CHNG 1: TNG QUAN 1.1 Cc khi nim c bn 1.1.1 Bo h lao ng (BHL) 1.1.1.

1 Khi nim Khi nim: l h thng nhng vn bn, nhng qui nh, qui ch v lut ca Nh nc, nhng bin php kinh t - x hi, t chc, k thut, v sinh v nhng bin php tr liu phng nga nhm m bo s an ton, duy tr sc khe v kh nng lm vic ca con ngi trong qu trnh lao ng. Nh vy, BHL trc tin l h thng nhng hot ng nh hng vo bo v sc khe v kh nng lao ng ca ngi lao ng (NL). Nhng bin php c th ca BHL chnh l nhng thanh phn ca h thng ny, chng bao gm: Cc bin php k thut an ton sn xut Cng tc v sinh lao ng Cng tc xy dng, t chc thi hnh cc ch , lut l v lao ng (ch lao ng, ngh ngi, lm thm gi, khm sc khe) 1.1.1.2 Mc ch ngha a. Mc ch Bo m s ton vn thn th ca ngi lao ng (NL), ngn nga tai nn lao ng (TNL), bnh ngh nghip (BNN), v s thit hi v ti sn, mi trng xung quanh. Gim tiu hao sc khe, nng cao ngy cng gi cng, gi vng v duy tr sc khe lu di cho NL, lm vic c nng sut v cht lng cao. b. ngha Chnh tr: Thc hin tt cng tc BHL l biu hin tnh cht u vit ca ch XHCN, qu trng lao ng, coi con ngi l vn qu nht ng thi th hin r tnh ng v tnh giai cp. X hi: Lm tt cng tc BHL s ngn nga v loi tr TNL v BNN, NL c pht trin ton din v th lc v tr lc, n nh hnh phc gia nh, gp phn pht trin x hi.
1

Kinh t: Lm tt cng tc BHL s gi gn c sc khe v kh nng lm vic lu di ca NL, do NL c th lm vic lin tc, nng cao nng sut v cht lng sn phm, gim c cc chi ph do TNL v BNN gy ra, ng thi m bo ko di tui th ca trang thit b, nng cao hiu qu kinh 1.1.1.3 Ni dung v tnh cht ca cng tc bo h lao ng a. Ni dung Nghin cu, xy dng cc qui nh, bin php v k thut an ton (KTAT) phng trnh TNL Nghin cu, xy dng cc qui nh, bin php v v sinh lao ng (VSL) phng trnh BNN Nghin cu, xy dng cc ch bi dng/ ngh ngi mt cch hp l, khoa hc m duy tr sc khe lu di cho NL, nng cao nng sut v cht lng sn phm. b. Tnh cht Tnh khoa hc k thut: Th hin trong cc nghin cu, tnh ton v a ra cc qui phm/ tiu chun an ton trong thit k, ch to, lp t v vn hnh; Tnh php lut: Cc qui nh BHL l mt b phn ca php lut XHCN, mi cng dn phi tun th v chp hnh, mi hnh vi vi phm u b x pht theo php lut; Tnh qun chng: Tt c mi ngi (NSDL v NL) u l i tng bo v ng thi cng l ch th hnh ng do vy u c lin quan trong cng tc BHL 1.1.1.2 Tai nn lao ng v bnh ngh nghip Tai nn lao ng (TNL): l tai nn xy ra vi NL khi thc hin cng vic hoc nhim v c c quan, x nghip phn cng. Nh vy, TNL c th xy ra trong thi gian lm vic ti c quan, trong thi gian i cng tc hoc ngoi lnh th ca c quan. Tai nn xy ra trn ng i t nh n ni lm vic v ngc li cng c xem l tai nn lao ng. Cc nguy him c th gy thng tch/t vong. Ri: khi trn cao. T ng: sn thao tc trn trt, c l thng, c chng ngi vt hoc inh nh li . Vng bn, vt ri: t trn cao hoc do n mn, ph . Va p, ng: thit b chuyn ng. Li, cun,
2

ct: b phn truyn ng (dy cua roa, li ca, mi ..). Chy, n. ng vt: rn, ong, Nhit : qu nng, lnh. in git. Ha cht c hi. Lam vic sat mep nc Bnh ngh nghip (BNN): l bnh pht sinh mt cch t t do tc ng ca nhng yu t c hi trong sn xut n cc c quan ca c th con ngi. Cc nguy him gy bnh ngh nghip. Ting n. nh sang. Bc x, phng x. Rung/ chn ng. Ho cht c hi. Bi. Vi khun, siu vi, virt. K sinh trng: chy rn. T th lm vic: ng, ngi, ci, nm, nhn qu lu. nhim mi trng. 1.1.1.4 Yu t sn xut nguy him (c hi) Yu t sn xut nguy him (c hi): tai nn v bnh sinh ra do tc ng ca nhng yu t xc nh ca mi trng xung quanh n con ngi. Nhng yu t m tc ng ca chng n con ngi c th dn n tai nn gi l yu t nguy him, cn dn n bnh hoc gim kh nng lao ng gi l yu t c hi. Nu yu t nguy him (c hi) l kt qu ca hot ng sn xut hoc xut hin trong qu trnh sn xut th gi l yu t sn xut nguy him. Nh vy: Hat ng sn xut + Yu t sn xut nguy him (c hi) = tai nn lao ng (bnh ngh nghip) 1.1.1.5 An ton lao ng v k thut an ton lao ng An ton lao ng v k thut an ton lao ng: kh nng tc ng ln ngi lm vic nhng yu t sn xut nguy him (c hi) xc nh tnh nguy him trong lao ng. An ton lao ng (ATL) l trng thi iu kin lm vic m s tc ng cc yu t sn xut nguy him (c hi) ln NL c lai tr. H thng cc bin php t chc v cc phng tin k thut nhm ngn nga tc ng cc yu t sn xut nguy him ln NL, ngha l ngn nga tai nn lao ng, ic gi l k thut an ton lao ng. V sinh lao ng: cc phng tin k thut nhm ngn nga bnh ngh nghip l thnh phn quan trng trong cng tc v sinh lao ng. H thng cc bin php t chc v cc phoing tin k thut ngn nga hoc lm gim s tc ng cc yu t sn xut c hi ln NL c gi l v sinh lao ng (VSL) 1.1.1.6 Tnh trng khn cp v vng nguy him
3

Tnh trng khn cp: s kin, tnh trng khng mong i c th gy nguy hi nghim trng n tnh mng con ngi, ti sn hoc mi trng xung quanh m cn phi hnh ng gp, x l v gii quyt ngay c gi l tnh trng khn cp. Vng nguy him: vng nguy him (c hi) l khong khng gian xc nh, ti cc yu t nguy him (c hi) lun tn ti v tc ng mt cch thng xuyn, c chu k hoc tc ng bt ng d gy tai nn (nhim c) con ngi, nu khng c bin php phng nga. iu kin lao ng: iu kin lao ng l t hp cc yu t t nhin, x hi, kinh t, t chc, qun l, k thut, cng ngh, php l th hin qua cng c, phng tin lao ng, i tng lao ng, qu trnh cng ngh, mi trng lao ng v s tc ng tng h ca chng vi ngi lao ng ti ni lm vic, to nn bi cnh nht nh m ngi lao ng phi tri qua qu trnh lao ng. 1.1.2 Nhng quy tc chung v an ton lao ng Cc quy tc an ton khi sp xp vt liu. Cc quy tc an ton khi i li. Cc quy tc an ton ni lm vic. Cc quy tc an ton khi lm vic tp th. Cc quy tc an ton khi tip xc vi cht c hi. Cc qui tc an ton khi s dng dng c bo h 1.1.3 Cc quy tc an ton my mc Cc quy tc an ton khi vn hnh my khoan. Cc qui tc an ton khi s dng thang ,my vn chuyn. Cc qui tc an ton khi dng my ti. Cc qui tc an ton i vi dng c th cng. An ton khi lm vic vi mt s my mc c th. An ton khi lm vic vi my dp. An ton khi lm vic vi my mi. An ton khi lm vic vi my cun p. An ton khi lm vic vi my ca g li trn. An ton khi lm vic vi my bo g dng ng c. An ton khi lm vic vi cn cu. An ton khi lm vic vi xe nng. An ton khi lm vic vi bng chuyn. An ton khi vn hnh vi my n to hnh. An ton khi lm vic vi my nghin. An ton khi lm vic vi my tin. My ct gt tng hp. An ton khi lm vic vi my kh long. An ton khi lm vic vi my git quay. An ton khi lm vic vi my vt li tm. My h quang dng in xoay chiu 1.1.4 Mt s bin php phng nga

Tu theo tnh hnh c th c th p dng cc bin php phng nga sau y: Bin php k thut cng ngh. Bin php k thut v sinh. Bin php t chc lao ng khoa hc. Bin php phng h c nhn. Cc bin php v qun l hnh chnh. 1.1.4.1 Trang b bo v c nhn Khi nim: Trang b bo v c nhn (trang b BHL) c hiu l tt c nhng phng tin, dng c hoc t bo v c th hoc b phn no ca NL v phi mang trn ngi khi lm vic. Nhng trang b bo v c nhn khi nhng tc ng c hi ca mi trng xung quanh. Nhng trang b thuc nhm ny gm: thit b th chng bi, mt n phng c, khu trang; thit b bo v tai, mt, mt n bo v tai, m, nt bng tai; knh bo v mt khi bi, khi, kh ha cht; qun o bo h lao ng chng nng, nng, bi; tp d chng d bn, ha cht; ng bo h bo v chn khi bn, ly, nc, gng tay cao su bo v tay khi s tip xc trc tip vi ha cht, nc. Nhng trang b bo v c nhn khi tai nn c nhn khi tai nn lao ng. Nhng trang b thuc nhm ny bao gm: nn bo h (m bo h) bng nha polyetylen bo v u, qun o bo h lm gim va chm, try, xc; giy, ng bo h bo v chn khi dp thng; phng tic bo v tay (gng tay bng vi b, cao su cch in), tht lng an ton kh lm vic trn cao, o phao an ton khi lm vic trn mt nc. Cc loi c bn: nn bo h, qun o bo h, giy bo h, gng tay bo h, knh bo v mt, phng tin bo v c quan h hp, phng tin bo v tai, o phao. 1.2. An ton lao ng, phng chy cha chy, bo v mi trng. 1.2.1 An ton ha cht v in 1.2.1.1 An ton ha cht Bng 1.2.1.1: Tiu chun nh nc Tiu chun nh nc Cc cht c hi Phn loi v nhng yu cy chung v an ton Noxious subbstances Classification and General Nhm T TCVN 3164 79 C hiu lc

safety Requirements. t 1-1-1981 Tiu chun ny p dng cho cc cht c hi c trong nguyn liu, sn phm, bn thnh phm v ph liu ca qu trnh sn xut v quy nh nhng yu cu chung v
5

an ton khi sn xut, s dng v bo qun, v gii hn v sinh v kim tra hm lng cc cht c hi trong khng kh khu vc lm vic. Tiu chun ny khng p dng i vi cc cht phng x v cc cht sinh hc (cc phc cht sinh hc phc tp, vi khun, vi trng v.v...). Cc thut ng v nh ngha s dng trong tiu chun ny c trnh by trong ph lc. 1.2.1.2 Phn lai Tu theo mc tc ng ln c th cc cht c hi c chia ra lm bn nhm nguy him. Nhm th nht Cc cht cc k nguy him. Nhm th hai Cc cht rt nguy him. Nhm th ba Cc cht nguy him. Nhm th t Cc cht t nguy him Nhm nguy him ca cc cht c hi c xc nh ty thuc vo nh mc v ch s nu ra trong bng sau Bng 1.2.1.2: Phn loi nhm nguy him cc cht c hi Tn ch s Nng o gii hn cho php ca cc cht c hi trong khng kh khu vc lm vic, mg/m3 Liu gy cht trung bnh khi a vo d dy, mg/m3 Liu gy cht trung bnh khi a ln da, mg/kg Nng gy cht trung bnh trong khng kh khu vc lm Nh hn vic:mg/m3. 500 500 5000 300 30
6

nh mc cho cc nhm nguy him I II III

IV

Nh hn 0,1

0,1 1,0

Ln hn 1,0 10,0

Ln hn 10,0

Nh hn 15 Nh hn 100

Ln hn 15 150 150 5000 Ln hn 100 500 500 2500 Ln hn 5000 50000 Nh hn

Ln hn 500 Ln hn 2500

Ln hn 50.000 Nh hn

H s kh nng gy nhim Ln hn

c ng h hp 300 H s vng tc ng cp tnh Nh hn 6,0 H s vng tc ng mn Ln hn tnh 1.2.1.3 Yu cu v an ton 10,0

30 30 6,0 18 10,0 5 18 54,0 Nh hn 5,0 2,5

3 Ln

hn

54,0 Nh hn 2,5

cc x nghip m hot ng sn xut c lin quan n cc cht c hi Cc bin php cn c bit ch m bo an ton lao ng khi tip xc vi cc cht c hi Nhng yu cu v gii hn v hm lng cc cht c hi trong khng kh khu vc lm vic Nhng yu cu ch yu i vi vic kim tra hm lng cc cht c hi trong khng kh khu vc lm vic 1.2.1.4 An ton vi cht c v kh c a. Kh H2S Khi nim: Kh sunfuahydro (H2S) l cht c thn kinh mnh, rt c hi, khng mu sc, nng hn khng kh, nng thp c mi trng thi. Kh sunfuahydro c th lm t lit cc c quan h hp, hy dit h thn kinh nhng v tr nhy cm nht. Vi nng trung bnh, kh H2S lm t lit khu gic ngay v con ngi khng th nhn bit n bng mi. Vi nng cao, H2S c th gy cht ngi tc khc. b. Mt s tnh cht ca H2S Kh H2S c t trong 1,189; nng hn khng kh nn thng nm nhng ni thp v khng thong kh nhng d phn tn theo chiu gi. Kh sunfuahydro c tnh n mn cao i vi mt s kim loi v ha tan tt trong du, nc. nhit 20C, kh nng ha tan ca kh H2S trong nc l 2,9 g H2S/ 100 ml H2O. Khi thay i p sut v nhit , kh H2S c th tch ra khi cht lng. Kh H2S chy c ngn la mu xanh lam, sinh ra kh sunfuadioxit SO 2 cng l mt loi kh rt c hi v c tnh n mn kim loi cao, c kh nng gy n khi ha trn vi khng kh nng t 4,3 n 4,6%. Nhit chy ca H2S l 260C ( 500F ). H2S c hn monoxit cacbon CO v tng t nh hydroxianit HCN.
7

Cc kh c v hi c khc. Ngoi kh c hydrosunfua, trong cng tc du kh ni ring v hot ng sn xut kinh doanh ni chung, ngi lao ng cn c th phi tip xc v lm vic vi cc kh c, hi c khc. l cc hydrocacbon c trong xng du v sn phm du m, hc n; cc kh c l sn phm ca qu trnh oxit ha; cc hi c ca cc axit, amoniac; cc hi ca mt s kim loi Cc kh v hi c t cc sn phm du kh. Cc kh v hi c t cc sn phm du kh c th l toluen C 6H5CH3, xylen C6H4(CH3)2, benzen C6H6, cc hydrocacbon thm ny cng l nhng cht c chng gy t lit hng cu v ph hy s hot ng ca hng cu no. Mt s hc n trong du m c th gy nn cc bnh ung th nguy him. Nng ti a cho php ca mt s cht c hi c trnh by trong bng 2 (phn phc lc). Nng ti a cho php ti ni lm vic v khu dn c i vi benzen tng ng l 5,0 v 0,8 mg/ m3. Nng ti a cho php 8 gi lm vic hng ngy i vi khi, hi nha ng, hc n l 5 mg/ m3; cho 15 pht c mt l 10 mg/ m3. Cc kh metan, etan v hi xng lm gim nhanh nng oxy trong khng kh, gy kh th, nu nng ln s gy ra ng c v dn n t vong. Mt s du m v sn phm ca chng tc ng ln da cn c th gy nn bnh ngoi da ( chng vim da, bnh chm ). Ngoi ra, cc kh metan CH4, etan C2H6 cn l nhng kh nguy him n khi ha trn vi khng kh. Trong iu kin bnh thng, CH4 c th gy n khi ha trn vi khng kh nng gii hn n 4,8 14%, vi C2H6 l 3,2 12,5%. 1.2.1.5 Cch phng chng kh, hi v khi c Pht hin v cnh bo nng kh, khi, hi c. Phng chng r r thot cht c. Gim thiu kh, khi thi trong cng nghip du kh. Khuych tn kh thi, lm long nng . Thng gi v lm sch kh. Kh v lm sch cc kh thi, khi thi. Kim sot nng kh, hi c. Bin php y t d phng. Thc hin cc bin php mang tnh t chc php l. Cng tc v sinh. Thc hin ch vitamin ha v cc thc ung b dng. S dng phng tin bo v c nhn 1.2.1.6 An ton in

