Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ΑΛΓΕΒΡΑ Β ΛΥΚΕΙΟΥ ΒΙΒΛΙΟ ΜΑΘΗΤΗ
ΑΛΓΕΒΡΑ Β ΛΥΚΕΙΟΥ ΒΙΒΛΙΟ ΜΑΘΗΤΗ
.
.
: 1991
: 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2012
.
. , . , .
. , .
.
(2010)
, . , . , . , .
. .
:
,
(2010), . , . , . , .
. . (2010), (2010).
:
1
, ,
. ,
.
2
, ,
, .
3
. , ,
. .
4
.
5 ,
.
1 :
1.1 ........................................................................9
1.2 ...............................................................24
2:
2.1 -- .............................30
2.2 - ............................40
3:
3.1 ...................................................49
3.2 ...........................................60
3.3 1 .......................................................65
3.4 ...................................................73
3.5 .............................................83
3.6 ............................89
3.7 2........................................97
3.8 ...................103
3.9 f(x)=x+x...................................................108
3.10 ........................................................................ 114
4: -
4.1 ...................................................................................128
4.2 .................................................................132
4.3 ......................................140
4.4 ........150
5:
5.1 .....................................................................160
5.2 ....................................................................................173
5.3 ...............................................................181
. ........................................................193
- ....................................195
1.1
x + y =
x + y = , 0 0,
, .
:
:
0, , :
x + y = y =x +
y = x + ,
y'y .
x+y=, 0
x+y=, =0
:
9 0, (. ),
10
1:
x'x y'y
(. ).
y
= 0 ( 0 ),
x+y=, =0
x = x = .
0
x
y'y
x'x .
y :
y
1
y= x1
2
9 x 2y =
2
1 x+y=, =0
y
x 1
=
2
1
y
y =
0
2
1
2
0
x
y=
x1
2 y'y 1 .
-1
9 = 0 , y =
1
y= x1
0
2
x
2
9 y=2
-1
x'x y'y 2 .
0
2
x
-1
2
y
y=2
20
y=2
0
y
9 x=2
y'y x'x 2.
y
0
x=2
2x=2
0
2
.
1.1
11
, (4,-1) x 2y =
6,
4 2(1) = 4 + 2 = 6. , , (16,5),
(10, 8)
1
k, k 3 , k .
2
2 x 2
x+y= x+y=
, , ,
2 x 2
x + y =
8 (2)
3x + 4y =
12
1:
,
(
)
, .. (1)
x.
x 2y + 6
=
8
3x + 4y =
x
3(2y + 6) + 4y =8 6y + 18 + 4y =8
10y =
10
y =1
x 2y + 6
=
y = 1
y
:
x = 2(1) + 6 = 4
(4, 1).
,
.
, .
, x = 4 y = 1, :
1 : 4 2(1) = 6
2 : 3 4 + 4(1) = 12 4 = 8
( )
,
:
1.1
13
= 6 (3)
18
x 2y
3x + 6y =
8
3x + 4y = 8 1
3x + 4y =
, , :
3x + 6y + 3x + 4y =18 + 8 10y =10 y =1 .
:
x 2(1) = 6 x + 2 = 6 x = 4 .
(4, 1) ( ).
2 x 2
6
x 2y =
8
3x + 4y =
.
, .
y
3x+4y=8
O
x2y=6
A(4, 1)
,
x + y =
14
1:
2 x 2
.
:
2
y=
x +1
3
2x + 3y =
4x
9y
=
1
4
1
=
y
x
9
9
,
.
y
,
2
1
1
(1, 0,3) .
,
x
1
0
(1, 1 ) .
3
3
x + 2y =
9
5
2x + 4y =
1
3
y
x
=
2
2
, ,
1
5
y =
x
2
4
.
y + 1 =2x
9
4x
2y
=
2
=
y 2x 1
,
y 2x 1
=
y
1
0
x
2
1
2
,
.
(k, 2k 1), k .
1.1
15
, 2 x 2
:
9
9
9 .
2 x 2
2 x 2 .
x + y =
x+
(1 )
y =
'
'
y =
( 2 )
x+
'
'
1 2 '
1 = 2 =
'
'
, ' ' 0 , 1 2
'
,
'
'
'
'
x + x =
x+ =
'
'
'
'
( ' ' )
( ' ' )
16
1:
y =
' '
' '
, ,
' ' ' '
(x, y) =
,
'
=
, - =0 , 1 2
'
, .
.
=0 ' =0.
x + y =
' x + ' y = '
:
' ' 0
' ' ' '
(x, y) =
,
1.1
17
, , :
x + y =
D
Dx
y = y
D
D
D=0, .
D0, , (x,y) x =
:
6
x 2y =
9
8
3x + 4y =
1 2
D=
=1 4 3(2) = 4 + 6 =10 0,
3 4
.
1 6
6 2
8 18 =
10
Dx =
= 24 + 16 = 40 D y = =
3 8
8 4
:
=
x
D y 10
D x 40
=
= 1 .
= = 4 y =
D
10
D 10
, (x, y)
= (4, 1) .
40
2x 3y =
9
80
4x 6y =
2 3
D=
=
2(6) 4(3) =
12 + 12 =
0
4 6
.
2,
40
2x 3y =
,
40
2x 3y =
40.
2x 3y =
2x 40
2x 3y = 40 y =
.
3
18
1:
2k 40
k,
, k
3
11
3x + y =
9
6
9x + 3y =
3 1
= 99 = 0
9 3
.
11
3x + y =
2
3x + y =
.
D=
x y = 1
2
x 2y =
, .
,
. ,
.
, .
D, Dx, Dy. :
D=
Dx =
Dy =
= 2 + 2 = ( 2)
1 1
= 2( 1) + = 2
2
1
= 2 2 ( 1) = 2 (1 + 1) = 2 (2 )
1.1
19
, D = 0 . :
D = 0 ( 2)= 0 =0 =2
:
9 D0, 0 2,
(x, y), :
Dx
( 2)
2
1
=
=
x
= =
D ( 2) ( 2)
D y 2 (2 ) 2 ( 2)
y=
=
=
= .
D
( 2)
( 2)
, 0 2 ,
1
, .
9 D = 0 , = 0 = 2 ,
. :
= 0 ,
1
0x y =1 y =
2y 0 =
0x =
y 0
.
= 2 ,
2x y 1
2x y 1
=
=
2y 2
=
y 1
4x=
2x
. ,
2x y =1 y = 2x 1 ,
( k, 2k 1) ,
k .
3 x 3
x+y+z=0 , , , ,
.
.
2x+3y+z=6 (2, 1,5) , 22+3(1)+5=6.
20
1:
:
1x + 1 y + 1z = 1 , 2 x + 2 y + 2 z = 2 3 x + 3 y + 3 z = 3
, , ,
3 x 3
1x + 1 y + 1z = 1
2 x + 2 y + 2 z = 2
x + y + z =
3
3
3
3
2 x 2 .
(1)
2x y + 3z =9
10
(2)
x + 3y z =
3x + y z =
8
(3)
.
, .. (3) z, . :
3x + y z = 8 z = 3x + y 8
(4)
(1) (2) :
9 2x y + 3z =9 2x y + 3(3x + y 8) =9 11x + 2y =15
9 x + 3y
z = 10 x + 3y (3x + y 8) = 10 x + y = 1
(5)
(6)
(5), (6)
15
11x + 2y =
,
1
x + y =
x=1 y=2 .
x y (4) z = 3.
(1, 2, 3).
3 x 3, ,
2 x 2, 3 x 3
.
1.1
21
4
x y =
1.
2
x + y =
i)
ii) .
2.
x y
x 1 y 2
=
=
i) ii)
4
7 8
3
x + y =
4x + 3y =
45
8
3. :
x 5 2y + 1
0
2 + 7 + 2 =
i)
ii)
x + 6 y 6 =
8
3
2
y+2
2x 1
3 = 4 4
x + 3 3 =x y
2
3
4. :
3
x 3y =
i) ii)
x
3 y =2
2y= x + 2
1
0
2 x y + 1 =
5. :
7
= 3x 8
2x + y =
2y
i) ii)
4
0
3x 5y =
x + 3y + 1 =
6. ,
.
4
11
40
2x 5y =
3x + y =
2x 3y =
i)
ii)
iii)
100
2
80
6x + 7y =
9x 3y =
4x 6y =
7. :
( 3 + 1)x + 4y =
7
2
( 3 1)x + 2y =
i) ii)
1
1
x + ( 3 1)y =
x + ( 3 + 1)y =1 3
2
22
1:
8. :
y
x
+
2 = 3
2
3x 2y =11
5x y + 3 = 4
i) 2x
iii) 3x + y + = 5
5y 2 =3 ii) x 3y + = 2
5x + y 2 =33
3x 2y + 2 = 2
2
5x + 3y 2 =16
1. i)
1 2 .
ii) 1 2
;
2
1
O
1
2. 26 ,
68 .
;
3. 1,5
4. 2200 5050 .
.
4. R T
R =T + . 20 C
0,4 80 C 0,5 ,
.
5. ,
50%
80% .
100 ml 68% ;
3 2 : x + 2y =
, .
6. 1 : 2x + 4y =
i) 1 2 .
ii) ;
iii) ;
1.1
23
7. :
i) 1 : x + y = 2
2 : x + y =1.
ii) 3 : x y =
2 : x + y =1.
8. :
( 1)x 2y =1
i)
,
4x ( + 1)y = 2
( 2)x + 5y =5
ii)
,
x + ( + 2)y =5
3
9.
1 2 =6 , O1O3 = 5
O2O3 = 7 .
.
10.
, . N
= x , B = y = z , , .
11. .
50% , 10% 30% .
52 lit 32% , . .
12. , y = x 2 + x + . .
y
y=g(x)
y=f(x)
K(2, 1)
K(1,4)
y=h(x)
24
1:
1.2
, .
, 13
89.
x, y , x + y =
13 x 2 + y 2 =.
89 , :
13 (1)
x + y =
2
2
89 (2)
x + y =
:
(1), , .. x ,
(2).
x + y = 13 y = 13 x
2
2
2
2
x + (13 x) = 89 x + 169 26x + x = 89
0
2x 2 26x + 80 =
(3).
0.
x 2 13x + 40 =
2 = 9 . :
8
13 3
=
x =
2
5
5 (1)
x + y =
1
.
(2)
xy = 6
1.2
25
(1) x (2). :
x + y = 5 y = 5 x
(3).
xy =6 x(5 x) =6
5x x 2 =
6
x 2 5x + 6 =
0
=
x 2 =
x 3.
(3) x=2 y=3 , x=3 y=2 .
(2, 3) (3, 2) .
5 6. ,
Vieta
2 5 + 6 = 0 .
2 3
(2,3) (3,2).
x+y=5 , xy=6
6
y = . x
.
A
1
O 1
B
x
26
1:
(2,3) (3,2) .
(2,3) (3,2) .
2
(1)
xy = 6
2
2
13 (2)
x + y =
(1) x (2).
6
xy = 6 y = x
(2) :
2
x 2 + y 2 = 13 x 2 + 6 = 13
x
36
x2 + 2 =
13
x
x 4 + 36 =
13x 2
x 4 13x 2 + 36 =
0
. x 2 = ,
2 13 + 36 = 0 , =9 =4 .
9 =9 2
x =9 x =3
x = 3
(1) x=3 y=2 x = 3 .
9 = 4
x 2 = 4 x = 2 x = 2
(1) x=2 y=3 x = 2 y = 3 .
(3,2), (3, 2), (2,3) (2, 3).
6
, x
2
2
x + y =
13 (0,0) = 13 .
xy = 6 y =
1.2
27
.
y
1
B
x 2 + y 2 + xy =
3
1. :
.
1
x + y =
2. :
y = 3x 2
x 2 + y2 =
x 2 + y2 =
9
5
i)
ii)
iii)
4
0
x y =
xy = 2
12x 3y =
.
1
3. S =0 t + t 2 = 0 + t ,
2
+ 0
=
S
t .
2
2
x=
2y + 10
1. o 2
x + y2 =
25
28
1:
2xy y 2 5y =
0
2. :
2
y = x 4x + 3
3. 120cm2 .
3cm , 2cm ,
. .
2x + k, k . 4. y = x 2 y =
k .
2y = x 2
5. o
y= x +
.
1
I. :
1
x y =
1
1
2
x + 2y =
x + y =
2x + 4y =
( 4 ) :
(1 ) :
( 3 ) :
( 2 ) :
2
1,
4,
0,
x + 2y =
x + 2y =
2x + 4y =
x + y =1
, , .
) , ) , ) .
(1) (2)
(3)
(4)
II. ,
,
.
1.
, .
A
2. D = 0 ,
.
xy = 1
.
3.
0
x + y =
4. x 2 + y 2 =
1 =
y x 2 + 1
.
A
2
.
.
2.1 --
T = f (t)
t
(t =0)
(t =24).
11
T(C)
T=f(t)
5
3
16
24 t(h)
) [4,16]
.
11
T(C)
T=f(t)
5
f(t1)
t1
f(t2)
t2
16
24 t(h)
2.1 --
31
, , , t1 , t 2 [4,16] t1 < t 2 :
f (t1 ) < f (t 2 )
T = f (t )
[4,16] . :
f , x1 , x 2 x1 < x 2 :
f (x1 ) < f (x 2 )
f
f .
, f (x)
= 2x 3 .
x1 , x 2 R
, x1 < x 2 . :
x1 < x 2 2x1 < 2x 2
2x1 3 < 2x 2 3
f (x1 ) < f (x 2 )
f (x) = x + , > 0 .
) , [16,24]
.
T(C)
T=f(t)
f(t1)
f(t2)
16
t1
t2
24 t(h)
32
2:
f
, x1 , x 2 x1 < x 2 :
f (x1 ) > f (x 2 )
f
f
, f (x) =
2x + 5 .
x1 , x 2 , x1 < x 2 . :
x1 < x 2 2x1 > 2x 2
2x1 + 5 > 2x 2 + 5
f (x1 ) > f (x 2 )
:
f (x) = x + , < 0 .
.
T = f (t).
11
T(C)
T=f(t)
5
3
16
24 t(h)
2.1 --
33
:
) t1 = 4
, f (4) = 3 . :
f (t) f (4) =
3 , t [0, 24]
T = f (t) t = 4 , f (4) = 3 . :
f, ,
x 0 A () :
f (x) f (x 0 ) , x A
x 0 A , f (x 0 )
f min f (x) .
, f (x)
= 3x 4 + 1 .
x 4 0 , x ,
3x 4 0 , x ,
3x 4 + 1 1 , x .
:
f (x) f (0) , x .
, f x 0 = 0 , f (0) = 1
) t 2 = 16
, T(16)=11 . :
f (t) f (16) =
11 , t [0, 24]
T =f (t) t =16
, f (16)=11. :
f, ,
x 0 A () :
f (x) f (x 0 ) , x A
34
2:
x 0 A , f (x 0 ) f max f ( x) .
, f (x) =
3x 4 + 1 .
x 4 0 , x ,
3x 4 0 , x ,
3x 4 + 1 1 , x .
f (x) f (0) , x
, f x 0 = 0 , f (0) = 1 .
