Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction

Review Problems
4-105 Two large steel plates are stuck together because of the freezing of the water between the two plates.
Hot air is blown over the exposed surface of the plate on the top to melt the ice. The length of time the hot
air should be blown is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction in the plates is one-dimensional since the plate is large relative to its
thickness and there is thermal symmetry about the center plane. 3 The thermal properties of the steel
plates are constant. 4 The heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform over the entire surface. 5 The
Fourier number is > 0.2 so that the one-term approximate solutions (or the transient temperature charts)
are applicable (this assumption will be verified).
Properties The thermal properties of steel plates are given to be k = 43 W/m.C and = 1.17 10
-5
m
2
/s
Analysis The characteristic length of the plates and the Biot number are
1 . 0 019 . 0
) C W/m. 43 (
) m 02 . 0 )( C . W/m 40 (
m 02 . 0
2
<

k
hL
Bi
L
A
V
L
c
s
c
Since Bi < 0.1, the lumped system analysis is applicable. Therefore,

min 8.0 s 482

t e e
T T
T t T
L C
h
V C
hA
b
bt
i
c p p
s
)t s 000544 . 0 (
1 -
3 6
2
-1
50 15
50 0 ) (
s 000544 . 0
m) (0.02 ) C . J/m 10 675 . 3 (
C . W/m 40

where C . J/m 10 675 . 3
/s m 10 17 . 1
C W/m. 43
3 6
2 5

k
C
p

Alternative solution: This problem can also be solved using the transient chart Fig. 4-13a,
2 . 0 15
769 . 0
50 15
50 0
6 . 52
019 . 0
1 1
2
>

o
i
o r
t
T T
T T
Bi

Then,
s 513

/s) m 10 17 . 1 (
m) 02 . 0 )( 15 (
2 5
2 2
o
r
t
The difference is due to the reading error of the chart.
4-84
Steel plates
T
i
= -15C
Hot gases
T

= 50C
T
s
=-10C
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
4-106 A curing kiln is heated by injecting steam into it and raising its inner surface temperature to a
specified value. It is to be determined whether the temperature at the outer surfaces of the kiln changes
during the curing period.
Assumptions 1 The temperature in the wall is affected by the thermal conditions at inner surfaces only
and the convection heat transfer coefficient inside is very large. Therefore, the wall can be considered to
be a semi-infinite medium with a specified surface temperature of 45C. 2 The thermal properties of the
concrete wall are constant.
Properties The thermal properties of the concrete wall are given to be k = 0.9 W/m.C and = 0.23 10
-5
m
2
/s.
Analysis We determine the temperature at a depth of x = 0.3 m in 3 h using the analytical solution,

,
_

t
x
erfc
T T
T t x T
i s
i
2
) , (
Substituting,

C 9.1

,
_

) , (
1782 . 0 ) 952 . 0 (
) s/h 3600 h 3 )( /s m 10 23 . 0 ( 2
m 3 . 0
5 42
2 ) , (
2 5
t x T
erfc
erfc
t x T
which is greater than the initial temperature of 2C. Therefore, heat will propagate through the 0.3 m
thick wall in 3 h, and thus it may be desirable to insulate the outer surface of the wall to save energy.
4-107 The water pipes are buried in the ground to prevent freezing. The minimum burial depth at a
particular location is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The temperature in the soil is affected by the thermal conditions at one surface only, and
thus the soil can be considered to be a semi-infinite medium with a specified surface temperature of
-10C. 2 The thermal properties of the soil are constant.
Properties The thermal properties of the soil are given
to be k = 0.7 W/m.C and = 1.4 10
-5
m
2
/s.
Analysis The depth at which the temperature drops to
0C in 75 days is determined using the analytical
solution,