Khi qut chung: in l mt loi nng lng v cng quan trng i vi s pht trin ca x hi v i sng con ngi. in l 1 loi vt cht v hnh khng nhn thy c nhng li c tc dng rt ln i vi c th con ngi, do mc nguy him cng khng th o lng ht c. Phn ln nhng tai nn xy ra l do va chm phi nhng vt mang in gy in git, nhng cng c nhng trng hp khng va chm m vn b tai nn, l do vt qu khong cch an ton i vi tng cp in p gy nn phng in, sinh tia la in t chy con ngi. Hu qu: Hu qu ca vic mt an ton in l dn n nhng tai nn lm t vong, thng tch cho ngi v s c v my mc thit b, c bit l i vi nhng ni c dy chuyn sn xut lin tc, d chy n dn n thit hi ti sn nghim trng.Do m bo sn xut an ton, cn tm hiu k v k thut an ton in c nhng bin php phng hu hiu v tun th nhng qui nh nghim ngt v An ton in khi lm vic. Cc tai nn v in: Tai nn in c th gp 3 dng: in git, t chy do h quang in, chy n. Cc yu t lien quan n tai nn v in: it tr ngi, dng in i qua ngi, trng thi sinh l con ngi, mi trng xung quanh. 1.2.1.7 Cc bin php phng tai nn in Bc cch in nhng ch hay va chm, nhng ch b h. Ro chn, treo bin bo nhng ch nguy him (c in nguy him, c ngi lm vic cm ng in). B tr nhng phn dn in h trn cao khng vi ti c nhm ngn nga s tip xc tnh c ca con ngi. B tr cc thit b in trong cc khung, v, hp cch ly kn, tm chn,con ngi khng th dng m khng s dng cc dng c chuyn dng m. Ro chn chung quanh nhng thit b in c tnh nguy him cao ( trm bin p, trm phn phi in,) nhm ngn nga ngi, sc vt n gn. Thc hin cch ly cc phn, b phn dn in vi mi trng chung quanh. Ni dy tip t, v thit b: ni t bo v l ni nhng phn, v thit b in bng kim loi bnh thng khng c in vi t qua dy dn v cc bng thp chon trong t. Cc thit b bng kim loi ( b cha du, bnh tch kh du,) cng phi c ni t trng tnh in v nguy c chy n. Ngt bo v l s bo v tc ng
9

nhanh hoc tc ng tc thi nhm m bo ngt t ng thit b in khi pht sinh nguy him in git, xut hin dng r, xut mch. Tt c cc thit b in phi c bo v chng ngn mch v chng cc ch phi tiu chun. Gi khong cch an ton: 2 15kv: 0.7m. 15 35kv: 1.1m. 35 110kv: 1.4m. 220kv: 2.5m. 330kv: 3m. 330 500kv: 4m. Hng nm kim tra lp cch in bng ng h M (>1K/1V) T ng ct in khi c dng in r r ra v thit b. Dng in p thp nhng ni cn thit: n xch tay, n chiu sng cng c 36v.Cc bin php bo v c nhnS dng cc dng c an ton v in. So cch in (ng m cu dao cch ly c ly xa), km cch in, bt th in, gng tay cch in, ng cch in, thm cch in . Cc dng c an ton phi in: knh, gng tay vi bt, mt n, dy ai an ton.Yu cu v s dng cc phng tin bo v c nhn. Ch s dng cc dng c m bo cht lng do phi thng xuyn kim tra m bo cc ch tiu k thut. Khng c s dng qu cp in p cho php ca dng c. Cc dng c bo v phi c bo qun ni cao ro, sch s, trnh ch c xng du, trnh b c xt b mt. 1.2.1.6 Quy nh an ton in Ch nhng ngi c chuyn mn v in v qua hun luyn an ton in mi c bo dng, sa cha, ci to, lp t thit b in. Nhng ngi khng chuyn v k thut in c th c php lm vic vi nhng dng c v c cu in s dng in p thp ( 110V ). Khi bo dng, sa cha thit b in t nht phi c 2 ngi tham gia, thc hin cc bc c lp in, treo bin cnh bo cm ng in ti cu dao ngun trong sut qu trnh lm vic, t cc thit b/ dng c in trn mt bng kh ro, s dng qui trnh lm vic v tun theo giy php lm vic in, sau khi kt thc cng vic phi nghim thu, tr giy php v thng bo ngi vn hnh a thit b vo hot ng;

10

Khi ng/ct thit b in cn c phiu thao tc/qui trnh lm vic v phi c 2 ngi tham gia trnh nhm ln. Khng can thip vo my mc, thit b hoc kh c bt k no nu khng phi l trch nhim ca mnh hoc khng c s phn cng v nu khng v mc ch bo m an ton cho ngi v thit b. Khng t tin n nt hoc ng ngt cu dao, ptomat ngoi chc trch ca mnh (nht l i vi cc my bm, my nn, qut gi). Phi ngt thit b ra khi ngun in v ni t thit b trc khi bo dng, sa cha. Nu cn chiu sng cc b khi sa cha, phi dng n di ng cm tay 36V. Khng t tin i vo vng nguy him ca thit b in hoc ng dy dn in v khng t u ni thay i h thng in. Ti v tr c dng in cao th phi treo bng cnh bo nguy him. Khng b tr thit b in trn mt bng m t c kh nng dn in hoc d trt ng, sp . Ngt khi ngun in cc thit b, dng c in khi khng s dng. Khi ngt mt cu ch, cu dao, cng tc, mi ni in, ti v tr c lp phi treo bin thng bo hoc kha cch ly. t nht 2 ln/nm o kim tra in tr tip t ca thit b, nu s o >2 th phi x l t gi tr <2. Phi mang qun o kh, i giy cch in, i m khi i vo vng nguy him v in; Khi lm vic trn cao nht thit phi eo dy an ton. Tho kim loi trn ngi, mc qun o kh, eo gng, mang ng cch in v dng c cch in ph hp khi phi lm vic vi thit b ang mang in; Khi pht hin thy iu bt thng (mi kht, khi, tia la in) phi lp tc bo ngi vn hnh ngng ngay thit b. Sau khi mt mch in b ngt bi 1 thit b bo v (ptmt, cu ch), khng c ng mch in li cho n khi c quyt nh ca ngi chu trch nhim v in bo m rng thit b v mch an ton ng in li. Khng c dng cc thang c kh nng dn in khi lm vic trn hoc gn cc thit b in. Cm dng thang bng kim loi khng c cch in. 1.2.2 Phng chy cha chy 1.2.2.1 Cc quy nh php l ca nh nc vn cng tc phng chy cha chy
11

Cng tc PCCC l mt nhim v rt quan trng trong s nghip xy dng v bo v t Quc, c bit l trong ngnh cng nghip kh nhm bo v con ngi, ti sn, mi trng, gi gn an ninh trt t, an ton x hi. Lut Phng chy v cha chy c Quc hi nc Cng Ho X Hi Ch Ngha Vit Nam kho X, k hp th 9 thng qua ngy 29-6-2001; Ch tch nc Trn c Lng k lnh ban hnh ngy 12/7/2001, qui nh: PCCC l trch nhim ca mi c nhn, c quan, t chc, h gia nh trn lnh th nc Cng Ho X Hi Ch Ngha Vit Nam (iu 5). Cng dn 18 tui tr ln, sc kho c trch nhim tham gia vo i PCCC c s ni lm vic hoc i dn phng ni c tr (iu 5). Ngi lm vic trong mi trng nguy him v chy n hoc thng xuyn tip xc vi cc cht nguy him v chy n phi c hun luyn v c chng ch hun luyn nghip v v PCCC (iu 22). Cc hnh vi b nghim cm gm (iu 8): C gy chy n lm tn hi n tnh mng, sc kho con ngi; gy thit hi ti sn ca Nh nc, c quan t chc, c nhn; nh hng xu n mi trng, an ninh v trt t an ton x hi. Cn tr cc hot ng PCCC, chng ngi thi hnh nhim v PCCC. Li dng cc hot ng PCCC xm hi n tnh mng, sc kho con ngi, xm phm ti sn ca nh nc, c quan, t chc v c nhn. Bo chy gi. Sn xut tng tr, bo qun, s dng, mua bn tri php cht nguy him v chy, n; vi phm nghim trng cc qui nh qun l s dng ngun la, ngun nhit v cc Tiu chun v PCCC c Nh nc qui nh. Thi cng nhng cng trnh c nguy him v chy n m cha c thit k c duyt v PCCC; nghim thu v a vo s dng cng trnh c nguy him v chy, n khi cha iu kin bo m an ton v PCCC. Lm h hng, t thay i, di chuyn phng tin, thit b PCCC, bin bo, bin ch dn v li thot nn.
12

1.2.2.2 K thut an ton khi vn chuyn cc cht d n Khi nim chung v n Hin tng n gm hai dng: Hin tng n l hc: L hin tng n do p xut bn trong th tch vt cha tng ln qu cao vt qua gii hn chu lc ca vt cha nn gy n. V d : N bnh kh xy trong khi vn chuyn, n ni hi . . . Hin tng n ha hc : L hin tng chy nhanh xy ra tc thi, thnh phn ha cht ca cc cht ta ra nng lng to thnh kh nn v c kh nng sinh cng. V d : N cc cht n nh bom, n . . . Nhng iu kin vn chuyn an ton: S rung, lc, va p, ma st v nhng trc trc ca phng tin vn chuyn, trong qu trnh bc xp l nhng nguy him ch yu khi vn chuyn cc vt liu n. phng nga nhng nguy him c th xy ra khi bc xp, vn chuyn vt liu n, cn lu thc hin nhng yu cu c bn sau: K thut an ton chung khi vn chuyn: khi vn chuyn vt liu n, cn tun th nhng quy nh l: Khng vn chuyn vt liu n bng xe t ( xe ben ), t chy kh, xe m t hoc b, mng; c th vn chuyn bng tu, xe in, thuyn, Cm vn chuyn kp n, thuc en v thuc n cha nitroefir lng trn cc rmoc ca t. Phi c ngi p ti khi vn chuyn trn ng di, ngi p ti phi c kin thc v vt liu n, c giy php v c bo v nghim ngt. Phi vn chuyn ring bit trn cc phng tin khc nhau i vi cc vt liu n khc nhau. Khng vn chuyn chung vt liu n vi nhin liu, cc bnh cha kh c p sut ( bnh xy, axtilen ). Cm vn chuyn ngi chung vi vt liu n v nhin liu. Vn chuyn bng t: khi vn chuyn vt liu n bng t, phi tun th nhng quy nh sau:

13

 t vn chuyn phi c bng hiu v cm c hiu chuyn ch cht n nguy him. Khng dng t ang vn chuyn vt liu n sa cha, tip nhin liu, ngoi tr nhng trng hp tht cn thit. Khong cch 2 xe cng vn chuyn vt liu n trn ng bng t nht 50m, i vi ng dc l 300m. Dng, xe tm thi, ngh qua m phi cch xa cc cng trnh, khu dn c t nht mt khong cch ti thiu l 200m. Khi vn chuyn cc kp n, cht n cha nitroefir lng v thuc n en, ti trng ti a ca t khng c vt qu ti trng cho php, cn theo chiu cao tnh theo cc hm cha khng c vt qu 2 dy. Vn chuyn bng xe la v tu, thuyn: khi vn chuyn vt liu n bng xe la, tu hoc thuyn phi tun th nhng quy nh l: Toa cha vt liu n phi cch u my t nht 4 toa; kp n phi c ch cch toa cha thuc n t nht 4 toa v phi cui on tu u tu xe la phi c b phn thu la, trnh va chm mnh khi dng Khi ct cc toa cha vt liu n, phi chn. Toa ch ngi phi cch toa cha vt liu t nht 4 toa. Tu, thuyn phi c c quan an ton giao thong ng bin kim tra trc khi cho php vn chuyn. Bc xp vt liu n: khi bc xp vt liu n, phi bo m: Bc d vt liu n ch c tin hnh theo s hng dn, ch huy ca ngi c trch nhim. Bc xp cc hp, ti, thng, hm cha vt liu n nh nhng, trnh va p v ri. Khng c qung, vt, ko l cc hm, ti vt liu n. Cc vt liu n khc nhau c bc xp ring bit, kp n c cch xa vt liu n trn mt khong cch khng th truyn n c. 1.2.2.3 Phng chy cha chy y l cng tc cc k quan trng v rt cn thit cho mi ngi, mi lc, mi ni, cho tt c cc ngnh ngh v trong cuc sng hng ngy ca mi chng ta. Cng tc phng chy t bit quan trng trong nhng lnh vc thm d khai thc, ch bin, bo qun du kh, khai thc than , sn xut vi, sn, cc ha cht, v
14

chng l nhng cht d chy, n. Chy khng nhng gy thit hi v ti sn, ca ci m cn gy tn tht tnh mng, nh tr sn xut, gy n nguy him v gy nhim mi trng sinh thi. Chy v phn loi chy Khi nim: chy l nhng phn ng ha hc-oxy ha nhanh vi s ta nhit ln v to ra nhng sn phm phn hy (kh, hi nc v tro). Phn loi: Theo ngun gc pht sinh ra chy ngi ta chia ra: chy ni sinh, chy ngoi sinh. Chy ngoi sinh l chy c pht sinh do ngun nhit bn ngoi ( ngn la k bn, s chp in, nhit do ma st). Chy ni sinh c th pht sinnh do t t nng v t bc chy. Theo bn cht chy v v tr chy ngi ta chia ra: chy m, chy c ngn la, chy ngm, chy hm l trong c chy m Theo vt liu chy ngi ta chia chy thnh cc nhm: chy cht rn kim (g, giy, vi..), chy cht lng (du, nht, m, sn), chy kim loi, chy kh gas, kh m, chy do chp in. iu kin cn thit v c ch pht sinh ra chy: gm ba yu t cht chy, cht oxy ha, v ngun nhit, ba yu t ny phi kt hp vi nhau theo ng t l, vo cng mt thi im v ti cng mt a im. Tn ti cht chy c: cht chy, vt liu chy c c th th rn, th lng hoc th kh. Cht chy rn l nhng cht chy trng thi rn nh g, giy Cht chy lng l nhng cht chy trng thi lng nh xng, du Cht chy kh l nhng cht dng th kh nh kh, Propan, Butan C oxy: cht oxy ha c th l oxi trong khng kh, clo, flo, lu hunh, cc hp cht mang oxi nh: kalipecmanganat, amoni ntrat, kali clorat. Trong khng kh oxi chim 21% th tch iu kin bnh thng, khi nng khng kh cn 2-5% s chy khng th duy tr v s ngng chy. C ngun nhit: ngun nhit c th l ngn la k bn, s nung nng cao, nhng tia la pht sinh t cc thit b do ma st, va p, t cc thit b in, do chp in, do ging, st. Ngun nhit c th to ra do s phng in ca in tnh v in

15

kh quyn, do n. Ngun nhit cn c th l ngun n: do cc qu trnh ha hc, sinh ha, nn on nhit Thiu mt trong ba yu t s chy khng th pht sinh v duy tri c. Nhit t bc chy t l nghch vi p sut t bc chy. Qa trnh chy ch c th xy ra trong nng tng ng nht nh i vi hn hp kh gas-khng kh nhng nhit t bc chy khc nhau. Mt s dng chy ca cc cht chy trong khng kh. Cht dng cc, thi khi chy c th khng c ngn la nh than cc, cc kim loi kim hoc chy c ngn la nh g, than nu m chy c mu sc v mi khc nhau. m chy c mu sng l t trng cho cc vt liu hu c c hm lng cacbon ln hn 60%; m chy c mu ti l t trng cho vt liu hu c c hm lng ln hn 50% v cc cht v c khi chy to ra th kh chy c. Cc cht c thnh phn ha hc phc tp khi chy va to ra ngn la va sinh khi. Qa trnh chy c th hon ton hoc khng hon ton. Chy khng hon ton cho nhng sn phm c v c th gy n. Vi, bng, len, than bn thng b chy khng hon ton. Cc cht do cng cho m chy khng hon ton v to ra nhiu cht c: CO, HCl, NH3 Chy ca hn hp bi, kh gas thng km theo n. Nhng nguyn nhn gy chy: khng thn trng, bt cn khi s dng la, lm cng tc hn. S dng, bo qun nguyn liu d chy khng an ton. S dng in v thit b in khng ng qui tc phng chy. Cng tc t chc, qun l, iu hnh cha tt. Khng thn trng, bt cn khi s dng la, lm cng tc hn. Nhng nguyn nhn bt cn c th l:Dng la kim tra s r r ca kh gas, du xng hoc cht lng d chy trong cc thit b cha, ng ng dn. Khng theo di bp khi ang nu nng, khng theo di qu trnh sy vt liu, dung, giy t; si m qua m bng bp in, l sy in hoc ra khi nh vn si khi ma lnh m ng; khng ch khi s dng cc thit b in, lm chy vt tip xc, vt k bn do nung nng cao; nm, vt tn thuc ba bi hoc khng ng ni qui nh; b tr qu trnh sn xut sinh la nh hn in, hn gi , cc l t, l nung nu kim loi, gia cng ch bin nha, vi phm qui nh an ton chy n hoc khng c giy php qui nh.
16