() ()
.
(. ) (. )
(. ) (. ).
y
y=f(x)
y=f(x)
1
y=f(x)
1 y=f(x)
x
2.1 --
35
) Cf f . Cf
y'y,
Cf
y'y Cf .
y
y
f(x) f(x)
x O
Cf
, , M(x, y) Cf
y'y M '( x, y) M(x, y)
M '( x, y) Cf , y = f (x) y = f (x) , :
f ( x) =
f (x)
f . :
f, , ,
x A :
f (x)
x A f ( x) =
yy.
, f (x) = 2x 4 x 2 + 1 ,
x :
f ( x) = 2( x) 4 ( x) 2 + 1 = 2x 4 x 2 + 1 = f (x)
, y'y .
) Cf f
.
Cf
, Cf Cf .
Cf
y
x
f(x)
f(x)
36
2:
, , M(x, y) Cf
M '( x, y) M(x, y)
M '( x, y) Cf , y = f ( x) y = f ( x),
:
f ( x) =
f (x)
f . :
f, , ,
x A :
x A f ( x) =
f (x)
.
= 2x 3 x ,
, f (x)
x :
f ( x) =
2( x)3 ( x) =
2x 3 + x =
f (x)
,
.
:
y = x 2 ,
y = x 4 , y = x 6 ., ,
y'y , , y = x , y = x 3 , y = x 5 .,
, ,
.
f
[6,6].
f :
2.1 --
37
) f :
i) ,
ii) ,
iii) .
) f , .
y
f ,
y'y . ,
y'y f, f,
().
A
6 5
:
) f :
i) [0,2] [5,6],
ii) [2, 0]
[6, 5],
[0,2] [5,6] f .
iii) [5, 2] [2,5]
.
38
2:
) f 4 x
6 6. :
max f (x) = f (6) = f (6) = 4
f 0 x
0. :
min f (x) = f (0) = 0.
1) :
)
) .
y
y=f(x)
y
y=g(x)
y=h(x)
x
2) , .
3) :
i) f (x) = x 2 6x + 10 x=3.
2x
x=1.
ii) g(x) = 2
x +1
4)
:
i) f1 (x)
= 3x 2 + 5x 4 ii) f 2 (x)
= 3 x +1
x2
3
5
iv) f 4 (x)
= x 3x v) f 5 (x) =
1+ x
iii) f 3 (x)= x + 1
vi) f 6 (x) =
2x
.
x2 +1
2.1 --
39
5) :
i) f1 (x) =
1
x
1
iv) f 4 (x) = 2 x
x +1
x+
ii) f 2 (x)
=
x2
iii) f 3 (x) = x 1 x + 1
v) f 5 (x) =
vi) f 6 (x)
=
1 x2 .
6)
.
y
y=f(x)
y=g(x)
x
y=h(x)
7)
y
y=f(x)
y=g(x)
y=h(x)
8)
)
y
) .
y
C1
y
C3
C2
x
40
2:
2.2 -
) f (x)= x + 1 .
x + 1, x < 0
,
f (x) =
x + 1, x 0
y
f (x)= x + 1 , y=|x|+1
1
9 y = x + 1 , x 0
9 y= x + 1 , x 0 ,
1
y'y
y=|x|
1
1
x'
xOy
, ,
x 'Oy
(x) =
x ().
, (x) =
x (1)
1 ,
f (x)= x + 1 . , , ,
:
f (x) =
(x) + 1 , x ,
x f (x) 1
(x) .
:
f , :
f (x) =
(x) + c , c > 0 ,
c ( )
(1)
y'y .
2.2 -
41
y
c
y=(x)+c
c
x
O
y=(x)
) f (x)= x 1 .
x 1, x < 0
f (x) =
,
x 1, x 0
f (x)= x 1 ,
y=|x|
9 y = x 1 , x 0
1
1
9 y= x 1 , x 0 ,
O 1
y=|x|1
x
1
1
y'y
xOy
x 'Oy
(x) =
x ().
x , (x) =
1 ,
f (x)= x 1. , , , :
f (x) =
(x) 1 , x ,
x f (x) 1
(x).
:
f , :
f (x) =
(x) c , c > 0 ,
c ( )
42
2:
y
y=(x)
O
c
y=(x)c
) f (x)= x 1 .
x + 1, x < 1
f (x) =
,
x 1, x 1
f (x)= x 1 ,
9 y = x + 1 , x 1
9 y= x 1 , x 1 ,
y
1
y=|x|
1
1
y=|x|1
1
x'x O
x
xOy
x 'Oy
(x) =
x ().
, (x) =
x (2)
1 ,
f (x)= x 1 . , , ,
f (x) =
(x 1) , x ,
f (x)= x 1 x
(x) =
x x 1.
(2)
x'x .
2.2 -
43
:
f :
f (x) =
(x c) , c > 0 ,
c ( ).
f (x) =
(x c) , f x
x c , c
x. , f c
( ).
y
c
c
Cf
C
(x-c)
f(x)
c
xc
) f (x)= x + 1 .
x 1, x < 1
,
f (x) =
x + 1, x 1
f (x)= x + 1 ,
y=|x|
1
9 y = x 1 , x 1
1
9 y= x + 1 , x 1 ,
y=|x+1|
1
x'x 1
xOy
x 'Oy
y
1
1
(x) =
x ().
, (x) =
x 1 , -
44
2:
f (x)= x + 1 . , , ,
f (x) =
(x + 1) , x ,
f (x)= x + 1 x
(x) =
x x +1.
:
f , :
f (x) =
(x + c) , c > 0 ,
c ( ).
(x + c) , f x
f (x) =
x + c , c
x. , f c
( ).
y
Cf
C
c
f(x)
=(x+c)
c
O
x+c
f (x) = x + 3 + 2 .
y= x + 3 , y = x 3 . y = x + 3 + 2 ,
y= x + 3 2
.
2.2 -
,
f (x) = x + 3 + 2
y = x , 3
2
().
45
y=|x+3|+2
y=|x+3|
y=|x|
2
3
:
, :
f (x) =
(x c) d , c,d > 0
, .
A
1. :
(x) =
x ,
f (x)= x + 2
g(x)= x 2 .
q(x)= x 2 .
2. :
(x) =
x ,
h(x)= x + 2
3. :
(x) =
x ,
F(x) = x + 2 + 1
G(x) = x 2 1 .
46
2:
4. i) f (x) = 2x 2 4x + 5
f (x) =
(x p) 2 + q
g(x) = 2x 2
f.
ii) f (x) =
2x 2 + 8x 9 , g g(x) = 2x 2 .
5.
1
O(0,0) A(2,0).
y
C
:
(x) + 2 g(x) =
(x) 2
i) f (x) =
ii) h(x) =
(x + 3) q(x) =
(x 3)
iii) F(x) =
(x + 3) + 2 G(x) =
(x 3) 2 .
6. (x) = 2x 2 1 . f
:
i) 2 1 .
ii) 3 2 .
iii) 2 1 .
iv) 3 2 .
2.2 -
47
2
I) , , .
1. f , f
.
2. .
3.
(1,2) , (2,1) (3,3) .
4. f
1, f (0) < 0 .
5. f -
(1,2)
(2,5) , f .
6. f 1,
f (x) = 2 .
7. f :[1, 2] f (x) = 3x 2 .
8.
, .
9. f , f -
.
10. f , f .
II) f.
f,
(x) =
3x 4 , 1
2 , :
) f (x) = 3(x 1) 4 + 2
) f (x) = 3(x 1) 4 2
) f (x) = 3(x + 1) 4 + 2
) f (x) = 3(x + 1) 4 2
3.1
.
MM1 NN1
,
O M M1 O N N1
, :
(MM1 ) (NN1 ) (OM1 ) (ON1 )
,
=
=
(OM)
(ON)
(OM) (ON)
(MM1 ) (NN1 )
=
(OM1 ) (ON1 )
(MM1 ) (OM1 )
,
(OM)
(OM)
(MM1 )
(OM1 )
, . , ,
,
, , .
, M1 O M , :
(MM1 )
(OM)
50
3:
=
=
(
(
(M1 )
(OM)
)
)
(MM1 )
(OM1 )
, ,
(M1 )
=
(M )
, 00 3600
Oxy , Ot
Ox
Ot (. , ). Ox ,
Ot .
y
t
t
(x,y)
(x,y)
y
x 1
(x, y)
M1 x'x (. ).
(. ), , ,
:
(MM1 )
(M1 )
(MM1 )
(M1 )
=
=
=
,
,
=
(OM)
(OM)
(OM1 )
(M1 )
y (OM) = x 2 + y 2 = > 0 . ,
(1 ) = x , (1M) =
:
=
y
x
x
y
,
= , = = , =
y
x
x 2 + y2 > 0 .
3.1
51
, ( ).
:
y ( x0)
= y ,
=
x
,=
x ( y0)
= x ,
=
x 2 + y2 > 0
(x, y) ( )
=
x 2 + y 2 > 0
.
360
Ox Oxy .
300 , Ox
y
t
=
360 + 30
=
390.
360 , :
300
390 0
y
390 0
300
x
t
52
3:
:
= ( 360 + ), N 0 < 360
360 ,
,
0 360.
, , , :
y ( x0)
= y ,
=
x
,=
x
x
= ,
( y0)
=
x 2 + y2 > 0
(x, y)
( ) =
x 2 + y 2 > 0
( )
Ox .
Ox , , ,
360 + , .
Ox ,
,
, 360 + , .
, k 360 + , k ,
.
, k :
(k 360 + ) = ,
(k 360 + ) = ,
(k 360 + ) =
(k 360 + ) =
3.1
53
, ,
, . , .
(0,0)
=1 .
.
, .. =35 ,
(, ).
=1
35 = 0,57.
35 =
110
120 o
130 o
140o
o
100o 90 80 o
o
170o
180o
20 o
0,1
190 o
(x,y)
x
350 o
340o
200o
210 o
220 o
10 o
350
0,1
50o
40o
N(,)
60 o
150o
160o
70 o
330 o
320 o
y
310o
300o
240o o
290o
250
o
o
o
260 270 280
=1, 35 = 0,82.
,
(x, y), :
, 35 =
= x =
= y =
x'x ,
y'y .
:
1.
' ,
1. :
1 1 1 1
54
3:
2. ,
,
.
10
20
30
40
+
+
+
+
+
+
M(x, y).
.
1
,
E(1,yE )
A
O
( ) ( )
=
= ( )
()
1
yE , (AE)= yE ,
= yE.
.
:
= yE =
, x =1 ,
.
3.1
55
. ,
(, )
AB
( 1rad),
. ,
( rad) S = .
:
1rad
( 1 rad ) , , ( 1 rad).
, :
, rad . 2,
360 2 rad.
,
1 rad
,
360
,
2
rad
180
.
, =
=
180
180
, :
9 60 , =
180
= 600
=
=
180
3
60 = rad.
3
56
3:
5
rad ,
6
=
=
6
180
5
5
6
=
=
=
150
180
6 180
5
rad=150.
6
.
rad
30
1
2
3
2
3
3
45
2
2
2
2
60
3
2
1
2
3
3
90
, x rad
x,
(x rad), ( x rad), (x rad) (x rad),
x,
x,
x
x.
, .. rad
3
3
(100rad ) 100 .
3.1
57
1
h
, .
.
48 =
h
h
, =
48
70 =
h
h
, =
70
= = 20m
h
h
2070 48
=
20, h =
.
48 70
70 48
70 2, 75 48 1,11.
(1) :
61, 05
37
1, 64
37m .
h
2 750o .
750 =
2 360 + 30
750 = (2 360 + 30 ) = 30 =
3
750 = 30 =
3
1
2
750 = 30 =
750 = 30 =
3
2
58
3:
79
rad.
3
79 79
=
2. 79 6
3
6
79 79
1
=
2= 13 + 2= 13 2 + ,
13 1.
3
6
6
3
79
1
79
= =
= 13 2 + = =
3
3 2
3
3
3
2
79
79
= = 3
= =
3
3
3
3
3
1.
x, y .
30
2.
.
60
30
3. S = 6cm.
, :
i) = 1cm
ii) = 2cm
iii) = 3cm .
4. rad
i) 30
ii) 120
iii) 1260
iv) 1485.
5. :
i)
rad
10
ii)
5
rad
6
iii)
91
rad
3
iv) 100rad .
6.
i) 1830
ii) 2940
iii) 1980
iv) 3600.
3.1
59
1. N (N)
h
,
70
()
()
1000 1.000
(1 0,3 m)
.
.
i) h = 30 , 45 60.
ii) , h=1000 ;
0
2. :
i) :
() = () = 2 45 = 2.
ii)
()= 4 22,5.
iii) ().
22,5 o
1
45o
1
3
3
iv) ,
, (
=
) 2 2 2.
v) 22,5.
vi)
;
A
3.
30
.
6
0
30 0
4.
1mm .
.
60
3:
3.2
.
.
:
1. 2 + 2 = 1
M (x, y)
, :
x = y =
y
,
2
2
2
(OM) =1 ( )=
x + y= x 2 + y 2
:
2
|y|
A
1,
x + y =
:
(x,y)
1
x |x|
2 + 2 = 1
=
2.
y
=
( x = 0 )
x
x
=
( y = 0 ).
y
3.2
61
(1) (2), .
3. . = 1
=
( 0 0)
:
=
4.
=
2
= 1.
1
2
2
1 + 2
1 + 2
i) 2 + 2 = 1
2 0 :
2 2
1
1
1
2
2
+ =
=
+1
=
.
2
2
2
2
1 + 2
2 =
1
.
1 + 2
ii) 2 + 2 = 1 2 =
: 2 +
2 =
1
,
1 + 2
1
1
2
2
2
=
1
=
1
=
.
1 + 2
1 + 2
1 + 2
2
.
1 + 2
62
3:
5
1 =
90o < < 180o, 13
.
2 + 2 = 1 2 = 1 2 .
5
:
13
2
25 169 25 144
5
2
= 1 = 1
=
=
.
169
169
169
13
90 < < 180 , < 0 , :
144
12
=
169
13
=
=
, :
5
12
5
12
= 13 =
= 13 = .
12
5
12
5
13
13
2
4
4
2
2
i) + = 1 2
4
4
2
ii) = 2 1
i) :
4 + 4 = ( 2 ) 2 + ( 2 ) 2
= ( 2 + 2 ) 2 2 2 2
= 1 2 2 2 ,
( 2 + 2 = 1 )
ii) :
4 4 = ( 2 ) 2 ( 2 ) 2
= ( 2 + 2 )( 2 2 )
( 2 + 2 = 1 )
= 2 2
= 2 (1 2 ) = 2 2 1.
3.2
< x < ,
5
2
x rad.
2
3
2. x = < x < , 3
2
x rad.
1. x =
3
3
< x < 2,
2
3
x rad.
3. x =
2 5
0 < x < , 2
5
x rad.
4. x =
3
< x < 2, 2
2xx
.
1 + x
5. x = 2
6. , x :
i) x = 0 x = 0.
ii) x = 1 x = 1.