,
_

t
x
erfc
T T
T t x T
i s
i
2
) , (
Substituting,
m 7.05

,
_

x
x
erfc

) s/h 3600 h/day 24 day 75 )( /s m 10 4 . 1 ( 2
15 10
15 0
2 5
Therefore, the pipes must be buried at a depth of at least 7.05 m.
4-85
Oil bath
45C
2C 42C
30 cm
Kiln wall
x 0
Soil
T
i
= 15C
Water pipe
T
s
=-10C
x
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
4-108 A hot dog is to be cooked by dropping it into boiling water. The time of cooking is to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction in the hot dog is two-dimensional, and thus the temperature varies in
both the axial x- and the radial r- directions. 2 The thermal properties of the hot dog are constant. 4 The
heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform over the entire surface. 5 The Fourier number is > 0.2
so that the one-term approximate solutions (or the transient temperature charts) are applicable (this
assumption will be verified).
Properties The thermal properties of the hot dog are given to be k = 0.76 W/m.C, = 980 kg/m
3
, Cp = 3.9
kJ/kg.C, and = 2 10
-7
m
2
/s.
Analysis This hot dog can physically be formed by the intersection of an infinite plane wall of thickness
2L = 12 cm, and a long cylinder of radius r
o
= D/2 = 1 cm. The Biot numbers and corresponding
constants are first determined to be
37 . 47
) C W/m. 76 . 0 (
) m 06 . 0 )( C . W/m 600 (
2

k
hL
Bi 2726 . 1 and 5381 . 1
1 1
A
895 . 7
) C W/m. 76 . 0 (
) m 01 . 0 )( C . W/m 600 (
2

k
hr
Bi
o
5515 . 1 and 1251 . 2
1 1
A
Noting that
t L /
2
and assuming > 0.2 in all dimensions and thus the one-term approximate
solution for transient heat conduction is applicable, the product solution for this problem can be written as

2105 . 0
) 01 . 0 (
) 10 2 (
) 1251 . 2 ( exp ) 5515 . 1 (
) 06 . 0 (
) 10 2 (
) 5381 . 1 ( exp ) 2726 . 1 (
100 5
100 80
) , 0 ( ) , 0 ( ) , 0 , 0 (
2
7
2
2
7
2
1 1
2
1
2
1

'

1
1
]
1

'

1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

t
t
e A e A t t t
cyl wall block


which gives
min 4.1 s 244 = t
Therefore, it will take about 4.1 min for the hot dog to cook. Note that
2 . 0 49 . 0
m) 01 . 0 (
s) /s)(244 m 10 2 (
2
2 7
2
>

o
cyl
r
t

and thus the assumption > 0.2 for the applicability of the one-term approximate solution is verified.
Discussion This problem could also be solved by treating the hot dog as an infinite cylinder since heat
transfer through the end surfaces will have little effect on the mid section temperature because of the large
distance.
4-86
Oil bath
45C
Water
100C
2 cm Hot dog T
i
= 5C
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
4-109 A long roll of large 1-Mn manganese steel plate is to be quenched in an oil bath at a specified rate.
The temperature of the sheet metal after quenching and the rate at which heat needs to be removed from
the oil in order to keep its temperature constant are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The thermal properties of the balls are constant. 2 The heat transfer coefficient is constant
and uniform over the entire surface. 3 The Biot number is Bi < 0.1 so that the lumped system analysis is
applicable (this assumption will be checked).
Properties The properties of the steel plate are given to be k = 60.5 W/m.C, = 7854 kg/m
3
, and Cp =
434 J/kg.C (Table A-3).
Analysis The characteristic length of the steel
plate and the Biot number are

1 . 0 036 . 0
C W/m. 5 . 60
) m 0025 . 0 )( C . W/m 860 (
m 0025 . 0
2
<

k
hL
Bi
L
A
V
L
c
s
c
Since Bi < 0.1, the lumped system analysis is applicable. Therefore,
s 30 min 5 . 0
m/min 10
m 5
velocity
length
time
s 10092 . 0
m) C)(0.0025 J/kg. 434 )( kg/m (7854
C . W/m 860
1 -
3
2

c p p
s
L C
h
V C
hA
b

Then the temperature of the sheet metal when it leaves the oil bath is determined to be
C 82.53