S dng, bo qun nguyn liu d chy khng an ton. Khng cha trong cc bnh, b kn cc cht kh, lng, rn d chy v c kh nng t bc chy tronng khng kh; xp t ln ln hoc qu gn nhau gia cc cht c kh nng gy phn ng ha hc ta nhit..; b tr, xp t cc bnh cha kh c p sut cao gn cc ngun nhit cao hoc qu gn v tr hn ct; kho cha, ni bo qun cc cht d chy v t bc chy khng bo m ng yu cu phng chy; d lu chui du m cht ng, mt s ki loi kim ni m t hoc nc ri bn vo, than cht cht ng m v thm kh thch hp c th t bc chy; tng tr, bun bn tri php nhin liu v sng chung vi nhin liu tng tr cng d gy chy nguy him. S dng in v thit b in khng ng qui tc phng chy. S qu ti khi s dng thit b in khng ng vi in p, chn tit din dy dn cu ch khng ng vi cng sut ph ti, do chm in to ngn mch; do pht sinh tia la in trong mi trng nguy him chy n; tip xc khng tt mi ni dy, cm, cu dao,; do s dng dng c, chiu sng khng ph hp vi qui nh an ton kho cha hang cht d chy n hoc do ri, v bong n in trn sn cnh nhin liu n. Cc nguyn nhn khc gy chy ngoi sinh v ni sinh Cc nguyn nhn khc gy chy ngoi sinh. Ma st, va p lm bin i c nng thnh nhit qu nng hoc ta thnh tia la. Phng in ca in tnh v in kh quyn. S t bc chy ca cc vt dn la c trong thin nhin Chy methane trong ngun t bc chy xy ra trong hm l v lan truyn. N cc hn hp bi + kh+khng kh hoc n hi. Tin hnh cng tc n mn khng ng k thut, chy thuc n, Tn la. m bt la vo vt liu d chy t cc trm nng lng lu ng; cc phng tic giao thong hoc t cc m chy ln cn. St nh vo cc cng trnh khng bo v chng st tt v cng trnh lm bng vt liu d chy hoc lm chy nhin, nguyn liu d chy bn trong. Nhng yu t k thut-a cht- m to ra tnh d chy trong chy ngm, chy hm m. Cc nguyn nhn pht sinh chy ni sinh. Tn ti vt liu c kh nng b oxi ha. S np O2 vo b mt oxi ha ca cc phn t tch t. S thot nhit kh khn t ngun t nung. S bo ton ba iu kin trn khong thi gian nht nh xy ra qu

17

trnh oxi ha vt liu iu kin nhit thp hoc trung bnh v chuyn thnh pha chy. Nhng yu t k thut m - a cht cng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic pht sinh cc m chy ni sinh. Phng chy khi thit k v xy dng cng trnh Khi thit k xy dng cc hng mc cng trnh, ty thuc vo mc ch s dng v tnh nguy him chy n, phi thc hin mt cch nghim ngt: cc phng php phng chng chy n. Kh nng s tn con ngi khi c chy mt cch nhanh chng. Kh nng dp tt m chy mt cch hiu qu. Quy nh v li thot him. Khong cch ti a t v tr n li thot him gn nht trong sn xut l 50-75m, trng hp t bit l 100m. Chiu rng ti thiu cho li thot nn i vi li i v cu thang l 1m, hnh lang l 1.4m, ca l 0.8m. Khong cch ti thiu t kho l thin cha vt liu d chy n cc cng trnh ph thuc vo loi vt liu v qui m kho thay i t 6m n 36m. Tt c cc ta nh, cng trnh phi c t nht mt li thot him cho mi chu vi khng qu 200 m. Tt c cc cng trnh cao tng (>25m) phi c t nht hai li thot him cho mi chu vi khng qu 200m. Nhng ta nh cao hn 10m phi khng c t hn mt cu thang bn ngoi trn mi chu vi 200m bao quanh nh. Phn chia khu vc, lnh th sn xut: lnh th sn xut ca mi nh my, cng trnh, phi c chia ra t nht ba khu vc ring bit bng tng chy hoc bng khong cch an ton chy. l: khu vc lm vic, nh xng, khu cng trnh ph. Khu vc kho tang, khu vn phng Nhm ngn nga s lan chy khi c chy. Thm vo , nhng phn xng kho tang c tnh d chy n phi c b tr cui hng gi ch o trong nm hoc ni thp, cui dng chy ca song. Trn nhng gin khoan khai thc du kh, khu nh vn phng c cch ly khi khu vc khoan khai thc v khu my pht in bng cc ng ho bng thp rng khng nh hn 4m v lnh th hn ch v c lien lc, lu thong bng cc cu vt cng bng cht khng chy c. Khi khai thc du kh trn t lin th khong cch t cc ming ging du kh n cc bnh tch, b cha, trm my pht in >40m, n cc my nn kh, trm nn kh >60m, n v tr t kh thi
18

>100m v phi cui hng gi ch o, n khu nh v lm vic >500m v u hng gi ch o. m bo mng li ng giao thng: trn mi lnh th, c quan XN,cn c mng li ng giao thng rng v thng thong (TCVN 4m) t hai pha nhnm m bo kh nng lu thng v iu phi cc i cu ha khi dp tt m chy. m bo ng giao thng t nht t hai pha ca cng trnh cn nhm ngn nga s lan truyn ca m chy do pht x v i lu nhit ca cc sn phm chy. Yu cu v cc trang thit b in: khi trang thit b, dng c, ph tng in trong mi cng trnh ca c quan, XN, phi chn cho chng ph hp vi tnh nguy him chy n ca mi cng trnh, kho tn. Cc cp dn in t li in n cc thit b in v n chiu sang phi m bo t mi ni nht, c ng knh tit din phn dn in ti thiu ln hn sc chu ti khi cng sut thit b, n lm vic ti a, phi cch li v bo v tt, thng xuyn nhm trch r r, pht ra tia la v t nng qu mc. Tt c cc cm bin in t ng phi an ton, t bit i vi nhng cng trnh nguy him chy - n. Chng phi bo m nhy cn thit theo thit k v lm vic tt, t ng iu chnh v hn ch in p, cng dng vi cc in cm khc nhau. Tia la pht sinh t cm bin c phi m bo khng nng lng bc chy hn nhin liu v kh gas (<0.2 mJ) n chiu sang, cc cm phi c trang b theo ng yu cu ca mi cng trnh ty thuc tnh nguy him chy n. Chng st, tip t: phi tip t tin cy tt c nhng phn v, phn kim loi ca cc thit b s dng, vn hnh trn nhng cng trnh nguy him chy n bo v khi in tnh sinh ra do ma st, tip xc kt hp vi du, kh (b r, r). Phi chng st cho tt c cc hng mc cng trnh nguy him chy n, nhng trung tm vi tnh. Cc kho tang nhin liu, nhng cng trnh cao, nhng cng trnh n c. Trang b h thng bo ng chy: phi trang b h thng bo ng pht hin khi la sm trong cc khch sn, ca hang, siu th, trung tm vi tnh, cc kho ti nguyn, nhin liu d chy n, trong cc cng trnh c khoan, khai thc, vn chuyn du kh, h thng pht hin v cnh bo sm khi la. Bao gm cc u bo chy
19

cm bin nhit hoc cc u bo chy khi c b tr ti nhng ni c nguy c v chy n vi mt v v tr ty thuc vo chng loi ca chng v c ni bng dy dn vi h thng ni t ng v ni vi nhau vi trung tm iu khin, trc thng xuyn 24/24 gi. C ba dng u bo chy: u bo chy khi, u bo chy nhit v u bo chy nh sng. Din tch mt sn m u bo chy kim sot v bo ng khi, nhit cng nh v tr t chng ph thuc khng nhng vo t tnh bo chy m cn ph thuc vo chiu cao lp t so vi mt sn lm vic Trang b h thng phng chy cha chy: phi trang b cc h thng cha chy theo yu cu quy phm phng chy cha chy ty thuc tnh nhuy him chy n v chc nng ca cng trnh cng nh cc phng tic cha chy di ng, xe cha chy chuyn dng cho cc trung tm phng chy ch chy qun huyn. m bo s s tn ngi v phng chy cha chy: trong mi c quan. XN, phi c s phng chy cha chy v ni quy phng chy ch chy cng s s tn, thot him CBCNV. An ton phng chy khi s dng vn hnh tht b v nhng bin php t chc hnh chnh Nhng quy tc an ton chy khi s dng vn hnh: Vn ht thuc v s dng la: ch c ht thuc v vt tn thuc, dim qut ng vo ni quy nh, an ton v khng gy nguy him chy cho bt c vt g chung quanh. Quy nh v cc cng vic sinh la nguy him: Cc cng vic sinh la nguy him (hn, ct kim loi, mi...) ch c thc hin theo ng giy php thi gian v qui nh nh trc c ghi r trong giy php. V d: v tr hn ct phi cch bnh oxi, axetylen t nht 10m v chng cch nhau t nht 5m, phi che ph tt c cc kt cu d chy trong bn knh 5m quanh v tr hn bng bao b tm nc nu khng duy chuyn c. Khng tin hnh hn, ct, mi cc thit b, cc bnh cha, cc ng ng dn ang c p hoc ang cha nhng cht d chy, n (xng, du, kh gas ) Quy nh v cc cht thi d chy: Tt c nhng cht thi d chy (giy vn, gi lu nhim du, xng, m ) phi c b ng vo ni quy nh cc thng rc
20

ring bit bng cht khng chy v c np y. Cc cht lng d chy b ln sn phi c lau sch ngay bng d lu tm nc l. Khng dng xng, du lu, chi trang thit b in, nhng trang thit b b tr trong cng trnh d chy n. Cc gi lu nhin liu cng phi cng phi b vo ng ni quy nh. Quy nh v cnh bo, phng nga: trn cc cng trnh nguy him bo chy nh kho nguyn liu, kho nguyn vt liu d chy, cc cy xng, cac trm tip t nhin liu, cc nh my sn xut, ch bin gas, du xng, nh my, XN sn, vi, cc cng trnh khoan, khai thc du kh, phi c bin cnh bo ln bng ch nn trng treo nhng ni nguy him chy, c ngi qua li, d thy t xa vi ni dung: CM LA!, CM HT THUC! v biu tng v tnh nguy him chy (ngn la trn nn trng). Quy nh v tng tr, ct cha nhin liu v cht n: khng tng tr, ct cha nguyn nhin vt liu d chy n k cnh: h thng thng gi, ng c t trong, my pht, ni hi, l t, nu, Hm l, ng hm, ming hm trong khong cch nh hi 30m. Khng ct cha nguyn nhin vt liu chy n trong phng, nh , vn phng lm vic, Nhng vt dng, phng tin khng cn c s dng na phi c tr v kho bo qun ng qui nh hoc bin thnh ph thi v phi loi tr ngay ra khi lnh th XN cng sm cng tt. Nhng bin php t chc hnh chnh qun tr: phng chy v cha chy tt nht l nng cao ngha v v trch nhim ca mi cng dn, CB CNV. Thnh lp i cha chy: trong mi c quan, XN, ty thuc vo quy m va tnh nnguy him chy, ngi s dng lao ng phi thh lp i cha chy (kim nhim) c hun luyn k cc phng n chng chy, cu ngi khi chy v nh k hang nm phi tin hnh tp hun chng chy. Trong thnh phn i cha chy ti chi ca c quan, XN l nhng thanh nin kha mnh, nhit tnh ca x nghip, cc thnh vin ca i bo v v ng u l gim c c quan, XN .

21

22

Hnh 1.2.2.1: Tp hun v cng tc phng chy cha chy Thc hin tuyn truyn, thng tin rng ri: Thc hin tuyn truyn, thng tin rng ri cho ton th CB-CNV, nhn dn nhng kin thc c bn v phng chy

23

cha chy, cu ngi bng cc hnh thc a dng, phong ph v nh k hang nm, nht l trc khi bc vo ma kh. T chc phong tro thi ua bo m an ton phng chy: cn t chc phong tro thi ua bo m an ton phng chy trong cc b phn ca c quan, trong cc c quan, XN ca cng ty, ca ngnh, BHng nm cn pht ng phong tro thng an ton phng chy cha chy trong ton dn, c quan, XN. Pht ng thi ua gn lin vi cc hnh thc khen thng pht nghim minh. Ngun kinh ph c th trch t cc ngun ca cng tc phng chy cha chy. n v lm tt cng tc phng chy cha chy th khen thng; n v lm cha tt cn c bin php kp thi chn chnh v khc phc. Nhng ni c vi phm cng tc phng chy phi x pht. T chc cng tc kim tra, gim st: ty thuc vo tnh nguy him ca cng trnh, ngi chu trch nhim v phng chy cha chy phi ch than kim tra nh k v t xut ( 1 ln/thng i vi cc cng trnh nguy him chy v 1 ln/6 thng i vi nhng cng trnh khc). Ni dung kim tra, gim st l phi xem xt: S hin hu v hu hiu ca cc h thng bo ng v cha chy, cc phng tin cha chy di ng hoc cm tay. Tnh trng cc cp in, cc ph kin in cho thp sang, dy tip t. kn v s r r nhin liu, kh ca cc bnh b cha, ng ng dn, cc mi ni, cc van. Nng hi xng, du kh gas ti cc ni ct cha chng trc mi khi hn, ct, mi trn cc cng trnh nguy him chy (khai thc, ch bin du kh, ti cc trm tip nhin liu) Nng gii hn cho php ca hi xng du trong khng ti vng kim tra phi bo m: nh hn 0.04% i vi xng, nh hn 0.07% i vi du. Phi ghi nhn cc nhn xt qua mi ln kim tra, gim st vo S phng chy cha chy ca c quan. Nhng thiu st c pht hin qua cc cng tc trn phi c khc phc v chn chnh kp thi. Pht hin v ngn nga cc ngun t bc chy: Pht hin cc ngun t bc chy: bin php u tin pht hin cc ngung t bc chy l xem tnh trng m - a cht, cc mt ct b dy va v thi gian tin
24

hnh cc cng tc c so snh vi cc s liu vt l pht sinh cc ngun t bc chy trn vng m . Bc tip theo l t chc kim tra li tt c cc v tr cho l nguy him.Cc phng php pht hin m chy ni sinh c thchia thnh bn nhm chnh: cc phng php cm quan, cc phng php phn tch hoa hc, cc phng php phn tch vt l, cc phng php a ha khong vt. Cc phng php cm quan: pht hin chy ni sinh da trn nhng du hiu bn ngoi, ngha l nh cc c quan cm gic ca con ngi m khng s dng bt k thit b, dng c xc nh no. Cc phing php phn tch ha hc: nhng du hiu ca chy ni sinh c xc nh nh kt qu ly cc mu khng kh, nc, t trong khu vc v phn tch ha hc Phng php a ha khong vt: phng php ny l bc tip theo trong vic nghin cu thnh t nh nghin cu cc khong vt th cp to thnh do qu trnh oxi hoa trong va. Cc phng php vt l: Cc phng php ny xc nh s chy ni sinh da trn cc thng s vt l ph thuc vo trng thi nhit ca mi trng, m khng kh. Bng nhng dng c chuyn dng. Theo cc thng s nhn c, ngi ta xy dng cc ng ng a nhit v khoanh vng ngun t t nng, xy dng tc d v hng tt dn ca cc qu trnh nhit trong lng t. Tt nht nn s dng kt hp tt c cc phng php pht hin sm chy ni sinh. Phng nga v loi tr cc ngun t bc chy: cc bin php nhm phng nga v loi tr cc ngun t bc chy l: loi b cc vt liu c kh nng b oxi ha, gim hoc ngn chn s tip xc ca vt liu vi oxi, gim hot tnh ha hc, tc kh nng oxi ha ca vt liu t bc chy hoc lm lnh khi b nung. Phng tin v k thut cha chy Cc nguyn tc cha chy: ty thuc vo nhng c tnh ca vt liu chy v nhng iu kin chy ngi ta s dng cc phng tin vi c ch dp la khc nhau. Nhng nguyn tc cha chy c th l: Lm mt cc vt liu ang chy hoc ngun la.
25

Ngn chn cht chy (nhin liu, kh gas) trn vo m la (bng cch ng van ng ng, ngt van an ton,) Ngn nga oxi vi m chy bng kh tr, bt ha hc, bt khng kh Cch ly v chn ng nhng phn ng dy chuyn ca s chy n bng cc hydro cacbon halogen ha, bng etyl bromua C2H5Br v tetra flodibrometan hoc nhng bt cha chy tc ng ng ch. Cch ly m chy nhm ngn chn kh nng bt la n nhng cng trnh, vng k cn, chn ng s ly lan m chy. Nguyn tc cha chy ny thng s dng kt hp trong vic cha chy cc m chy rng Cc cht cha chy: ng cht m khi tc ng ca chng vo vt ang chy s lm gim hoc dp tt s chy. Cc cht dng cha chy c th dng: Lng: nc, tia nc, cc loi dung dch bt. Kh: CO2, cc halongen,. Rn: cc loi ha cht kh, ct, bt kh (bt ng ch) Cc cht cha chy khc nhau vi cc h s mc quan trng (1, 2 v 3) i vi c ch dp chy c th hin trong bng sau:

CHNG 2: AN TON MI TRNG DU KH

2.1 Cc nguyn tc an tan chung khi lm vic vi LPG 2.1.1 Cc c tnh an ton ca LPG LPG l mt cht rt d chy v c th n khi hn hp vi khng kh LPG th kh hi nng hn khng kh, dng kh LPG c th lan xa, tip xc vi cc ngun la v lan ngc tr li bn hoc chai cha LPG c th t li trong khng gian kn gy nguy c cao v n v c Khi cha trong cc bnh v bn kn, LPG thng tn ti dng kh ha lng, khi hp th nhit t bn ngoi (nh nng, nhit t ngn la, cc ngun nhit khc) ,p sut bn trong bn hoc chai s tng ln c th gy nguy him cho thit b v con ngi 2.1.2 Cc nh hng ca LPG i vi sc khe 2.1.2.1Cc nh hng ca LPG ln h h hp nng thp di 0,1% kh LPG khng phi l cht c hi.
26

 nng di 1% LPG khng gy ra triu chng c bit no Nng LPG cho php lm vic lu di l 0,25% Nng kh LPG trn 1% c th gy ra chong nh sau vi pht, tuy nhin khng gy kch thch r rt ln mi v hng LPG l cht gy ngt. Nng LPG qu cao c th chim ch ca Oxy trong khng kh v gy ngt. S thiu oxy bt u xy ra khi nng Oxy thp hn 18%. Cc triu chng khi thiu oxy: T 12 - 16%: th gp t 10 - 14%: cm gic mt mi bt thng, ri lon cm xc t 6 - 10%: nn i v mt kh nng t ch di 6%: co git v suy h hp, c th dn n t vong 2.1.2.2 Cc nh hng ca LPG ln da LPG th kh khng c nh hng ln da LPG lng phun ra di p sut c th gy hin tng bng lnh. Nu bng nh c th gy t cng, au nhi nh kim chm v nga vng da b bng. Nu bng nng s c cm gic chy rt, da b bt trng hoc c mu vng. Vng da b bng b phng gip v c th b hoi th. 2.1.2.3 Cc nh hng ca LPG ln mt LPG dng hi khng gy cay mt. LPG lng bn vo mt c th gy ng bng ti mt v gy m 2.1.2.4 Cc nh hng khc Ngi ta khng ghi nhn c cc nh hng khc, c th LPG khng gy ung th, khng nh hng n kh nng sinh sn v khng nh hng n thai nhi. 2.1.3 Cch x l cc tai nn khi tip xc vi LPG 2.1.3.1 Nu c ngi b chong khi lm vic trong mi trng LPG Ngi vo cp cu phi mang y mt n phng c Nhanh chng a ngi b nn ra ni thong kh Thc hin thao tc h hp nhn to nu nn nhn b ngng th
27

 Thng bo ngay cho nhn vin y t 2.1.3.2 Nu b LPG lng phun vo da

Nhanh chng a ngi b nn ra ngoi, dng nc nh ln vng da b bng cho n khi ht LPG. Cm lm nng, lau hay phun kh nng ln vng da b bng.

Nh nhng g (hoc ct ) b qun o v qun nh quanh vng b bng bng bng vi tit trng. a ngi b nn n trm y t gn nht.

2.1.3.3 Nu b LPG lng phun vo mt Nhanh chng a ngi b nn ra ngoi, dng nc nh ln mt cho n khi ht LPG. Cm lm nng, lau mt.

Bng c hai mt bng bng vi tit trng. a ngi b nn n trm y t gn nht.

2.2 An ton trong vn hnh h thng chu p lc 2.2.1 Khi nim chung Cc h thng chit np, s dng LPG l cc h thng kn, cha LPG bo ha di p sut cao nhit mi trng. T c th thy hai mi nguy him chnh lin quan n h thng LPG l: H thng lun c p sut, khi p lc ca mi cht vt qu kh nng chu lc ca bn cha, ng ng s gy ra n v. LPG cha bn trong h thng l mi cht c kh nng chy n cao, khi xy ra s c n hoc r r, LPG thot ra ngoi c th gy ra chy, n dy chuyn rt nguy him. Chnh v vy, i vi h thng LPG, cc bin php m bo an ton tp trung vo: Cc bn cha (bn c nh, xitec, chai cha) v h thng ng phi c thit k, lp t, nh k nghim th m bo chu c p sut mi cht vi h s an ton ln nht c th Qu trnh vn hnh phi thng xuyn theo di, pht hin ngay cc nguy c n v, r r x l kp thi.

28

 Khu vc lm vic phi m bo khng c cc ngun gy tia la, c thng gi tt trnh LPG t li to thnh hn hp n vi khng kh. 2.2.2 Cc s c lin quan n h thng chu p lc 2.2.2.1 S c n v Phn loi: c th phn ra lm hai loi n v Nt : xy ra vi tc chm khi trn h thng xut hin vt nt lm phun mi cht ra ngoi. N: xy ra vi tc rt nhanh, h thng b ph hy thnh cc mnh nh v to ra cc sng n. Va p ca cc mnh bn v sc p ca sng n trong khng kh s gy ra tai nn cho con ngi v thit b c bit trong cc khng gian kn. i vi mi cht chy n nh LPG vic mt lng ln mi cht thot ra ngoi thng to ra cc hin tng chy n km theo. 2.2.2.2 Nguyn nhn Mi cht bn trong h thng hp th nhit lm p sut tng cao. iu ny c bit nguy him i vi h thng cha LPG, khi hp th nhit LPG lng s bay hi rt nhanh, do s chnh lch v th tch gia phn lng v phn hi (1 lt propan lng bay hi 15OC s to thnh 270 lt kh ) p sut s tng cao nht l khi h thng cha y LPG lng. Do khng kh lt vo to thnh hn hp n bn trong h thng. i vi h thng LPG s c ny hay xy ra khi np kh ln u hoc thng thi khi sa cha. p sut h thng khng tng tuy nhin bn cha, chai v ng ng b yu i do n mn, va p, khuyt tt Hin tng thy kch: Trong h thng ng ng LPG hin tng thy kch xy ra khi dng cht lng b chn li tc thi. Dng cht lng chy bn trong ng c qun tnh ca n, khi b chn li mt cch tc thi (v d nh c van chn no b ng li mt cch t ngt) lc qun tnh ca dng cht lng s chuyn thnh lc sc (sc thy lc) dng sng, truyn ngc li pha sau gy v ng. Khi xy ra hin tng thy kch, ng s b rung v c ting ku bt thng. 2.2.2.3. S c r r Cc nguyn nhn gy nn s c r r bao gm:
29

R r do cc mi ni c tnh trng k thut km. nht nh, vic la chn khng ng loi mi ni s lm tng nguy c r r. Ni chung tt c cc mi ni c th tho c u c nguy c r r cao, v vy ngi ta hn ch sao cho s lng mi ni loi ny trn h thng ng l nh nht, dng cc mi ni bng hn cc v tr c th.

c thit k khng ng quy cch: mi loi mi ni ph hp vi mt iu kin

Xit khng cht Mi ni ren, mt bch b lng ra do rung lc trong qu trnh s dng. Hin tng rung lc khng ch lm lng cc mi ni m cn c th lm cho cc van kha b m ra mt cch bt thng Bn cha, ng ng b nt, thng do va chm, n mn, mi mn, do cc khuyt tt bn trong kim loi. Do bi bn bm vo b mt np van, mt bch Do p sut tng qu cao lm cc van an ton m Do cc sai st trong vn hnh 2.2.3 Cc bin php bo m an ton H thng phi c thit k mt cch ph hp Mt s im ng lu . i vi cc bn cha t c nh: p sut thit k cc bn cha LPG khng c nh hn 17 bar vi chiu dy tng thm d phng n mn t nht l 1 mm

Trn bn cha phi c cc c cu an ton cn thit, c th: trn ng np lng phi c 1 van mt chiu v 1 van chn. ng cp lng ra phi c van ng nhanh khn cp v mt van ng ngt trc tip pha ngoi. Gas lng thng c np vo khoang hi

Bn phi c trang b van an ton c kch thc ph hp vi din tch xung quanh ca bn Trn bn phi c t nht mt dng c o mc lng, dng c o mc lng cao nht v mt p k
30

 H thng cc van ng khn cp phi c kh nng ng bng tay t xa cng nh ti im vn hnh v t ng ng khi c tn hiu bo la, r r t cc u d kh

Mi bn phi c t nht hai v tr ni vo h thng tip t chng st v chng tnh in. in tr tip t phi nh hn 10 Ohm i vi xe bn:

Bn cha t trn xe c yu cu thit k nh i vi bn cha c nh, ngoi ra cn thm mt s yu cu b sung: Lng lng np vo bn khng c vt qu 90% dung tch bn Nu dung tch bn ln hn 10.000 lt, bn phi c mt hoc nhiu vch ngn . Dung tch mi khoang khng c vt qu 7500 lt Khi thit k bn, ngoi p sut cht lng ly bng 17 bar, ngi ta cn phi tnh ti c ti trng ng ca xe Bn cha bt buc phi c nhit k Xe bn phi c dy ni t i vi cc ng : Trn cc ng hi v ng lng, gia 2 van chn phi c van x an ton c p sut t bng 80% p sut th ca h thng. Hin ti, cha c tiu chun Vit nam v p sut thit k cho h thng ng, c th tham kho quy nh ca M (NFPA 58 iu 3-2.10.2) nh sau: ng c p sut cao hn p sut ca bn (ng nhp lng, ng y ca bm lng) thit k p sut 24 bar ng lng khng ni vi u y ca bm, cc ng hi lm vic p sut ln hn 9 bar (ng hi ni vi bn pha trc van gim p) thit k p sut 17 bar ng hi lm vic p sut nh hn 9 bar (pha sau van gim p) thit k p sut 9 bar H thng phi c kim tra, theo di mt cch thng xuyn kp thi pht hin cc khuyt tt, c bin php x l bo dng kp thi.

31

Trm np phi c k hoch quy nh chi tit cng tc kim tra, bo dng nh k tt c cc thit b trong trm m bo iu kin an ton. Sau y l mt s lch biu mang tnh gi i vi cc thit b ph tr Bng 2.5.1 Kim tra bo dng thit b ph tr Tn thit b Cc van ng khn cp H thng nc ti lm mt Bin php kim tra, bo dng Kim tra kh nng lm vic Chy th, kim tra m bo h thng c th ti ton b din tch b mt cc bn. Sa cha v thay Hng nm Theo yu cu ca nh ch to H thng bn cha, thit b np, ng ng Bng 2.5.2 Kim tra bo dng h thng bn cha, thit b np, ng ng Hng mc kim tra Bin php kim tra, bo dng Thi gian thc Thi gian thc hin Hng tun Hng qy

th cc vi phun b tc hoc b hng Kim tra kh nng lm vic Cc thit b bo r Kim tra kh nng lm vic r (Gas detector)

hin Kim tra thng xuyn Kim tra pht hin cc hin tng h hng r r Hng ngy (S dng danh mc cu sa cha kp thi hi kim tra) Kim tra hng thng Kim tra m bo cc van kha tnh trng Hng thng k thut tt (tay van ng m nh nhng, khng c r r, n mn trn thn van, mt bch, mi ni) . Kim tra van an ton (l thot nc khng b tc, l xo v van khng b n mn) . Kim tra tnh trng n mn ca ng ng Kim tra cc u np pht hin cc biu hin h hng, n mn hay x h.
32

Kim tra hng nm

Kim nh li p k, nhit k . Kim tra kh nng lm vic ca h thng bo ng khi mc lng qu cao. Kim tra bng mt tnh trng k thut bn. Kim tra tnh trng k thut ca nn

Hng nm

Khm xt ton b cc bn v h thng ng

mng, chn bn Kim tra bn trong, bn ngoi. Siu m kim tra 3 nm/ln(do chiu dy c quan ng

kim thc hin) Khm xt ton b v th Kim tra bn trong, bn ngoi. Siu m kim tra 6 nm/ln(do thy lc cc bn v h thng ng chiu dy. Th thy lc c quan ng kim thc hin)

Qu trnh vn hnh phi m bo cc nguyn tc an ton c bn khi lm vic vi LPG Cch ly LPG khi tt c cc ngun la trn v cc ngun gy tia la. Trong qu trnh sang chit, s dng cc chai, bn cha cn c ni t trnh in tch tnh in c th gy tia la Khu vc c LPG phi c bin bo cm la, cm ht thuc Lun gi cho khu vc lm vic sch s, khng c cc vt liu d chy Yu cu c bn i vi khu vc tn tr v np kh LPG Phi c thng gi tt, h thng thng gi phi l loi khng gy tia la trong qu trnh hot ng. H thng in phi m bo y cc yu cu v phng n v v an ton Li i li v cc ca thot him phi thong, khng c cc vt chn Phi lp t cc thit b bo la v bo r r Yu cu c bn khi s dng chai LPG S dng s lng LPG t nht c th. Chai phi t trong khu vc c thng gi tt Khi khng s dng, chai phi c nt bo v van Chai phi c t v tr ng, c kp cht chng ng.
33

 Khng m van chai khi tay c du, m Dng van gim p ph hp. Thit b s dng ga phi l loi ph hp, m bo cc yu cu an ton. Ch m van chai bng tay, khng s dng bt k dng c no khc m. Thng xuyn kim tra tnh trng chai kp thi pht hin cc du hiu mp mo, r st, r r. Khng s dng chai nu pht hin cc biu hin h hng Lun gi van chai sch s, c bit l khng c nc v du m Khi s dng kh, lun m hon ton van chai Khng chai b ri, va p vo cc vt rn Khng nm vo tay van khi nhc chai li mt t kh sau khi dng chai ( ngi np chai c th nhn bit loi kh) Khng s dng chai vo bt k mc ch no khc (nh lm con ln, bc k v.v.) Trang b thit b PCCC Mt s im cn ch : Khi np LPG t tu vo bn (theo quy nh ca NFPA58) Trong vng bn knh 30,5 m t cu tu khng c c cc phng tin vn ti khc, cc thit b in cm tay, bnh cha kh nn, cha cht chy Ch nhng ngi c trch nhim c mt trong khu vc nhp ga Khi xut ga cho xe bn Xe phi hng v pha c ng thot thch hp (m bo cho xe khng phi li khi thot i), ci phanh, ngt cng tc, ct c quy v chn bnh xe trc khi giao hng. Phi ni t dy ni t ca xe trc khi ni ng. Ngi li xe hoc ngi chu trch nhim giao nhn hng khng c i ra ngoi trong sut thi gian giao hng Phi lun lun c ngi trng coi xe trong qu trnh np Phi m bo rng thit b np, xe bn tnh trng k thut tt trc khi np. ng nay van np khi mc np cn thit. Khi theo di mc np bng thit b bo mc lng ti a (fixed liquid gauge), cn thc hin quy trnh sau:
34

Phi mang gng tay bo h khi vn hnh thit b bo mc lng ti a M vt xem lng trn thit b bo mc lng ti a khi bn np c khong 50% sc cha. Khi thy lng thot ra t thit b bo mc lng ti a, ng ngayvan np. ng kn vt xem lng Phi thc hin ng quy trnh x e trc khi np v x kh trong ng mm sau khi np Nu sau khi ngt ng mm m vn thy ga thot ra t ng np ca xe tc l van mt chiu gn trn xe bn b hng. Bin php x l nh sau: Ni ng mm tr li, np thm mt cht lng dng dng mi cht lm sch van mt chiu. Nu van vn khng kn, dng nt bt kn u np ca xe. Thng bo cho ngi c trch nhim x l Trc khi kt thc cng vic phi tin hnh kim tra m bo van bn c kha, ng mm c bo qun cn thn, cc thit b in c ngt khi ngun v.v. Khi np ga vo chai Ch np kh vo cc chai t cc yu cu an ton, khng c np kh vo cc chai c cc biu hin sau: C biu hin h hng c hc: phng, mp, vt xc, vt c v.v. C hin tng b n mn Tnh trng chn , tay xch khng m bo Tnh trng van khng tt Ch v s ng trn chai khng ng hoc khng r Chai qu thi hn khm nghim Chai c biu hin b nh hng ca ha hon Np theo ng trng lng quy nh Sai s np cho php nh sau: Bng 2.5.3 Sai s cho php khi np cc loi bhh LPG Loi chai Sai s np (kg) 6 -7 kg +0,1/-0 kg 9 - 13 kg +0,2/-0 kg T 45 kg +0,4/-0 kg
35