3
4
iii) x = x = .
5
5
7. , M ( x, y) x = 3
y = 3, O(0,0) = 3.
8. x = 2 y = 3 , 9x2 + 4y2=36.
9. x = r , y = r z = r ,
x2 + y2 + z2 = r2.
10. :
4
4
2
1
i)
ii) = 2 1 .
=
1 +
63
64
3:
11. :
i)
1 +
2
x
x
2
+
=ii)
+
=
.
1 x 1 + x x
1 +
12. :
i)
+
=
+
ii) 2 2 = 2 2 .
13. :
x
x
1
+
= x + x ii) (1 x) 1 +
i)
= x x
1 x 1 x
x
1
1
1
= x x iv)
x
x = x x.
iii)
x + x
x
x
B
1. x + x = , :
1
1
i) x x
ii)
+
x x
iii) x + x iv) 3 x + 3 x.
2. :
i) 4 x + 4 x = 1 2 2 x 2 x ii) 6 x + 6 x = 1 3 2 x 2 x.
iii) 2( 6 x + 6 x) 3( 4 x + 4 x) x , .
3.
< x < ,
2
2
4. 0 x < ,
2
1 + x
1 x
= 2x.
1 x
1 + x
1 + x + 1 x 1 + x x
= =
.
1 + x 1 x x 1 x
3.3 1
65
3.3 10
, ,
0 90.
'
' .
' ,
' = , , ,
x'x.
.
, :
() =
() =
(x,y)
(x,y)
t'
() =
() =
:
.
:
9 :
1
2
3
(30 ) = (30 ) =
3
(30 ) = (30 ) =
(30 ) = (30 ) =
(30 ) = (30 ) = 3
9 , :
2
= =
4
2
4
= = 1
4
4
3
2
2
= =
4
2
4
= = 1
4
4
66
3:
180
y
B
' 180 , =
' 180 ,
t
,
, ' (x,y)
y'y .
A
.
, :
t
180
0
(x,y)
A x
(180 ) =
(180 ) =
(180 ) =
(180 ) =
:
180o
.
:
=
180 30 , :
9 150
150 = (180 30 ) = 30 =
1
2
150 = (180 30 ) = 30 =
150 = (180 30 ) = 30 =
3
3
150 = (180 30 ) = 30 = 3
= , :
3
3
3
2
= = =
3
3
2
3
3
2
3.3 1
67
1
2
= = =
3
3
2
3
= = = 3
3
3
3
3
2
= = =
3
3
3
3
180
'
y
B
180 , =
' 180 + , ,
, '
.
.
, :
(180 + ) =
(180 + ) =
t
(x,y)
1800+
A
(x,y)
t
(180 + ) =
(180 + ) =
:
180o , .
:
9 210
=
180 + 30 , :
210 = (180 + 30 ) = 30 =
1
2
210 = (180 + 30 ) = 30 =
210 = (180 + 30 ) = 30 =
210 = (180 + 30 ) = 30 =
3
3
3
3
2
68
3:
= + , :
3
3
3
4
= + = =
3
3
2
3
1
4
= + = =
3
3
2
3
= + = =
3
3
3
= + = =
3
3
3
3
90
' 90 ,
=' 90 , ,
,
'
.
xOy
.
, :
y
B
t
y=x
(y,x)
t
(x,y)
O
0
90
(90 ) =
(90 ) =
(90 ) =
(90 ) =
,
90o ,
.
, 60
=
90 30 , :
60 = 30 =
60 = 30 =
3
,
2
3
1
,
2
3
60 = 30 =
3
60 = 30 =
3.3 1
69
, 0 90.
1 36o =
54o.
1+ 5
.
4
54
=
90 36 ,
54 = 36 =
1+ 5
4
2 + 2 = 1
2 54 + 2 54 = 1, :
2
1+ 5
6 + 2 5 10 2 5
2
2
54 = 1 54 = 1
=
,
= 1
4
16
16
:
10 2 5
54 =
4
:
54
=
54 =
54
1+ 5
10 2 5
54
=
54
=
54
10 2 5
.
1+ 5
2 :
) 90 + ,
) 270
) 270 +
i) 90 +=
90 (), :
(90 + ) = (90 ()) = () = .
90 + .
70
3:
ii) 270 =
180 + (90 ) , :
(270 ) = (180 + (90 )) = (90 ) = .
270 .
iii) 270 +=
360 90 +=
360 + ( 90 ), :
(270 + ) = ( 90 ) = (90 ) = .
270 + .
1. :
2.
i)
187
rad
6
ii)
21
rad.
4
3. :
i) = ( + ) ii) + ( + ) = 0
iii)
+
=
2
2
iv)
+
=
.
2
2
4. () (180 + ) .
() (90 + )
( x) (2 + x) + x
2
= 1.
5. :
21
(13 + x) ( x)
x
2
6. :
2 ( x) + ( x)(2 x) + 2 2 x .
2
3.3 1
71
1. :
495 120 + 495 (120 )
.
(120 ) + 495
2. :
(5 + ) (7 )
+
2
2
= 2 1.
5
(5 + ) (7 )
+
2
3. x + + x = 5, 3
2 x + 2 + x .
3
4. :
0<
( + x)
< 1.
x + ( + x)
I) , , .
1. =1, = 0 .
2. = 0 , = 1.
3. + =2 .
2
= 1
4.
5. 2 20 + 2 70 = 1
6. x (x ) = x
7. x 2 x = x 2
8. (x ) + x = 0, x = 0
2
9. x (x ) ( + x) = 0
6
3
72
3:
II.
.
120
150
3
2
210
3
3
300
210
1
2
300
3
3
300
3
2
210
1
2
III.
.
1. ( =90 ) ,
:
) 2 + 2 = 1, ) 2 + 2 = 1, ) =1.
2. :
) ( + ) = , ) ( + ) = , ) ( + ) = .
3. :
+
) = , ) (
) = , ) (
) = .
) (
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
3.4
73
3.4
-
1
- 2
.
t,
1
t + 1
2
1
t 1 . 2
, t, 1
1
t, t + 1 , t 1 .
2
2
1
1 .
2
1
t.
, t,
t + 2 sec
t2 sec.
74
3:
(
t) 2 sec.
:
f ,
>0 , x A :
i)
x + T A, x T A
ii)
f (x + T) = f (x T) = f (x)
f.
, ,
1 1. -
.
.
, , , .,
f (t) = t, t
.
.
:
x
(x rad) .
x = (x rad)
( + 360 ) = ( 360 ) = , x :
(x + 2) = (x 2) = x
2.
.
3.4
75
x = (x rad).
2.
, :
x
x =
x
:
=1
{x x 0}
x 1
(x + ) = (x ) = x,
.
, ,
:
x
x =
x
:
=2
{x x 0}
.
f(x) = x
f(x) = x 2,
2, . [0,2].
x
xrad . ,
, .
:
y
B
x 0
M
, .
2
M
x
, x rad
O
A
f(x) = x
0, .
2
f(x) = x :
76
3:
,
2
3
,
2
3
, 2
2
, = 1
2
2
3
3
= 1.
x = ,
2
2
:
x =
3
2
1
.
1
.
2
0
. :
x
4
2
0, 71
2
3
4
0,71
5
4
3
2
0,71 1
7
4
0,71
.
[0, 2]:
y = x
y
1
O
1
5 3 7
4 2 4 2
3
2 4
0x2
x
3.4
77
f(x) = x , 2,
[2, 4], [4, 6] .
[2, 0],[4, 2] .
,
.
y
1.5
1
0.5
/2
/2
0.5
3/2
2 5/2
1
1.5
. x ( x) = x. f(x) = x
0(0,0) .
f(x) = x
f(x) = x 2,
2, .. [0, 2].
:
x
1
.
1
.
3
2
0
2
1
.
:
x
2
2
3
2
5
4
3
2
7
4
0,71
0,71
0,71
0,71
78
3:
y = x
0 x 2p .
y
y = x
0x2
3
5
4 4
3 7 2
2 4
f(x) = x 2,
:
y
1
y = x
x
0
1
3
2
5
2
7
2
.
x (x) = x. f(x) =
x y'y.
f(x) = x
f(x) = x ,
, .. , .
2 2
( , , ).
2 2
x rad .
x .
:
x
2
2
O
x
' ,
. f(x) = x
, .
2 2
3.4
79
x .
2
x = 2
f. x
2
x +. x =
2
f.
x
y
yB
B
y
y
B
B
A
A
A
A
x
M x
M
E
E
O
O
B
B
A
A
A
A x
x
O
O
B
B
f(x)=x , ,
:
x
x
0, 6 0
3 1, 7 1
3
3
0, 6 1
3
3 1, 7
.
f(x)=x .
y = x
3
2
3
2
f(x)=x
, ( 5.3: (x)=x .
80
3:
1 f(x)=3x .
f(x)=3x (x)=x.
2, :
f (x + 2)= 3 (x + 2)= 3 x = f (x) , x .
f (x 2)= 3 (x 2)= 3 x = f (x), x .
f(x)=3x.
x
x
3x
0
0
2
1
0
0
3
2
1
y
3
2
1
2
0
0
1
2
3
y = 3x
y = x
x
4
2 f(x)=2x
f(x)=2x , 2x
2, , x . , f(x)=2x .
:
f (x + ) = 2(x + ) = (2x + 2) = 2x = f (x), x
0
0
4
1
2
0
3
4
1
y = 2x
1
3
2
y = x
2 1
2
x
3
2
3 f(x)=32x .
3, 3 .
3.4
81
f(x)=32x :
y
3
4
32x
y = 32x
3
x
2
3
4
2 2
3
2
,
f(x)= x, ,>0:
(i) ,
.
(ii) 2 .
f(x)= x, ,>0
1. ,
= 0,5 x, h(x) = 2 x, 0 x 2
i) f (x) = 2x, g(x)
= 0,5 x, h(x) = 2 x, 0 x 2 .
ii) f (x) = 2x, g(x)
2.
f (x) = x
g(x) = 1 + x h(x) = 1 + x
3.
0 x 2 .
f (x) = x g(x) = 3x,
4.
f (x) = x g(x) = 3x,
0 x 2 .
x
5. f (x) = 2 . 2
;
; f
.
82
3:
x
.
2
7.
6. f (x) = 2
i) f (x) = x ii) g(x) = 1 + x
.
iii) h(x) = 1 + x
8. f (x) = 2x.
9. f (x) = x.
B
1. :
y
1
y
x
0.5
y
y
2.5
2.
y= 3 t , y
6
t .
i) .
ii) 0 t 12.
3.5
83
3.
1m.
,
1
h = 1 + 3t,
3
t .
i) .
1m
ii)
iii) 0 t 2 .
4. H x
x(t) =0,1+0,1.3t, t
.
i) .
ii) 0 t 2 .
0,15m;
3.5
x=
1
x = .
2
y = x
1
y = .
2
y
y= 1
2
5
6
2
y=x
x , f (x) = x 1
. 2,
2
x, (. ),
2
. 2, .
84
3:
1
5
[0, 2],
= ,
x =
2
6 6
6
5 1
=
= .
6
6 2
y
x =
1
2
x= 2 + 6
5
x= 2 +
6
1
2
M
5/6
/6
x
A
, x = ,
= , :
x= 2 +
,
x = 2 + ( )
1 x =
3
2
3
=
, ( ) =
.
3
2
3
2
x = ( ), :
3
x= 2 3
x = 2 + +
3
2 2x + =
4 2
= , 2x + = ,
6 2
4
6
3.5
2x + 4 = 2 + 6
2x + = 2 +
4
6
85
2x + = 2 + 2x= 2 + x=
4
6
6 4
24
2x +
= 2 + 2x = 2 + x = +
4
6
6 4
24
x = 24
7
x = +
24
x =
,
1
.. x = .
2
-
[, ]
,
2
3
3
1
= .
3 2
x =
=
3
1
x =
2
x= 2 + 3
x= 2
3
y
M
3 1
2
3
M
86
3:
, x = ,
= ,
x= 2 +
,
x = 2
1 x =
2
2
2
=
, x = ,
4
4
2
:
x= 2 + 4
x= 2
4
2 2x =
3
2
3
5
3
=
, =
=
.
6
2
6
2
6
2
5
2x = ,
6
2x= 2 + 6
5
2x= 2
6
x = + 12
5
x =
12
3.5
87
x =
x = 3.
. ,
,
, ..
,
2 2
,
.
y
3
, x = 3
, = 3.
3
3
x = 3 : x = + ,
.
3
, x = ,
x = , :
x = + ,
x = .
1 x = 1
= 1, = 1. x = ,
4
4
4
x = ,
4
2 x = 3
= 3, x = ,
6
6
x = + ,
6
88
3:
1.
i) x = 0
2
iii) x = 0
2
ii) x =
iv) x =
2
2
2.
2
1
i) x =
ii) x = 1 iii) x =
iv) x = 1
2
2
3.
3
i) x = 0
ii) x =
iii) x = 1
iv) x = 3
3
4.
3
3
i) x =
ii) x =
3
3
5.
i) (1 x)(2x 3) = 0
6.
i) ( 3 + x)(1 x) = 0
ii) (2x + 1)(2 x 3)x = 0
7.
ii) x = 0,809
iii) x = 28,636
i) x = 0,951
8.
x
2x
ii) + 1 = 0
iii) 3
i) 23x = 3
3=0
5
7
9.
i) x + = 1
ii) 2 3x = 1 iii) 5x = 3
3
4
10.
i) 2 2 + 1 = 0
ii) 2 2 x + 3x 2 = 0 iii) 32 t= 3 + 2 3t
11.
ii) x 2x = 1
i) 2 x + 5 2 x = 4
12. x,
:
3.6
89
13. ( t
) =
S 75 + 50 ,
6
t o t = 1 .
i) 100000 ,
ii)
.
1.
i) x + x = 0
ii) 2x + 3x = 0
3
2.
1
i) x x + 1 = x + x
ii)
2x = 4
2 x
3. x = 1 (3,4).
* 4. 1+x=x [0,2).
5. : x = + x [0, 2).
3
3.6
, M1 , M 2 (. 1).
, . (. 2).
y
M 1 (, )
M 2 (, )
. (1)
x
(1,0)
M((-), (-))
. (2)
x
(1,0)
90
3:
, M1 , M 2 , :
1:
2:
:
1
: ( )
0
( )
M 2 OM
1 = AOM = , (M 2 M1 ) = (AM).
(M 2 M1 ) 2 = (AM) 2
(P1P2 ) =
(x 2 x1 ) 2 + (y 2 y1 ) 2 ,
P1 (x1 , y1 ) P2 (x 2 , y 2 ), :
(M 2 M1 )2 = ( ) 2 + ( ) 2
= 2 + 2 2 + 2 + 2 2
= 2 2( + )
( )2
= [( ) 1]2 + [( ) 0]2
= 2 ( ) + 1 2( ) + 2 ( )
= 2 2( ).