) (
45 820
45 ) ( ) (
s) 30 )( s 10092 . 0 (
-1
t T e
t T
e
T T
T t T
bt
i
The mass flow rate of the sheet metal through the oil bath is
kg/min 4 . 785 m/min) 10 ( m) 005 . 0 ( m) 2 )( kg/m 7854 (
3
wtV V m

Then the rate of heat transfer from the sheet metal to the oil bath and thus the rate at which heat needs to
be removed from the oil in order to keep its temperature constant at 45C becomes
kW 213.2 = J/min 10 279 . 1 C ) 45 53 . 82 )( C J/kg. 434 )( kg/min 4 . 785 ( ] ) ( [
7


T t T C m Q
p

4-87
Steel plate
10 m/min
Oil bath
45C
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
4-110E A stuffed turkey is cooked in an oven. The average heat transfer coefficient at the surface of the
turkey, the temperature of the skin of the turkey in the oven and the total amount of heat transferred to the
turkey in the oven are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The turkey is a homogeneous spherical object. 2 Heat conduction in the turkey is one-
dimensional because of symmetry about the midpoint. 3 The thermal properties of the turkey are constant.
4 The heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform over the entire surface. 5 The Fourier number is
> 0.2 so that the one-term approximate solutions are applicable (this assumption will be verified).
Properties The properties of the turkey are given to be k = 0.26 Btu/h.ft.F, = 75 lbm/ft
3
, Cp = 0.98
Btu/lbm.F, and = 0.0035 ft
2
/h.
Analysis (a) Assuming the turkey to be spherical in shape, its radius
is determined to be
ft 3545 . 0
4
) ft 1867 . 0 ( 3
4
3
3
4
ft 1867 . 0
lbm/ft 75
lbm 14
3
3
3
3
3
3

V
r r V
m
V V m
o o
The Fourier number is
1392 . 0
ft) 3545 . 0 (
h) /h)(5 ft 10 5 . 3 (
2
2 3
2

o
r
t

which is close to 0.2 but a little below it. Therefore, assuming the one-term approximate solution for
transient heat conduction to be applicable, the one-term solution formulation at one-third the radius from
the center of the turkey can be expressed as
1
1 ) 14 . 0 (
1
1
1
1
333 . 0
) 333 . 0 sin(
491 . 0
325 40
325 185
/
) / sin( ) , (
) , (
2
1
2
1

e A
r r
r r
e A
T T
T t x T
t x
o
o
i
sph
By trial and error, it is determined from Table 4-1 that the equation above is satisfied when Bi = 20
corresponding to
1 1
2 9857 19781 . . and A . Then the heat transfer coefficient can be determined
from

F . Btu/h.ft 14.7
2

) ft 3545 . 0 (
) 20 )( F Btu/h.ft. 26 . 0 (
o
o
r
kBi
h
k
hr
Bi
(b) The temperature at the surface of the turkey is
F 317

) , (
02953 . 0
9857 . 2
) 9857 . 2 sin(
) 9781 . 1 (
/
) / sin(
325 40
325 ) , (
) 14 . 0 ( ) 9857 . 2 (
1
1
1
2 2
1
t r T
e
r r
r r
e A
t r T
o
o o
o o o

(c) The maximum possible heat transfer is
Btu 3910 = F ) 40 325 )( F Btu/lbm. 98 . 0 )( lbm 14 ( ) (
max

i p
T T mC Q
Then the actual amount of heat transfer becomes
Btu 3238

Btu) 3910 )( 828 . 0 ( 828 . 0
828 . 0
) 9857 . 2 (
) 9857 . 2 cos( ) 9857 . 2 ( ) 9857 . 2 sin(
) 491 . 0 ( 3 1
) cos( ) sin(
3 1
max
3 3
1
1 1 1
,
max
Q Q
Q
Q
sph o
Discussion The temperature of the outer parts of the turkey will be greater than that of the inner parts
when the turkey is taken out of the oven. Then heat will continue to be transferred from the outer parts of
the turkey to the inner as a result of temperature difference. Therefore, after 5 minutes, the thermometer
reading will probably be more than 185 F.
4-88
Oven
T

