Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation

Review Problems
10-72 Steam at a saturation temperature of Tsat = 40C condenses on the outside of a thin horizontal tube.
Heat is transferred to the cooling water that enters the tube at 25C and exits at 35C. The rate of
condensation of steam, the average overall heat transfer coefficient, and the tube length are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The tube can be taken to be isothermal at the bulk
mean fluid temperature in the evaluation of the condensation heat transfer coefficient. 3 Liquid flow
through the tube is fully developed. 4 The thickness and the thermal resistance of the tube is negligible.
Properties The properties of water at the saturation
temperature of 40C are hfg = 2407 10
3
J/kg and v =
0.05 kg/m
3
. The properties of liquid water at the film
temperature of
T T T
f s
+ ( ) /
sat
2
(50 + 20)/2 =
35C and at the bulk fluid temperature of
T T T
b
+ ( ) /
in out
2 (25 + 35)/2 = 30C are (Table A-
9),

At 35 C:

l
l
pl
l
k
994 0
0720 10
4178
0623
3
3
.
.
.
kg / m
kg / m s
C J / kg C
W/ m C

At 30 C:

l
l l l
pl
l
k
996 0
0801 10
4178
0615
3
6
.
/ .
.
kg / m
m / s
C J / kg C
W/ m C
Pr = 5.42
2

Analysis The mass flow rate of water and the rate of heat transfer to the water are

( ( . / ] .

( ) ( .
m A
Q mC T T
c
p out in
water
3 2
kg / m )(2 m/ s)[ m) kg / s
kg / s)(4178 J / kg C)(35 25) C =


V 996 0 03 4 1408
1408 58,820 W
The modified latent heat of vaporization is
h h C T T
fg fg pl s
*
. ( ) +

0 68
2407 10 30) 10
3 3
sat
J / kg +0.68 4178 J / kg C(40 C = 2435 J / kg
The heat transfer coefficient for condensation on a single horizontal tube is
C W/m 9292
m) C(0.03 ) 30 40 ( s) kg/m 10 720 . 0 (
) C W/m 623 . 0 )( J/kg 10 2435 )( kg/m 05 . 0 994 )( kg/m 994 )( m/s 8 . 9 (
729 . 0
) (
) (
729 . 0
2
4 / 1
3
3 3 3 3 2
4 / 1
sat
3 *
horizontal

1
]
1

1
1
]
1

D T T
k h g
h h
s l
l fg v l l
o

The average heat transfer coefficient for flow inside the tube is determined as follows:
Re
(
,
. Re Pr . ( , ) ( . )
( .
. . . .

V D
h
k
D
m
i

2
74 906
0 023 0 023 74 906 542 359
0615
7357
0 8 0 4 0 8 0 4
m/ s)(0.03 m)
0.801 10
Nu
Nu W/ m C) 359
0.03 m
W/ m C
-6
2
Noting that the thermal resistance of the tube is negligible, the overall heat transfer coefficient becomes
U
h h
i o

+

+

1
1 1
1
1 7357 1 9292 / / / /
4106 W/ m . C
2
The logarithmic mean temperature difference is:



T
T T
T T
i e
i o
ln
ln( / ) ln( / )
.

15 5
15 5
910 C
The tube length is determined from
10-60
Steam
40C
Condensate
25C
Cooling
water
35C
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
m 16.7

C) 10 . 9 )( m 03 . 0 ( ) C W/m 4106 (
W 820 , 58
) (

2
ln
ln
T D h
Q
L T hA Q
s

Note that the flow is turbulent, and thus the entry length in this case is 10D = 0.3 m is much shorter than
the total tube length. This verifies our assumption of fully developed flow.
10-61
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
10-73 Saturated ammonia at a saturation temperature of Tsat = 25C condenses on the outer surface of
vertical tube which is maintained at 15C by circulating cooling water. The rate of heat transfer to the
coolant and the rate of condensation of ammonia are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The tube is isothermal. 3 The tube can be treated as a
vertical plate. 4 The condensate flow is turbulentr over the entire tube (this assumption will be verified). 5
The density of vapor is much smaller than the density of liquid,
v l
<< .
Properties The properties of ammonia at the saturation temperature of 25C are hfg = 1166 10
3
J/kg and
v = 7.809 kg/m
3
. The properties of liquid ammonia at the film temperature of
T T T
f s
+ ( ) /
sat
2
(25 +
15)/2 = 20C are (Table A-11),
463 . 1 Pr
C W/m 4927 . 0
C J/kg 4745 C
/s m 10 2489 . 0 /
s kg/m 10 519 . 1
kg/m 2 . 610
2 6
4 -
3