Ngng nay qu trnh np nu pht hin cc hin tng bt thng hay cc h hng gy ra r r kh trong h thng. Chai sau khi np phi c kim tra li v: trng lng np v kn Khi x l cc chai qu y hoc khng m bo kn khng c x trc tip ra ngoi tri m phi c h thng thu hi kh. Cc nguyn tc an ton khi lm vic bn trong cc bn cha Trc khi lm vic phi c giy php lm vic c ch k ca ngi c trch nhim Trong qu trnh lm vic phi c ngi canh chng bn ngoi bn vi y thit b th nhn to. Gia ngi lm vic bn trong v bn ngoi bn phi c phng tin lin lc thch hp. Cc dng c, phng tin lm vic bn trong bn phi l loi khng pht sinh tia la. n chiu sng phi l loi phng n c in p khng qu 12V. Phi phn tch khng kh trc khi lm vic. C th tham kho bng sau y v cc yu cu i vi thnh phn kh khi lm vic bn trong bn: Bng 2.5.4: Cc nguyn tc an ton khi lm vic bn trong cc bn cha Cc iu kin ca mi trng bn trong bn T l oxy trong khng kh bn trong bn Nh hn 19,5% Ln hn hoc bng Phn trm kh chy so vi gii hn > 20% Khng c vo chy di (%LFL) T 11% C th chui vo bn Mang thit b th khi n 20% T n 10% vi thit b th. Ch cn thit phi chui thc hin cc thao vo bn kim tra tc kim tra 2% C th chui vo bn C th chui vo bn vi thit b th. Ch vi thit b th. Ch thc hin cc thao thc hin cc thao tc tc sa cha, bo tr sa cha, bo tr
36

19,5 % Khng c vo

khng gy tia la khng gy tia la Nh (cold work) (cold work) C th chui vo bn Khng cn thit b th thc hin tt c C th thc hin tt cc thao tc bo tr, c cc thao tc bo sa cha (hot work tr, sa cha (hot v cold work) 2.2.4 Mt s ha cht s dng trong nghnh cng nghip kh Methanol cht chng ng Odoran (Mercaptan) cht to mi Ha cht chng n mn (Nalco) Methane + Propan + Butan + Condensat + Hydrogen Sulfide cc sn phm kh. Sn chng r thit b; Xng du nht 2.2.4.1 Tnh cht c hi, nguy him ca ha cht Tt c cc sn phm v ha cht s dng trong cng nghip kh v cc sn phm trong qu trnh sn xut u c th gy c hi cho ngi v nhim mi trng xung quanh nu khng c cc bin php an ton trong qu trnh s dng, lu gi v vn chuyn. Ty theo tnh cht ca mi loi ha cht m chng c th xm nhp vo c th theo 3 con ng khc nhau nh ng h hp, ng tiu ha v qua da. Khi vo c th chng c th gy tn hi ton thn (nh hng n c quan to mu nh bnh bch hu, ung th mu) hoc nh hng cc b nh vim phi, ung th phi hay vim lot da..... c bit cc sn phm trong qu trnh sn xut nh propan, butan, condensat gy bng lnh nu bn vo da. 2.2.4.1 Cc quy nh an ton ha cht Khi s dng:
37

hn 2% vi thit b th. C th khi chui vo bn.

work v cold work)

Phi kim tra cc thng tin ca nh cung cp ha cht nh: phn loi, nh gi, nh du, dn nhn . Hiu r ti liu hng dn, qui trnh lm vic, tnh cht c hi, cch phng nga v cch s cp cu trong trng hp ng c hoc s c. Lm vic theo ng qui trnh hng dn ca nh cung cp. Tt c cc h s ti liu, cc thng tin v ha cht phi c gn ni lm vic vi ngn ng d c d hiu. Phi bit v tr vi nc sch gn nht ra khi ho cht bn, vo ngi, vo mt hoc mt Mi thng ha cht phi c dn nhn, nh du ph hp. S dng phng tin bo v c nhn ph hp cho tng loi ha cht nh:

Dng khu trang, mt n phng c hoc thit b th i vi ha cht c hi d bay hi. S dng qun o, gng tay, ng chng ha cht i vi ha cht c kh nng gy bng, kch thch da. i vi ha cht d chy n: trong qu trnh lm vic phi p dng cc bin php phng chng chy n ph hp nh cch ly ngun nhit, ngun la, ni lm vic phi thng thong

Khng vo cc khu vc c lu tr ha cht c hi khi khng cn thit Cm ht dung dch ha cht c bng ming. Khng n ung, ht thuc, ngh ngi ti ni c ha cht nguy him c hi. Khng lm vic, tip xc khi mc bnh d ng vi ha cht. Khi lu tr trong kho: Cc thng cha khng c r r, han r v phi c sp xp hp l, khng cn tr gy vp ng. Mi loi phi c qui nh, nh du, dn nhn y . Thng xuyn cp nht s lng ha cht trong kho vo s. Khng cc ha cht c tnh tng k gn nhau, khng cc ha cht d chy n gn cc ha cht duy tr s chy (xy, cht nh xy).

38

Ni c ha cht nguy him, c hi phi c bn hng dn qui cch s dng, bo qun, vn chuyn an ton v c t v tr d thy, d c. Ngi khng c trch nhim khng c vo kho ha cht. Cm n, ung, t hi, ng, ngh ngi trong kho cha ha cht. Ch nn lu gi s lng ha cht cn thit cho hot ng. Khi vn chuyn: trnh v tt nht s dng cc hnh thc ng dn, bng ti, xe cn cu, xe y 2 bnh, xe nng, xe ct kt; Nu s dng ng dn phi m bo h thng ng khng r r; Vn chuyn cht lng d chy phi m bo thng gi tt vi nhng thng cha tip t v c ai; Khi vn chuyn ha cht trong cc bnh chu p lc phi xp chng thnh c lt n hoc cao su v t cc van v mt pha, cc van phi c y bng np chp c chng buc chc chn. Nu xp ng th ch xp 1 hng, nu xp nm th phi xp thp hn thnh xe. Hy b ha cht: Phi thng xuyn kim tra v thi b cc ha cht khng cn gi tr s dng, vic thi b ha cht phi m bo khng gy c hi cho ngi v mi trng xung quanh, phi tun theo cc vn bn php quy k thut hin hnh i vi loi ha cht c th . Cc thng cha ha cht c hi nguy him trc khi b i phi x l trit tnh c hi . Rc thi trong qu trnh hot ng sn xut c lin quan n ha cht cng phi c x l bng cc bin php k thut hp l trc khi thi ra ngoi mi trng. ng cu s c tran ha cht va bao v mi trng: Ti cc phn xng phi xy dng ng cu khn khp cho trng hp tran ha cht. T chc chc thc tp phng n trn ha cht theo ng nh k v k hoch ra. Khc phuc hu qua va thc hin cac bin phap bao v mi trng.
39

2.3 An ton trong vn hnh , bo dng nh my x l kh Dinh C

Nhng bin bo cn lu khi vo nh my

Hnh 2.3.1: H thng bin bo an ton bo h lao ng Ni quy ra vo: Khng phn s min vo, Khi vo phi c Giy php do BG n v lin quan cp, Khi vo phi eo ph hiu v c bo h lao ng y , Khng em theo cc vt dng, vt liu c kh nng gy la nh: v kh, dim qut, ha cht, in thoi di ng, my nh, my quay phim, thit b in, ng c, Cm ht thuc v cc hot ng to la, Khng t do i li Khng t tin tc ng vo thit b Mi hot ng phi theo hng dn ca cn b vn hnh Ni quy xe ra vo: Khng cho cc loi xe c ng c vo Trng hp bt buc phi cho xe vo, cn tun th cc quy inh sau: C Giy php do BG n v lien quan cp. Li xe phi trnh by r mc ch a xe vo.

40

 Tnh trng ca xe m bo an ton giao thng v an ton phng chy cha chy. Xe c np chp dp tn la ti ng x. Tt in i, radio v cc thit b in t khc trn xe. Trn xe khng mang theo dim qut, cc vt liu hoc dng c c kh nng nh la hoc gy chy n. Ni quy phng chy cha chy: Khng ht thuc v cc hot ng gy la. Khng em theo cc vt dng, vt liu c kh nng gy la nh: v kh, dim qut, ha cht, in thoi di ng, my nh, my quay phim, thit b in, ng c, Khng i giy inh Nm bt hiu lnh bo ng va cc li thot nguy him. Ni quy lm vic: Tun th ni quy ra vo. C giy chng nhn qua hng dn an ton v BHL do Phng AT-CL cp. Khng ht thuc, khng nu nng. Khng lm mt v sinh mi trng. Khng ung ru hoc dng cht kch thch trong khi lm vic. Khng u , khng nh bi, chi c hoc nm ng trong gi lm vic. Khng lm vic ring hoc t b v tr lm vic. Mi cng vic nguy him u phi c quy trnh v giy php lm vic. Ngi thc hin cng vic phi tun th quy trnh k thut v cc yu cu trong giy php duyt. Trang b bo h lao ng y v eo ph hiu khi lm vic. Khng c nhim v tuyt i khng t tin tc ng vo h thng. Nu thy nguy c khng an ton hoc c s c, tai nn cho cp trn hoc cn b vn hnh. 2.3.1 Cc nguy him trong vn hnh
41

phi cp bo ngay

Tt c mi ngi, khi i vo khu vc vn hnh (nh my, trm phn phi, kho cng ) tc l i vo vng nguy him, lun thng trc yu t nguy him v chy n do nguyn liu v sn phm u l cc Hydrocarbon CH, sn sng bc chy khi b r r ra ngoi khng kh nng 5-15% v gp ngun nhit (tia la, ngn la ). i vi nhng ngi phi lm vic lin quan n vn hnh, bo dng u phi chu nhng yu t nguy him v ri ro ty thuc vo tng cng vic nh: Lm vic vi ha cht (x l, bo qun, vn chuyn): chu nguy him c hi, b nh hng h h hp, thn kinh . Lm vic trn cao (kim tra, bo dng thit b): C th b ri. Lm vic trong khng gian hn hp (kim tra, bo dng cc bnh cng ngh) thiu khng kh, chu kh c gy tc th, b c hi h hp, thn kinh . Lm vic vi cc cng c/thit b c kh: c cc nguy him v li, ko, ct, va p t cc b phn truyn ng. Lm vic khu my pht in, my nn: chu ting n, rung. 2.3.2 Cc qui nh an ton 2.3.2.1 Vn hnh thit b . Ch nhng ngi c hun luyn v vn hnh thit b, bin php lm vic an ton v cc qui nh v AT-VSL mi c tham gia vn hnh thit b. Ngi vn hnh thit b phi tun th ng qui trnh k thut, bin php lm vic an ton, bin php phng nga, bin php x l khi c s c v cc qui nh khc ca Cng ty hoc ca n v sn xut v cng tc vn hnh. Khng vn hnh thit b thiu an ton nh: Thit b trc trc, hng hc, qu ti, r r, thng s vn hnh vt gii hn cho php; thiu c cu bo v hoc bn thn thit b ang nm trong vng nguy him ca hot ng no . Khng vn hnh cc thit b nu vic gy mt an ton cho mt phn hoc ton b dy chuyn sn xut. Ngi vn hnh c trch nhim treo bin cnh bo (cn thit th phi kha, c lp thit b) nu pht hin thit b trong tnh trng khng an ton 2.3.2.2 Bo dng, sa cha, xy dng, lp t
42

Ch nhng ngi c hun luyn v qui trnh lm vic, bin php lm vic an ton v cc qui nh v AT-VSL mi c thc hin bo dng, sa cha, xy dng, lp t. Ngi thc hin cng vic phi s dng thit b, dng c an ton v phng tin bo v ph hp vi tng cng vic c th. Ngi thc hin cng vic phi lm vic theo ng qui trnh k thut, bin php m bo an ton cng nh cc qui nh v AT-VSL khc. i vi cng vic nguy him thi phai co phiu anh gia rui rui ro va thc hin cac cac bin phap kim soat rui ro, cac cng vic khac tun thu qui trnh cp giy php lm vic. Trong khi lm vic hoc sau khi kt thc cng vic, nu thy thit b hoc khu vc lm vic khng an ton th ngi thc hin cng vic phi c bin php x l ngay. Nu khng x l c, ngi thc hin cng vic phi treo bin cnh bo, cch ly khu vc ng thi bo co cp trn v thng bo cho cc bn lin quan. 2.3.2.3 Lm vic trong vng nguy him Mi hot ng trong vng nguy him (k c vic i vo vng nguy him) phi c bo trc cho ngi ph trch khu vc v ch tin hnh khi c ngi ph trch khu vc cho php. Ngi ph trch khu vc c trch nhim ph bin cho ngi ln u i vo khu vc nguy him: Yu t nguy him, c hi trong khu vc; cc kh nng nguy him xy ra, li thot him, v tr cc phng tin an ton, s cu. Hng dn bin php phng v x l khi s c, tai nn xy ra. Ti mi vng nguy him phi c du hiu thng bo: Khong cch an ton, cc yu t nguy him. Nim yt bng hng dn cch phng nga v cch x l khi c s c, tai nn. Ngi i vo vng nguy him ti thiu phi mang giy, m, qun o bo h lao ng, ngoi ra cn mang thm cc phng tin bo v khc ph hp vi tnh cht nguy him ca khu vc, v d nh: Qun o, giy ng chng ha cht, mt n th, knh an ton, bt tai chng n 2.3.3 Hot ng trong vng nguy him chy, n
43

Khng t em vo vng nguy him chy n cc vt t, vt liu, thit b, dng c c kh nng sinh la, sinh nhit hoc d bt chy. Cm cc hot ng sinh la nh: Ht thuc, nu nng, t c rc, chp nh, hn, ct. Nu bt buc phi thc hin cng vic lin quan ti la/nhit nh hn, ct, mi kim loi th: Ch nhng ngi c nhim v, c tay ngh mi c thc hin cng vic hn, ct. Ch tin hnh khi c ngi ph trch khu vc cho php, cp Giy php lm vic nng trc khi trin khai cng vic v khng nh c lp thit b hoc c lp vng nguy him. Phi chun b bnh cha chy ngay ti ni hn ct S dng PTBVCN ph hp nh knh hn, gng tay 2.3.4 An ton c kh Trc khi vn hnh phi kim tra cc thit b c kh bo m c c cu phng nga ph hp vi c im v yu cu an ton ca thit b, nh: Che chn b phn nguy him trnh va p, vng, bn, li cun, ct C cu dng khn cp. H thng van an ton, ng h o nhit , p sut, lu lng, nhin liu Tn hiu cnh bo nguy him hoc ch dn vn hnh an ton Ni t cc thit b mang in. Khng t tho b hoc lm mt cng dng ca cc b phn che chn. Qun o, u tc phi gn gng khng b cun vo cc b phn chuyn ng ca my. Thit b c kh phi c lp t trn mt bng kh ro, vng chc khng d trn trt hoc sp . Thit b ny phi nm ngoi vng nguy him ca thit b kia, nu khng ch th phi coi vng nguy him c din tch v yu t nguy him ca 2 vng gp li.