( 2 1 ) 2 = ( ) 2
2 2( + )= 2 2( )
+ = ( )
:
( ) = +
(1)
(2)
3.6
91
(1) (2) , . , :
15 = (45 30 ) = 45 30 + 45 30
=
2 3
2 1
+
=
2 2
2 2
2( 3 + 1)
4
75 = (45 + 30 ) = 45 30 45 30
=
2 3
2 1
=
2 2
2 2
2( 3 1)
4
(1), , .
x = x x = x, :
2
( + ) = ( + ) = ( )
2
2
= + = +
2
:
( + ) = +
(3)
:
( ) =
, :
15 = (45 30 ) = 45 30 45 30
=
2 3
2 1
=
2 2
2 2
2( 3 1)
4
75 = (45 + 30 ) = 45 30 + 45 30
=
2 3
2 1
+
=
2 2
2 2
2( 3 + 1)
4
92
3:
+ , ,
.
, : ( + ), ,
( + ) 0, 0 0. :
( + ) +
=
0
( + )
+
+
= =
=
( + )
:
( + ) =
+
1
(5)
,
:
( ) =
1 +
(6)
:
1
( + ) =
+
+ 1
(7)
( ) =
, :
45 30
15 = (45 30 ) =
=
1 + 45 30
=
3
3 = 3 3
3 3+ 3
1+
3
1
(3 3)(3 3) 12 6 3
=
= 2 3
6
(3 + 3)(3 3)
(8)
3.6
93
3
45 + 30
3 = 3+ 3
75 = (45 + 30 ) =
=
1 45 30
3 3 3
1
3
1+
(3 + 3)(3 + 3) 12 + 6 3
=
= 2+ 3
6
(3 3)(3 + 3)
-
3
3
12
3
1 = ,
< < 2 = , < <
,
5
2
13
2
+.
(+) = + ( + ) =
.
:
2
= 1 2 = 1
9 16
16 4
3
=
,
< < 2
= =
,
25 25
2
25 5
2 = 1 2 = 1
25
5
144 25
3
=
= , < <
=
,
169
13
169 169
2
3 12 4 5 16
( + ) = + =
5 13 5 13 65
( + ) =
4 12 3 5
63
= ,
5 13 5 13
65
:
( + ) =
16
63
( + ) =
63
16
2 : ( + ) ( ) = 2 2
( + )( ) = ( + )( )
= 2 2 2 2 = 2 (1 2) (1 2 ) 2
= 2 2 2 2 + 2 2 = 2 2
94
3:
2x = x +
3 :
2x = x + 2x = x + x
6
6
6
x
4=
3
1
2
2
3x + x
3=
x
3x
2=
x + x
x
x = 3
x = + ,
3
[ x 0 ]
x =
4 :
+ + =
, , , .
+ =
, ( + ) :
2
( + ) = ( )
+
=
1
+ = +
+ + =
5
2
4
1 = t, 2 = (t + ) 3 = (t + ).
3
3
= 1 + 2 + 3
.
3.6
95
= t + (t + 2 ) + (t + 4 )
3
3
2
2
4
4
= t + t
+ t
+ t
+ t
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
= t + t + t
+ t + t
2
2
2
2
1
1
= t t t = 0
2
2
1. , , :
i)
12
4
12
4
iv)
+
12
12
12
12
2. :
i) 3x(2x) 3x(2x)
3. :
i) (x + ) + (x =)
2x
ii) (x + )x + (x + )x
ii) 2 (x ) 2 (x + ) = 2xx
4. , , :
i)
17
4
17
4
18
9
18
9
12
4
iii)
7
1 +
12
4
ii)
iv)
70 20 + 70 20
165 + 15
1 165 15
5. :
i)
2xx + 2xx
x 2x
1 + x2x
iii)
ii) x + x x + x
6
6
+ 2x + x
3
6
iv)
1 + 2x x
3
6
96
3:
6. :
i) x + + x = x
3
3
ii)
( + )( + ) = ( + ) + ( )
7. , , 105 195.
8. :
( + )
+ =
i)
ii) + =
( + )
9. ,
:
63
i) ( + ) =
65
16
ii) ( + ) =
13
65
10. +, :
3
5
i) = ,
5
,
13
4
= ,
5
=
3
5
ii) = ,
11. :
= (x + )
i) x
2
3
<<
2
0<<
<<
2
3
< < 2
2
ii) x + ( 4 + x) = 2
iii) (x ) = 2, = 3
B
1. :
( )
( )
( )
0
+
+
=
2. ( + ) = 0, : ( + 2) =
3. = 3, [0,2] : (x ) = 2(x + )
4. + = , : (1 + )(1 + ) = 2
3.7 2
97
5. = 3 , :
i) =
, =
3 + 2
ii) , =600
6. + ( ) = ,
( )
= .
2
*7. :
i) + + = 1, ii) + + =
2
8. [0,] : ( + x) ( x) = 2 3
*9. 0 < x, y, z <
x+y+z =
4
1
1
x = , y = z = , :
8
2
2
5
3.7 2
2,
, . ,
( + ), ( + ) ( + ) , :
2 = ( + ) = + = 2
2 = 2
2
2
2 = ( + ) = =
= 2 (1 2 ) = 2 2 1
2 = 2 2 = (1 2 ) 2 = 1 2 2
(1)
98
3:
:
2 = 2 2
(2)
= 2 2 1
= 1 2 2
2
=
+
=
1
2
1 2
:
2
1
2 =
2
(3)
(2)
, 2. , :
2 = 2 2 1 1 + 2 = 2 2 2 =
2 = 1 2 2 2 2 = 1 2 2 =
1 2
2
2
2
=
=
=
2 1 + 2
2
1 + 2
2
1 2
2
1 2
1 + 2
:
1 2
2 =
2
1 + 2
(4)
2 =
2
1 2
2 =
1 + 2
(6)
(5)
3.7 2
99
, . 45
22,5 =
:
2
2
1
1
45
2 2
2
2
=
= =
22,5
,
2
2
4
22,5 =
2 2
2
2
1+
2+ 2
1 + 45
2+ 2
2
2
=
= =
22,5
, 22,5 =
2
2
2
4
2 2
22,5
=
=
2+ 2
2 1 22,5
=
2+ 2
=
2 2
2 +1
-
1 :
3 = 3 4 3
3 = 4 3 3
i) ii)
:
(2 + ) = 2 + 2
i) 3 =
= 2 2 + (1 2 2 )
= 2(1 2 ) + (1 2 2 )
= 2 23 + 23 = 3 4 3
ii) 3 = (2 + ) = 2 2
= (2 2 1) 2 2
= (2 2 1) 2(1 2 )
= 2 3 2 + 2 3 =
2o 0 :
2
1 +
2 =
i)
2
ii) 2 =
1 2
1 + 2
4 3 3
100
3:
0, :
2
2
2
2
=
=
i) 2 = 2 =
2
2
2
2
+ 1 + 2
+
2 2
2 2
2 2 1 2
ii) 2 = 2 2 =
=
=
2 + 2 2 2 1 + 2
+
2 2
2
3o 2 =
< < , .
4
2
(3) :
3
2
=
8= 3 32
4 1 2
32 + 8 3 = 0
8 10
6
1
=
= 3
3
=
[ =100]
3, < < .
2
1 2x
4o 2 x =
4
1 + 2x
2 =
1 2
, :
1 + 2
1 2x
2
1 2x ,
=
2 x =
2x = 2x
4
1 + 2x 1 + 2x
2
3.7 2
101
x
2
5o : 2 2 x= 2 2
(5) :
2 2 x = 2 2
x
2 2 x = 1 + x
2
2 (1 2 x) = 1 + x
2 x x = 0
x(x 1) = 0
x = 0 x = 1
x= 2
x= 2,
6o 84 2 4
(5) :
2
1 + 2 2 + 2 2
1 + 2
=
8 4 = 8( 2 ) 2 = 8
8
2
4
2
= 2 + 4 2 + 2 2= 2 + 4 2 + 1 + 4= 3 + 4 2 + 4
1. :
i) 2
3
3
4
4
ii) 1 2 2
12
iii) 2 21350 1
0
iv) 275
2
0
2. :
i) 22 2
ii) 2 2 1
4
3. :
2 + 2 = 2
i) ii)
1 75
iii) 23
1 2 3
2
= 2
1 2
2
= 22
+ =
iii) iv)
2
4. 2, :
3
3
4
i) =
< <
ii) =
< <
2
5
2
5
1
1
5. (+2), = =
4
3
102
3:
6. :
1
2
3
i)
+ 3=
2
ii) 2 + 2 2 = 2
2
1 2 + 2
iii) iv)
=
=
1 + 2 + 2
1 + 2
7. :
i)
2x x 1 = 0
ii) 2x 2x + x 1 = 0
8.
9. ,:
16
i) =
5
13
ii) =
0
<<
3
3
< < 2
5
2
10. :
x
i)
2x + 2 2 = 0
ii) x 2 2
x
2
2 x = 4 2
iii) 2
x
=0
2
iv) 2 x 1= 2 2
x
2
=
1. 0 < , :
2. :
1 2 .
2 + 1 2
= 2
(1 + )
2
3. : 2 4
3 1
=
8 8
4. :
i)
1 + 2 2
=
+
2
0
)
5. : (45=
ii)
3 4 2 + 4
= 4
3 + 4 2 + 4
2
1
=
2
1 + 2 2
15.
6. :
i) 2x = 2x
ii) x 2x = 3
7. : 4 = 8 4 8 2 + 1
3.8
103
8. :
i) 4
3 3
+ 4
=
8
8 4
ii) 4
3 3
+ 4
=
8
8 4
iii) 8 2 2 = 1 4
9. x =
, y =
, :
z =
+
+
+
2 x + 2 y + 2 z = 1.
2
3.8
.
,
.
:
( + ) = +
( ) =
( + ) + ( ) = 2
( )
2 = ( + ) +
( ) = +
(1)
( + ) =
:
2 = ( ) + ( + )
2 = ( ) ( + )
(2)
(3)
104
3:
. ,
+=
= ,
+
2
= + + = 2, =
2
+
(1) 2
= + .
2
2
:
+ = + + = 2, =
+ = 2
2
2
(4)
(4) , :
= 2
2
2
(5)
, (2), :
+ = 2
(3) 2
2
2
(6)
= ,
2
2
= 2
2
2
(7)
3.8
105
-
1 : 6x3x=5x4x
(1)
,
3x = 2 + x
x =
2 +
x =
4
2 : 3x+x=2x
3x + x
3x x
= 2xx
2
2
2 2xx = 2xx
2xx xx = 0
x( 2x x) = 0
(1) 2
x = 0 (2)
(2) x =
2x = x (3)
x = 2 ,
2
2
2x= 2 + 2 x
,
( 3) 2x = ( x)
2
2x= 2 x
2
4 +
x =
3x= 2 + 2
6
,
,
x= 2
x= 2
2
2
(1)
106
3:
3 :
+ + = 4
2
2
2
+ + = 2
= 2
+ 2
2
2
2
2
+ 2
2
2
2
2
+ =
2
2 2
2
2
2
= 2 2 = 4
2
2
2
2
2
2
= 2
1. , , :
i) 75 15
ii) 105 15
11
7
13
iv)
12
12
2
12
2. :
i) 2x 2x ii) 2 4x 2x iii) 23x5x
iv) 6x 2x v) ( x)( + x)
4
4
3. :
iii)
3.8
107
6. ,
:
= 2
i) 2 + 2 = 2( ) ii)
2
7. :
i) 3 5 = ii) + 3 + 5 = 3
+ 3 + 5
3 + 5
iii) 2 + 36 = 5
2 + 36
8. :
i) 3x x = 2x
ii) 5x x = 3x
iii) 3x + 6x + 9x = 0
1. :
1
i) 250
= 1
2 20
ii) 252 68 2 47 77 265 81 = 1
2.
4 = 1 , = 30.
3. :
+
2
i) 2
ii) 2
4. :
i) + + , , [0, ]
2
2
ii) + + , , [ , ]
2 2
2
2
5. :
i) + ( ) = 2 ii) ( ) = 2
108
3:
iii) + + = 1 + 4
2
2
2
6. ,
:
2 2
=
1
2
2
7. , , = + ,
=90 =90 .
3.9 f(x)=x+x
f(x)=x,
> 0 2
. .
, .., f(x)=2x,
:
y
2
y = x
y = 2x
1
2
f(x)=(x+)
f (x) = 2(x + ).
g(x) = 2x , x, x + ,
f (x)
= g(x + )
4
f g ,
4
.
g(x) = 2x 2, 2
2.
3.9 f(x)=x+x
109
f 2
2 2.
y = 2(x + )
4
y = 2x. :
2
y = 2x(x+
4)
4
5
4
3
4
7
4
3
2
y = 2x
2
, f(x)=(x+), >0
g(x) = x . :
f(x)=(x+) 2 .
f(x)=x+x, , 0
f(x)=x+x.
.
:
x + x = x + x
4
x + x
4 x =
4
4
= x +
4
4
x +
=
= 2 x +
4
2
2 x + . f
4
2 2 2.
f (x)
=
110
3:
g(x)
= 2x
4
, :
y
y = 2x(x+ 4 )
5
4
3
4
7
4 2
y = 2x
, 0 , x :
x + x = (x + )
= 2 + 2
=
(,)
x
. :
= ( ) =
M(,)
2 + 2
x + x = x + x
= (x + x)
= (x + )
f(x)=x+x, , 0 f (x) = (x + ).
3.9 f(x)=x+x
111
1 i) f (x)= 2(2x )
3
ii) f (x) = 2x 3 2x
i) f f (x) = 2 2(x ) . 6
g(x) = 2 2x , x
x .
6
f
g .
6
2
g(x) = 2 2x
= , 2
2
2. f , 2 2. f g
.
y
2
y = 2x(2x )
3
3
2
y = 22x
2
ii) 2x 3 2x t + t =1,
= 3 t 2x. (2x + ).
2
2
12 + ( 3)=
=
4 2
=
, =
3
= 3
f (x) = 2x 3 2x = 2(2x )
3
.
112
3:
3 4x + 4x = 2
1 t + t = 3,
=1 t 4x. (4x+).
2
( 3) 2 + 1=
=
4 2
3
=
2 ,
.
=
6
1
=
34x + 4x = 2 4x +
6
2 4x + =
6
2 4x + =
6
2
4x + =
6
4
4x + 6 = 2 + 4
4x + = 2 + ( )
6
4
x=
+
2 48
7
x =
+
2 48
3
2
1 = 2t 2 = 2 t +
.
3
= 1 + 2 = 2t + 2 t +
2
2
= 2t + 2 t
+ t
3
3
3
= 2t + 2 t +
t
2
2
3.9 f(x)=x+x
113
= t + 3t
= 2 t + ,
3
A
1. , :
i) f (x) = 2 x +
3
ii) f (x) = x
2
2. f (x) = ( x + ) :
i) f (x)
=
3x x
iii) f (x) = x 3x
ii) f (x) = x + x
iv) f (x) = x x
3. 2.
4. :
i) 3x x = 2, ii) x x = 1, iii) 2x + 6x + 2 = 0
B
1. -
, :
(MA) + (MB) = 2 6
2. 2m . ,
()+() .
i) ()+()
.
ii)
()+() .