l
l
pl
l l l
l
l
k

Analysis (a) The modified latent heat of vaporization is

J/kg 10 1198 = C ) 15 C(25 J/kg 4745 0.68 + J/kg 10 1166
) ( 68 . 0
3 3
sat
*

+
s pl fg fg
T T C h h
Assuming turbulent flow, the Reynolds number is determined from
2140
) s / m 10 2489 . 0 (
m/s 81 . 9
J/kg) 10 198 kg/m.s)(1 10 519 . 1 )( 253 2149 ( 463 . 1 58 8750
C) W/m 4827 . 0 ( 2149
) 253 (Re Pr 58 8750
Re
Re Re
3 / 1
2 2 6
2
3 4 75 . 0 5 . 0
3 / 1
2 * 75 . 0 5 . 0
turb vertical,

,
_

,
_

l fg l
l
g
h
k

which is greater than 1800, and thus our assumption of turbulent flow is verified. Then the condensation
heat transfer coefficient is determined from

C W/m 4871
) /s m 10 2489 . 0 (
m/s 81 . 9
) 253 2149 ( 463 . 1 58 8750
C) W/m 4827 . 0 ( 2149
) 253 (Re Pr 58 8750
Re
2
3 / 1
2 2 6
2
75 . 0 5 . 0
3 / 1
2 75 . 0 5 . 0
turbulent vertical,

,
_

,
_

l
l
g k
h h

The heat transfer surface area of the tube is

2
m 2011 . 0 m) m)(2 032 . 0 ( DL A
s
. Then the rate of
heat transfer during this condensation process becomes
W 9794 C ) 15 25 )( m 2011 . 0 )( C W/m 4871 ( ) (
2 2
sat s s
T T hA Q

(b) The rate of condensation of ammonia is determined from

kg/s 10 8.175
3 -

J/kg 10 1198
J/s 9794
3 *
on condensati
fg
h
Q
m

10-62
Ammonia
25C
Condensate L
tube
= 2 m
D=3.2 cm
15C
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
10-74 There is film condensation on the outer surfaces of 8 horizontal tubes arranged in a horizontal or
vertical tier. The ratio of the condensation rate for the cases of the tubes being arranged in a horizontal
tier versus in a vertical tier is to be determined.
Assumptions Steady operating conditions exist.
Analysis The heat transfer coefficients for the two cases are related to the heat transfer coefficient on a
single horizontal tube by
Horizontal tier:
h h
horizontal tier of N tubes horizontal, 1 tube

Vertical tier: h
h
N
vertical tier of N tubes
horizontal, 1 tube

1 4 /
Therefore,
1.68 = 8 =
/
Ratio
1/4
4 / 1
4 / 1
tube 1 , horizontal
tube 1 , horizontal
tubes N of tier vertical
tubes N of tier horizontal
tubes N of tier vertical
tubes N of tier horizontal
N
N h
h
h
h
m
m

10-63
Horizontal tier
Vertical tier
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
10-75E Saturated steam at a saturation pressure of 0.95 psia and thus at a saturation temperature of Tsat =
100F (Table A-9E) condenses on the outer surfaces of 144 horizontal tubes which are maintained at 80F
by circulating cooling water and arranged in a 12 12 square array. The rate of heat transfer to the
cooling water and the rate of condensation of steam are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 The tubes are isothermal.
Properties The properties of water at the
saturation temperature of 100F are hfg = 1037
Btu/lbm and v = 0.00286 lbm/ft
3
. The properties
of liquid water at the film temperature of
T T T
f s
+ ( ) /
sat
2
(100 + 80)/2 = 90F are
(Table A-9E),

l
l
l l l
pl
l
k

6212
1842
002965
0999
0358
3
.
.
/ .
.
.
lbm/ ft
lbm/ ft h
ft / h
C Btu / lbm F
Btu / h ft F
2
Analysis (a) The modified latent heat of vaporization is
Btu/lbm 1051 =
F ) 80 F)(100 Btu/lbm 999 . 0 ( 0.68 + Btu/lbm 1037
) ( 68 . 0
sat
*