44

Thit b c kh phi c bo dng nh k, sa cha kp thi khi c hng hc phng tai nn, s c bt ng xy ra. 2.3.5 Lm vic trn cao Khi lm vic trn cao t 2m tr ln, ngoi vic phi mang qun o, giy, m bo h lao ng, phi eo dy an ton v mc vo ni chc chn. Kim tra thang, gin do, sn thao tc, lan can/ro chn bo m chc chn trc khi tin hnh cng vic trn cao. Khi ln, xung v di chuyn theo ng tuyn qui nh. Nghim cm leo tro, i li ty tin (nh i trn mt tng, mt dm, tro qua lan can, u bm vo dy treo ln, xung). Ch s dng nhng thang, dn gio, sn cng tc m yu cu v an ton (phi chc chn, c neo gi, khng mc i, thang di khng qu 5m). Khng lm vic trn cao khi cm thy khng tnh to, khng c nh sng, khi c ma to, ging bo, gi mnh t cp 5 tr ln. Khng c qu 1 ngi lm vic trn thang. Khng dng thang, gin gio bng kim loi trong iu kin in c th chm vo thang. Khng bn, du m hoc cht trn khc dnh vo thang, gin gio. Ti thiu 6 thng/ln kim tra chu lc ca thang, gin gio bng cch treo vt nng hoc th vt nng (t 110-250kg) ln thang, gin gio. 2.3.6 Lm vic trong khu vc khng gian hn hp va khng gian kn Khi lm vic trong khu vc kn, phi c t 2 ngi tr ln. t nht c 1 ngi canh chng ngoi ca sn sng gip ngi b nn. Lp danh sach ngi ra vao khng gian kin, ghi ro thi gian vao, thi gian ra va ky xac nhn. Trc khi vo lm vic trong khu vc kn, phi o kim tra nng xy, kh c, kh chy va kim tra thng xuyn 01h/ ln. Nu khu vc kn l mt thit b, bnh, bn hoc kho, hm cha thng vi cc phn khc ca cng trnh c cha cc cht nguy him, c hi th phi cch ly khu vc kn trc khi cho ngi vo lm vic.
45

Khng vo khu vc kn nu nng kh c >10ppm, xy >22% hoc <18%, kh chy >5% LEL. Trng hp bt buc phi vo th phi eo bnh th v cc trang thit b bo v khc. Ngi i vo khu vc kn nu cn phi buc 1 si dy ngang tht lng, u dy lun ra ngoi ngi canh chng ngoi ca gi. Khi ngi bn trong gp nguy him, phi git dy ngi canh chng bit ko nn nhn ra. 2.3.7 Dng c cm tay Ch s dng nhng dng c cm tay ng qui cch, m bo cc yu cu v an ton v k thut. i vi dng c cm tay s dng kh nn, kh chy hoc ngun in, trc khi s dng phi kim tra cc ng dn hi, u ni ng, kim tra r r in Ngt ngun kh hoc in ra khi dng c khi khng s dng. Bo qun m bo dng c lun trong iu kin hot ng tt v an ton cho ngi s dng. 2.3.8 Tng tr, bo qun, vn chuyn thit b vt t, vt liu Thit b, vt liu, vt t phi c sp xp gn gng, khng cn tr li i hoc d gy vp ng. Nu xp chng th vt c trng lng nh phi nm trn vt c trng lng ln v m bo khng gy sp, . Nu t trn gi , phi m bo gi vng chc. Khng cc vt qu nng (t 20kg tr ln) hoc cc bnh, chai, hp cha cht c hi v d v cao trn 1,5m. Cc vt trn hoc d ln, trt phi c chn hoc c dy buc nh v. Cc chai kh phi c xp ng, c mi che, c gi kp v dy buc an ton. Khng thit b in trn sn nh m t. Thit b, vt t, vt liu nguy him c hi phi c ti ni d nhn, d ly, c nhn mc ghi r tn hng, tnh cht nguy him. Khng cc phuy xng, du, bnh kh chy n nh xy, axetylen, cacbuahydro, hydrov cc vt liu d chy n khc trong kho kn m phi ni c mi che nng, thng thong, cch xa ngun la/nhit.
46

Tuyt i khng ht thuc, nu nng, t rc hoc c cc hot ng gy la khc trong kho hoc ni tng tr vt liu, thit b. Phi trang b phng tin phng chy, cha chy cho kho bo qun thit b, vt t d chy, n. Khi vn chuyn cc bnh kh nn, kh ha tan hay kh ha lng phi xp chng thnh c lt n hoc cao su v t van v 1 pha, cc van phi c y bng np chp, c chng buc chc chn. Nu xp ng th ch xp 1 tng, gia cc bnh khng chn lt bng vt liu d chy. Nu xp nm th phi xp thp hn thnh xe. Xe vn chuyn cht lng d chy phi c dy tip t. 2.3.9 H thng chng st in tr ni t ca h thng chng st phi c kim tra t nht 2 ln/nm vo trc ma ma v u ma kh. Cc im c in tr ni t >10 phi c x l t c gi tr <10 2.3.10 Li thot khn cp Mi khu vc nguy him phi c li thot khn cp . Li thot khn cp phi l ng di chuyn nhanh nht thot ra khi vng nguy him. Li thot khn cp phi bng phng, khng ng nc hoc du, nht, khng c trng ngi vt cn tr. Du hiu thot him phi c mu sc ni bt, gn ti v tr d thy ca ca thot him v dc theo li thot khn cp. Ti cng (hoc ca) ra vo ni lm vic phi gn s thot him chung ca cc khu vc nguy him .

47

C ? NG T HO T HI? M

P H NG I? U KH I? N

C ? NG T HO T HI ?M

C ? NG T HO T HI? M
KHU V ? C VAN P H NG

24-April- 03
C? NG CH NH

48

Hnh 2.3.1 S li thot him 2.3.11 Thng bo va iu tra tai nn, s c Nu pht hin tai nn, s c hoc nguy c mt an ton, phi tm cch x l cu ngi b nn hoc ngn chn hu qu. Nu khng c kh nng x l phi lp tc bo cho nhng ngi xung quanh va trng ca vn hanh bit. Mi tai nn, s c v nguy c mt an ton phi c iu tra, lm r nguyn nhn v rt ra bi hc kinh nghim theo theo ung quy inh. Mi tai nn s c v nguy c mt an ton phi c x l, khc phc. Tu theo tai nn s c ln hay nh m phm vi thng bo, iu tra c thc hin cc cp, mc khc nhau t cp X nghip n Cng ty hoc cc Ban/Ngnh a phng. 2.3.12 H thng bo ng, cha chy, cu thng Hp bo ng, dng c cu thng, bnh cu ha, h thng cu ha bng nc/bt; cc u d kh/la/khi/nhit phi lun trong tnh trng hot ng tt, y v s lng v m bo v cht lng, sn sng ng cu s c. Ti mi vng nguy him phi t cc bnh cu ha (nu cn phi b tr hng nc cu ha v vi phun, ct dp la), hp cu thng ph hp vi tnh cht nguy him ca vng. Hp bo ng, dng c cu thng, phng tin cha chy phi c ti ni d nhn, d ly Tuyt i khng dng dng c cu thng v phng tin cha chy cho mc ch khc ngoi mc ch cu thng v cha chy.
49

2.3.13 Gii thiu lc lng, phng tin phnng chy cha chy trn cng trnh kh Ti Nh my x l kh Dinh C v Cng PV GAS Vng Tu trong cc ca vn hnh u bin ch 01 tiu i PCCC lm vic theo ca; cc thit b PCCC c trang b nh sau: Bng 2.2.2: Phng tin cha chy trn cng trnh kh TT I 1 2 3 4 5 II 1 2 3 4 5 Tn thit b Thit b cnh bo u d kh u d la u bo nhit u bo khi Cc nt nhn khn cp, loa Thit b cha chy H thng cha chy t ng bng nc H thng cha chy t ng bng CO2 H thng cha chy t ng bng bt (Foam) Cc tr nc cha chy (hy drant), Sng phun Monitor Bnh cha chy CO2, bnh bt xch tay, xe y b v 6 Foam Xe cha chy 1 xe 1 xe a im Nh my GPP Cng PV GAS Vng Tu x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x x

x x x

2.3.13.1 B phn phng chy cha chy ti Dinh C Pht hin nguy c chy n: Cc nguy c gy ra chy n c pht hin nh cc u cm bin: cm bin kh, cm bin nhit, cm bin khi, cm bin
50

la. Cc u cm bin nhit, khi b tr trong phng iu khin, nh t my pht in, trm bm v cc cng trnh ph tr khc ca nh my. Cc b cm bin kh, la b tr quanh cc thit b cng ngh; cc b cm bin cn b tr trn cng phn vng kim sot c th v trc tip gim st nguy c chy n trong vng . Cc tn hiu thu c t cc u cm bin c truyn v v th hin trn panel iu khin ca h thng phng chng chy n ca phng iu khin trung tm. Panel iu khin t ng x l cc tn hiu cm bin ny xc nh vng c nguy c chy n ng thi thc hin cc lnh sau: Nh my c thit k h thng bo chy, h thng cha chy v h thng pht hin kh (F&G). H thng ny lin kt vi h thng dng khn cp ESD m bo an ton cho Nh my. H thng pht hin chy, r r kh gm: u d la: u d nhit: u d khi: u d kh: n chp: Ci bo ng: u d lng: 51 ci 23 ci 28 ci 90 ci 09 ci 02 ci 01 dy

Hnh 2.3.4 H thng my pht hin chy, r r kh Khi chy: ng van c lp vng chy n v x kh ra uc t. M van x nc, CO2 hoc bt vo vng c chy n T ng kch hot my bm cha chy, khi p lc dng thp. Bo ng bng ci, n chp vng c chy n v phng iu khin.
51

Hnh 2.3.5 B tr ng ng phng chy cha chy trn bn cha LPG 2.3.13.2 H thng cha chy H thng cha chy bng nc c thit k cha chy bao gm: b cha nc 2800 m3, h thng ng dn nc cu h, cc tr vi phun nc, cc bm cu ha. H thng cha chy bng CO2 gm h thng iu khin t ng kch hot bng ng ng v h thng phn b bnh cha chy CO2 p sut 158 bar ti cc v tr thit yu. Bnh cha nit vi p sut 20 bar dng iu khin m cc vn ca h thng CO2 thc hin vic cha chy theo vng. H thng ng ng, van v cc vi phun, khi c chy n xy ra cc van trn t kch hot panel iu khin v vic cha chy c thc hin t ng. Cha chy bng bt c thit k cha chy cho bn cha condensate, h thng ny gm mt bnh cha cht to bt, h thng ng ng dn, v cc vi p H thng cha chy c nh gm: 01 bn nc cu ha dung tch 2750 m3 bn trong Nh my, 01 b nc dung tch 300 m3 bn ngoi Nh my. Hnh: Bn nc cu ha

H thng bm nc cu ha: 03 my
52

bm. Phn phi nc cho cc tr nc cha chy (Hydrant), cc sng phun monitor, h thng phun sng (Water Spray) 02 bm chnh P-71 A/B: Cng sut 340 m3/h/my. 01 Bm b p P-73: Cng sut 30 m3/h. Hnh: H thng bm cu ha Tr nc cha chy (Hydrant): 22 tr c b tr xung quanh nh my, cch nhau khong 50m 80m. Mi tr nc cha chy c hp 1 lng A v 2 cun vi Hnh: Tr nc cha chy Sng phun monitor: 05 ci b tr ti khu vc cng ngh v trm nn u vo. Cc hp ng lng, vi cha chy: 24 hp (48 cun vi, 24 lng) c b tr theo tng khu vc thit b trong nh my Hnh: Sng phun monitor

H thng phun sng (Water Spray): c kch hot thng qua h thng van x nc t ng Deluge Valve (10 ci). Hnh: H thng phun sng

53

H thng phun bt cha chy ti bn Condensate: bn cha foam dung tch 1516 lt, 02 lng phun. Thi gian phun x bt l 55 pht vi mt 4,1l/m2/p. p sut trong ng ng lun c duy tr t 10 12 Barg Hnh: H thng phun bt cha chy ti bn condensate

H thng cha chy t ng bng kh CO2 loi 45 kg: 79 bnh ti khu vc Nh my pht, Trm Dinh C, Scada. Hnh: H thng cha chy t ng bng kh CO2

H thng cha chy t ng bng bnh bt dng treo (26 bnh loi 8kg) ti kho ha cht v kho du m. Hnh: H thng cha chy t ng bng bnh bt dng treo

54

Hin GPP ang ci to, xy dng h thng cha chy bng nc thay cho h thng cha chy bng CO2 ti khu vc trm Dinh C c. H thng cha chy di ng gm: Nh my c trang b 01 xe cha chy cng y cc trang b v phng tin: Lng, vi, foam, km theo trc PCCC 24/24; Hnh: Xe cha chy

Cc bnh cha chy bng bt loi xe y:32 bnh (loi:158kg, 50kg, 45kg, 35kg, 22.7kg) Hnh: Bnh cha chy bng bt loi xe y

Cc bnh cha chy bng bt loi xch tay: 82 bnh (loi: 9kg, 8kg, 6kg). Cc bnh cha chy CO2 xch tay: 34 bnh (loi:9kg, 7kg, 5kg, 3kg).

Hnh: Bnh chy bng bt loi xch tay

55

02 xe Foam di ng dung tch 100 lt/xe; 01 my bm TUHATZU V75 cng sut 123m3/h Hinh: Xe Foam di ng

2.3.14 Kh r r Tt c cc im r r cht c hoc kh chy u phi c treo bin cnh bo, hng ngy o gim st nng r r v c bin php khc phc. Nhng im r r khi o c nng kh chy >60%LEL phi khc phc ngay cng sm cng tt. Trong thi gian ny nhn vin vn hnh phi tng cng kim sot, hn ch ngi qua li. Di di cch ly trit ngun nhit/in gn k v sn sng ng cu nu c chy n xy ra. 2.3.15 ng cu khn cp Mi ngi lm vic trong khu vc sn xut ca cng ty nh vn hnh, phng chy cha chy, bo v u c trch nhim sn sng ng cu nu tnh hung khn cp xy ra. Khi pht hin cc yu t nguy him c th gy s c phi lp tc bo cho ngi chu trch nhim khu vc tm bin php x tr. Tun th nhng mnh lnh ca cp trn, thao tc ng qui trnh ng cu c hun luyn nh thng tin phi hp, c lp, gim p, x kh, ngt dng, vn hnh thit b cha chy . Tham gia gii quyt cc hu qu ca s c. 2.3.16 Giao ca Giao ca ng v tr quy nh.
56

Phi bn giao cng vic cho ca sau mt cch y , c bit cc cng vic cn ang dang d cn theo di gim st cht ch. Khi giao ca phi bn giao cng vic v c ti sn v k nhn vo s giao ca. 2.4 An ton phng chng chy n do tnh in trong tn tr xut nhp xng du 2.4.1 Nguy c tnh in v cc cht ph gia tnh in 2.4.1.1 Gii thiu chung Nguy c tnh in trong ngnh xng du l mt ch c xem xt nhiu ln nhng vn cn tip tc xem xt na. Vic x l cc hydrocacbon d chy vi cc tnh hung tch n qu mc c t ra cng lun tm n cc ri ro. K t nm 1960 n 1961, vin du m M API lit k c 121 v chy n trong qu trnh tra, np xng du cho sitec. Khong 70% trong s xy ra trong qu trnh sang np t sn phm c p sut hi cao sang sn phm c p sut hi thp, v d np sitec ang ch xng sang diezen hoc du ha, nhin liu bay. Gn mt na xy ra khu lc tinh ang thc hin trn tuyn ng. C v s cc tai nn xy ra khi i lung cho my lc. Mc d cng tc thng k trn gip ch rt nhiu cho cnh bo ci thin tnh hnh chy n nhng ti nn ni chung vn xy ra. Tuy khng phi l tt c, nhng a s cc v tai nn tnh in l c th ngn chn, phng chng c. Hu nh tt c cc s c v tnh in u xy ra cng mt kiu v mc d c kinh nghim dy dn nhng cng khng th m bo rng thao tc s c thc hin tuyt i an ton. Ni dung chnh ca phn ny s ni v s tnh in c p dng cho nhin liu hydrocacbon, dung mi v mt s bin php i ph thng c p dng nh s dng mt s ph da ci thin tnh dn in 2.4.1.2 S tch in S tch in xy ra khi cc b mt khc nhau c xc vo nhau: dng nhin liu chy qua ng ng hoc khi trn cht rn vo trong cht lng, khi dng khng kh i qua cnh qut hoc s lng ca nc qua cc hydrocacbon tuy nhin nhng hin tng ny th t hn v khng r rng. Mc to nn s tnh in ph thuc vo bn cht hai b mt. in tch c tch khi t mt b mt v c mang n b mt kia. Trong trng hp nhin
57

liu ca cc hydrocacbon sch rt t xy ra tch in v chng khng b oxi ha mt cch d dng. Cc tp cht dng vt nh axit, cn, amin, mecaptan trng thi thin nhin hoc c thm vo d dng b ion ha, to ra cc phn tch in. Tuy nhin, trong thc t, d mun d khng, chng lun c mt v v vy, xu hng tch in ca nhin liu l khng th d on c, chng c th dao ng ti thiu l 100 cp. Quy m ca in tch pht sinh cng ph thuc vo tc ca dng chy. c nh gi s b cho bit: khi tc ca dng chy tng ln hai ln th in tch pht sinh trong ng ng s tng ln 4 ln. Tc dng chy nh hng do cc b phn lc t c xc nh hn. Cc b lc tinh nh b lc ngng t c th to ra in tch rt ln do c din tch b mt rt ln so vi ng ng hoc cc ng ni. Vic tch in c th kim sot c mt cch tng i v hp l, nhng khng th khng nh l kim sot c mt cch hon ton. Trong thc t c nhiu ha hon xy ra trong cc h thng m trc khng c vn g. Ngoi ra cng c mt s nh hng khng r lm nhng cng c th lm nhin liu nng ln khc thng, lm in tch tng ln n hai ln so vi thng thng v tt yu s dn n s c. 2.4.1.3 S tch t in tch gii quyt c kt qu cc nguy c v tnh in c th xy ra vi xng du v dung mi: vic tin hnh tip v ni t tt cng cha . Vic tip v ni t s ngn chn c s tch t in tch trong cc vt cha ang c sang np xng du nh sitec t v s ngn chn c tia la in phng t vt cha xung t, trong khi kh nng bt chy ca hi nhin liu thot ra l ng k. Nhng ni v tip t s khng ngn chn c su tch t in tch trong lng nhin liu vn c dn in thp. dn in thp s lm mc in tch duy chuyn rt chm qua chnh bn thn nhin liu v phi mt n vi pht in tch dch chuyn qua nhin liu n c v vt cha xung t. Mt vi pht c th l qu lu i vi mt vt cha nh sitec ot ang sang np nhanh vi nhin liu b tch in cao nhng li truyn dn in chm v trong khong thi gian trc khi in tch c dn qua nhin liu ti t th mt in th b mt cao c th tn ti ti hng kV. S phng tia la in v c th gy chy. Hn hp khng kh + nhin liu tng i d b t chy khi ch cn mt nhit
58

