Whats up with Bump Testing ?

By: Jack D. Peters

Connection Technology Center, Inc 590 Fishers Station Drive Victor, New York 14564 (585) 924-5900 x834

www.ctconline.com

Bump Testing

What is a bump test ?

A bump test is the measured response of an impact to an object. The force of the impact is not controlled or measured. The response of the object is not controlled, BUT IS MEASURED. A single channel response measurement.
Jack D. Peters 2

Bump Testing

Why do a bump test ?

To excite and measure the natural frequency(s) of an object.
To identify a resonance To understand a change in mass To understand a change in stiffness To understand a change in damping

Jack D. Peters

Bump Testing

How does it work ?

Fundamental 1 2nd Harmonic 1 3rd Harmonic 1 4th Harmonic 1 5th Harmonic 1 10th Harmonic 1 20th Harmonic 1 50th Harmonic 1 100th Harmonic 1 Bump 1 8 V

Real

-8 0 s 1.999023 s

Jack D. Peters

Bump Testing

Sine Waves ?
Fundamental 1 Empty Empty Empty Empty Empty Empty Empty Empty Empty 0.1 V

Real

-0.1 0 s 1.999023 s

Jack D. Peters

Bump Testing

Bumps from Sine Waves ?

Time Record 1 8 V

Real

-8 0 s Time Record 1 0.1 V 1.999023 s

Real

-0.1 0 s 1.999023 s

Jack D. Peters

Bump Testing

100th Harmonic
Fundamental 1 2nd Harmonic 1 3rd Harmonic 1 4th Harmonic 1 5th Harmonic 1 10th Harmonic 1 20th Harmonic 1 50th Harmonic 1 100th Harmonic 1 Bump 1 8 V

Real

-8 0 s 1.999023 s

Jack D. Peters

Bump Testing

50th Harmonic
Fundamental 1 2nd Harmonic 1 3rd Harmonic 1 4th Harmonic 1 5th Harmonic 1 10th Harmonic 1 20th Harmonic 1 50th Harmonic 1 Bump 1 Fundamental 1 4 V

Real

-4 0 s 1.999023 s

Jack D. Peters

Bump Testing

20th Harmonic
Fundamental 1 2nd Harmonic 1 3rd Harmonic 1 4th Harmonic 1 5th Harmonic 1 10th Harmonic 1 20th Harmonic 1 Bump 1 Empty Empty 2 V

Real

-2 0 s 1.999023 s

Jack D. Peters

Bump Testing

10th Harmonic
Fundamental 1 2nd Harmonic 1 3rd Harmonic 1 4th Harmonic 1 5th Harmonic 1 10th Harmonic 1 Bump 1 Empty Empty Empty 1 V

Real

-1 0 s 1.999023 s

Jack D. Peters

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Bump Testing

5th Harmonic
Fundamental 1 2nd Harmonic 1 3rd Harmonic 1 4th Harmonic 1 5th Harmonic 1 Bump 1 Empty Empty Empty Empty 0.5 V

Real

-0.5 0 s 1.999023 s

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Bump Testing

4th Harmonic
Fundamental 1 2nd Harmonic 1 3rd Harmonic 1 4th Harmonic 1 Bump 1 Empty Empty Empty Empty Empty 0.4 V

Real

-0.4 0 s 1.999023 s

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Bump Testing

3rd Harmonic
Fundametal 1 2nd Harmonic 1 3rd harmonic 1 Bump 1 Empty Empty Empty Empty Empty Empty 0.3 V

Real

-0.3 0 s 1.999023 s

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Bump Testing

2nd Harmonic
Fundamental 1 2nd Harmonic 1 Bump 1 Empty Empty Empty Empty Empty Empty Empty 0.2 V

Real

-0.2 0 s 1.999023 s

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Bump Testing

Fundamental
Fundamental 1 Empty Empty Empty Empty Empty Empty Empty Empty Empty 0.1 V

Real

-0.1 0 s 1.999023 s

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Bump Testing

2nd Harmonic
Fundamental 1 2nd Harmonic 1 Bump 1 Empty Empty Empty Empty Empty Empty Empty 0.2 V

Real

-0.2 0 s 1.999023 s

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Bump Testing

3rd Harmonic
Fundametal 1 2nd Harmonic 1 3rd harmonic 1 Bump 1 Empty Empty Empty Empty Empty Empty 0.3 V

Real

-0.3 0 s 1.999023 s

Jack D. Peters

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Bump Testing

4th Harmonic
Fundamental 1 2nd Harmonic 1 3rd Harmonic 1 4th Harmonic 1 Bump 1 Empty Empty Empty Empty Empty 0.4 V

Real

-0.4 0 s 1.999023 s

Jack D. Peters

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Bump Testing

5th Harmonic
Fundamental 1 2nd Harmonic 1 3rd Harmonic 1 4th Harmonic 1 5th Harmonic 1 Bump 1 Empty Empty Empty Empty 0.5 V