+
s pl fg fg
T T C h h
The heat transfer coefficient for condensation on a single horizontal tube is
F ft Btu/h 1562
ft) F(1.2/12 ) 80 100 )( h lbm/ft 842 . 1 ]( s) 3600 h/ 1 [(
) F ft Btu/h 358 . 0 )( Btu/lbm 1051 )( lbm/ft 00286 . 0 12 . 62 )( lbm/ft 12 . 62 )( ft/s 2 . 32 (
729 . 0
) (
) (
729 . 0
2
4 / 1
2
3 3 3 2
4 / 1
sat
3 *
horiz

1
]
1

1
1
]
1

D T T
k h g
h h
s l
l fg v l l

Then the average heat transfer coefficient for a 4-tube high vertical tier becomes
h
N
h
horiz, N tubes horiz, 1 tube
2 2
Btu / h ft F) Btu / h ft F
1 1
12
1562 839
1 4 1 4 / /
(
The surface area for all 144 tubes is
2
total
ft 678.6 = ft) ft)(15 12 / 2 . 1 ( 144 DL N A
s
Then the rate of heat transfer during this condensation process becomes
Btu/h 11,387,000 F ) 80 100 )( ft 6 . 678 )( F Btu/h.ft 839 ( ) (
2 2
sat s s
T T hA Q

(b) The rate of condensation of steam is determined from

, ,
*
m
Q
h
fg
condensation
Btu / h
1051 Btu / lbm

11387 000
10,830 lbm/ h
10-64
n = 144 tubes 80F
L = 15 ft
P = 0.95
psia
Cooling
water
Saturated
steam
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
10-76E Saturated steam at a saturation pressure of 0.95 psia and thus at a saturation temperature of Tsat =
100F (Table A-9E) condenses on the outer surfaces of 144 horizontal tubes which are maintained at 80F
by circulating cooling water and arranged in a 12 12 square array. The rate of heat transfer to the
cooling water and the rate of condensation of steam are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 The tubes are isothermal.
Properties The properties of water at the
saturation temperature of 10F are hfg = 1037
Btu/lbm and v = 0.00286 lbm/ft
3
. The properties
of liquid water at the film temperature of
T T T
f s
+ ( ) /
sat
2
(100 + 80)/2 = 90F are
(Table A-9E),

l
l
l l l
pl
l
k

6212
1842
002965
0999
0358
3
.
.
/ .
.
.
lbm/ ft
lbm/ ft h
ft / h
C Btu / lbm F
Btu / h ft F
2
Analysis (a) The modified latent heat of vaporization is
Btu/lbm 1051 =
F ) 80 F)(100 Btu/lbm 999 . 0 ( 0.68 + Btu/lbm 1037
) ( 68 . 0
sat
*

+
s pl fg fg
T T C h h
The heat transfer coefficient for condensation on a single horizontal tube is
F ft Btu/h 1374
ft) F(2.0/12 ) 80 100 )( h lbm/ft 842 . 1 ]( s) 3600 h/ 1 [(
) F ft Btu/h 358 . 0 )( Btu/lbm 1051 )( lbm/ft 00286 . 0 12 . 62 )( lbm/ft 12 . 62 )( ft/s 2 . 32 (
729 . 0
) (
) (
729 . 0
2
4 / 1
2
3 3 3 2
4 / 1
sat
3 *
horiz

1
]
1

1
1
]
1

D T T
k h g
h h
s l
l fg v l l

Then the average heat transfer coefficient for a 4-tube high vertical tier becomes
h
N
h
horiz, N tubes horiz, 1 tube
2 2
Btu / h ft F) Btu / h ft F
1 1
12
1374 739
1 4 1 4 / /
(
The surface area for all 144 tubes is
2
total
ft 1131 = ft) ft)(15 12 / 2 ( 144 DL N A
s
Then the rate of heat transfer during this condensation process becomes
Btu/h 16,716,000 F ) 80 100 )( ft 1131 )( F Btu/h.ft 739 ( ) (
2 2
sat s s
T T hA Q

