D ACCELERATORS WORK

To
construct an animated 3D sequence, a computer can mathematically animate the sequences between keyframes. Example: a bouncing ball can have three keyframes; up, down, and up.
Using this frames as a reference point, the computer can create all the interim images between the top and bottom. After creating the sequence, the system can then refine the appearance of the images by filling them in color. Flatshading: shape is filled with a solid color. Gouraud shading: colors to specific points on a shape.
VIDEO CARD
HOW 3D ACCELERATORS WORK

3D
software convert image abstractions into the fully realize images that are then displayed on the monitor. The image abstractions typically consist of the following elements:
Vertices: location of objects in three-dimensional space, described in terms of their x, y and z coordinates on three axes representing height, width and depth. Primitives: the simple geometric objects the application uses to create more complex construction, describe in terms of the relative locations of their vertices. Textures: two-dimensional bitmap images or surfaces designed to be mapped onto primitives. The software enhances the 3D effect by modifying the appearance of the textures.
VIDEO CARD
AUDIO ADAPTER
BASIC CONNECTORS
Stereo line, or audio, out connector (lime green) Used to send sound signals from the audio adapter to a device outside the computer. Can hook up the cables from the line-out connector to stereo speakers, a headphone set, or your stereo system. stereo lin, or audio, in connector (light blue) Can record or mix sound signals from an external source, such as a stereo system or VCR, to the computer hard disk.
AUDIO ADAPTER
AUDIO ADAPTOR
BASIC CONNECTORS
Rear out or speaker/headphone connector (no standard color) Older sound cards often provided an amplified jack supplying up to 4 watts of power for use with unpowered speakers or headphones along with the line-out connector. Today, this jack used for rear speakers in fourspeaker setups.
AUDIO ADAPTER
AUDIO ADAPTOR
BASIC CONNECTORS
Microphone, or mono, in connector (pink) Used to connect a microphone for recording your voice or other sounds to disk. Record in mono and not suitable for high-quality music recording. Use Automatic Gain Control (AGC) to improve recordings, this feature adjust the recording levels on-the-fly. A 600ohm-10,000ohm dynamic or condenser microphone works best with this jack.
AUDIO ADAPTER
AUDIO ADAPTOR
BASIC CONNECTORS
Game port (gold) Also called joystick connector 15-pin D-shaped connector that can connect to any standard joystick or game controller. MIDI connector (gold) Audio adapters typically use the same joystick port as their MIDI connector. Two of the pins in connector are designed to carry signals to and from a MIDI device, such as electronic keyboard.
AUDIO ADAPTER
AUDIO ADAPTOR
CONNECTORS FOR ADVANCED FEATURES

MIDI in and MIDI out Some advanced sound card dont require you to convert the game port (joystick port) to MIDI interfacing. Offering this ports on a separate external connector. Typical location: external device. SPDIF in and SPDIF out. Sony/Philips Digital interface receives digital audio signals directly from compatible devices without converting them to analog first. Typical location: external device (also referred as Dolby Digital interfaces.)
AUDIO ADAPTER
AUDIO ADAPTOR

CD SPDIF Connects compatible CD-ROM drives with SPDIF interfacing to the digital input of the sound card. Typical location: side of audio card TAD in Connects internal modems with Telephone Answering Device support to the sound card for sound processing of voice message. Typical location: side of audio card
AUDIO ADAPTER
AUDIO ADAPTOR

Digital DIN out This supports multispeaker digital speaker systems, such as those produced by Cambridge for use with SoundBlaster Live! Series. Typical location: side of audio card. Optical SPDIF in/out This supports home theater and digital speaker system with optical inputs. Typical location: rear of card or external device.
AUDIO ADAPTER
AUDIO ADAPTOR

Aux in Provides input for other sound sources, such as a TV tuner card. Typical location: side of audio card. I2S in Enables the sound card to accept digital audio input from an external source, such as two-channel decoded AC-3 from DVD decoders and MPEG-2 Zoom Video Typical location: side of audio card
AUDIO ADAPTER
AUDIO ADAPTOR