Real

-0.5 0 s 1.999023 s

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Bump Testing

10th Harmonic
Fundamental 1 2nd Harmonic 1 3rd Harmonic 1 4th Harmonic 1 5th Harmonic 1 10th Harmonic 1 Bump 1 Empty Empty Empty 1 V

Real

-1 0 s 1.999023 s

Jack D. Peters

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Bump Testing

20th Harmonic
Fundamental 1 2nd Harmonic 1 3rd Harmonic 1 4th Harmonic 1 5th Harmonic 1 10th Harmonic 1 20th Harmonic 1 Bump 1 Empty Empty 2 V

Real

-2 0 s 1.999023 s

Jack D. Peters

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Bump Testing

50th Harmonic
Fundamental 1 2nd Harmonic 1 3rd Harmonic 1 4th Harmonic 1 5th Harmonic 1 10th Harmonic 1 20th Harmonic 1 50th Harmonic 1 Bump 1 Fundamental 1 4 V

Real

-4 0 s 1.999023 s

Jack D. Peters

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Bump Testing

100th Harmonic
Fundamental 1 2nd Harmonic 1 3rd Harmonic 1 4th Harmonic 1 5th Harmonic 1 10th Harmonic 1 20th Harmonic 1 50th Harmonic 1 100th Harmonic 1 Bump 1 8 V

Real

-8 0 s 1.999023 s

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Bump Testing

How does it work ?

Bump testing or impact testing works because the bump or impact contains all of the individual frequencies or sign waves. When you bump or impact the object under test, you will excite all of the natural frequencies of that object.
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Bump Testing

What do you impact with ?

Pin Drops !
High frequency content Low energy value

Cow Plops !
Low frequency content High energy value

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Bump Testing

Energy Value vs. Frequency

The item used to deliver the impact to the object under test will determine the energy that is delivered to the object.
Large objects with considerable mass should be impacted with rubber or wood. This will generate high energy low frequency responses. (cow plops) Small objects with considerable stiffness should be impacted with metal or hard plastics. This will generate low energy high frequency responses. (pin drops)
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Bump Testing

Set-up

UNIFORM WINDOW
Take your time Bump around Do not over range or clip the input signal 800 1600 lines of resolution Try some different frequency spans Only 1 bump for each time record About 4 averages (depends on noise)
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Bump Testing

Why the Uniform Window ?

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Bump Testing

What to Bump ?
1 diameter steel round stock 36 length Clamped in V blocks at each end CTC AC140 accelerometer stud mounted on center (100 mV/g)

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Bump Testing

Bump It !

Two Responses !
Y:1.63297 G dY:-1.36474 G

X:23.4375 ms dX:76.17188 ms Time Record 1 2 G

Time Waveform
TIME4.63

Real

-2 0 s X:58.75 Hz X:65.5 Hz X:70.75 Hz Auto Pwr Spec 1 0.015 G rms Real 0 0 Hz 100 Hz Y:8.550765 mG Y:12.23725 mG Y:8.475402 mG 1 s

Frequency Spectrum
HZ4.63

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Bump Testing

Mental Health Check !

X:23.4375 ms dX:76.17188 ms Time Record 1 2 G Y:1.63297 G dY:-1.36474 G

Time Waveform
TIME4.63

76.17 msec/5 = 15.23 msec

Real

-2 0 s X:58.75 Hz X:65.5 Hz X:70.75 Hz Auto Pwr Spec 1 0.015 G rms Real 0 0 Hz

F = 1/0.01523 sec = 65.64 Hz

1 s Y:8.550765 mG Y:12.23725 mG Y:8.475402 mG

Frequency Spectrum
HZ4.63

65.5 Hz

100 Hz

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Case History

CASE HISTORY

Bumps in the Road !

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Case History

So Easy !!!!!!
Time Record 1 4.5 G

Time Waveform

TIME3.63

Real

-4.5 0 s X:109 Hz Auto Pwr Spec 1 0.6 G rms Real Y:539.6552 mG 3.998047 s

Frequency Spectrum

HZ3.63

109 Hz

0 0 Hz 200 Hz

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Case History

Zoom
X:164.0625 ms dX:554.6875 ms Time Record 1 2 G Y:1.379613 G dY:-729.2974 mG

Time Waveform

TIME1.63

Real

-2 0 s X:109.125 Hz Auto Pwr Spec 1 0.3 G rms Real Y:214.7374 mG 8 s

Frequency Spectrum
HZ1.63

109.125 Hz
50.00001 Hz 150 Hz

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Case History

Zoom & Mental Health Check

X:164.0625 ms dX:554.6875 ms Time Record 1 2 G Y:1.379613 G dY:-729.2974 mG

Time Waveform

TIME1.63

554 msec/5 = 110.8 msec F = 1/0.1108 sec = 9.02 Hz

0 s X:109.125 Hz Auto Pwr Spec 1 Y:214.7374 mG 8 s

Real

What the He_ _ !