(b) The rate of condensation of steam is determined from

, ,
*
m
Q
h
fg
condensation
Btu / h
1051 Btu / lbm

16 716 000
15,900 lbm/ h
10-65
n = 144 tubes 80F
L = 15 ft
P = 0.95
psia
Cooling
water
Saturated
steam
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
10-77 Water is boiled at Tsat = 100C by a chemically etched stainless steel electric heater whose surface
temperature is maintained at Ts = 115C. The rate of heat transfer to the water, the rate of evaporation of
water, and the maximum rate of evaporation are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Heat losses from the heater and the boiler are
negligible.
Properties The properties of water at the saturation temperature of
100C are (Tables 10-1 and A-9)

l
v
l

957 9
060
00589
175
.
.
.
.
kg / m
kg / m
N / m
Pr
3
3
h
fg
l
pl

2257 10
0282 10
4217
3
3
J / kg
kg m/ s
C J / kg C
.
Also,
C
sf

0.0130 and n = 1.0 for the boiling of water on a chemically
etched stainless steel surface (Table 10-3). Note that we expressed the
properties in units specified under Eq. 10-2 in connection with their
definitions in order to avoid unit manipulations.
Analysis (a) The excess temperature in this case is T T T
s

sat
C 115 100 15 which is relatively
low (less than 30C). Therefore, nucleate boiling will occur. The heat flux in this case can be determined
from Rohsenow relation to be
2
3
3
1/2
3 3
3
sat ,
2 / 1
nucleate
W/m 900 , 474
75 . 1 ) 10 2257 ( 0130 . 0
) 100 115 ( 4217
0589 . 0
0.60) 9.8(957.9
) 10 )(2257 10 282 . 0 (
Pr
) (
) (

,
_

1
]
1

,
_

1
]
1

n
l fg sf
s l p
v l
fg l
h C
T T C
g
h q

The surface area of the bottom of the heater is
2
m 005027 . 0 m) m)(0.8 002 . 0 ( DL A
s
.
Then the rate of heat transfer during nucleate boiling becomes
W 2387 ) W/m 900 , 474 )( m 005027 . 0 (
2 2
nucleate boiling
q A Q
s

The rate of evaporation of water is determined from

kg/h 3.81 = kg/s 10 1.058
3

J/kg 10 2257
J/s 2387
3
boiling
n evaporatio
fg
h
Q
m

(b) For a horizontal heating wire, the coefficient Ccr is determined from Table 10-4 to be
151 . 0 ) 399 . 0 ( 12 . 0 * 12 . 0
1.2 < 399 . 0
0589 . 0
60 . 0 9 . 957 ( 8 . 9
) 001 . 0 (
) (
*
25 . 0 25 . 0
2 / 1 2 / 1

,
_

,
_

L C
g
L L
cr
v l

Then the maximum or critical heat flux is determined from
[ ( )] . ( )[ . . ( . ) ( . . )]
max
/ /
q C h g
cr fg v l v

2 1 4 3 2 1 4
0151 2257 10 0 0589 9 8 0 6 957 9 0 60
1,280,000 W/ m
2
10-66
Water, 100C
115C
Steam
100C
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
10-78E Steam at a saturation temperature of Tsat = 100F condenses on a vertical plate which is
maintained at 80C. The rate of heat transfer to the plate and the rate of condensation of steam per ft
width of the plate are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The plate is isothermal. 3 The condensate flow is
wavy-laminar over the entire plate (this assumption will be verified). 4 The density of vapor is much
smaller than the density of liquid,
v l
<< .
Properties The properties of water at the saturation temperature of 100F are hfg = 1037 Btu/lbm and v =
0.00286 lbm/ft
3
. The properties of liquid water at the film temperature of
T T T
f s
+ ( ) /
sat
2
(100 +
80)/2 = 90F are (Table A-9E),

l
l
l l l
pl
l
k

6212
1842
002965
0999
0358
3
.
.
/ .
.
.
lbm/ ft
lbm/ ft h
ft / h
C Btu / lbm F
Btu / h ft F
2
Analysis The modified latent heat of vaporization is

Btu/lbm 1051 =
F ) 80 F)(100 Btu/lbm 999 . 0 ( 0.68 + Btu/lbm 1037
) ( 68 . 0
sat
*

+
s pl fg fg
T T C h h
Assuming wavy-laminar flow, the Reynolds number is determined from