lng 0.2 milijun tp trung u tia la in. y l mc cn ghi nh cho mi ngi khi lm vic trong mi trng xng du cho cc lai hydrocacbon d chy. Tuy nhin, vic phng in c th xy ra theo nhiu cch. S phng in nguy him nht l t mt vt th tch in v c kh nng dn in nh kim lai ti mt vt c kh nng dn in khc. V d: s phng in t mt chic can kim lai tch in (ni trong nhin liu) ti thnh trong ca bn cha, hoc ti ng x (drop tube) ang b cch ly (cha ni t). S phng in khi ang th thc o ni theo ng i ca n trong bn ang nhp hng, iu lm cho n tc thi b cch ly. Cc trng hp xy ra s rt nguy him l v vt dn tch in c th mang ht in tch ca n vo thi im pht tia la in ngay lp tc, to v phng in nhanh vi cng ln. V vy, cc vt kim lai ang b cch ly cn phi thn trong lai b, khng cho chng tip xc vi nhin liu ang b tch in. in th b mt vt qa 1kV c th dn n vic pht tia la in v gy chy. in th b mt d dng pht sinh trong cc thao tc thng thng. S phng in kiu chm c th xy ra t b mt nhin liu ti thnh trong ca b cha nu in th b mt vt qu 30 KV v c th to ra nhit lng gy chy trong hn hp khng kh + nhin liu. Kiu phng in ny c th xy ra vi mt vt tch in, nhng khng th t ti in th cao v b mt khng c tinh dn in nn in tch khng th d dng gii phng trong cng mt ln phng in duy nht. in th b mt cn thit gy chy c th d dng t c khi xng du ang bm vi mt lu tc rt ln hoc c th xy ra khu lc tinh gn ni tra np xng du vo phng tin. S phng in kiu qung cng c th xy ra t b mt tch in cc. Lai phng in ny him khi c nng lng cn thit gy chy. 2.4.1.4 Hin tng mi chy Nu thng xuyn c s tch in, in tch s t li v c s phng in vi nng lng ln gy chy th iu kin cui cng ch yu xy ra s chy l mi trng chy. Yu t hng u trong vic xy ra chy xe sitec l vic tin hnh cp hng vo cc sitec c s chuyn i hng ha loi vt chuyn m in hnh l t xng sang diezen.
59

Bn thn vic tra np xng khng c nguy c v tnh in v khng gian th hi, t bit ch pha trn b mt cht lng l c giu hi nhin liu sn sng pht chy. Phn xng ng li, t bit nhit thp, khi xy ra ngng t th cng d dng bt chy. Cc sn phm c p sut hi trung bnh nh nhin liu phn lc JP 4 , toluene, v cc dung mi khc c th to ra mi trng d chy v s bt chy c th d dng xy ra t tia la in nu c nng lng gy chy. Ha hon cng tng xy ra vi cc sn phm c p sut hi thp nh KO, DO khi bc hi v ta ra di dng m sng. mi t cc m sng ca cc cht cn phi c tia la in c nng lng cao hn. Vic mi chy cc m song c th d dng trnh c nu c thit b v phng php thc hnh thch hp. Phng php cp xng du t y vt cha ln c th gim c nguy c chy do m sng, nhng vic np t y cng khng th gim c ng k kh nng bt chy ca hi nhin liu. Cc hydrocacbon khng tch in i vo sitec cha v b tch in mt t khi i qua cc ng ng, v c th b tch in cao khi i qua my bm v cc my mc khc c bit qua b lc. Khi s tch in mc cao m dn in li thp, in tch s tch t li cng vi nhin liu trong xe bn v do ton b h thng c ni t nn s phng in gy chy c th khng xy ra, nhng nu mi trng to mt hn hp c th chy th s bt chy vn c th xy ra. 2.4.2 Lm th no gim ti a vic pht sinh in tch Ni chung, hin nay vn cn qu t cc n lc khng ch xu hng tch in ca nhin liu, ngha l khng ch cc tp cht dng vt dn n s tch in khc thng. Nguyn nhn l do c nhiu loi tp cht v cc lai ph gia c trong nhin liu iu c xu hng in tch ring trn cc b mt khc nhau. V vy ngi ta buc phi tha nhn mt khong rng gi tr in tch c th pht ng trong h thng x l nhin liu. Tr khi ph gia dn in c p dng, lu tc chy qua h thng ng cn phi hn ch n 7m/s. iu cn c tnh ton da trn ng ng c bn knh nh nht trong h thng v trong khong thi gian 100s chy ti u vo ca thng cha. Ti a s cc nh my lc du, my bm thng c t kh xa hng xut ca xe bn hoc cc phng tin cha khc. Tuy nhin, cc thit b lc tinh li c xu hng lp gn ni hng xut nhm m bo yu cu lc sch cho nhin liu. y l
60

mt vn cn xem xt tnh ton cho ph hp. Khong cch lp t b phn lc (c li lc tinh, cp micro) ti xe bn phi tha mn yu cu: khng c gn hi khong cch m sau thi gian 100s, dng chy t u ra ca n ti c xe bn, tr khi trong nhin liu c s dng ph gia dn in. L do: in tch kp chuyn t ng ng xung t. (Ha hon tng xy ra trong trng hp khong cch c t di 30s). Ging nh my lc cc cht huyn ph rn v cht lng c th to ra mt in tich b mt rt ln dn ti hin tng tch in nhiu ln, thm ch t qu trnh lng, c bit l khi b khoy. 2.4.3 Lm gim qu trnh tch t in tch Ni v tip t cc vt kim loi nhin liu tch in l mt iu c bn ca an ton tch in v c thc hin tt c cc hng.Song cng tc an ton v cc tc nghip an ton vn rt cn c lin tc tng cng. Mt s ha hon xy ra t hng bm ti thng cha do khng ni t v s lng ha hon ny c th cn ln hn do vi cc v do xe sitec gy ra. dn in ca nhin liu s khng cn ngha g mt khi nhin liu tch in khi i qua vi bm v ri t do xung thng ng khng c ni t. V vy cc thng cha bng kim loi, hoc c rut bng kim loi t trong cc thng nha, cn phi c ni t khi hng t vi bm xng du. Vic c thi gian cho cc in tch kp truyn xung t l rt cn thit. Do lng in tch to ra khi chy qua ng ng nh hn nhiu so vi in tch to ra t khu lc, Vic ngng khong 100s trong ng ng sau khi lc cho php in tch sau khi lc c tn i. in tch to ra khi nhin liu chy qua ng ng thp hn nhiu ln nn ni chung c th chp nhn c khi lu tc hn ch n 7m/s. Thi gian lu c th to c nh mt thng cha c dung tch bo m lu c 30s hoc lu hn trong thng. Tm li, nh tng tc dn in ca nhin liu, ti mc m in tch ca nhin liu dn ti t c gia tng th mc nguy him s khng cn. 2.4.4 Gim s phng in tch S phng in kiu chm t b mt nhin liu tch in khng th d dng loi b, nhng n ch xy ra khi in th b mt t c ng k khong 30kV hoc ln hn. Mt khc vic phng tia la in t vt kim loi b cch ly c tch in c th xy
61

ra in tch nh hn nhiu, ch cn 1kV. Bng vic bo m cho tt c cc thit b bng kim loi c ni t, v khng cho cc vt kim loi tri ni trong thng cha th c th trnh c dng phng in nguy him nht t vt tch in kim loi ti b mt kim loi. V l do , khi ang bm hng, cc dng c ly mu khng c th xung thng cha sitec... v sau khi bm cng cn ch mt thi gian. V nu nhin liu vn cn in tch xt li tuy khng nguy him ( chng hn 1kV, qa thp cho kiu ng chm) nhng vic ly mu bng cc dng c kim loi nn vn c th phng in vo v bn, b khi n c ko qua ming l o. 2.4.5 Loi b mi chy Nu hn hp c th to ra hn hp mi chy l nhin liu v khng kh khng c mt ng nhin s mi chy khng th xy ra. Nh vy c th bo m chc chn rng vic loi b hin tng mi chy c th bng cch: loi b nhin liu hoc khng kh. Mt s hng xng du ln ra mt s chnh sch nghim ngt l phi hn ch vic chuyn i loi hng ha trong qa trnh vn chuyn v tn cha i vi xe sitec v i vi cc b cha. Nu thc hin c nghim ngt cng vic th nhng tai ha gy chy do giao nhn, vn ti, bm rt i vi cc sn phm c p sut hi thp nh KO, DO c th c li b kh nhiu. Mt s bin php c hiu qu khc, c thc thi trong qu kh, l dng kh nit, CO2, hoc khi sch hp th lm mi trng tr. Nu hm lng oxi thp hn 11% s mi chy khng th xy ra. Vic loi tr hi m sng ca cc hydrocacbon c p sut hi thp cng l mt hng tch cc loi b s mi chy. iu ny c th thc hin bng cch np hng t y v lu tc bm rt thp cho n khi u vo c ngp ht. 2.4.6 Cc cht ph gia dn in Tt c cc bin php nu trn, nu c kt hp s lm gim ng k kh nng xy ra cc s c tnh in. Cc ph gia dn in, cn c l cht tn in, cung cp thm cc bin php bo v. Chng tng cng ng k tc tn in v gip ngn chn s tch t in tch trong nhin liu ang cha trong trong cc vt cha c ni t. Nng cht ph gia c s dng l rt nh, thng thng l mt vi phn triu. Tnh cht ca cc nhin liu phi hng khng nh diezen khng nh hng bi cc ph gia ny. i vi nhin liu hng khng, tnh tch nc b nh hng phn no,
62

nhng hon ton c th chp nhn c, nu khng c cc tp cht dng vt gy tng tc. dn in ca cc hydrocacbon l rt nh v c o theo n v pS/m. dn in ca cc hydroccbon c lc tinh t bit nh heptan c th nh ti 0.01 pS/m. mc dn in nh vy, v mt l thuyt, tc tn in l rt chm, chng cn ti 1500s mi tn c mt na in tch t dung mi ny xung t. Cc nhin liu v dung mi c tinh lc cao thng thng c dn in trong khong 1 -10 pS/m v thi gian tn mt na in tch l 1,5 - 15 giy. i vi dn in l 50 pS/m th thi gian tn mt na in tch khong 0,3 giy, i vi nc dn in l 100 triu pS/m, th in tch tn i nhanh chng. 2.4.7 dn in bao nhiu th t yu cu dn in ca cc hydrocacbon v h thng nhin liu. Khi np diezen vo xe ot sitec khng cn lc tinh th dn in ch cn 0,25 pS/m l m bo in tch bn mt thp, trnh c loi phng in kiu chm. Trong iu kin s tch in thng thng cao hn, nh np nhin liu cho t hay my bay c dng b lc ngng t th dn in ln hn 50 pS/m l cn thit v tc in tch s lun t trung bnh n cao. Nhin liu dng trong qun s Jet B v JP - 8 cn c x l c dn in ti thiu l 150 pS/m do chic phao nha c trong bn xe, n hot ng nh mt phng tin chng la nhng ng thi cng to ra s tch in.Cc dung mi khi c x l ph gia theo cch tng t nhanh chng tn in tch kh dn in c gi tr >50 pS/m. Song cn x l ph gia t dn in la 500 - 1000 pS/m. V phng s khoy trn mnh lit trong bnh un, c bit l cc cht rn l lng v cht lng c th to ra in tch ln trong iu kin khng c thi gian lu. nhy ca nhin liu v dung mi i vi dung mi dn in ph thuc trc tin vo hai yu t; nht v cc tp cht dng vt. Khi cc tp cht khng c nh hng ca nht c th d on kh cao. Dung mi c nht thp cc k nhy cm vi ph gia dn in, ch cn 0,5 mg/l l s tng dn in n 500 pS/m. Mt khc cc cht c nht cao nh du nhn th rt tr. Cc tp cht dng vt nh hng ng k n dn in. nh hng c th xui chiu, ngc chiu v lun l yu t ch yu lm cn c la chn ph gia. Cc ng ph gia khc cng nh hng n hiu nng
63

ca ph gia dn in. i vi nhin liu gc, nhy trc tin l vn kinh t. V cc ph gia khng nh hng n tnh cht ca nhin liu. i vi dung mi cn quan tm n vic s dng cui cng ca chng. Nu nng cc cht phi hydrocacbon cao, trong tnh hung dn in l quan trng, th bn thn cc cht ny c th hot ng nh cc cht ci thin dn in, v vy chng khng gy ra hu qu g. Cc cht rn l lng, song c th hp ph cc cht ph gia lm cho dn in ca pha lng dn xung n mc thp. iu ph thuc vo tnh cht ca cc cht rn. Cc cht rn khng phn cc nh bn polyethylene s khng c xu hng hp th ln trong khi cc ht oxit kim loi th li l cc cht hp th cao. 2.5 An ton vn hnh nh my ch bin condensate 2.5.1 Qui trnh vn hnh h thng SSD, F&G ca nh my ch bin condensate Mc ch: nhm cung cp cho ngi vn hnh trnh t thc hin cc bc ca qu trnh vn hnh h thng SSD, F&G ca Nh my ch bin condensate mt cch an ton v hiu qu. 2.5.1.1 Gii thiu h thng SSD, F&G nh my ch bin Condensate H thng dng an ton, h thng bo chy v bo r r kh t ng ca Nh my ch bin Condensate c th coi l mt b phn an ton khng th tch ri. H thng SSD/F&G trong nh my rt phc tp, bao gm nhiu h thng iu khin nh lin kt vi nhau mt cch cht ch iu khin cc chu trnh c rt nhiu tham s nh hng ln nhau nh Mc cht lng, cc thit b bo chy, bo r r kh chy n v bo trn. Mt h thng an ton tt s gip cho vic vn hnh nh my c d dng v t c hiu sut cao nht v khng gp s c ng tic no xy ra. H thng SSD/F&G c xy dng trn c s cc thit b phn cng v phn mm s dng mt ng truyn tc cao, cc thit b giao tip trn ng truyn tc cao ny cho php kt ni d dng vi cc thit b khc nh PLC, my tnh gim st ES: trm k thut (Engineering Station). L cc my tnh trn thc hin cc cng vic k thut nh sa i chng trnh iu khin cc c cu chp hnh, pht trin cc ng dng, nng cp h thng

64

SS: trm tr gip (Support Station), cha cc thng tin tr gip vic qun l vn hnh, bo dng h thng. Control Station: trm iu khin cc b, mi chc nng iu khin c tp trung ti y. I/O: cc module vo ra A: thit b chp hnh (Actuator) l cc ng c, bm, van S: cm bin (Sensor) S d h thng SSD/F&G c s dng rng ri nh vy l do n c cc u im ni bt sau: C phn mm thit k (trn my ES) gip qun l vic thit k ton b h thng d dng, thng nht. H thng SSD/F&G c tin cy v linh hot cao, v c bit l kh nng lm vic theo thi gian thc. H tr vic qun l, phn quyn, an ton trong vn hnh.