O
2m
114
3:
3. :
4. : 2x( 3x x)
=
2 1
i) :
h=
40
+ + 1
ii) h
;
M
6. :
i)
= 1 + 2 + 2.
ii)
;
3.10
,
, ,
, .
,
.
= = = 2R
R, .
3.10
115
(,R) .
,
. :
=
()
=
,
() 2R
= 2R
(1)
= 2R
A = 90 , : =1 =2R
(. 3).
= 2R.
= 2R
:
= 2R
= = = 2R
:
i)
ii) .
116
3:
1o = 15, = 43 = 82.
A + B + =180 , :=
180 A =
B 180 43 82
=
55
, :
15
=
=
43 82 55
430
15 82 15 0,9903
=
22
43
0, 6820
15 55 15 0,8192
=
18
43
0, 6820
820
=15
2 = 23, = 31 = 35
:
23
31
= =
35
=
23 35 23 0,5736
0, 4255
31
31
=31
350
=23
250 1550
< , < .
25.
=
180 180 25 35
=
120
, (1),
31
31 120 31 0,8660
=
=
47
35 120
35
0,5736
3.10
117
3
F1, F2
F3
1, 2 3,
. , :
F3
F1
F2
=
=
1 2 3
F1
2
3
1
F2
F3
, F F1 F2
, F3 .
:
F3
F
F2
()
()
()
=
=
1 =
=
,
1 2 3
=
180 1 ,
=
180 2
=
180 3 .
. .
:
2 = 2 + 2 2
2 = 2 + 2 2
2 = 2 + 2 2
118
3:
.
.
x .
(,0),
(x, y)
(x, y)
B(, 0)
O=A
x
y
=
x = y =
(1)
(,0)
(x,y), :
= () =
(x ) 2 + (y 0) 2
, (1), :
2 = (x ) 2 + y 2 = ( ) 2 + () 2
= 2 2 + 2 2 + 2 2
= 2 ( 2 + 2 ) + 2 2
= 2 + 2 2.
, .
, ,
:
2 + 2 2
,
2
2 + 2 2
,
2
2 + 2 2
2
3.10
119
-
1o = 35, = 20 = 42
2
=
0,5589 . 56
35
=
202 + 422 2 20 42,
2
20
=
352 + 422 2 35 42, =
96
2 = 20, = 42 = 56
3 : =
, :
=
1
1
( ) (=
)
( ) ( )
2
2
1
A
=
2
( )
= ()
F2
= 90.
4 F1 F2
.
F
:
2
F=
F12 + F22 + 2F1F2
F1
F2
F1
120
3:
() = F1 , ( ) = F2 () = F, :
F2 = () 2 = () 2 + ( ) 2 2()( )
= F12 + F22 2F1 F2 (180 )
= F12 + F22 + 2F1 F2
A
1. .
.
= 300m, = 63 = 56,
.
300m
630
560
2. 5 m
, .
.
5m
500
350
3. :
i) =
dx
,
(y x)
ii) = dx y
(y x)
x
d
4,25
3.10
121
6.
.
A
42m
55m
620
7.
:
20 cm
cm
40
60 cm
8.
2 + 2 + 2
+
+
=
9. :
+ =
10. = ,
= .
11. = 2, =
.
B
* 1. = 2, :
i) =
ii) 2 2 =
2. :
= (x x)
450
3. :
i) = ,
ii) = + ,
.
4. = ,
.
122
3:
5. :
=
+
2
2
6. :
() 2 =
5 + 3 2
2
7.
:
i) x 2 + y 2 = 2 2 + 22
ii) ( ) = 2
y
B
(' )
I. .
+ = 2 + = 2.
2
=
,
2.
2
.
3. (x.y) x = 1 + 2t,
y = 3 + 2t, (1,3) = 2.
4. :
1 + x x
x x
ii)
+
=
4
=3
x 1 + x
1 x
5. i) 0 < x < , x + x 2
2
+
<
ii) 0 < < , <
+
2
i)
6. 2 2x = 1 (4, 5).
3
( )
123
7. -
4m, o 10m
8
.
10m
1sec, 2sec, 5sec
t sec.
.
O 4m
8.
i) x x = 22x ii) x 22x 4x 8x = x
9. 3 = 3 43 :
0
i) 8x 3 6x + 2 =
ii) 8x 3 6x 1 =
0
1 2
11. 2 =
2 =
2
1
+
1 + 2
f (x) =
[0,
10
].
9
1 + x
, x (, ) 5 + 4x
12. N : x + x
2x
= x
4
2 +1
13. - O
, =
20m, .
rad S m2
;
i) =
S 400 2 + 400
ii) S
S = (2 + ) + c
20m
124
3:
iii) , S ,
.
14.
= x,
. MAB
MA =y A = ,
:
2 = x y
15.
300 450
= 3.
125
126
+ =
( ) =
4
-
4.1
x .
x x,
.
x .
3
, : 2x 3 , x 5 , 0x 4 , 2x : 2,
5
3 , 0 x.
x :
x + 1x 1 + ................. + 1x + 0 ,
0 , 1 , ...., .
x , 1x 1 , ...., 1x , 0 , 1 , ...., 1 , 0 . 0 .
0, ,
. 0 .
, 3x 3 + 2x 2 x + 2, 0x 2 5x + 1,
2
1
5x 3 x 2 + 0x + 2, 0 . x.
3
3
4.1
129
:
x + ................. + 1 x + 0 x + ................. + 1x + 0 ,
:
0 = 0 , 1 =1 , ....., = +1 = + 2 =.... = =0
0x 4 + 0x 3 + 2x 2 x + 1 2x 2 x + 1
. x 2 + x + 2x + 3
=3, =2 =0.
P(x), Q(x), .
P(x) = x + 1x 1 + ................. + 1x + 0
, (x)
0 ( ).
,
(x) :
x + 1x 1 + ................. + 1x + 0 , 0
(x).
0.
.
4x 3 + 3x 7 3 P(x) =
, Q(x) = 7 .
P(x) = x + 1x 1 + ................. + 1x + 0
.
x ,
P() = + 11 + ................. + 1 + 0 x=.
()=0, o . ,
x 3 + 2x 2 + 4x + 1,
P(x) =
x=1 P(1) =13 + 2 12 + 4 1 + 1 =6,
x = 1 P(1) =(1)3 + 2 (1) 2 + 4 (1) + 1 =0 ,
1 (x).
:
c c x
x(*)
(*) , :
c x, c
x, .
130
4: -
, , , , :
1. i) (x 3 + 2x 2 5x + 7) + (4x 3 5x 2 + 3) = x 3 + 2x 2 5x + 7 + 4x 3 5x 2 + 3
= (1 + 4) x 3 + (2 5)x 2 5x + (7 + 3)
= 5x 3 3x 2 5x + 10
ii)
[ 3 ]
(2x 3 x 2 + 1) + (2x 3 + 2x 3) = 2x 3 x 2 + 1 2x 3 + 2x 3
=
x 2 + 2x 2
iii)
2.
(x 3 3x 2 1) + ( x 3 + 3x 2 + 1) =x 3 3x 2 1 x 3 + 3x 2 + 1 =0
[ 2 ]
[ ]
(x 3 + 2x 2 5x + 7) (4x 3 5x 2 + 3) = x 3 + 2x 2 5x + 7 4x 3 + 5x 2 3
=
3x 3 + 7x 2 5x + 4
3.
(x + 5x)(2x + 3x =
1) x (2x + 3x 1) + 5x(2x 3 + 3x 1)
= 2x 5 + 3x 3 x 2 + 10x 4 + 15x 2 5x
=2x 5 + 10x 4 + 3x 3 + 14x 2 5x
[ 5 ]
:
,
.
.
-
1 i)
P(x) = ( 2 1)x 3 + ( 2 3 + 2)x + 1 .
ii)
i) To (x) ,
:
2 1 =0, 2 3 + 2 = 0 1 = 0
= 1. = 1
(x) .
4.1
131
2
2
P(1) =1 (1) + 3(1) + 1 =1
2 4 =0
= 2 =2
: 2 , 2.
'
1. x:
i) 1 x 3 ii) 3 3 2 x + 3x 2 x 3
1
1
iii) x +
iv) x 4 2x 3 + 4x 1
x
2. P(x) = x 2 5x + 2 Q(x) = x 3 + 3x + 1.
:
i) P(x) + Q(x)
iv) [P(x)]2
3. ,
1
P(x)= (43 )x 3 + 4( 2 )x 2 + 1
4
.
4. P(x) = ( 2 3)x 3 + x 2 +
Q(x) = 2x 3 + 2 x 2 + (3 1)x + 1 .
5. , , .
i) P(x) = 2x 3 3x 2 + 2x + 7
x=1
x = 1,
4
ii) Q(x) =
x=1,
x=3.
x = 1,
x + 1
6. k 2
P(x) = x 3 kx 2 + 5x + k.
132
4: -
R P(x)
7. a ,
= 5x 2 + 3x + 2 2
x = 1 1.
'
4.2
. :
d 0 , ,
0<
=+,
(1)
.
, , .
. :
(x) 0
4.2
133
(x) (x)
(x) (x), ,
.
x 3 5x 2 + 2x 1 x 3.
1. .
2. x 2
x 3 x .
3. x 2 x 3
x 3 3x 2
. 2x 2 + 2x 1.
4. 2 3
2x 2 + 2x 1.
4x 1.
5. 2
3 4x 1.
13
x 2 2x 4.
:
3
x 5x + 2x 1= (x 3) (x 2x 4) + (13)
() = () () + ()
.
4x 4 + x 2 3x 1
2x 2 + x, :
x 3 5x 2 + 2x 1
x 3 5x 2 + 2x 1
x 3
x 3
x2
x 3 5x 2 + 2x 1 x 3
x2
x 3 + 3x 2
2x 2 + 2x 1
x 3 5x 2 + 2x 1 x 3
x 2 2x
x 3 + 3x 2
2x 2 + 2x 1
2x 2 6x
4x 1
x 3 5x 2 + 2x 1
x 3 + 3x 2
2x 2 + 2x 1
x 3
x 2x 4
2
2x 2 6x
4x 1
4x 12
13
4x 4 + 0x 3 + x 2 3x 1 2x 2 + x
2x 2 x + 1
4x 4 2x 3
2x 3 + x 2 3x 1
2x 3 + x 2
2x 2 3x 1
2x 2 x
4x 1
134
4: -
x 3 .
2x 3 + 2x 2 x 1 2x 2 1
2x 3 + 2x 2 x 1
2x 3
+x
2x
2x
2x 2 1
x +1
1
2
+1
0
,
.
0.
.
, (x) = 0,
(x)
x x=.
= ()
4.2
135
, P(x) =x 3 + 3x 2 13x 15
x 2 = P(2) = 23 + 3 22 13 2 15 = 21, x+1
x (1), = P(1) = (1)3 + 3 (1) 2 13 (1) 15 = 0. :
P(1) =
0, 1 (x)
P(x) = (x + 1)(x) + 0 = (x + 1)(x), x+1
(x).
:
(x) x
(x),
() = 0.
x (x).
P(x)= (x )(x)
x =
P() = ( )() = 0,
(x).
: (x), () = 0.
P(x)= (x )(x) + P()
P(x)= (x )(x),
x (x).
-
1o x+2 x 1
P(x) = x 3 + x 2 x + 2.
136
4: -
2o :
i) P(x) = x 3 3x 2 + 3x 1 x+
.
ii) Q(x) = 2 x4 + 3x 2 3 x 1
1.
i) x + = x (), (x) x+
= P(). , = 0 :
P()= 0 ()3 3() 2 + 3() 1= 0
3 3 2 3 1 =0
3 + 3 2 + 3 + 1 =0
( + 1)3 = 0
= 1
Horner ()
, .. P(x) = 3x 3 8x 2 + 7x + 2, x . (x) x :
3x 3 8x 2
3
+ 7x + 2
3x + 3x
(3 8)x 2
x
3x + (3 8)x + (3 8) + 7
2
+ 7x + 2
(3 8)x + (3 8)x
[(3 8) + 7]x + 2
[(3 8) + 7]x + [(3 8) + 7]
[(3 8) + 7] + 2
P( )
Horner
4.2
137
P(x)
3
3
(38)
[(38)+7]
38
(38)+7
[(38)+7]+2
:
(x)
(x).
:
.
.
(x) (x ), (x) x = .
.
Horner
P(x) = 3x 5 + 3x 4 + 6x 13 x 2.
3
6
9
18
18
36
36
72
78
13
156
143
=2
0
x .
, Horner
, .
, (2) x 2.
Horner (x)
. , x
(), Horner.
138
4: -
1o (4x 2 8x + 4 2 ) : (x )
Horner 4x 2 8x + 4 2 x :
4
4
42
-8
-4
-4
2 , :
(x )= (x )(x 1 + x 2 + x 3 2 + ...... + 1 )
o
Horner x x
1
.......
2
2
.......
-1
.......
-1
(x ) : (x ) ,
(x)
= x 1 + x 2 + 2 x 3 + ...... + 1
, :
x = (x )(x) + 0
x = (x )(x 1 + x 2 + x 3 2 + ...... + 1 )
3o x+ x + , 0. ' , x +
(x+) (x).
P(x)= x + , P() = () + .
:
, P() = + =2 0,
(x). x+ x + .
, P() = + = 0
(x).
x+ x + .
, 2 : x + = (x + )(x 1 x 2 + x 3 2 ...... + 1 )
4.2
139
1.
.
vi) (x 5 + 7) : (x 3 1)
2. (18x 80 6x 50 + 4x 20 2) : (x + 1).
3. k, x1
2 4
2
g(x) = k x + 3kx 4.
4. Horner
:
iii) (x 5 + 1) : (x 1) iv) 3x 4 : (x 2)
v) (4x 3 + 16x 2 23x 15) : (x + 1 )
2
i) P(x) =
x 4 25x 2 + 144,
x+3
7. , x+y
x y .
8.
x .
5x 6 3x 2 4
i) P(x) = 4x 4 + 7x 2 + 12 ii) Q(x) =
9. , x+1
x + 1. (x + 1) : (x + 1).
10. :
i) (3x 2 2x 8 2 ) : (x 2) ii) (x 3 + x 2 2 x 3 ) : (x + )
140
4: -
1. , , x
x , (, ).
2. i) (x)
= P .
ii) , x 3 + x+.
x+,
4.3
x +=
0, x 2 + x +=
0 x 4 + x 2 + = 0, 0
(x) = 0, (x) , .
:
x + 1x 1 + ...... + 1x + 0 = 0,
0 3x 6 + 5x 2 + 1 =0 , 2x 3 5x 2 + x 2 =
3 6 .
P(x) = x + 1x 1 + ...... + 1x + 0 , ,
() = 0.
1 2 , 3 4
.
.
4.3
141
, 4 . ,
2, .
P1 (x)
P2 (x) ...... Pk (x) =0 (P1 (x) =0 P2 (x) = 0 ... Pk (x) = 0)
, (x) = 0, (x)
.