201
h) 1 (
s) 3600 (
) h / ft 02965 . 0 (
ft/s 2 . 32
) Btu/lbm 1051 )( h lbm/ft 842 . 1 (
F ) 80 100 ( F) ft Btu/h 358 . 0 ( ft) 6 ( 70 . 3
81 . 4
) ( 70 . 3
81 . 4 Re Re
82 . 0
3 / 1
2
2
2 2
2
820 . 0
3 / 1
2 *
sat
wavy vertical,

1
1
]
1

,
_

+
1
1
]
1

,
_

+
l fg l
s l
g
h
T T Lk

which is between 30 and 1800, and thus our assumption of wavy laminar flow is verified. Then the
condensation heat transfer coefficient is determined from

F ft Btu/h 813
h) 1 (
s) 3600 (
) h / ft 02965 . 0 (
ft/s 2 . 32
2 . 5 ) 201 ( 08 . 1
F) ft Btu/h 358 . 0 ( 201
2 . 5 Re 08 . 1
Re
2
3 / 1
2
2
2 2
2
22 . 1
3 / 1
2 22 . 1
wavy vertical,

,
_

,
_

l
l
g k
h h

The heat transfer surface area of the plate is

2
ft 6 ft) ft)(1 6 ( L W A
s
Then the rate of heat transfer during this condensation process becomes
Btu/h 97,530 F ) 80 100 )( ft 6 )( F ft Btu/h 813 ( ) (
2 2
sat s s
T T hA Q

The rate of condensation of steam is determined from

,
*
m
Q
h
fg
condensation
Btu / h
1051 Btu / lbm

97 530
92.8 lbm/ h
10-67
6 ft
80F
Condensate
Steam
100F
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
10-79 Saturated refrigerant-134a vapor condenses on the outside of a horizontal tube maintained at a
specified temperature. The rate of condensation of the refrigerant is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The tube is isothermal.
Properties The properties of refrigerant-134a at the saturation temperature of 35C are hfg = 168.2 10
3
J/kg and v = 43.41 kg/m
3
. The properties of liquid R-134a at the film temperature of
T T T
f s
+ ( ) /
sat
2
(35 + 25)/2 = 30C are (Table A-10),
C W/m. 0808 . 0
C J/kg. 1448 C
/s m 10 1590 . 0 /
kg/m.s 10 888 . 1
kg/m 1188
2 6
4
3

l
pl
l l l
l
l
k

Analysis The modified latent heat of vaporization is

J/kg 10 178.0 = C ) 25 C(35 J/kg 1448 0.68 + J/kg 10 2 . 168
) ( 68 . 0
3 3
sat
*

+
s pl fg fg
T T C h h
The heat transfer coefficient for condensation on a single horizontal tube is

C W/m 1880
m) C(0.015 ) 25 35 ( s) kg/m 10 888 . 1 (
) C W/m 0808 . 0 )( J/kg 10 0 . 178 )( kg/m 41 . 43 )(1188 kg/m 1188 )( m/s 81 . 9 (
729 . 0
) (
) (
729 . 0
2
4 / 1
4
3 3 3 3 2
4 / 1
sat
3 *
horizontal

1
]
1

1
1
]
1

D T T
k h g
h h
s l
l fg v l l

The heat transfer surface area of the pipe is
2
m 3299 . 0 m) m)(7 015 . 0 ( DL A
s
Then the rate of heat transfer during this condensation process becomes
W 6200 C ) 25 35 )( m 3299 . 0 )( C W/m 1880 ( ) (
2 2
sat

s s
T T hA Q

The rate of condensation of steam is determined from

kg/min 2.09

kg/s 0.0348
J/kg 10 178.0
J/s 6200
3 *
on condensati
fg
h
Q
m

10-68
R-134a
35C
Condensate
25C
D
tube
= 1.5 cm
L
tube
= 7 m
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
10-80 Saturated refrigerant-134a vapor condenses on the outside of a horizontal tube maintained at a
specified temperature. The rate of condensation of the refrigerant is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The tube is isothermal.
Properties The properties of refrigerant-134a at the saturation temperature of 35C are hfg = 168.2 10
3
J/kg and v = 43.41 kg/m
3
. The properties of liquid R-134a at the film temperature of
T T T
f s
+ ( ) /
sat
2
(35 + 25)/2 = 30C are (Table A-10),
C W/m. 0808 . 0
C J/kg. 1448 C
/s m 10 1590 . 0 /
kg/m.s 10 888 . 1
kg/m 1188
2 6
4
3

l
pl
l l l
l
l
k

Analysis The modified latent heat of vaporization is

J/kg 10 178.0 = C ) 25 C(35 J/kg 1448 0.68 + J/kg 10 2 . 168
) ( 68 . 0
3 3
sat
*