= 325F
Turkey
T
i
= 40F
2 cm Rod T
i
= 25C
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
4-111 The trunks of some dry oak trees are exposed to hot gases. The time for the ignition of the trunks is
to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction in the trunks is one-dimensional since it is long and it has thermal
symmetry about the center line. 2 The thermal properties of the trunks are constant. 3 The heat transfer
coefficient is constant and uniform over the entire surface. 4 The Fourier number is > 0.2 so that the
one-term approximate solutions (or the transient temperature charts) are applicable (this assumption will
be verified).
Properties The properties of the trunks are given to be k = 0.17 W/m.C and = 1.28 10
-7
m
2
/s.
Analysis We treat the trunks of the trees as an infinite cylinder since heat transfer is primarily in the
radial direction. Then the Biot number becomes
24 . 38
) C W/m. 17 . 0 (
) m 1 . 0 )( C . W/m 65 (
2

k
hr
Bi
o
The constants
1 1
and A corresponding to this Biot
number are, from Table 4-1,
5989 . 1 and 3420 . 2
1 1
A
The Fourier number is
184 . 0
m) 1 . 0 (
s/h) 600 3 h /s)(4 m 10 28 . 1 (
2
2 7
2
0

r
t

which is slightly below 0.2 but close to it. Therefore, assuming the one-term approximate solution for
transient heat conduction to be applicable, the temperature at the surface of the trees in 4 h becomes
C 410 > ) , ( 01935 . 0 ) 0332 . 0 ( ) 5989 . 1 (
520 30
520 ) , (
) / (
) , (
) , (
) 184 . 0 ( ) 3420 . 2 (
1 0 1
2
2
1

C 511 t r T e
t r T
r r J e A
T T
T t r T
t r
o
o
o
i
o
cyl o
Therefore, the trees will ignite. (Note: J
0
is read from Table 4-2).
4-112 A spherical watermelon that is cut into two equal parts is put into a freezer. The time it will take for
the center of the exposed cut surface to cool from 25 to 3C is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The temperature of the exposed surfaces of the watermelon is affected by the convection
heat transfer at those surfaces only. Therefore, the watermelon can be considered to be a semi-infinite
medium 2 The thermal properties of the watermelon are constant.
Properties The thermal properties of the water is closely approximated by those of water at room
temperature, k = 0.607 W/m.C and =
k C
p
/
0.146 10
-6
m
2
/s (Table A-9).
Analysis We use the transient chart in Fig. 4-23 in this case
for convenience (instead of the analytic solution),
1
0
2
595 . 0
) 12 ( 25
) 12 ( 3
1
) , (
1

k
t h
t
x
T T
T t x T
i

Therefore, min 46.7

s 2804
/s) m 10 146 . 0 ( ) C . W/m 30 (
C) W/m. 607 . 0 ( ) 1 (
2 6 - 2 2
2
2
2 2
h
k
t
4-89
D = 0.2 m
Tree
T
i
= 30C
Hot
gases
T

= 520C
2 cm Rod T
i
= 25C
Freezer
T

= -12C
Watermelon
T
i
= 25C
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
4-113 A cylindrical rod is dropped into boiling water. The thermal diffusivity and the thermal
conductivity of the rod are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction in the rod is one-dimensional since the rod is sufficiently long, and thus
temperature varies in the radial direction only. 2 The thermal properties of the rod are constant.
Properties The thermal properties of the rod available are given to be = 3700 kg/m
3
and Cp = 920
J/kg.C.
Analysis From Fig. 4-14b we have
25 . 0
1
1
28 . 0
100 75
100 93

o
o
o
o
o
hr
k
Bi
r
r
r
x
T T
T T
From Fig. 4-14a we have
40 . 0
33 . 0
100 25
100 75
25 . 0
1
2

o
i
o
o
r
t
T T
T T
hr
k
Bi

Then the thermal diffusivity and the thermal conductivity of the material become
C W/m. 0.756
/s m 10 2.22
2 7

