2002 1

23 1

Fo reign L anguage Educa tion

J an. 2002
V o l. 23 N o. 1

( 300400)

:
, :
( )
( )
,
: ; ; ;
: H 0: A : 100025544 ( 2002) 0120023207
Abstract: T h is a rticle is a critica l su rvey of recen t po litica l language study ( PL S ) in term s of its
theo retica l view po in ts and p ractica l m ethod s. B a sed on the ana lysis of PL S cha racteristics, its de2
velopm en t and app roaches, the a rticle a rgues tha t PL S concern s itself w ith the w ays in w h ich po lit2
ica l acto rs rea lize their m o tives ( e. g. undercu tting ) by m ak ing u se of language and the w ays in
w h ich the aud ience p erceive the true na tu re of the po litica l acto rs (e. g. w hether they a re in tim a te
o r agg ressive) by ana lyzing their language. T he a rticle a lso a rgues tha t PL S ha s its d istinctive fea2
tu res tha t m ake it d ifferen t from o ther lingu istic app roaches and tha t PL S deserves such a new term
of its ow n a s po litica l lingu istics.
Key words: po litica l language; po litica l language study; p ercep tion of po litica l acto rs; po litica l lin 2
gu istics

Ch ilton &

Schaffner :

( 1997 ) L akoff :

, ( 1990: 13)

Ho lbo row 1999 ( T he

P olitics of E ng lish ) ,

, (T ian, 2001)
1981

1.

( the language of po litics, o r po litica l

language) , (po litica l d iscou rseg
tex t )

23

M cN a ir ( 2000)

Ch ilton & Schaffner

( )

: ; ; ;

, ,

C.

( 1997: 21223 )

, ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

, ( verba l

comm un ica tion ) ,

(non 2verba l comm un ica tion )

M cN a ir (po litica l comm un i2

ca tion )

, :
1 )

;
2 )

;
3 )

, ,
( 1999: 4)

2.

, ,

, (po liti2

ca l pow er) ( , 1984: 1) ,

,

M cN a ir , W ilson
, Geis ( 1987)

( 1990: 16217)

, ,

,
,

(Ch ilton & Schaffner, 1997: 207) ,

A.

(pow er)

, ,

(Ch ilton & Schaffner, 1997; L akoff, 1990:

11213) ( ) ,

(Ch ilton & Schaffner, 1997)

B.

, 1999: 32) ,

, B ea rd ( 2000)

M andela, T ha tcher, R eagan,

Tony B la ir, L inco ln, B row n, A shdow n

) ,
( )

24

( 2001)

( , 2001) ,

, ,

(pow er )

(po liteness)

( F reed & G reenw ood, 1996)

( socia l p ractice )
,

3.

( 2000) ,

, ,

(Ho lbo row , 1999: 146)

(Ho lbo row , 1999: 119) Ho lbo row

,
( critica l d iscou rse ana lysis)

(Fa irclough &W odak, 1997:

271)

, ( 1978) ,Q u irk et a l ( 1972)

M uh lhau sler & H a rre ( 1990: 47)

(p ronoun g ramm a r) ,

( anap ho ric ) , ( deictic )

H a lliday & H a san ( 1976)

,
(

( tex tua lg
endop ho ric app roach )

, (deix is)

, ( L evin son,

1983) (p ragm a ticg

( 2000)

exop ho ric app roach ) ,

25

( )

T he p lan I p u t to p lace la st J u ly is no t on ly on
track bu t is being ach ieved m o re qu ick ly than ex 2
p ected. Today I announce a tax cu t fo r hund red s of
thou sand s of w o rk ing fam ilies on low incom e. W e
do th is to encou rage en terp rise; to rew a rd w o rk; to
suppo rt fam ilies; to advance am b ition s no t ju st the
few bu t of the m any.
Go rdon B row n 1998
B row n I

, W E ,
? B row n
,I, I
B row n W E,

,
,
( N g &
B radac, 1993: 12- 24)
T ha tcher 10
,W ere a g randm o ther.