+
s pl fg fg
T T C h h
The heat transfer coefficient for condensation on a single horizontal tube is

C W/m 1581
m) C(0.03 ) 25 35 ( s) kg/m 10 888 . 1 (
) C W/m 0808 . 0 )( J/kg 10 0 . 178 )( kg/m 41 . 43 )(1188 kg/m 1188 )( m/s 81 . 9 (
729 . 0
) (
) (
729 . 0
2
4 / 1
4
3 3 3 3 2
4 / 1
sat
3 *
horizontal

1
]
1

1
1
]
1

D T T
k h g
h h
s l
l fg v l l

The heat transfer surface area of the pipe is
2
m 6597 . 0 m) m)(7 03 . 0 ( DL A
s
Then the rate of heat transfer during this condensation process becomes
W 428 , 10 C ) 25 35 )( m 6597 . 0 )( C W/m 1581 ( ) (
2 2
sat

s s
T T hA Q

The rate of condensation of steam is determined from

kg/min 3.52

kg/s 0.05858
J/kg 10 178.0
J/s 428 , 10
3 *
on condensati
fg
h
Q
m

10-69
R-134a
35C
Condensate
25C
D
tube
= 3 cm
L
tube
= 7 m
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
10-81 Saturated steam at 270 kPa pressure and thus at a saturation temperature of Tsat = 130C (Table A-
9) condenses inside a horizontal tube which is maintained at 110C. The average heat transfer coefficient
and the rate of condensation of steam are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The tube is isothermal. 3 The vapor velocity is low so
that Revapor < 35,000.
Properties The properties of water at the saturation temperature of 130C are hfg = 2174 10
3
J/kg and v
= 1.50 kg/m
3
. The properties of liquid water at the film temperature of
T T T
f s
+ ( ) /
sat
2
(130 + 110)/2
= 120C are (Table A-9),

l
l
l l l
pl
l
k

9434
0232 10
0 246 10
4244
0683
3
3
6
.
.
/ .
.
kg / m
kg / m.s
m / s
C J / kg. C
W/ m. C
2
Analysis The condensation heat transfer coefficient is
determined from

C W/m 3345
2

1
]
1

,
_

1
1
]
1

,
_

4 / 1
3
3
3 3 3 2
4 / 1
sat
sat
3
internal
C 110) C)(130 kJ/kg 4244 (
8
3
+ J/kg 10 2174
C 110) s)(130 kg/m 10 232 . 0 (
C) W/m 683 . 0 )( kg/m ) 50 . 1 4 . 943 )( kg/m 4 . 943 )( m/s 8 . 9 (
555 . 0
) (
8
3
) (
) (
555 . 0
s pl fg
s l
l v l l
T T C h
T T
k g
h h

The heat transfer surface area of the pipe is
2
m 5655 . 0 m) m)(6 03 . 0 ( DL A
s
Then the rate of heat transfer during this condensation process becomes
W 831 , 37 C ) 110 130 )( m 5655 . 0 )( C W/m 3345 ( ) (
2 2
sat

s s
T T hA Q

The rate of condensation of steam is determined from

kg/s 0.0174

J/kg 10 2174
J/s 831 , 37
3
on condensati
fg
h
Q
m

10-70
Steam
270.1 kPa
Condensate
110C
D
tube
= 3 cm
L
tube
= 6 m
3 cm
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
10-82 Saturated steam condenses on a suspended silver sphere which is initially at 30C. The time needed
for the temperature of the sphere to rise to 50C and the amount of steam condenses are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The temperature of the sphere changes uniformly and thus the lumped system analysis is
applicable. 2 The average condensation heat transfer coefficient evaluated for the average temperature can
be used for the entire process. 3 Constant properties at room temperature can be used for the silver ball.
Properties The properties of water at the saturation temperature of 100C are hfg = 2257 10
3
J/kg and v
= 0.60 kg/m
3
. The properties of the silver ball at room temperature and the properties of liquid water at
the average film temperature of
T T T
f s ave
+ ( ) /
, sat
2
(100 + 40)/2 = 70C are (Tables A-3 and A-9),
Silver Ball:

10 500
174 10
235
429
3
6
, kg / m
m / s
C J / kg C
W/ m C
2
p
l
k

Liquid Water:

l
l
pl
l
k

977 5
0404 10
4190
0663
3
3
.
.
.
kg / m
kg / m s
C J / kg C
W/ m C

Analysis The modified latent heat of vaporization is
h h C T T
fg fg pl s
*
. ( ) +

0 68
2257 10 40 10
3 3
sat
J / kg +0.68 4190 J / kg C(100 ) C = 2428 J / kg
Noting that the tube is horizontal, the condensation heat transfer coefficient is determined from

C W/m 9445
m) C(0.015 ) 40 100 ( s) kg/m 10 404 . 0 (
) C W/m 663 . 0 )( J/kg 10 2428 )( kg/m 60 . 0 5 . 977 )( kg/m 5 . 977 )( m/s 8 . 9 (
813 . 0
) (
) (
813 . 0
2
4 / 1
3
3 3 3 3 2
4 / 1
sat
3 *
sph

1
]
1

1
1
]
1

D T T
k h g
h h
s l
l fg v l l

The characteristic length and the Biot number for the lumped system analysis is (see Chap. 4)
L
V
A
D
D
D
Bi
hL
k
c
c

<

3
2
6
6
0015
0 0025
9445 0 0025
429
0055 01
/ .
.
( )( . )
( )
. .
m
6
m
W/ m C m
W/ m C

2
The lumped system analysis is applicable since Bi < 0.1. Then the time needed for the temperature of the
sphere to rise from 30 to 50C is determined to be

s 0.22

t e e
T T
T t T
L C
h
V C
hA
b
t bt
i
c p p
s

100 30
100 50 ) (
s 531 . 1
m) C)(0.0025 J/kg 235 )( kg/m (10,500
C W/m 9445
531 . 1
1 -
3
2

The total heat transfer to the ball and the amount of steam that condenses become

m V
D
Q mC T t T
m
Q
h
p i
fg
sphere
3
3
sphere
condensation
3
kg / m
m)
6
kg
] kg J / kg C C J
J / s
2428 10 J / kg

3
6
10 500
0 015
0 0186
00186 235 50 30 87 2
87 2
( , )
( .
.
[ ( ) ( . )( )( ) .

.
*
0.0359 10 kg / s
-3
10-71
Silver
sphere
Steam
100C
T
i
= 30C
1.5 cm
3 cm
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
10-83 Steam at a saturation temperature of Tsat = 100C condenses on a suspended silver sphere which is
initially at 30C. The time needed for the temperature of the sphere to rise to 50C and the amount of
steam condenses during this process are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The temperature of the sphere changes uniformly and thus the lumped system analysis is
applicable. 2 The average condensation heat transfer coefficient evaluated for the average temperature can
be used for the entire process. 3 Constant properties at room temperature can be used for the silver ball.
Properties The properties of water at the saturation temperature of 100C are hfg = 2257 10
3
J/kg and v
= 0.60 kg/m
3
. The properties of the silver ball at room temperature and the properties of liquid water at
the average film temperature of
T T T
f s ave
+ ( ) /
, sat
2
(100 + 40)/2 = 70C are (Tables A-3 and A-9),
Silver Ball:

10 500
174 10
235
429
3
6
, kg / m
m / s
C J / kg C
W/ m C
2
p
l
k

Liquid Water:

l
l
pl
l
k

977 5
0404 10
4190
0663
3
3
.
.
.
kg / m
kg / m s
C J / kg C
W/ m C

Analysis The modified latent heat of vaporization is
h h C T T
fg fg pl s
*
. ( ) +

0 68
2257 10 40 10
3 3
sat
J / kg +0.68 4190 J / kg C(100 ) C = 2428 J / kg
Noting that the tube is horizontal, the condensation heat transfer coefficient is determined from

C W/m 7942
m) C(0.03 ) 40 100 ( s) kg/m 10 404 . 0 (
) C W/m 663 . 0 )( J/kg 10 2428 )( kg/m 60 . 0 5 . 977 )( kg/m 5 . 977 )( m/s 8 . 9 (
813 . 0
) (
) (
813 . 0
2
4 / 1
3
3 3 3 3 2
4 / 1
sat
3 *
sph