0. :
, x 3 3x + 2 =
x 3 3x + 2 = 0 x 3 x 2x + 2 = 0
0
x(x 2 1) 2(x 1) =
0
(x 1)[x(x + 1) 2] =
0
(x 1)(x 2 + x 2) =
2
x 1 =0 x + x 2 =
0
x=
1 x = 2
x-
, .
( )
x + 1x 1 + ...... + 1x + 0 = 0 , . 0 ,
0.
0 ,
+ 11 + ...... + 1 + 0 = 0 0 = 11 ...... 1
0 = ( 1 1 2 ...... 1 )
, 1, ,2,..., 1 12 ...... 1
. ,
0.
142
4: -
0
1 x 3 3x 2 + x + 2 =
1, 2 .
Horner P(x) = x 3 3x 2 + x + 2.
:
1
-3
=1
-2
-1
1
1
-2
-1
1 (x)
1
1
2
= 1
-3
-1
-5
-4
-3
-3
-2
-2
-1
-1
P(1)= 1 0
P(1) =3 0
1 (x)
=2
P(2) = 0
2 (x)
x2 (x).
P(x) = (x 2)(x 2 x 1)
(x 2)(x 2 x 1) =
0 2,
1 5
1+ 5
.
2
2
. 0 ,
.. =1.
0.
2o x4 + 5x 3 + 9x 2 + 8x + 4 =
4 : 1, 2, 4. , 1, 2, 4 .
1, 2, 4.
4.3
143
, P(1) =1 0 ,
= 2 :
1
1
-2
-6
-6
=2
P(2) =
0
2 (x)
(x + 2)(x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 2) =
0
Q(x) = x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 2
= 2
1
1
-2
-2
-2
=2
Q(2)=0
2 Q(x)
x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 2 = (x + 2)(x 2 + x + 1)
(x + 2) 2 (x 2 + x + 1) =
0
2.
= A(x) B(x) .... (x)
P(x)
, A(x), B(x),...., (x)
x + () x 2 + x + ().
P(x) , .
x
P(x) = (x 1)(x 2 + x 6)(2x 2 + x + 1).
:
0
x 1 0 x 1,
x 1 x >1 , x =1 x <1 .
144
4: -
0 x 2 + x 6 0 (x + 3)(x 2) 0 x 3 x 2
x 2 + x 6 x < 3 x > 2 , x = 3
x = 2 3 < x < 2.
0 2x 2 + x + 1 = 1 8 = 7 < 0,
x .
, , P(x) , .
x
-3
x-1
x + x-6
2x2+ x+1
P(x)
2
1
-
2
+
+
+
+
+
0
0
+
+
+
+
+
x 3 3x 2 + x + 2 > 0
1,
1 5
1+ 5
(x 2) x
x
> 0.
2
2
P(x) = x 3 3x 2 + x + 2 :
(x 2)(x 2 x 1) > 0
1 (2, +) (x) ,
4.3
145
1+ 5
.
(x) ,
2 , 2
, x2, . ,
(x) .
+
1 5
2
1+ 5
2
,
. , ,
:
f (x) = x + 1x 1 + ...... + 1x + 0
, < f(),
f() ,
f(x) = 0 , .
:
f (, f()) (,f())
x'x,
.
y
f()
O
f()
y
(,f())
(,f())
f()
x1
x2
x1 x2
x
(,f()) f()
(,f())
x3
146
4: -
x 3 3x + 1 =
0 1 2.
.
B(2,3)
3
f (x) = x 3x + 1
1o :
f (1) =1 < 0
f (2)= 3 > 0
1,5
A(1,1)
, ,
(1,2)
2o : 1,1, 1,2,
... 1,9 :
f (1,5) 0,13 < 0
f (1,54) 0, 03 > 0
(1,53 , 1,54)
1,53 < < 1,54.
= 1,5.
1. .
i) 5x 4 = 6x 2
iii) 3x 5 + 5x 4 = 3x 3 + 5x 2
3
0
v) x + x 2 =
vii) (x + 1)3 + 1 =0
ix) x 3 +=
8 7(x 2 + 5x + 6) + 9x 2 36
ii) x 3 + 2x 2 9x 18 =
0
iv) x 6 64 =
0
vi) x 3 7x + 6 =
0
viii) 7(3x + 2)2 (1 x)2 (3x + 2)(1 x)3 =
0
x) x 4 3x 3 + 6x 4 =
0
4.3
147
2.
0 ii) 3x 3 + 8x 2 15x + 4 =
0
i) x 3 3x 2 + x + 2 =
0 iv) x 3 + 2x 2 + 7x + 6 =
0
iii) x 3 10x 12 =
3. .
0
i) x 4 + 3x 2 =
0
ii) 2x 4 3x 3 + 6x 2 24x + 5 =
4. ,
x.
( x 2 + 4)(x 2 3x + 2)(x 2 + x + 1)
ii) Q(x) =
5. :
i) 2x 5 162x 0
iii) x 3 3x + 2 < 0
iv) x 4 x 3 + x 2 3x 6 0
7. x'x
:
8. , f (x) =x 4 5x 3 + 3x 2 + x
x'x.
9. :
x
x
iii) 6
0
+ 5
6 =
x +1
x +1
0 (0,1)
10. x 3 + 5x 3 =
.
148
4: -
'
1. :
i)
5
22
5
1 3 1 2 1
4
0
x + x + x =
0, ii) x 3 x 2 x + =
6
3
2
10
2
5
5
2. , P(x)= x 4 + x 3 + x 2 16x 12
x+1 x 2.
(x) = 0.
3. k ,
x 3 x 2 + kx + 3 =
0 .
* 4. x + 2x 2 =0, N, 2, * ,
.
5. P(x) =x 6 5x 4 10x 2 + k k
x 1 (x). k
(x) = 0.
x
6.
5dm
9dm,
.
, dm
21dm3.
7. t
3t 2 + t
c = 3
. ,
t + 50
0.
3t 4 + 2t 3 300t 200 =
t .
8. 36m3,
x.
1m
xm
xm
xm
4.3
149
9. .
V,
=
V
500
(2000 100 + 20 2 3 ),
3
.
10. t
,
mm d 15t(t 2 6t 9). =
;
i)
(1,2)
1 1
B( , ).
2 2
ii)
y=x3+x2 x .
x 3 + x 2 5x + 3 =
0
iii)
.
12.
11. ,
,
108cm ( ).
,
11664 cm3.
150
4: -
13.
.
xcm
:
x+2 cm
200ml ,
x+1 cm
1cm,
.
x 3 + 3x 2 + 2x 200 =
0. x
mm.
r+10 cm
r cm
mm. (
h+5cm
5cm
1000
318 ).
) , 250ml,
5cm .
h ( ).
h+
) 1lit,
10cm .
r 3 + 10r 2 318 =
0 r
4.4
, ,
.
.
1o x 2 +
2
1
=
0
2x 1 x(2x 1)
1
x x 0 x .
2
:
4.4
x2 +
151
2
1
2
1
0
x(2x 1)x 2 + x(2x 1)
0
=
x(2x 1)
=
2x 1 x(2x 1)
2x 1
x(2x 1)
2x 4 x 3 + 2x 1 =0
x 3 (2x 1) + 2x 1 =0
0
(2x 1)(x 3 + 1) =
1 1. 2
x = 1.
2
x= x 2.
x 0. , x = x 2 4x + 4, x 2 5x + 4 =
0
x1 = 4 x2 = 1. x, x 0 .
, :
x = 4 : 4= 4 2
x = 1 : 1 = 1 2 .
x=4.
,
,
. .
3o
2x + 7 x =
2.
x
x 7 . ' x :
2
( )
2x + 7 = x + 2
( 2x + 7 ) 2 =(x + 2) 2
( )
2x + 7 = x 2 + 4x + 4
x 2 + 2x 3 =
0
3 1. x=1 .
152
4: -
2x + 6 x + 4 =
1.
x , 2x + 6 0
x + 4 0, x 3. ' x :
2x + 6 =1 + x + 4
( 2x + 6) 2 =(1 + x + 4) 2
( )
( )
2x + 6 =1 + 2 x + 4 + x + 4
x +=
1 2 x+4
(x + 1) 2 = 4(x + 4)
( )
x 2 2x 15 =
0
3 5.
x = 5 .
2, 3 4,
x ,
.
(x)
B(x) > 0 (< 0)
.
:
A(x)
A(x)
> 0 A(x) B(x) > 0
< 0 A(x) B(x) < 0,
B(x)
B(x)
, A(x) B(x) > 0 A(x) B(x) < 0
(x).
,
(x 1)(2x 2 + x + 1)
> 0.
x2 + x 6
4.4
153
A(x)
0 B(x)
x
x 2 4x + 3
0. :
x 2 + 3x 4
x 2 4x + 3
2
0 (x 2 4x + 3)(x 2 + 3x 4) 0 x + 3x 4 0.
2
x + 3x 4
x 2 4x + 3 1 3 ,
x 2 + 3x 4 1 4 .
:
P(x) = (x 2 4x + 3)(x 2 + 3x 4)
x
-4
x - 4x + 3
x2 + 3x-4
P(x)
2
+
+
+
1
0
0
0
+
0
0
+
-
3
0
0
+
+
+
+
x (, 4) [3, +).
1. :
3x 2 1
2
x 2 3x + 2
x2
2
4
i)
2
=
ii)
=
2
x 1 x +1 x 1
x 1 x x
x
3
2
2. : 2 x + x + 2x 2 = 0
3. :
i)
iv)
x 3 = 4x
x + 3 = x +1
ii)
3x 2 =
4
v)
x + 3=
iii)
10 x + 1 vi)
x 8
+ 3 viii) 1 + 2 x = x + 1
2 x
4. :
2x + 1
x2
0
ii)
i)
>0
x 3
x +1
5x 1 =4
x + x 20 =
10
x
vii) =
iii)
x2 x 2
0
x2 + x 2
154
4: -
5. :
2x + 3
x2
i)
ii)
>4
4
x 1
3x + 5
x
2
x
3
iv)
v)
2x 1 x + 2
3x 5 x 1
6. : x 2 +
iii)
x 2 3x 10
+20
x 1
2
1
2x 1 x(2x 1)
B
1. :
x 3 > x 5
i) 2x + 3 < 1 3x ii)
2. :
0 ii)
i) x + 3 x 10 =
3. :
i) x 2 + x 4=
x 2 + x 2 ii)
x2 + 3 x 6 =
0
x 1 + x 4=
x+4
4. :
i)
x 1 = ii)
4x 2 + =
1 2x
5. 2 4 x 33 x 3 2 x 3x + 4 = 0
( )
0
i) x 4 + 2x 3 + 2x + 1 =
0
ii) x 4 + x 3 4x 2 + x + 1 =
( x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + x + = 0,
0.
).
4.4
155
: x2
x +
1
=
y.
x
4.
0
i) x 4 + x 3 16x 2 2x + 4 =
0
ii) x 4 + 8x 3 + 13x 2 8x + 1 =
5. (x 2 + 2x 1) 2 3(x 2 + 2x + 3) + 14 =
0
: x 2 + 2x 1 =y.
6. , x 5 + 3x 2 + x + , x 2 2, 5x+8.
7. P(x) =
x17 12x16 + 12x15 12x14 + ... + 12x 1,
(11) (13).
8.
. C
, x
10x 3 100x 2 + 270x 180.
=
i) ;
ii) ;
156
4: -
2 = 1, 414213,
= 2.
2
2,
157
x1,2 =
2 4
2
x 3 + x = (*)
3
+ + + 3 +
x=
2
2
2 2
2 2
* 3 : x 3 + x 2 + x + = 0
x= y x 3 + Ax =
B.
3
158
4: -
4
5
5.1
. :
, :
.... ,
>1
=
, *
=1
,
:
3
1
1 1 1 1
=
=
8
2 2 2 2
1 1
0 =
1 =
=
, 0 *
. :
2
9
2
3
=
=
4
3
2
1
1
2 2 , 5 4
, 0, .
. O
, . T 2
.. 35 ; Av ( p )q =
pq
, :
2
5 5
2
5
5
(3 =
) 3= 32
5.1
161
2
5
3 x 5 = 32 , 5 32 .
2
3 5 = 5 32 .
Av >0, , :
, , , , 0 = 0.
2
..
=
82
=
83
4
3
27
=
=
64 4
27 4
=
1
=
27 4
1
1
= 4
4
3
27
, .
To . ..
4
1 1
+
3
3 = 4 3 = 4
= 12 = 12 7
:
21,4
1,43,421
1.4
7
3
x 1.4
( 7 3 )
x 3.21 +/
x
:
x x , ;
3 2 ;
( B' . 104)
2 , , .
1, 1,4, 1,41, 1,414, 1,4142,
1,41421, 1,414213,.... (1)
162
5:
2
3:
31, 31,4, 31,41, 31,414, 31,4142, 31,41421, 31,414213, (2)
:
31 = 3
31,4 4, 6555367
31,41 4, 7069650
31,414 4, 7276950
31,4142 4, 7287339
31,41421 4, 7287839
31,414213 4, 7288015
Av :
(1) ,
(2) ,
. 3 2 . 3 2 4, 7288.
:
Av >0, x x ,
+ , ( )
,
( ).
To x x.
:
x= lim
, x>0, 0x=0.
O
:
3
32
2
2
xy
xy
exp
5.1
163
, ' , .
:
, x, x1 , x 2 , :
x1 x 2 = x1 + x 2
x1 : x 2 =
x1 x 2
( x1 ) x 2 =
x1x 2
x
( )x = x
( ) x = x x
. x
x . x x,
:
f : f (x) = x ,
, 1,
.
= 1, f(x) = 1.
f(x) = 2x .
:
x
y=2x
-5
1
32
-4
1
16
-3
1
8
-2
1
4
-1
1
2
16
32
(x, y)
.
,
f (x) = x
>1,
:
y
y=2x
1
0
x
1
164
5:
.
(0, +)
.
.
x1 , x 2 :
x1 < x 2 , x < x
y'y (0,1) x.
1
y
x2
x1
y=x , >1
A(0,1)
x
x1
x2
1
g(x) = .
2
:
x
-5
x
1
32
2
-4
-3
-2
-1
16
1
1
2
2
1
4
3
1
8
(x, y)
.
,
y=( 1 )
2
:
.
(0, +)
.
.
x1 , x 2 :
1
5
1
32
f (x) = x 0<<1,
x1 < x 2 , x > x
4
1
16
y
x1
y=, 0<<1
x 2
y'y (0,1) x.
A(0,1)
x1
x2
5.1
165
x
1
x
f(x) = 2 g(x) =
2
x :
x
1
1
g(x)= = x= 2 x= f ( x)
2
2
y'y.
y=2x
y=2 x
1
x
f(x)=x, 0 < 1,
x1 x 2 , x1 x 2
, , :
x1
= x 2 , x1 = x 2 .
, :
x1 = x 2 x1 =x 2
y
x 2
x 1
x 1
x 2
x1
x2
x1
x2
,
.
.