USB port Enables the sound card to connect to USB speakers, game controllers and other types of USB devices. The Hercules Game Theater XP Series, the first sound card with built in USB ports, supports USB 1.1 only. Typical location: external breakout box IEEE 1394 this enables the sound card to connect to IEEE 1394-compatible DV camcoders, scanner, hard drives and other devices. Creative Labs Sound Blaster Audigy, Audigy 2 series and Hercules Digifire 7.1 all feature one or nore IEEE 1394. Typical location: card bracket or external cable or breakout box.
AUDIO ADAPTER
AUDIO ADAPTOR

Figure 16.3 Figure 16.4
AUDIO ADAPTER
AUDIO ADAPTOR
AUDIO ADAPTER CONCEPTS AND TERMS

The Nature of Sound Every sound is produced by vibrations that compress air or other substances. Two of the basic properties of any sound are pitch and intensity. Pitch
rate at which vibrations are produced. Measure in the number of hertz (Hz) or cycle per second. Higher the frequency the higher the pitch.
Intensity
Called amplitude Determine the sounds volume and depends on the stength of the vibrations producing the sound.
AUDIO ADAPTER

Evaluating the Quality of Your Audio Adapter Quality of audio adapter is often measured by the three criteria
Frequency response (or range) Total harmonic distortion Signal-to-noise ratio.
Frequency Response
Range in which an audio system can record or play at a constant and audible amplitude level. Many cards support 30Hz-20kHz. Wider the spread better the adapter.
AUDIO ADAPTER

Evaluating the Quality of Your Audio Adapter Total harmonic distortion
Measures an audio adapters linearity and straightness of a frequency response curve. In Laymans term, the harmonic distortion is a measure of accurate sound reproduction. Any nonlinear elements cause distortion in the form of harmonics. Smaller the percentage of distortion , the better. This harmonic distortion factor might make difference between cards that use the same audio chipset. Cards with cheaper components might have greater distortion, making them to produce poorer-quality sound.
AUDIO ADAPTER

Evaluating the Quality of Your Audio Adapter Signal-to-noise ratio (S/N or SNR)
Measures the strength of the sound signal relative to background noise (hiss). Higher the number (measured in decibels), the better the sound quality. For example: the top-of-the-line Sound Blaster Audigy 2 sound card features an SNR of 106db, whereas the older Sound Blaster Audigy is rated at 100db.
These factors affect all types of audio adapter use, from WAV file playback to speech recognition. Low-quality microphones and speakers can degrade the performance of a high-quality sound card.
AUDIO ADAPTER

Evaluating the Quality of Your Audio Adapter Quality of audio adapter is often measured by the three criteria
Frequency response (or range) Total harmonic distortion Signal-to-noise ratio.
Frequency Response
Range in which an audio system can record or play at a constant and audible amplitude level. Many cards support 30Hz-20kHz. Wider the spread better the adapter.
AUDIO ADAPTER

Sampling With an audio adapter, a PC can record waveform audio. Waveform audio : sampled or digitized sound. Analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) convert analog sound waves into digital bits that the computer can understand. Digital-to-analog converters (DACs) convert the recorded sounds to an audible analog format. Sampling is the process of turning the original analog sound waves into digital (binary) signals that the computer can save and later replay. The system samples the sound by taking snapshots of its frequency and amplitude at regular intervals.
AUDIO ADAPTER
AUDIO ADAPTER CONCEPTS AND TERMS Figure 16.7
AUDIO ADAPTER
MODEMS
device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information.
WHAT IS MODEM
Modems
are generally classified by:
amount of data they can send in a given time, normally measured in bits per second (bit/s, or bps). the number of times the modem changes its signal state per second (Baud).
HOW MODEMS ARE CLASSIFIED
All
modems support the following ITU protocols:

ITU V.90 (modulation) ITU V.42 (error correction) ITU V.42bis (data compression)
MODEM PROTOCOLS
BITs
the number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time. Unit ; bps or Kbps
Baud
rates
Is a signaling rate, not a data-transmission rate. Eg: if a signal between two modems can change frequency or phase at a rate of 300 times per second, the device is said to communicate at 300 baud.
BITs AND BAUD RATES
Three
most popular modulation methods:
frequency-shift keying (FSK) phase-shift keying (PSK). Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)
MODULATION STANDARDS
form of frequency modulation, otherwise known as FM. By causing and monitoring frequency changes in a signal sent over the phone line, two modem can sent information.
Frequency-shift Keying (FSK)
Frequency-shift Keying (FSK)
is
a digital modulation scheme that conveys data by changing, or modulating, the phase of a reference signal (the carrier wave).
Phase-shift Keying (PSK).
conveys
two analog message signals, or two digital bit streams, by changing (modulating) the amplitudes of two carrier waves, using the amplitude-shift keying (ASK) digital modulation scheme or amplitude modulation (AM) analog modulation scheme.
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)
All
modem protocols since ITU V.34 (33.6Kbps maximum speed) up through the current ITU V.90 and ITU V.92 standards (56Kbps maximum speed) are full-duplex protocols. ITU V.90 and V.92 protocols are the industrystandard protocols used today; V.92 support V.90. Full-duplex : communications can travel in both directions at the same time and at the same speed. example: telephone call. Half-duplex : communications can travel in both directions, but only one side can transmit at a time. example: radio call.
MODEM
V.90 V.90 is the ITU-T designation for a 56Kbps communication standard. Reconciles the conflict between the proprietary U.S Robotics (3Com) x2 and Rockwell K56flex modem specifications developed in 1996 and 1997. The last ISA modems manufactured by major vendors typically support V.90, as do many PC Card and PCI modems built from 1998 to 2001. V.92 Improved version of V.90 standard. Provide faster negotiation of the connection, call waiting support and faster uploading than V.90. Most PCI and PC Card sold since mid-2001.
MODEM
PROTOCOLS
MODEM
MODEM NEGOTIATION
Dialing state:
a ring input causes a transition to the ringing state, while a busy input causes a transition back to the idle state. Note: In a better modem design, the modem would set a timer and attempt to dial again after some time had expired.
Answer tone is detected, state machine transitions to the modem detected state because it has now been determined that there is a modem at the other end of the telephone line.
In case there is no modem at the other end of the line, a timer is set which produces a timout event after 15 seconds, causing the modem to transition back to the idle state.
In the modem detected state, the modem emits a signal that identifies its highest possible connection speed.
e.g. 33 kbps (kilobits per second). If the modem at the other end is capable of operating at this speed, it will respond with a signal that is seen by the modem as an id1 response input.
MODEM
MODEM NEGOTIATION
If instead the timer expires, then the modem at the other end must not be capable of operating at 33 kbps, so the modem emits a different signal identifying a lower speed that it is capable of operating at, say 14.4 kbps. When the far-end modem responds to any of the id signals, then the near end modem emits a training sequence. Training sequence which is a pre-agreed signal that permits the modem at the far end to measure the impairments on the telephone channel and set up adaptive filters to compensate for these impairments. Then the modem at the far end responds by sending back a training sequence, which allows the near-end modem to set up its adaptive filters.
MODEM
MODEM NEGOTIATION
After both modems have set up their filters, a converged event causes the modem to transition to the connected state, in which data communication occurs. You can now start surfing the web. Note: A better design would use a timeout timer so that if convergence does not occur, the modem tries to connect at a lower speed.
MODEM
MODEM NEGOTIATION
Modem Fails to Dial