C) J/kg. )(920 kg/m /s)(3700 m 10 22 . 2 (

s/min 60 min 3
m) 01 . 0 )( 40 . 0 ( 40 . 0
3 2 7
2 2
p
p
o
C k
C
k
t
r

4-90
Water
100C
2 cm Rod T
i
= 25C
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
4-114 The time it will take for the diameter of a raindrop to reduce to a certain value as it falls through
ambient air is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The water temperature remains constant. 2 The thermal properties of the water are
constant.
Properties The density and heat of vaporization of the water are = 1000 kg/m
3
and hfg = 2490 kJ/kg
(Table A-9).
Analysis The initial and final masses of the raindrop are
kg 0000141 . 0 m) 0015 . 0 (
3
4
) kg/m 1000 (
3
4
kg 0000654 . 0 m) 0025 . 0 (
3
4
) kg/m 1000 (
3
4
3 3 3
3 3 3




f f f
i i i
r V m
r V m
whose difference is
kg 0000513 . 0 0000141 . 0 0000654 . 0
f i
m m m
The amount of heat transfer required to cause this much evaporation is
kJ 1278 . 0 kJ/kg) kg)(2490 0000513 . 0 ( Q
The average heat transfer surface area and the rate of heat transfer are
J/s 0.2777 = C ) 5 18 ( ) m 10 341 . 5 ( C) . W/m 400 ( ) (
m 10 341 . 5
2
m) (0.0015 + m) 0025 . 0 [( 4
2
) ( 4
2 5 2
2 5
2 2
2 2


+

T T hA Q
r r
A
i s
f i
s

Then the time required for the raindrop to experience this reduction in size becomes
min 7.7

s 460
J/s 0.2777
J 8 . 127
Q
Q
t
t
Q
Q

4-91
Air
T

= 18C
Raindrop
5C
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
4-115E A plate, a long cylinder, and a sphere are exposed to cool air. The center temperature of each
geometry is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction in each geometry is one-dimensional. 2 The thermal properties of the
bodies are constant. 3 The heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform over the entire surface. 4 The
Fourier number is > 0.2 so that the one-term approximate solutions (or the transient temperature charts)
are applicable (this assumption will be verified).
Properties The properties of bronze are given to be k = 15 Btu/h.ft.F and = 0.333 ft
2
/h.
Analysis After 5 minutes
Plate: First the Biot number is calculated to be
01944 . 0
) F Btu/h.ft. 15 (
) ft 12 / 5 . 0 )( F . Btu/h.ft 7 (
2

k
hL
Bi
The constants
1 1
and A corresponding to this Biot number are, from Table 4-1,
0033 . 1 and 1410 . 0
1 1
A
The Fourier number is
2 . 0 98 . 15
ft) 12 / 5 . 0 (
min/h) min/60 /h)(5 ft 333 . 0 (
2
2
2
>
L
t

Then the center temperature of the plate becomes

F 312

0
) 98 . 15 ( ) 1410 . 0 ( 0
1
0
, 0
730 . 0 ) 0033 . 1 (
75 400
75 2 2
1
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
wall

Cylinder:
Bi 0 02 . 0050 . 1 and 1995 . 0
1 1
1 9


A
Table

F 248

0
) 98 . 15 ( ) 1995 . 0 ( 0
1
0
, 0
532 . 0 ) 0050 . 1 (
75 400
75 2 2
1
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
cyl

Sphere:
Bi 0 02 . 0060 . 1 and 2445 . 0
1 1
1 9


A
Table

F 201

0
) 98 . 15 ( ) 2445 . 0 ( 0
1
0
, 0
387 . 0 ) 0060 . 1 (
75 400
75 2 2
1
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
sph