166
5:
1 :
1
i) 23x =
64
0
ii) 9x 8 3x 9 =
i) :
23x =
1
23x = 26
64
3x =
6
x=
2
11
ii)
32x 8 3x 9 = 0 (3x ) 2 8 3x 9 = 0
3x = y, y28y9 = 0 1 9.
:
3x = 1 3x = 9
' , 3x> 0, 3x = 32
x=2, .
2o :
2 3x 3 2y =22
1 y
x
9
5 3 + 2 =
2
)
((
3x = 2y = :
2 3 = 22
1
5 + 2 = 9
= 1 = 8,
3x = 30
3x = 1
y
2 = 8
x = 0 y = 3.
y
3
2 = 2
5.1
167
3o :
2
1
2
1
9
ii) ( )x
i)
3x 3x >
i)
3x
3x
>
+x
<
1
4
2
1
3x 3x > 32
9 x 2 3x > 2
3 > 1
x 3x + 2 > 0
x <1
x>2
ii)
1 2
1
1 2
1
( )x +x < ( )x +x < ( )2
2
4
2
2
x2 + x > 2
x2 + x 2 > 0
x < 2 x > 1
1
<1
2
4o :
i) f (x) = 2x 3
.
ii) g
(x) = 2x 3
.
iii) h
(x) = 2x
3
2 .
y
y
y=2 x+3
3
O
y=2 x
y=2x3+2
A(3,3)
1
O
y=2x3
3
1
y=2
y=2 x
2
x
x
1
168
5:
e
. 1 ,
100% 1, 2, 3, ... ,
, .
:
= 0 (1 + ) , =
.
100
=1, =1 1= 1(1 + 1)1= 2 .
2
1
1
2= 11 + = 2, 25 .
=2, =
2
2
3
1
1
=3, = 3= 11 + = 2, 44 .
3
3
............................................................................................................................
1
1 1
= 11 + = 1 + .
=, =
:
1
1
1 +
2,25
2,441406
2,613035
1000
10000
100000
1000000
2,716923
2,718145
2,718268
2,718280
( ) (
12
) (
52
) (
2,704813
1
, , 1 +
. e. ,
Leohard Euler (1707-1783). e
e = 2,71828.
1
e lim 1 +
=
5.1
169
. ,
, .
y
e. f(x) = ex.
y=e x
.
1
O
e
Q(t)
= Q0 ec t
(1)
, t. To Qo Q ( t = 0) Q0 > 0, c
. . c > 0 Q
, c<0 Q
.
, , .
= 200 e 0,3t .
t ( ) Q(t)
7 :
Q(7) = 200e 0,3 7 200(2, 718) 2,1 24,5 .
.
:
14
(C )
5730
226
(Ra )
1600
(210)
138
32
( )
14
170
5:
5 ,
Q(t) = Q 0 2
t
5
5 , Q(t)
= Q0 ec t
:
Q
1
0
=Q 0 e c 5 e5 c =
Q(t) = Q0 2 5.
2
1
1
ec = 5 = 2 5
2
1. :
1
i) f (x) = 3x
f1 (x) = ( ) x
3
ii) f (x) = 3x ,
f 2 (x)
= 3x + 2
f 3 (x)
= 3x 3
iii) f (x) = 3x ,
f 4 (x) = 3x 2
f 5 (x) = 3x + 2
iv) f (x) = 3x
f 6 (x)
= 3x 2 + 1
v) g(x) = e x , g1 (x) = e x + 2 , g 2 (x) = e x g 3 (x)
= e x + 2
2. :
i) 2 x = 64
ii) ( 1 ) x = 1
iii) ( 1 ) x = 4
2
8
2
3 x 64
4x
x +1
v) ( ) =
vi) 27 = 9 vii) 32x = 161 x
4
27
3. :
0
i) 22x +1 4 2 x =
2x +1
x
0
iii) 3 26 3 9 =
1
81
x2 x 2
=1
viii) 3
iv) 3 x =
0
ii) 2 4 x 5 2 x + 2 =
4. :
2
i) 5x 5x + 6 < 1
5. :
ii) 7 2x 4 > 7 x +1
1
82x +=
32 44y 1
i) x y
52y +1
5 5 =
3x + 2 y =
11
ii) x
y
7
3 2 =
1
1
iii) ( ) x +1 < ( ) 2x 4
2
2
5.1
171
6. :
e x : e y = 1
x
y
e2
e e =
2 x 2 y =
8
x
y
6
2 + 2 =
i)
ii)
1. , x
2
: f (x) =
. :
2 1
i)
ii)
2. :
45
7
+ x
x+2
3
3
x
x +3
x+4
x+2
2x
x
x 1
iii) 21 3 + 5 = 3 + 5 iv) 3 + 9 =11 4 + 4 x +1
0
i) 4 x 1 5 4 x 2 + 1 =
v) 4 x 3
1
2
x+
=3
1
2
ii) 3x + 3x 1 =
22x 1
3.
3y 2 x =
1
i) y
ii)
x
11
3 + 16 2 =
2 x 5y =
250
y x
40
2 5 =
4. :
x
x
i) f (x) = 3
ii) f (x) = 3
5. f (x)=
1 x
1 x
( + x ) g(x)=
( x ),
2
2
[f (x)]2 [g(x)]2 =
1
6. , 20% .
i)
t .
ii)
iii)
40
.
172
5:
7. 1600 .
5 ,
i) ,
t
1600
t Q(t) = 5(0,5)
ii) 600
2 .
iii) 20000 0,001
.
8.
40.000 15% 6
.
i)
6 .
ii) .
9. x , , x,
I(x)= I0 e 0,5x (x 0),
I .
i) e-0,5x x = 0, 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 .
ii) x,
,
I(x)
I0
() 1
() 0,1.
iii) .
10. T(t) ( C) , 0 ,
T(t)
= T0 (1 + e 2t ) (t 0)
i) e-2t t = 0,1, 2, 3
ii) t,
,
T(t)
T0
( ) 1,1
() 2.
5.2
173
t
RC
(t )
i)
q t.
ii) t
kRC (k )
:
1
1
q0
)
) q 0
10
2
c
R
5.2
1,7%.
1987 5 .
, ;
=1 (1 +
) (.
100
' ) t :
N(t) =
5 109 1, 017 t
t
N(t) = 2 5 109 ,
5 109 1, 017 t = 2 5 109
1, 017 t = 2
:
, - y
, f(t) = 1,017t
2
.
t 41. 1
41
1987, 2028.
O
10
(1)
y=1,017 t
20
40
40
174
5:
, ,
:
x = , > 0 1 > 0
,
f(x) = x . log
.
, > 0 1 > 0, :
a x = q x = loga q
:
O log o
:
log 2 8 = 3
1
log 4 2 =
2
log10 0, 001 = 3
log 0,5 0, 25 = 2
8 = 23
2=4
0, 001 = 103
0, 25 = 0,52
, > 0
1 , x > 0 :
log x =x log =
, 1 = 0 = 1, :
log 1 = 0 log =
=1
, .
, ,
, ,
.
5.2
175
>0 1, 1 , 2 , > 0 k :
log 1 + log 2
1. log (1=
2)
2
3. log =
k k log
1
2. log =
log 1 log 2
1. :
log 1 =x1
x1 =1
log 2 =x 2
x2 =
2
(1)
x1 x 2 = 12 ,
x1 + x 2 = 12
,
log (12 )= x1 + x 2
, (1), :
log (1=
log 1 + log 2
2)
2. .
3. :
(2)
log = x
x
= :
kx =
k
,
log k =kx
, (2), :
log k = k log
> 0
= ,
1
log =
log
log =
176
5:
:
A=
:
A=
1
log 2 256 + 2 log 2 3 log 2 18
2
1
log 2 256 + 2 log 2 3 log 2 18
2
2
[ 3]
18
[ 1,2]
3
= log
=
log=
3
28
2 2
,
10.
.
, log
log10.
:
log = x 10 x =
, :
log 213
213
log
= 2.328379603
log 0,325
0.325
log
= 0.488116639
e .
e. .
, ln,
loge.
:
ln = x e x =
5.2
177
, , :
ln 325
325
ln
5.783825172
ln0,37
0,37
ln
0.994252273
10
e,
. ,
.
,>0 , 1 , >0 : log =
log
log
log = x. = x , :
log=
log =
x x log=
log log
=
x log )
(
log log=
log , log =
log
log
:
log =
log
log
log =
ln
ln
log
log log, ln ln.
:
log
=
2 17
log17
= 4.087462841
log 2
log > 0 1
> 0, , > 0
1 > 0 .
178
5:
1 Richter R I
I
R = log
I 0
I 0 .
i) R I = 1000I 0
ii) I R I 0
iii)
1 Richter.
1000 0 R = log
i) =
I
:
I0
1000I0
=
R log=
log1000
= 3
I0
ii)
R = log
I
I
= 10R I = I0 10R
I0
I0
(1)
I'
I 10R '
10R +1
10, I=' 10 I
= 0=
=
R
R
I
I
10
10
0
I ' 10 I 1 Richter.
2 p . ' pH = log[H + ] ,
[H + ] H + .
i) pH :
~6, 3 103
: [H + ] ~ 5,0 109
: [H + ] -
ii) [H + ]
:
~ 4, 2
: pH~ 6,6
: pH -
5.2
179
i) pH log(6,3 103 ) 2, 2
pH log(5, 0 109 ) 8,3
ii) pH 4, 2 ,
4, 2 =
log[H + ] log[H + ] =
4, 2 [H + ] =
104,2 [H + ] =
6,3 105
pH 6, 6 ,
6, 6 =
log[H + ] log[H + ] =
6, 6 [H + ] =
106,6 [H + ] =
2,5 107
3o
32 N(t)
= N 0 e 0,0495t , t , 32.
t , N(t) =
N
1
N 0 e 0,0495t =0 e 0,0495t =
2
2
N0
. :
2
1
2
0, 0495t = 0, 69314718
0, 0495t =ln
t=
14
1. , , :
ii) log 1 10
iii) log 1 32
i) log10 0, 001
10
iv) log 9
27
3
8
27
vi) log 3
v) log 2 16
2. x :
1
ii) log 4 x =
i) log10 x = 3
iii) log
3. :
3
ii) log 8 =
i) log 16 = 4
x=
2
3
4. :
2 ii) 3log10 2 + log10 5 log10 4 =
1
i) log 2 3 + 2 log 2 4 log 2 12 =
iii)
1
1
1
log10 25 + log10 8 log10 32 =
1 log10 2
2
3
5
=2
180
5:
v) 2 log 2 (2 + 2) + log 2 (6 4 2) =
2
5. t
Q(t) = Q0 e0,34t , Q0
.
;
6. , p ( Pascals),
h ( )
=
p 101300 e kh
i) k, 3050m
68900 Pascals.
ii) 1000m;
7. () . L0
6. L m
:
L
m=
6 2,5 log
L0
i) m
=
L 5 100 L0 .
ii) 1
6 ;
8. S(t) ( ) t
S(t) 100(1 e kt ).
=
i) k, 15000
.
ii) 5 ;
1. :
1
1 log 2 3
2
i) 4
ii) 9 2
log3 18 1
2. 1, 2, 3, ... ,
log1, log2, log3, ...
.
3. log2
log8. -
.
2
= log 2
10 10 10
10
=
log
log
....
10
4. :
5.3
181
5. :
1
1
1
1
log(1 ) + log(1 ) + log(1 ) + .... + log(1 ) =
log
2
3
4
* 6. x> 0 :
*7. :
log x = log 2 x 2
i) log log =1
5.3
.
4.2, x>0 log x. ,
x (0, +) log x,
x 'Oy
'.
xOy
182
5:
y
(,) y=x
y= x
1
y=
(,)
(,)
x
(,)
>1
y=logx
y=logx
y=x
0<<1
f (x) = x :
> 1, g(x) = log x :
(0, +)
.
,
x1 < x 2 , log x1 < log x 2
' :
( log x < 0, 0<x<1) ( log x > 0, x>1)
logx2
logx1
A(1,0)
x2
x1
y=log x, >1
x'x (1,0)
Oy'.
y
0 < < 1,
g(x) = log x :
(0, +)
y=log x, 0<<1
x
.
x
x
A(1,0)
, :
logx
1
x1 < x2 , log x1 > log x 2
' :
logx2
5.3
183
, , :
log x1 = log x 2 , x1 = x 2
, :
log =
x1 log x 2 =
x1 x 2
.. log 2 (x 2 1) =
3, :
log 2 (x 2 1) = 3 log 2 (x 2 1) = log 2 23
log 2 (x 2 1) =
log 2 8
x2 1 =
8
x2 =
9
x =
3 x = 3
,
.
-
1
i) (x) =
ln x ii) f (x)
= ln x + 1 iii) g(x)
= ln(x 2)
(x) = lnx :
x
y=lnx
0,2
1,6
0,3
1,2
0,5
0,7
0,7
0,4
(x, y)
(x)=lnx.
f(x)=lnx+1
(x)=lnx
1 ,
g(x)
= ln(x 2)
(x)=lnx 2 .
1
0
2
0,7
3
1,1
4
1,4
5
1,6
y
y=1+Inx
1
x
3
2
y=Inx
y=In(x-2)
184
5:
2 :
2>1
:
2log 0,5 > 1 log 0,5
log 0,52 > log 0,5
log 0, 25 > log 0,5
0, 25 > 0,5,
2>1 log0,5<0
.
3 :
log 2 (x 2 x) =1 + log 2 (x 1)
x 2 x > 0 x 1 > 0.
:
log 2 (x 2 x)
= log 2 2 + log 2 (x 1) log 2 (x 2 x)
= log 2 [2(x 1)]
x 2 x= 2(x 1)
x=
1 x=2
x x=2 . , x = 2.
1. :
f (x) = log 2 x
g(x) = log 1 x
2
; .
2.
:
g(x)
= log x 1 h(x)
= log(x 1)
f (x) = log x ,
3. f (x) = x
g(x) = log x
:
i) (2,4)
ii) B(2, 4) iii) (2, 4) i) (2, 4)
4. ASA
DIN. x ASA y DIN y = 1+101ogx,
x= 50, 100, 200,
400, 800, 1600 ASA. ; ( log2 = 0,3).
5.3
185
5. :
log 2 ii) log(x 1) + log x =1 log 5
i) log(x + 1) + log(x 1) =
2
2
log 2
iii) log x = (log x)
iv) log(x 2 + 1) log x =
6. :
i) 5x = 21 x ii) 3x 1 = 2 x +1
7. :
i) log 3 2 log 3 5
i) f (x) = ln x
f (x) log(10x 20)
iv)=
1
ln x 2
2
iii) f (x) = ln x
2. :
i) f (x) = ln(x + x 2 + 1)
ii) f (x) = ln
3. x
1 x
1+ x
;
* 4. log=
log log = =
5. :
0
ii) ln 4 x 5ln 2 x + 4 =
i) log x = log x
6. x log5 = 5log x
2log x
7. :
log(xy) = 4 log 2
i)
3(log 2)
log x log y =
= 5 + 4 x log5
xy = 8
y = 2x
iii)
=
y log x + log 2
log y = 2 log x 2 log
ii)
8. :
i) log x 2 > (log x) 2
10. , > 0 :
>
186
5:
()
1. :
2
1 ii) x x +3x +1 = x
i) (x 2 3x + 1)3x 5 =
2. :
log + log
=
2 log log ( + , 1 )
+
3. ( )
log
(0 < , , 1, > 0) .