W e, :
( inclu sive2w e ) ;
(exclu sive2w e ) T ha tcher
w e , loya l w e (L akoff,
1990: 190) ,
,
T ha tcher W E ( exclu sive2
w e ) , W E :
, ,
(L ackof, 1990: 1902191)
, T ha tcher

W E, W E
,
W E (pow er ) ,
, (B ea rd,
2000)
4.

)
,

,
,
, (
) , Ch ilton &
Schaffner ,

( 1997)
: ( ) (
) ( )
( 1997: 214)

, Ch ilton & Schaffner

,
,
,
,
,
, Ch ilton & Schaffner

,
,
( 1997: 22122 ) ,
Ch ilton & Schaffner

: ( them a tic ro les) ( top ica l2

iza tion )
,
, troop s sen t the governm en t to
the B a lkan s, ,

,
Ch ilton & Schaffner

,
,

, B ea rd ( 2000)

, ,

26

 ( )

, ( 1999)

( ) B ea rd

( , 1993)

( , 1991)

( , 1998) , ,

, Hodge & L ou is
(1998) ,

, ,
,
(

, ,

( 1998: 48)

, ,
,

, ( T ian,
2000 ) , ,

, ,

5.
1987

(Geis) ( W ilson, 1990: 16) , 13

1978 H ud son

( , 2000)

1969 O rw ell
,

, ,

, ,

, ,

,
,

, (L akoff, 1990; M uh lhau sler

& H a rre, 1990) (B ea rd, 2000: 19222; )

(Ho lbo row , 1999: 972148 ) ;

, ,

, ,

,
,, (

, V o lo sinov

( , 2001) ,

V ygo tsky, 1999 Ho lbo row

, ( 2000) ,

27

,
sit 2ing
t, sitting,
sit sitting
[ siting ] sit 2ing [ siting ],
t, [ siting ]
, [ sa iting ]

, , ,

d en tity [M ]. O xfo rd: Basil B lackw ell, 1990.

[ 14 ] N g, S. H. & B radac, J. P ow er in L ang uag e [M ].

L ondon: Sage Pub lication s, 1993.
[ 15 ] O rw ell, G. Po litics and the Eng lish L anguage [A ].
In W. F. Bo lton and D. C rystal ( ed s). T he E ng lish
L ang uag e [ C ]. vo l.

2. Cam b ridge: Cam b ridge U n i2

versity P ress, 1969.

[ 16 ] Q u irk, R. et al. A G ram m a r of C on tem p ora ry E ng 2
lish [M ]. L ondon: L ongm an, 1972.

[ 17 ] T ian, H ailong. R eview of T he Po litics of Ch inese

L anguage and Cu ltu re [J ]. D iscou rse and S ociety. 11
(3) , 2000: 4242426.
[ 18 ] . R eview of T he Po litics of Eng lish and T he L an 2

:
, ,
,
, 2000 (4) : 21225

guage of Po litics [ J ]. D iscou rse and S ociety. 12 ( 2) ,

2001: 2522255.
[ 19 ] V o lo sinov, V. M a rx ism and the P h ilosop hy of L an 2

[ 1 ] Beard, A. T he L ang uag e of P olitics [M ]. L ondon:

Rou tledge, 2000.
[ 2 ] Ch ilton, P. & Schaffner, C. D iscou rse and Po litics
[A ]. In D iscou rse as S ocia l In teraction [C ]. van D ijk.
( ed. ) L ondon: Sage Pub lication s L td, 1997: 2062230.
[ 3 ] Fairclough, N. &W odak, R. C ritical D iscou rse A nal2
ysis [A ]. D iscou rse as S ocia l In teraction [C ]. van D ijk.
( ed. ) L ondon: Sage Pub lication s, 1997: 2582284.
[ 4 ] F reed, A. & Greenw ood, A. W om en, M en, and T yp e
of T alk: W hat M akes the D ifference? [J ]. L ang uag e
in S ociety. M arch, 1996: 1226.