1
]
1

1
1
]
1

D T T
k h g
h h
s l
l fg v l l

The characteristic length and the Biot number for the lumped system analysis is (see Chap. 4)
1 . 0 093 . 0
) C W/m 429 (
) m 005 . 0 )( C W/m 7942 (
m 005 . 0
6
m 03 . 0
6
6 /
2
2
3
<




k
hL
Bi
D
D
D
A
V
L
c
s
c

The lumped system analysis is applicable since Bi < 0.1. Then the time needed for the temperature of the
sphere to rise from 30 to 50C is determined to be

s 0.52

t e e
T T
T t T
L C
h
V C
hA
b
t bt
i
c p p
s

100 30
100 50 ) (
s 644 . 0
m) C)(0.005 J/kg 235 )( kg/m (10,500
C W/m 7942
644 . 0
1 -
3
2

The total heat transfer to the ball and the amount of steam that condenses become

m V
D
Q mC T t T
m
Q
h
p i
fg
sphere
3
3
sphere
condensation
3
kg / m
m)
6
kg
] kg J / kg C C J
J / s
2428 10 J / kg

3
6
10 500
0 03
0148
0148 235 50 30 698
698
( , )
( .
.
[ ( ) ( . )( )( )

*
0.287 10 kg / s
-3
10-72
Silver
sphere
Steam
100C
T
i
= 30C
3 cm
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
10-84 Saturated steam at a saturation temperature of Tsat = 95C (Table A-9)
condenses on a canned drink at 5C in a dropwise manner. The heat transfer
coefficient for this dropwise condensation is to be determined.
Assumptions The heat transfer coefficient relation for dropwise condensation
that was developed for copper surfaces is also applicable for aluminum surfaces.
Analysis Noting that the saturation temperature is less than 100C, the heat
transfer coefficient for dropwise condensation can be determined from Griffiths
relation to be
h h T + +
dropwise sat
51104 2044 51104 2044 95 , , 245,284 W/ m C
2
10-85 Water is boiled at 1 atm pressure and thus at a saturation temperature of Tsat = 100C by a nickel
electric heater whose diameter is 2 mm. The highest temperature at which this heater can operate without
burnout is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Heat losses from the water are negligible.
Properties The properties of water at the saturation temperature of 100C are (Tables 10-1 and A-9)

l
v
l

957 9
060
00589
175
.
.
.
.
kg / m
kg / m
N / m
Pr
3
3
h
fg
l
pl

2257 10
0282 10
4217
3
3
J / kg
kg m/ s
C J / kg C
.
Also,
C
sf

0.0060 and n = 1.0 for the boiling of water on a
nickel surface (Table 10-3).
Analysis The maximum rate of heat transfer without the burnout is simply the critical heat flux. For a
horizontal heating wire, the coefficient Ccr is determined from Table 10-4 to be
151 . 0 ) 399 . 0 ( 12 . 0 * 12 . 0
1.2 < 399 . 0
0589 . 0
60 . 0 9 . 957 ( 8 . 9
) 001 . 0 (
) (
*
25 . 0 25 . 0
2 / 1 2 / 1

,
_

,
_

L C
g
L L
cr
v l

Then the maximum or critical heat flux is determined from
[ ( )] . ( )[ . . ( . ) ( . . )]
max
/ /
q C h g
cr fg v l v

2 1 4 3 2 1 4
0151 2257 10 0 0589 9 8 0 6 957 9 0 60
1,280,000 W/ m
2
Rohsenow relation which gives the nucleate boiling heat flux for a specified surface temperature can also
be used to determine the surface temperature when the heat flux is given. Substituting the maximum heat
flux into Rohsenow relation together with other properties gives

3
sat ,
2 / 1
nucleate
Pr
) (
) (

,
_

1
]
1

n
l fg sf
s l p
v l
fg l
h C
T T C
g
h q

3
3
1/2
3 3
75 . 1 ) 10 2257 ( 0060 . 0
) 100 ( 4217
0589 . 0
0.60) - 9.8(957.9
) 10 )(2257 10 282 . 0 ( 000 , 280 , 1

,
_

1
]
1

s
T
It gives the maximum temperature to be: T
s
109.6 C
10-86 ... 10-93 Design and Essay Problems
10-73
Steam
95C
Drink
5C
T
s
= ?
Heating wire
1 atm
Water