After 10 minutes
2 . 0 97 . 31
ft) 12 / 5 . 0 (
min/h) min/60 /h)(10 ft 333 . 0 (
2
2
2
>
L
t

Plate:

F 248

0
) 97 . 31 ( ) 1410 . 0 ( 0
1
0
, 0
531 . 0 ) 0033 . 1 (
75 400
75 2 2
1
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
wall

4-92
2L
2r
o
2r
o
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
Cylinder:

F 167

0
) 97 . 31 ( ) 1995 . 0 ( 0
1
0
, 0
282 . 0 ) 0050 . 1 (
75 400
75 2 2
1
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
cyl

Sphere:

F 123

0
) 97 . 31 ( ) 2445 . 0 ( 0
1
0
, 0
149 . 0 ) 0060 . 1 (
75 400
75 2 2
1
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
sph

After 30 minutes

>
t
L
2
0333
05 12
959 02
( .
( . /
. .
ft / h)(30 min / 60 min / h)
ft)
2
2
Plate:

F 123

0
) 9 . 95 ( ) 1410 . 0 ( 0
1
0
, 0
149 . 0 ) 0033 . 1 (
75 400
75 2 2
1
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
wall

Cylinder:

F 82

0
) 9 . 95 ( ) 1995 . 0 ( 0
1
0
, 0
0221 . 0 ) 0050 . 1 (
75 400
75 2 2
1
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
cyl

Sphere:

F 76

0
) 9 . 95 ( ) 2445 . 0 ( 0
1
0
, 0
00326 . 0 ) 0060 . 1 (
75 400
75 2 2
1
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
sph

The sphere has the largest surface area through which heat is transferred per unit volume, and thus the
highest rate of heat transfer. Consequently, the center temperature of the sphere is always the lowest.
4-93
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
4-116E A plate, a long cylinder, and a sphere are exposed to cool air. The center temperature of each
geometry is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction in each geometry is one-dimensional. 2 The thermal properties of the
geometries are constant. 3 The heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform over the entire surface. 4
The Fourier number is > 0.2 so that the one-term approximate solutions (or the transient temperature
charts) are applicable (this assumption will be verified).
Properties The properties of cast iron are given to be k = 29 Btu/h.ft.F and = 0.61 ft
2
/h.
Analysis After 5 minutes
Plate: First the Biot number is calculated to be
01006 . 0
) F Btu/h.ft. 29 (
) ft 12 / 5 . 0 )( F . Btu/h.ft 7 (
2

k
hL
Bi
The constants
1 1
and A corresponding to this Biot number are, from Table 4-1,
0017 . 1 and 0998 . 0
1 1
A
The Fourier number is
2 . 0 28 . 29
ft) 12 / 5 . 0 (
min/h) min/60 /h)(5 ft 61 . 0 (
2
2
2
>
L
t

Then the center temperature of the plate becomes

F 318

0
) 28 . 29 ( ) 0998 . 0 ( 0
1
0
, 0
748 . 0 ) 0017 . 1 (
75 400
75 2 2
1
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
wall

Cylinder:
Bi 001 . 0025 . 1 and 1412 . 0
1 1
1 4


A
Table

F 257

0
) 28 . 29 ( ) 1412 . 0 ( 0
1
0
, 0
559 . 0 ) 0025 . 1 (
75 400
75 2 2
1
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
cyl

Sphere:
Bi 001 . 0030 . 1 and 1730 . 0
1 1
1 4


A
Table

F 211

0
) 28 . 29 ( ) 1730 . 0 ( 0
1
0
, 0
418 . 0 ) 0030 . 1 (
75 400
75 2 2
1
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
sph

After 10 minutes
2 . 0 56 . 58
ft) 12 / 5 . 0 (
min/h) min/60 /h)(10 ft 61 . 0 (
2
2
2
>
L
t