1.
2.
3.
Check line and phone jacks on the modem. Use the line jack to attach the modem to the telephone line. The phone jack takes the same RJ-11 silver cord cable, but its designed to let you daisy-chain a telephone to your modem, so you need only a single line for modem and telephone use. If you have reversed these cables, you will not get a dial tone. If the cables are attached properly, check the cable for cuts or breaks. The outer jacket used on RJ-11 telephone cables is minimal. If the cable looks bad, replace it. If the modem is external, make sure the RS-232 modem cable is running from the modem to a working serial port on your computer and that is switched on. Signal lights on the front of the modem can be used to determine whether the modem is on and whether it is responding to dialing commands.
MODEM
PROBLEMS & TROUBLESHOOTING
Modem Fails to Dial 4. If the modem is a PC Card (PCMCIA card). Make sure it is fully plugged into the PCMCIA/PC slot. With Windows 9x/Me/2000/XP, you should see a small PCMCIA/PC Card icon on the toolbar. Double click it to view the cards that are currently connected. If your modem is properly attached, it should be visible. Otherwise, remove it, reinsert it into the PCMCIA/PC Card slot, and see whether the computer detects it. 5. Make sure your modem has been properly configured by your OS. With Windows 9x/Me/2000, use the Modems control panel to view and test your modem configuration (with Windows XP, you can use the Modem Troubleshooter). Select your modem and click the diagnostics tab. This displays the COM (serial) ports in your computer. Select the COM port used by the modem, and click the More Info tab. This sends test signals to your modem. A properly working modem responds with information about the port and modem.
MODEM
Modem Fails to Dial

6.
If you get a Couldnt Open Port error message, your modem isnt connected properly. It might be in use already by a program running in the background, or there might be an IRG or I/O port address conflict with another card in your computer. Whether you have a modem installed, every COM port that is working will display its IRQ, I/O port address and UART chip type when you run Diagnostics. The UART type should be 16550 or above for use with any modern modem.
MODEM
Computer Cant Detect External Modem

Make sure the modem has been connected to the computer with the correct type of cable. 2. Make sure the COM (serial) port or USB port to which the modem is connected to is working. 3. Check the power cord and power switch.
1.
MODEM
Using Your Modem Sound to Diagnose Your Modem

1.
2.
3.
If you listen to your modem when it makes a connection, you might have realized that different types of modems make distinctive connection sounds and that different connection speeds also make distinctive sounds. The various types of 56Kbps modems have distinctly different handshakes of tones, buzzes and warbles as they negotiate speeds with the ISPs modem. Check out www.modemsite.com/56k/trouble.asp (click handshake link) for find out sound samples of various modems during the handshaking process for troubleshooting.
MODEM
END

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COMPUTER PERIPHERALS

VIDEO CARD VOICE CARD MODEM AND FAX

PREPARED BY : MOHD FADHIL BIN RAMLE

WHAT IS ADAPTER CARD?

Commonly called video card. To allow the computer to display

Video Graphic Array

a purely IBM-defined standard VGA BIOS is the control software

SVGA uses a VGA connector (DE-15)

Integrated Video Features of Intel 8xx Chipsets

video adapters contain certain basic components, such as the following:

VIDEO AND SYSTEM CHIPSETS

Video RAM Table 15.11

on DDR-II memory with two major differences:

VIDEO RAM SPEED

of memory that adapter needs to display that resolution.

THE BUS AGP

THE BUS PCI EXPRESS

THE VIDEO DRIVER

HOW 3D ACCELERATORS WORK

HOW 3D ACCELERATORS WORK

CONNECTORS FOR ADVANCED FEATURES

CONNECTORS FOR ADVANCED FEATURES

CONNECTORS FOR ADVANCED FEATURES

CONNECTORS FOR ADVANCED FEATURES

CONNECTORS FOR ADVANCED FEATURES

CONNECTORS FOR ADVANCED FEATURES

AUDIO ADAPTER CONCEPTS AND TERMS

AUDIO ADAPTER CONCEPTS AND TERMS

AUDIO ADAPTER CONCEPTS AND TERMS

AUDIO ADAPTER CONCEPTS AND TERMS

AUDIO ADAPTER CONCEPTS AND TERMS

AUDIO ADAPTER CONCEPTS AND TERMS

AUDIO ADAPTER CONCEPTS AND TERMS Figure 16.7

are generally classified by:

HOW MODEMS ARE CLASSIFIED

modems support the following ITU protocols:

BITs AND BAUD RATES

most popular modulation methods:

Frequency-shift Keying (FSK)

Frequency-shift Keying (FSK)

Phase-shift Keying (PSK).

Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)

Modem Fails to Dial

Modem Fails to Dial

Computer Cant Detect External Modem

Using Your Modem Sound to Diagnose Your Modem

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