[ 5 ] Geis, M. T he L ang uag e of P olitics [M ]. N ew Yo rk:

Sp ringer V erlag, 1987.
[ 6 ] H alliday, M. A. K. & H asan, R. C ohesion in E ng lish
[M ]. B ritain: L ongm an, 1976.
[ 7 ] Hodge, B. & L ou ie, K. T he P olitics of C h inese L an 2
g uag e and C u ltu re [M ]. L ondon: Rou tledge, 1998.

[ 8 ] Ho lbo row , M. T he P olitics of E ng lish [M ]. L ondon:

Sage Pub lication s, 1999.
[ 9 ] H ud son, K. T he L ang uag e of M od ern P olitics [M ].
L ondon: M acm illan, 1978.
[ 10 ] L akoff, R. T a lk ing P ow er: the P olitics of L ang uag e
in O u r L ives [M ]. U SA : BasicBook s, 1990.

[ 11 ] L evin son, S. C. P ragm a tics [M ]. Cam b ridge: Cam 2

b ridge U n iversity P ress, 1983.
[ 12 ] M cN air, B. A n In trod uction to P olitica l C om m un ica 2
tion [M ]. L ondon: Rou tledge, 1999.

[ 13 ] M uh lhau sler, P. & H arre, R. P ronouns and P eop le:

T he L ing u istic C onstruction of S ocia l and P ersona l I 2

28

g uag e [M ]. N ew Yo rk: Sem inar P ress, 1973.

[ 20 ] V ygo tsky, L. T houg h t and L ang uag e [M ]. M A :

M IT P ress, 1962.
[ 21 ] W ilson, J.

P olitica lly S p eak ing :

T he P ragm a tic

A na ly sis of P olitica l L ang uag e [M ]. O xfo rd: Basil

B lackw ell, 1990.

[ 22 ] , . ( ) [M ]. :

, 1978.
[ 23 ] , . [J ].

, 2000 (4).
[ 24 ] .
[J ]. , 2000 (1).
[ 25 ] . [M ]. : ,
1984.
[ 26 ] . [M ]. :

, 1993.
[ 27 ] . [J ]. ,
1999 (2).
[ 28 ] , . [M ].

, . : , 1846g
1965.
[ 29 ] , .

[J ]. , 1999 (2).
[30 ] . [A ].
[C ]. : , 1950g
1985.
[ 31 ] . [J ]. ,
2001 (2).
[ 32 ] .

[J ].

, 2001 (4).
[ 33 ] , . [M ]. :

2002 1
23 1

Fo reign L anguage Educa tion

J an. 2002
V o l. 23 N o. 1

( 510420)

: ,
, :

: ; ; ;
: H 31: A : 100025544 ( 2002) 0120029204
Abstract: M o re and m o re a tten tion is being p a id to R elevance T heo ry (R T ) in Ch ina. To rea lly
understand th is theo ry and the d ifferences betw een R T and the trad itiona l app roaches, w e need a
clea r understand ing of the ba sic concep ts. T h is essay is focu sed on the fo llow ing ba sic concep ts of
R T: cogn itive environm en t, m u tua l m an ifestness, relevance, o sten sion and in ten tion.
Key words: cogn itive environm en t; m u tua l m an ifestness; o sten sion; comm un ica tive in ten tion

0.

,
:
,

G rice
( )

20

80 ,

, ,

, 1991.

[ 37 ] . [M ]. :

[ 34 ] . [J ]. , 2000
(3).
[ 35 ] .

, 1998.
[ 38 ] , . [M ]. :

, 1981.

[J ]. , 2000 (4).
[ 36 ] . [J ].

, 2001 (1).

2001206212

29