Plate:

F 257

0
) 56 . 58 ( ) 0998 . 0 ( 0
1
0
, 0
559 . 0 ) 0017 . 1 (
75 400
75 2 2
1
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
wall

4-94
2r
o
2r
o
2L
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
Cylinder:

F 176

0
) 56 . 58 ( ) 1412 . 0 ( 0
1
0
, 0
312 . 0 ) 0025 . 1 (
75 400
75 2 2
1
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
cyl

Sphere:

F 132

0
) 56 . 58 ( ) 1730 . 0 ( 0
1
0
, 0
174 . 0 ) 0030 . 1 (
75 400
75 2 2
1
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
sph

After 30 minutes
2 . 0 68 . 175
ft) 12 / 5 . 0 (
min/h) min/60 /h)(30 ft 61 . 0 (
2
2
2
>
L
t

Plate:

F 132

0
) 68 . 175 ( ) 0998 . 0 ( 0
1
0
, 0
174 . 0 ) 0017 . 1 (
75 400
75 2 2
1
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
wall

Cylinder:

F 84.8

0
) 68 . 175 ( ) 1412 . 0 ( 0
1
0
, 0
030 . 0 ) 0025 . 1 (
75 400
75 2 2
1
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
cyl

Sphere:

F 76.7

0
) 68 . 175 ( ) 1730 . 0 ( 0
1
0
, 0
0052 . 0 ) 0030 . 1 (
75 400
75 2 2
1
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
sph

The sphere has the largest surface area through which heat is transferred per unit volume, and thus the
highest rate of heat transfer. Consequently, the center temperature of the sphere is always the lowest.
4-95
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
4-117E "!PROBLEM 4-117E"
"GIVEN"
2*L=1/12 "[ft]"
2*r_o_c=1/12 "[ft], c stands for cylinder"
2*r_o_s=1/12 "[ft], s stands for sphere"
T_i=400 "[F]"
T_infinity=75 "[F]"
h=7 "[Btu/h-ft^2-F]"
"time=5 [min], parameter to be varied"
"PROPERTIES"
k=15 "[Btu/h-ft-F]"
alpha=0.333*Convert(ft^2/h, ft^2/min) "[ft^2/min]"
"ANALYSIS"
"For plane wall"
Bi_w=(h*L)/k
"From Table 4-1 corresponding to this Bi number, we read"
lambda_1_w=0.1410
A_1_w=1.0033
tau_w=(alpha*time)/L^2
(T_o_w-T_infinity)/(T_i-T_infinity)=A_1_w*exp(-lambda_1_w^2*tau_w)
"For long cylinder"
Bi_c=(h*r_o_c)/k
"From Table 4-1 corresponding to this Bi number, we read"
lambda_1_c=0.1995
A_1_c=1.0050
tau_c=(alpha*time)/r_o_c^2
(T_o_c-T_infinity)/(T_i-T_infinity)=A_1_c*exp(-lambda_1_c^2*tau_c)
"For sphere"
Bi_s=(h*r_o_s)/k
"From Table 4-1 corresponding to this Bi number, we read"
lambda_1_s=0.2445
A_1_s=1.0060
tau_s=(alpha*time)/r_o_s^2
(T_o_s-T_infinity)/(T_i-T_infinity)=A_1_s*exp(-lambda_1_s^2*tau_s)
time [min] To,w [F] To,c [F] To,s [F]
5 312.3 247.9 200.7
10 247.7 166.5 123.4
15 200.7 123.4 93.6
20 166.5 100.6 82.15
25 141.6 88.57 77.75
30 123.4 82.18 76.06
35 110.3 78.8 75.41
40 100.7 77.01 75.16
45 93.67 76.07 75.06
50 88.59 75.56 75.02
55 84.89 75.3 75.01
60 82.2 75.16 75
4-96
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
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50
100
150
200
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350
50
100
150
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350
time [min]
T
o

[
F
]
wall
cylinder
sphere

4-97