Database Lecture Notes Mapping ER Diagrams To Tables 1: Dr. Meg Murray Mcmurray@kennesaw - Edu

Database Lecture Notes Mapping ER Diagrams to Tables 1
Dr. Meg Murray mcmurray@kennesaw.edu
The Physical Relational Model

Tables
Map to Entities
Attributes
Map to Columns
Identifiers
Map to Primary Keys
Relationships
Map to Foreign Keys
Relation
A relation is a two-dimensional table that has specific characteristics The table dimensions, like a matrix, consist of rows and columns
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (3rd Edition) 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall
Characteristics of a Relation
Rows contain data about an entity Columns contain data about attributes of the entity Cells of the table hold a single value All entries in a column are of the same kind Each column has a unique name The order of the columns is unimportant The order of the rows is unimportant No two rows may be identical
A Sample Relation
EmployeeNumber 100 101 104 107 FirstName Mary Jerry Alex Megan LastName Abernathy Cadley Copley Jackson
A Nonrelation Example
Cells of the table hold multiple values EmployeeNumber Phone 100 335-6421, 454-9744 101 215-7789 104 610-9850 107 299-9090
LastName Abernathy Cadley Copley Jackson
A Nonrelation Example
No two rows may be identical
EmployeeNumber 100 101 104 100 107
Phone 335-6421 215-7789 610-9850 335-6421 299-9090
LastName Abernathy Cadley Copley Abernathy Jackson
Terminology
Synonyms Table File Relation Row Record Tuple Column Field Attribute
A Key
A key is one (or more) columns of a relation that is (are) used to identify a row
Uniqueness of Keys
Unique Key Data value is unique for each row. Consequently, the key will uniquely identify a row. Nonunique Key Data value may be shared among several rows. Consequently, the key will identify a set of rows.
A Composite Key
A composite key is a key that contains two or more attributes For a key to be unique, often it must become a composite key
Composite Key Example

To identify a family member, you need to know a FamilyID, a FirstName, and a Suffix (e.g., Jr.) The composite key is: (FamilyID, FirstName, Suffix) One needs to know the value of all three columns to uniquely identify an individual
A Candidate Key
A candidate key is called candidate because it is a candidate to become the primary key A candidate key is a unique key
A Primary Key
A primary key is a candidate key chosen to be the main key for the relation If you know the value of the primary key, you will be able to uniquely identify a single row
A Surrogate Key
A Surrogate Key is a unique, numeric value that is added to a relation to server as the Primary Key Surrogate Key values have no meaning to users and are usually hidden of forms, queries and reports A Surrogate Key is often used in place of a composite primary key
Surrogate Key Example

If the Family Member Primary Key is FamilyID, FirstName, Suffix, it would be easier to append and use a surrogate key of FamMemberID FamilyID, FirstName and Suffix remain in the relation
Relationships Between Tables

A table may be related to other tables For example
An Employee works in a Department A Manager controls a Project
A Foreign Key
To preserve relationships, you may need to create a foreign key A foreign key is a primary key from one table placed into another table The key is called a foreign key in the table that received the key
Foreign Key Example

Project
Primary Key
Manager
MgrID MgrName
Foreign Key
ProjID ProjName
MgrID
Foreign Key Example

Department
Primary Key
Employee
EmpID DeptID
Foreign Key
DeptID DeptName
Location
EmpName
Foreign Key Example
DAVID M. KROENKES DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall
6-21
Primary and Foreign Keys

STANDARD REPRESENTATION: The primary keys of the relations are underlined and any foreign keys are in italics like below:
DEPARTMENT (DepartmentName, BudgetCode, ManagerName) EMPLOYEE (EmployeeNumber, EmployeeName, DepartmentName)
[if you do not have italics, the foreign key is shown double underlined]
3-22
Transforming a Data Model into a Relational Design
Mapping Entities to Tables
Representing an Entity as a Table

Primary key is designated by key symbol
ITEM (ItemNumber, Description, Cost, ListPrice, QuantityOnHand)
Select the Primary Key

Unique identifier May be single or composite The ideal primary key is short, numeric and fixed Can NEVER be null
6-26
Surrogate Key
Supplied identifier generated by a DBMS
Assigned when a row is created They never change In simpler DBMS they are simply a sequential numbering scheme
Use if no good candidate for primary key Surrogate keys meet the ideal, but have no meaning to users
DAVID M. KROENKES DATABASE PROCESSING, 10th Edition 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall 6-27
Surrogate Key
In the ITEM table, ItemNumber is a surrogate key The data type of Identity shows this in this example it is SQL SERVER identifier
Specify Candidate (Alternate) Keys

Candidate keys are alternate identifiers of unique rows in a table The terms candidate key and alternate key are synonymous
They are used to ensure uniqueness

Can be null
Specify Candidate (Alternate) Keys
In the AKn.m notation, n is the number of the alternate key, and m is the column number in that alternate key
Data Dictionary
Description of data objects - the meta data Usually presented in a table form with the following information:
Attribute name and table in which it is contained Data type Whether it can be null Whether it is a primary key Whether it is a foreign key
If so the corresponding table
Whether it has to be unique Default Value Data domain/constraints

6-31
6-32
Specify Column Properties: Null Status

Null status indicates whether or not the value of the column can be NULL
6-33
Specify Column Properties: Data Type

Generic Data Types:
CHAR(n) VARCHAR(n) DATE TIME MONEY INTEGER DECIMAL
6-34
Specify Column Properties: SQL Server Data Types
6-35
Specify Column Properties: Oracle Data Types
6-36
Specify Column Properties: Default Value

A default value is the value supplied by the DBMS when a new row is created
6-37
Specify Column Properties: Data Constraints

Data constraints are limitations on data values:
Domain constraint - Column values must be in a given set of specific values Range constraint - Column values must be within a given range of values Intrarelation constraint Column values are limited by comparison to values in other columns in the same table Interrelation constraint - Column values are limited by comparison to values in other columns in other tables
VERIFY NORMALIZATION
6-39
Normalization
We havent talked about this yet just note it is a check of efficiency of the tables created The tables should be normalized based on the data model
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Database Lecture Notes Mapping ER Diagrams to Tables 1

Dr. Meg Murray mcmurray@kennesaw.edu

The Physical Relational Model

LastName Abernathy Cadley Copley Jackson

Phone 335-6421 215-7789 610-9850 335-6421 299-9090

LastName Abernathy Cadley Copley Abernathy Jackson

Composite Key Example

Surrogate Key Example

Relationships Between Tables

Foreign Key Example

Foreign Key Example

Foreign Key Example

Primary and Foreign Keys

Transforming a Data Model into a Relational Design

Mapping Entities to Tables

Representing an Entity as a Table

ITEM (ItemNumber, Description, Cost, ListPrice, QuantityOnHand)

Select the Primary Key

Specify Candidate (Alternate) Keys

They are used to ensure uniqueness

Specify Candidate (Alternate) Keys

Whether it has to be unique Default Value Data domain/constraints

Specify Column Properties: Null Status

Specify Column Properties: Data Type

Specify Column Properties: SQL Server Data Types

Specify Column Properties: Oracle Data Types

Specify Column Properties: Default Value

Specify Column Properties: Data Constraints

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