4. , , ,
:
log log
log log
log 0 < , , , 1
log
5. log 5 = 1 log 2
x log(2x ) = 5
6. (0, ) :
187
4096
:128 32
=
(12 7 5)
=
16 4096 =
(4 3 12)
=
4
4096 8=
(12 : 4 3)
=
188
5:
100.000.000
0 =
+1 = + 10.000
+1 =
1 + 4 ,
10
= 1+
1
= 1, 0001
104
= 0
=
10 1 + 4 ,
10
8
0 =
100.000.000
0 = 0
1 =100.010.000
10 = 1
2 =
100.020.001
20 =
2
.....................................................................................................
=
108 1 + 4
10
=
999.999.779
23027
10 =
230.270 = 23027
189
2 4 8 16 32 64
= = = =
=
= ....
1 2 4 8 16 32
190
5:
=
10 1 + 4
10
10
1
1 +
=
108 104
10
10
10 105
105
104
1
1
=
1 + 4 =
1 + 4
10
10
4
x=
108
y=
10
1
x 1 + 4
=
10
105
104
1 + 4
10
x = ey ,
=
2, 718145927
y = ln x.
ln(1, 00984768)
= 9, 7995075 =
103 0, 0097995075 0, 0098
191
y=
1
,
x
y= 1
192
5:
A = log E
(' )
193
( )
1. :
2 x 2 3xx 2 x = 3
2. i) x + x =
2 + 2 2 .
ii) (1 + t) x + t x = 2 t (, ).
3. 3 =
,
12
3 3
1 32
x 3 3x 2 3x + 1 =0.
4. ( 9)
198
= 22 9 9. 1+9+8 = 18
9.
17397
= 1933 9 1+7+3+9+7 = 27 9.
:
9, +++ 9.
: << >>= 103 + 102 + 10 + . f (x) = x 3 + x 2 + x + f (x) = (x 1)(x) + f (1)
x=1 x=10.
5. ( ).
.
: x + 1x 1 + .... + 1x + 0 = 0
. 0 -
, 0
. :
i) :
2x 3 + x 2 + x 1 =0
6x 4 + 29x 3 + 27x 2 + 9x + 1 =0
ii) 2 12 .
6. 3x + 4 x =
5x .
7.
x
2 4
2x
+ =
3 3
194
(' )
8. 2 log(x + 3) = log(x) ;
9. x + log x = 2 (0,) 4
.
10. : log 3 (16x 2 12x ) 2x + 1
11. i)
f (x) = ln x g(x) = 1 x
ln x 1 x.
= =
, , > 0,
++ =
: 2 = 2 + 2 2
2 = 2 + 2 2 B
2 = 2 + 2 2
13. , , , ,
:
= =
, , > 0,
++ =
() = , (KM) = ,
() = ,
= ,
= ,
=
14. , , , ,
:
2 = 2 + 2 2
0 < , , <
2 = 2 + 2 2
2 = 2 + 2 2
= =
++ = .
15. , , , ,
:
2 = 2 + 2 2
0 < , , <
2 = 2 + 2 2
2 = 2 + 2 2
, (M) = , (KM) = ,
() = ,
= A,
= ,
= .
195
(3, 1)
(3, 4)
ii)
3 5
, .
4 3
(21, 24)
(5, 2).
3,
= 3,
+2
,
,
2
(2, 1).
3
= 3,
10. x = , y = , z = .
( 3 + 1)( + 1), ,
11.
(4,3, 5)
f (x) = x 2 4x + 3,
(10 + 2, 16 + 2, ),
g(x) =
x 2 + 2x + 3,
1
x 1
1 : y =
x + 2, 2 : y =
2
h(x)
= 0,5x 2 3x + 4.
1
11
R=
T + .
600
30
1
1 = ,
2
1,
2 =
1
2
3
.
2
2 + + 1
,
,
+1
+1
2.
2 4
,
3 3
3 2 3 2
,
,
2
2
3 2 3 2
,
2
2
196
2. = 1, = 3.
3.
1.
(,1],
[1, +),
(, 0],
[2, +),
(, 1],
[1, 0],
4.
2
3
[1, +).
33
4
5460
f (1) = 1
18000
.
h(1) =
2, h(1) = 2
f (x) f (3)
g(x) g(1)
6.
1 3 3
,
,
, 3
2 2 3
3 1
3
, , 3,
2 2
2
0, 1, 0,
0,1, 0,
4.
f (x) =2 (x 1) 2 + 3
f (x) =2 (x 2) 2 1.
2(x 2) 2
2(x 3) 2 3
2(x + 2) 2
2(x + 3) 2 3
2 2
12 + 8 3, 12 3
58.
2 2
.
2
197
3. + ( + ) =180 ,
2.
3.
4
3
4
x = , x = , x = .
5
4
3
5
5
2 5
, x = , x =
.
x =
3
2
5
1
3
x = 3, x = , x =
.
2
2
5
,
=
x
2
4.
=
x
+
90.
=
2 2
5
2
,
=
x
.
3
3
5. 8 5 20 .
2.
6.
2 1
2
2
2 1
(3 2 )
.
2
2
2
1
x
y = x, y = , y = 3x
2
y = x, y = 3x, =
y 0,5x,
y = 2,5x.
3.3
1200 =
3
1
, 1200 = ,
2
2
3
1200 =
3, 1200 =
.
3
ii)
2.
1
3
(2850 ) =
, (2850 ) = ,
2
2
3
(2850=
)
, (2850=
)
3.
3
187
1
= ,
6
2
187
3
=
,
6
3
187
3
=
6
2
187
= 3.
6
21
2
21
2
=
,
=
4
2
4
2
21
21
=
1.
4
4
3
2
3
2
3
x = ,
x= 2 +
x= 2 +
x= 2 +
x = + ,
2
x= 2 ,
4
x= 2
3
,
2
7
,
6
198
x= 2 ,
2
3
x= 2 ,
4
x= 2 + , .
22
, .
45
6 +
6 + 2
=
x
=
x
,
9
9
x = +
x
=
x=
x = ,
=
x
x = + ,
6
x = + ,
4
x=
x = + , .
6
x = ,
6
x
=
x = ,
3
=
x
x= 2 +
x= 2 +
3
2
10. =
2
x= 2 +
,
3
5
=
10 + 5,
42 + 7
,
12
5
,
6
24 + 7
24
24
,
36
12
, .
60
2
2
2 +
6
55
== 22
, ,
66
x= 2
6 + 2
,
9
x= 2 +
4
4
x= 2 ,
x =
x = + ,
3
4
2
x = 2
x =
3
3
x = + ,
2
x= 2 ,
3
t = , .
6
2
x= 2
x= 2
,
2
3
3
3
x= 2 +
x= 2 + ,
5
5
2
x= 2
,
3
3
x= 2 + ,
5
x= 2
4
,
5
12.
3.
199
x=
3
g = 7.
2
,
2
g = 7
2
3
x=
2
3x
1
2
2(1 + 3)
,
4
2(1 3)
105 =
,
4
105 = 2 3,
7. 105 =
105 = 2 + 3,
x = ,
2(1 3)
8
195 =
,
4
=
x
+ ,
5 30
2(1 + 3)
195 =
,
4
x = + ,
4
195= 2 3,
2
x =
x = +
,
4
5
195= 2 + 3.
2
x = +
,
33
( + ) = ,
5
65
13
.
56
4
( + ) =
,
65
, .
33
2
( + ) =
,
56
7 13 19
56
,
,
,
( + ) =
.
12
2
12
12
33
x = + ,
6
x = ,
1
1
3
2
2
x = + ,
4
2
x
2
( )
200
( + 2) = (( + ) + ) = ....
3. x =
4.
x=
5
.
4
,
4
= = ....
4
8. x =
x=
2 2+ 2
=
,
16
2+ 2+ 2
2
.
3
2+ 2+ 2
=
.
16
2 2+ 2
4
,
=
, =
2
13
2
13
2
3
= , = .
2 3
2 2
3
2
3
3
4
,
3
x= 2 ,
2
x= 2 + ,
2 =
16
13
x= 2 x= 2 + ,
x= 2
x= 2 + ,
3
2
2
x= 2 ,
2
3
x= 2
( + 2) =
1
= , = 2.
2
2
2
x= 2
24
7
, 2 =
,
25
25
24
7
2 =
, 2 = .
7
24
4
=
, = ,
2
5
2
5
3.
3
+
=
,
8 8 2
3
= ...
8
8
6. x= 2 x= 2 + x= 2 + 5 ,
2
6
6
x = ,
x = +
3
3
2 2+ 2
=
,
16
2
=
16
2+ 2+ 2
,
2
1
,
4
3+2
4
201
1
4
1
4
++ =
3x x
2x 6x
2x + 8x
1
(8x 4x)
2
1
2x
2
11
f (x) = 2 x +
f (x)
= 2 x +
4
f (x) = 2 x +
f (x)
= 2 x
4
2 +
x
=
x =
,
3
10
=
x
2 +
2
x
=
,
8
2
6
2
5.
2
2
23xx
2 4xx
2 2x 2x
4
,
3
x= 2
2
x
2 2 +
4 2
x= 2
x
.
2
x = x = 2 +
4
6
5
x= 2 + ,
6
2 2
x =
=
x
7
12
11
x= 2 +
,
12
x= 2
x = +
12
12
,
3
6 + 2
x=
9
6
6 2
x
,
=
9
x=
x= 2 ,
2.
5
=
12
12
=
() + (
) 2 2 +
4
= ,
4
() + () = 2 2.
202
3.
6
5
x= 2 + ,
6
x= 2 +
10
2 2 + 2, 2 2 + 2.
4. x = +
7
x = +
,
24
24
5. = ,
4
=
h 40( 2 1)
13
3
(10 + 2 2)m,
7
6.
(10 2 2)m
= ,
8
P= 1+ 2
6.
(t + 1)
10 + 4
4
2
6+ 2
,
2
4
12. x= 2 +
4
2
=
x
+ ,
3
4
9.
1. AB 284 m
2. B 1,58 m
5. 1150
6. 51, 2 m
7. 60, 25
1.-5.
6 2
,
4
= =
, Smax 200( 2 + 1)
8
15. B = 60 , =45
6.-7.
8.-10.
1
2
= 300.
11.
1.
3.
4. x= 2 ,
3
3. =
13. =
S 200 2 2 + + 200
4
2.
1
2
4. =1
5.
1,
203
5. P(11) =
4840
6.
1.
P(x)
= x y
7.
= 10,
P( y) =
0
8.
2. = 2, = 19
3. = 3, = 5
9.
10.
4.
2 2
0, ,
3 3
2
=
3
2
3
5. P(x) = x 2 5x + 1.
P(x)
= x +1
1.
2.
P(1) =
0.
x =
x
P(x) = (x + )(x) +
= 0 = =
3.
1.
(x) = 3x 3x 8,
3
(x) = x + 3x + 9x + 27,
16
5
, (x) =
6
3
2
(x) = 2x + 1,
(x) = 4x 3
x 1
x2
4.
P(0) = 0, P(1) =
0,
1
P( ) =
0
2
5. = , = 1
(x) =x + 3, (x) = 6x 2 8x + 3
(x) =
x 2 , (x) = x 2 + 7
2.
3.
4.
k = 4
(x) = x 2 + 10x 25, = 0
(x)= x 2 8x + 64, = 0
(x)= x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1, = 2
(x) = 3x 3 6x 2 12x 24, = 48
(x)
= 4x 2 + 14x 30, =
0
1.
0,
6
6
,
5
5
5
0,1, 1,
3
1, 2, 3
2,3, 3
2, 2
2
2
13
,1,
3
22
2,9 + 4 5,9 4 5
2, 2 , 1, 2
204
2.
1, 4
3.
1, 2
1, 5
6.
x > 2
x 1
x < 2
x =1
x2
1
( , 0)
2
8. 2 5 < x < 0 1 < x < 2 + 5
7.
9.
3
,2
5
2, 2
1.
2. x = 2 +
1, 2, 4
6. x 1
3, 2, 15
x>0
3
2
x<
2
5
x 5 < 0,
x 5 0
2.
3. 3,1, 7, 11
4.
5. 1, 1, 2 + 3 2 ,
6.
3, 2
< 0, 0
x<
, x
2
2
x= 2 +
2
6
x= (2 + 1) ,
6
x= 2 +
5.
x 2 y = 11664,
11. y + 4x 108
3.
4.
2+3 2
7. t 4, 6 c 0, 45
8.
9.
10.
1.
P(x) (x 2 + x + 1) =
=
y 5x 3
x1 = 1
x = (2 + 1) ,
6
6
59
2. 1, 2, 2, 3
12.
2,
3.
1.
1.
x = 3
x 2 = 3
(3, 18)
x 3 1 + x 3+1 x + x 3+ 2 x
2.
f (x) =
x (x 1) (x 1) =
205
....
= (x 1)P(x)
x=
P(x) = (x 1)(x)
g(x)
= (x 1)P(x)
P(x)
= (x 1)Q(x)
Q(x) = (x 1)(x).
3.
3.
x
1
x+ =
y.
x
5.
4.
x2
1.
5.
2
=
y,
x
x = 1
x = 1
4.
4
9
1
=
y.
x
x 2 + 2x 1 =y
1
< <1
2
1
<<2
2
1< < 2
1
2.
x = 1,
x 2 + 2x + 3 = y + 4.
x=
3.
7.
x = 2.
6.
8.
16
x 1
x +1
8.
10.
x = 3
x = 2
1
x=
5
x=
3
2
Q(t)= 5 (0,8) t
7.
9.
2.
3
,
2
11.
T(t)
= 40 (0,85) t , 0 t 6
206
x 100
=
x 1=
1.
3
3
5
1
2
2.
3.
6.
1
4
3
10
5. 6 46
6. 0, 000126
7.
h
8.
1.
1
=
x e=
x e 2
0,16
x=
4
3
g(x) = log 4 2 x
f (x) = 2 x
x
1
f (x) =
2
g(x) = log
1
2
4.
5.
1
2
log =
x=
x = 3
3.
x 4, 4190
min
log
log
8. 10.
7.
x = log 2
x= 3
x=
4
x=
x = 1
5
3
207
( )
1. x = +
12
,
4
2. ii) x= 2 + ,
2
3. x = 1
x = +
x= 2 3
x= 2 + 3 .
= 2 3
12
1
5. i1 ) x =
2
1 1
i 2 ) , , 2 3, 2 + 3
2 3
2
x 2 =
0
.
6. x=2
ii)
2
7. x=1
8. <0
=12
4
10. 2, 4094 < x 3,8188
9. x =
11. i) x (0,1]
ii) x [1, +)
. 3966/2011 ,
, , .. ..
-
. ,
.
7 1129 15/21
1946 ( 1946, 108, ).
, (copyright),
,
, /
- .