HZ1.63

-2

Frequency Spectrum

0.3 G rms Real

109.125 Hz
50.00001 Hz 150 Hz

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Case History

So Easy ??????
Time Record 1 4.5 G

Time Waveform

TIME3.63

Real

-4.5 0 s X:109 Hz Auto Pwr Spec 1 0.6 G rms Real Y:539.6552 mG 3.998047 s

Frequency Spectrum

HZ3.63

109 Hz
0 Hz 200 Hz

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Case History

Whats This ?
Time Record 1 4.5 G

Time Waveform

TIME3.63

Real

-4.5 0 s X:109 Hz Auto Pwr Spec 1 0.6 G rms Real Y:539.6552 mG 3.998047 s

Frequency Spectrum

HZ3.63

????

109 Hz
200 Hz

0 0 Hz

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Case History

Log Cant Live With It, Cant Live Without It !

Time Record 1 4.5 G

Time Waveform

TIME3.63

Real

-4.5 0 s X:11 Hz X:109 Hz Auto Pwr Spec 1 1 G rms Mag (Log) Y:12.05162 mG Y:539.6552 mG 3.998047 s

Frequency Spectrum
HZ3.63

11 Hz

109 Hz
Log "Y" Scale

1E-05 0 Hz 200 Hz

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Case History

0 50 Hz Span
Time Record 1 0.4 G

Time Waveform

TIME2.63

Real

-0.4 0 s X:10.8125 Hz Auto Pwr Spec 1 0.008 G rms Magnitude Y:2.774957 mG 15.99219 s

Frequency Spectrum
HZ2.63

10.81 Hz
0 Hz 50 Hz

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Case History

0 - 50 Hz (expanded x scale)
X:148.4375 ms dX:460.9375 ms Time Record 1 0.4 G Y:152.3216 mG dY:-131.8069 mG

Time Waveform
TIME2.63

460.9 msec/5 = 92.18 msec F = 1/0.09218 sec = 10.84 Hz

0 s X:10.8125 Hz Auto Pwr Spec 1 Y:2.774957 mG 4 s

Real

-0.4

Frequency Spectrum
HZ2.63

0.008 G rms Magnitude

10.81 Hz
0 Hz 50 Hz

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Bump Testing

Back to Bump Testing

X:23.4375 ms dX:76.17188 ms Time Record 1 2 G Y:1.63297 G dY:-1.36474 G

Time Waveform
TIME4.63

76.17 msec/5 = 15.23 msec

Real

-2 0 s X:58.75 Hz X:65.5 Hz X:70.75 Hz Auto Pwr Spec 1 0.015 G rms Real 0 0 Hz

F = 1/0.01523 sec = 65.64 Hz

1 s Y:8.550765 mG Y:12.23725 mG Y:8.475402 mG

Frequency Spectrum
HZ4.63

65.5 Hz
100 Hz

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Amplification Factor

Using the Time Waveform

X:23.4375 ms X:99.60938 ms Time Record 1 2 G Y:1.63297 G Y:268.2297 mG

Time Waveform
TIME4.63

A0 = 1.633 G An = 0.268 G

F = 1/0.01523 sec = 65.64 Hz n = 5 cycles LN = natural log

Real

-2 0 s

1 s

Log decrement = [1/n[LN(A0/An)]] = [1/5[LN(1.633/0.268)]] = 0.36 Damping ratio = Log dec/2Pi = 0.36/2Pi = 0.36/6.28 = 0.057 Amplification factor = 1/(2*Damping) = 1/(2*0.057) = 8.68
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Amplification Factor

Using the Spectrum

X:58.75 Hz X:65.5 Hz X:70.75 Hz Auto Pwr Spec 1 0.015 G rms Real 0 0 Hz Y:8.550765 mG Y:12.23725 mG Y:8.475402 mG

Frequency Spectrum
HZ4.63

F = 65.5 Hz f2 = 70.75 Hz f1 = 58.75 Hz -3dB

100 Hz

Find the 3dB points = AF * .707 = 12.24 mG * .707 = 8.65 mG Find the frequencies at the 3dB points (f1 and f2) Amplification factor = F/ (f2 - f1) = 65.5/(70.75 58.75) = 5.46
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Mass & Stiffness

Fn = 1/2Pi k/m

INCREASE the stiffness ( k ) INCREASE the frequency (F)

INCREASE the mass ( m ) DECREASE the frequency ( F )

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Damping

Control the Response

Un-Damped

Damped

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Bump Testing

Summary
Take your time Choose your weapon Bump around Uniform Window Look at the time waveform Look at the frequency spectrum
Jack D. Peters

Do a mental health check Calculate the amplification factor Change the mass Change the stiffness Add damping Bump around
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Thank You !

Thank You !

You can find technical papers on this and other subjects at

www.ctconline.com
in the Technical Resources section
Jack D. Peters 47