Hnh 2.5.1.1 Console Plane (phng iu khin)

65

Hnh 2.5.1.2 S phn vng v n hin th (phng iu khin)

Hnh 2.5.1.3 Cc nt dng khn cp (phng iu khin)

66

Hnh 2.5.1.4 Cc nt dng bm/ng van khn cp (phng iu khin)

Hnh 2.5.1.5 Cc n hin th trng thi dng/p sut/lu lng thp (phng iu khin)

67

Hnh 2.5.1.6 Cc n hin th bypass (phng iu khin)

2.5.1.7 Cc nt khi ng bm cu ha/x bt (phng iu khin)

68

2.5.1.8 Cc cng tt khn nh chy/r r kh (phng iu khin)

2.5.1.9 Cc cng tt x nc cu ha (phng iu khin)

2.5.1.10 Cc cng tt x nc cu ha/khng nh chy/x bt (phng iu khin)

69

2.5.1.11 Cc n hin th bypass cc u d (phng iu khin) 2.5.2 Cc bc thc hin khi c s c r r kh/chy xy Khi c s c r r/chy th nhn vin vn hnh bo ngay cho Trng ca vn hnh v thc hin theo Quy trnh ng cu s c. Trng ca cho lnh tin hnh c lp: Nhn Nt PSD/ESD Tin hnh c lp ti hin trng Chuyn cng tc khng nh r r/chy
70

 Thng bo s c ln h thng Trng ca/nhn vin y quyn Trng ca thng bo ln cp trn Thng bo cho cc n v (KCTV/PMPC/114) Trng ca ch huy ng cu s c (cho n khi c cp cao hn n hin trng th bn giao) 2.5.2.1 c im c lin quan n CSCKC V tr a l: Nh my Ch bin Condensate nm trong khu cng nghip Ci mp, x Tn Phc, huyn Tn Thnh, tnh B Ra Vng Tu. Nh my nm cch ng Quc l 51 6km v pha ng, cch TP H Ch Minh 70km cch TP Vng tu 40km theo quc l 51. Pha Ty tip gip vi kho LPG ca Cng ty Ch bin v kinh doanh cc sn phm Kh v Nh my Nha PMPC. Giao thng bn trong v bn ngoi: Nh my c Nh thu nc ngoi thit k theo cc tiu chun phng chy ca Quc t, ng ni b trong nh my c tri nha thun tin cho xe cu ho i qua cc cm thit b chiu rng ca ng l 6,5 m. Bn ngoi hng ro c ng bao quanh l 10m. Khong cch n i Cnh st phng chy v cha chy qun l a bn Th x B Ri l 20km cch Cng an huyn Tn Thnh 07 Km. Do vy Nh my cng cc n v ln cn lun phi hp vi nhau luyn tp cc tnh hung ng cu s c khn cp. Cc phng tin cu ho i ng 965 vo Nh my theo cc cng: - Hai cng chnh - Mt cng ph - Hai cng thot him Ti nh my condensate c cc bn cha sau: Bng 2.4.1: Bn cha ti nh my condensate Loi bn Bn tr ng Bn tr ng Bn tr ng Tn bn TK 11A/B TK 12A/B TK 13A/B
71

S lng (bn) 02 02 02

Sc cha (m3) 600 5700 5700

Bn tr ng Bn tr ng Bn tr ng

TK 15 TK 16 TK 17A/B

01 01 02

1000 2000 2000

01 Trm t Xitec (Truck loading) gm 3 cn xut 01 cn xut Fuel Oil, 02cn xut Mogas 83. 01 Thp chng ct Condensate nng (C- 01) cao 35 mt, rng 1,5 m. 01 L gia nhit (H- 01). H thng bm xut sn phm bao gm: Bm xut xng Mogas 83 cho Truck loading Pump 13A/B/C Bm xut xng Mogas 83 cho tu Pump 14A/B/C Bm Condensate nh Pump 01A/B Bm Condensate nng Pump 02A/B Bm Refomate Pump 12A/B Bm fuel oil loading Pump 15A/B Bm Rawgasoline pump 11A/B Bm 16A/B fuel oil cho Reboiler Bm butan P17 Bm ho cht P18A/B Cc h thng ph tr: Bn cha nhin liu, Khu vc thit b ph tr nh H thng kh iu khin, kh N2, My pht in, My nn kh. H thng PCCC, H thng iu khin 2.5.1.2 H thng PCCC H thng PCCC c kh nng c lp v dp tt mt m chy ln cc v tr s c. c lp t h thng t ng ha cu ha hin i. 01 My bm Motor in P 51A c cng sut 570 m3/h ct p 1.03 Mpa 01 My bm Diezel P 51B c cng sut 570 m3/h ct p 1.03 Mpa 02 my bm b t: P52A/B c cng sut (18 m3/h) ct p 1.03 Mpa
72

Nguyn l hot ng ca cc bm: Cc u d heat detecter, fight detecter...c b tr cc khu vc nhy cm nh thp chng ct, trm bm s 1, trm bm s 2, chn cc bn cha... khi pht hin s c cc u d ny truyn tn hiu v phng iu khin ( control room). Nu P51A t ch Auto th s t khi ng. P51B lun ch Menual (khi ng bng tay). Bm 52A/B l hai bm b p. Cc bm ny lun t ch Auto duy tr p sut cho ng ng, khi p sut ng ng tt, cc bm ny s t ng vn hnh, khi no p cc bm ny t ng tt . Cc thng s hot ng ca cc Bm 51A/B, 52 A/B p xut ng ng lun duy tr 1.18 Mpa Khi p sut ng ng cu ha <= 1.07 Mpa Bm 51 A t khi ng Khi p sut ng ng cu ha <= 1.00 Mpa Bm 51 B y khi ng. Khi p sut ng ng cu ha <= 1.11 Mpa th 2 bm Bm 52A/B t khi ng. Khi p sut ng ng cu ha = 1.18 Mpa Bm 51 A t ng tt H Thng Foam: c b tr 1 bn c nh c dung tch l V53 = 6.435 lt s dng loi foam 6% AFF ti cc t trc chnh cu ha c sng phun Foam di ng loi 3% AFF sng phun ti cc tuyn ng. H thng ng ng: ng ng nc cu ha v cc trm bm, cng cc thit b ton Nh my l ng 12 inch cc ng nhnh l 8 inch, 6 inch, 4 inch. ng Foam l ng 8 inch chy xung quanh Nh my Hng b tr ti cc tuyn ng: Hng 4 inch di l cc van bm iu tit lu lng dng, p sut Hng 6 inch di l cc van bm iu tit lu lng dng, p sut gn cc sng phun p sut lun duy tr 1.18 Mpa Khong cch gia cc hng l 45 mt, khong cch gia cc hng v t cha ng mm l 5 mt. C hai loi ng mm : -Loi ng D= 65mm, di 20 m mt ng
73

-Loi ng D = 49 mm di 30 m mt ng -Cc u ni gim tng t 65 -> 49 mm -Hng cu ha 4 inch c van bm u ng mm 2 inch dng thp nht l 379 lt / pht t nh nht l 4,5 at -Hng 6 inch c sng lp trc tip 4 inch dng thp nht l 1893 lt /pht, at thp nht l 4,5 at Nc cu ha V51 =1600 m3 v ngun nc sng Ci Mp. Cc h thng u d la, kh, khi, xng... bo chy t ng Cc h thng bnh bt, bt CO2 H thng loa phng thanh k tn, m hiu khi c s c xy ra. H thng Foam: Cha chy cc bn cha, cc trm bm, trm xut xe bn. Cc bnh cha chy CO2: c lp t ti cc khu vc vn phng, khu vc phng MCC, khu vc vc nh kho, khu vc nh xng. Lc lng: c bn Tiu i Bo v - PCCC chuyn nghip ngoi ra tt c cn b cng nhn vin trong Nh my u c hun luyn PCCC thnh thc do phng PC-23 Cng an tnh B Ria - Vng Tu o to v c cp chng ch khng thi hn. 2.5.2 Phng php CSCKC 2.5.2.1 Nguyn tc chung Lc lng ng cu khn cp ti ch do Gim c Nh my ch huy (ban u nu Gim c khng c mt th Ph Gim c, hoc i trng Bo v - An ton ch huy) s c triu tp ngay lp tc khi c bo ng x l s c lin quan n cc hot ng vn hnh ca h thng. Lc lng ng cu phi c h tr y trong mi hot ng hn ch ti a hu qu ca s c v khc phc hu qu cng nhanh cng tt theo th t u tin sau: + m bo an ton cho CBCNV + Bo m mi trng. + Bo v ti sn, thit b. Trong mi trng hp xy ra CKC, hot ng cu tt c cc thnh vin lin quan, cc ng dy thng tin lin lc CKC c u tin trc ht cho vic sn sng
74

tham gia cng tc ng cu khn cp, thc hin ng chc nng nhim v c quy nh trong quy trnh ny. Khi xy ra CKC, cp I, cp II, ty theo tnh hnh thc t: phm vi, mc nguy him v chiu hng pht trin s c, lc lng CKC ti ch bo co xin kin ca Lnh o trc tip; v tuyt i tun th cc nguyn tc, mnh lnh ca ngi ch huy trong qu trnh CSC. Tt c nhng ngi khng c nhim v phi thot ngay ra khi khu vc nguy him theo s thot him v s hng dn ca lc lng ti ch. 2.5.2.2 Cc cp s c Cp I: Cn t chc ng cu ngay bng lc lng ti ch nh vn hnh, phng chy cha chy, bo v bo dng Cc n v nh Nh my Ch bin Condensate, Tng kho Vng tu, Cng PVGas Vng Tu, Nh my Nha phi hp tin hnh cc hot ng ng cu theo cc quy trnh phi hp vn hnh, phng n phi hp tha thun trc. Cp II: PV OIL ch o cc phng, n v chuyn mn ca Tng Cng Ty, yu cu phi hp h tr vi lc lng CKC ti hin trng. Phi hp vi Cng PVGas Vng Tu, VSP, Chnh quyn i phng vvv huy ng thm phng tin, nhn lc thit b thc hin CKC. Cp III: Trong trng hp s c nghim trng hoc c xu hng leo thang ngy cng xu th vic ng cu cn phi thc hin nhanh, trang thit b ph hp, ngun lc di do. PV OIL bo co Tp on Du kh Vit Nam c ch o hot ng phi hp CKC. Tp on Du kh Vit Nam trc tip ch o cc hot ng ng cu. 2.5.2.3Trnh t cc bc thc hin ng cu ban u Bc 1: Ngun tin mi ni bo v Nh my Ch bin Condensete sau khi xc minh li ngun tin, ch huy lc lng CKC ti ch nh vn hnh vin, lc lng PCCC, bo dng sa cha bo v tin hnh ng cu khn cp theo chc nng nhim v ca tng b phn. Ngay lp tc c lp vng ni xy ra s c gim thiu cc thit
75

hi c th xy ra, s dng ngun lc v cc trang thit b sn c thc hin ng cu v ng thi c cng bo ngay cho i Bo v - An ton, Gim c Nh my Ch bin Condensate v cc n v lin quan theo quy trnh thng bo - Bo ng CKC. Bc 2: Nu lc lng CKC ti ch khng kh nng CKC, Gim c Nh my Ch bin Condensate bo co Tng Gim c Cng ty. Tu theo mc s c Gim c Nh my s quyt nh bo cho Chnh quyn, Cng an a phng, PC-23 tnh B Ra - Vng Tu, Bnh Vin B Ra xin h tr CKC. Bc 3:Trng hp CKC cp II, nu thy cn thit Gim c Nh my xut Tng Gim c Cng ty triu tp ban ch o ch o cc Phng chc nng, yu cu lc lng bn ngoi h tr CKC v bo co Tng Cng ty theo quy nh. Bc 4: Khi xy ra ng CKC cp III, xt thy mc s c, tai nn xy ra vt qa mi n lc ca PV OIL. Yu cu Ban ch o gip. Tng Gim c Tng Cng ty bo co khn cp BC Tp on Du kh Vit Nam v yu cu h tr ca Tp on Du Kh Vit Nam p dng k hoch hnh ng trong tnh hung khn cp ban hnh theo Quyt nh s 3536/DK- KHCNMT ngy 9/10/1997 cu Tp on Du Kh Vit Nam. 2.5.2.3 Phng php ng cu cho tng khu vc v cc yu cu Di dy l mt s tnh hung CKC in hnh v cc hnh ng c bn x l ca vn hnh vin Trng ca , K s cng ngh, K s in, lc lng Bo v -PCCC. Tnh hung s c sy ra thc t c th ri vo cc tnh hung CKC ny hoc l s kt hp cc tnh hung. Trong mi trng hp s c r r kh hoc chy n xy ra lc lng CKC ti ch phi hp theo cc bc thc hin quy trnh CKC v nhim v ca tng b phn, c xc nh phn phn nh trch nhim CKC vi nguyn tc c bn sau: S tn, c ngi ra khu vc an ton C lp dng thit b trong khu vc hoc dng ton b hot ng ca Nh my rin khai phng n PCCC. 1. R r kh hoc nguyn liu khu vc cm thit b: Nhanh chng di chuyn ti khu vc cm thit b v xc nh v tr r r, cht r r, mc nguy him hng gi v bo co Trng ca.
76

2.

Thng bo ban hnh tnh trng khn cp v yu cu mi nhn vin, nh thu dng mi cng vic nng, cng vic gy la v s tn ngi khng c trch nhim ng cu ra khu vc an ton.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Dng ton b mi cng vic hot ng trong khu vc m bo khng c hot ng gy la trong khu vc c lp ngun in. Dng cc bm cng ngh, ng cc van c lp ti khu vc cm thit b hoc dng mi hot ng ti Nh my. Thc hin x gim p cc b phn thit b lin quan. Tm hiu ngun v quy m r r, m bo rng mi hot ng c dng hp l. Thng bo cho cc tu thuyn lm hng, cc n v u ni xut, nhp sn phm v s c v yu cu dng mi hot ng xut nhp sn phm. Chun b sn sng cc thit b, h thng cha chy nhm sn sng ng cu khi xy ra chy n. Theo di lin tc din bin ca tnh hnh s c v thng bo cc cp lin quan v s c ng thi bo co Ban ch huy v tnh hnh thc hin ng cu. Kim tra li hin trng c lng quy m r r xem xt cc khu vc lm vic khu vc ph tr. nh gi kh nng ng cu quy m s c v yu cu h tr khi thy cn thit. Chy khu vc cm thit b:

Khi bo ng tnh trng khn cp, tt c mi ngi khng c trch nhim tham gia ng cu phi thot khi khu vc nguy him . Dng cc bm cng ngh, ng cc van c lp thit b c lp khn cp vng b s c. Nhanh chng c lp in khu vc s c. M cc van x nc, vn hnh monitor phun nc c nh, iu chnh v tr vi phun v phun nc vo gc la.(Vo trung tm m chy) Lin lc vi Trung tm yt nu c ngi b thng. Kim tra tnh hnh nh gi quy m m chy, loi cht chy, v tr m chy hng gi, bn cha v thit b no ang b nh hng bc x nhit bi m chy.

77

Trong trng hp lc lng CKC ti ch khng kim sot c m chy, Gim c Nh my yu cu tr gip t lc lng, phng tin PCCC ca Tng Cng ty, chnh quyn a phng. Nu thc hin vic c lp v x gim p, cc phng php cha chy t ra khng hiu qa gim quy m ca m chy, bo co Gim c Nh my xem xt, lnh s tn khn cp tt c ngi cn li ra khi Nh my ngay lp tc ti a im tp kt an ton. Thng bo Ban KT-AT Tng Cng ty v tnh hnh s c thi gian c lng ngng hot ng ca Nh my, thng bo v Tng kho xng du, X Nghip Tng kho Vng Tu phi hp ng cu. nh gi kh nng ng cu, quy m s c v yu cu h tr khi thy cn thit. + Ghi ch: Khi nhng ngn lu t m chy ln lan ti mt bn cha, khng ng thng hng vi hai u bn cha v cc v tr ny c th b n bi p xut cao t bn trong. Khng i vo trong nhng b tng ca ngn chy khu vc bn cha nhin liu, nu khu vc bn cha ang b chy. Chy khu vc cu Cng PVGas: Khi bo ng tnh trng khn cp, tt c mi ngi khng c trch nhim tham gia ng cu phi thot khi khu vc nguy him theo s thot him v tp kt ti ni an ton. Thc hin c lp dng bm xut sn phm v van c lp thit b sn xut (khi xut sn phm) hoc bo cho tu dng lm hng, dng bm (khi nhp sn phm qua Cng PVGas) Gii phng tu thuyn ang lm hng thot ra khi cu cng. X gim p cho cc thit b lin quan. Thng bo, bo co BCH v cc n v lin quan v tnh hung CKC. Trin khai hot ng cha chy v s tn cu ngi b nn. Lin lc vi bnh vin B Ra (S in thoi 115) nu c ngi b thng. Kim tra tnh hnh nh gi quy m m chy, loi cht chy, hng gi, nguy c nh hng n thit b ln cn.
78

Nu thc hin vic c lp v x gim p, hoc cc phng php cha chy khc t ra khng hiu qa gim quy m ca m chy, Gim c Nh my lnh di tn khn cp tt c ngi cn li ra khi Nh my ngay lp tc ti a im tp kt an ton. nh gi kh nng ng cu quy m s c v yu cu h tr khi thy cn thit. Chy ti Vn phng, Nh xng bo dng hoc Nh kho: Khi bo ng tnh trng khn cp, tt c mi ngi khng c trch nhim tham gia ng cu phi thot khi khu vc nguy him theo s thot him v tp kt ti ni an ton. Thng bo, bo co BCH v cc n v lin quan v cc tnh hung CKC. Lc lng UCKC ti ch, s dng cc thit b cha chy di ng thch hp, cu ngi b nn. Trong trng hp chy ti Phng iu khin, n nt c lp khn cp cng ngh phng cc tnh hung khc pht sinh. Nhanh chng c lp in khu vc nh hng. Khi ng bm cu ha v theo di tnh trng ca bm, bo m hot ng lin tc ca bm. nh ga kh nng ng cu quy m s c, v yu cu h tr khi thy cn thit. Chy khu vc thit b in (Nh MCC, phng my pht in): Khi bo ng tnh trng khn cp, tt c mi ngi khng c trch nhim tham gia ng cu phi thot khi khu vc nguy him theo s thot him v tp kt ti ni an ton. Thng bo, bo co BCH v cc n v lin quan v cc tnh hung CKC. Lc lng CKC ti ch, s dng cc thit b cha chy di ng thch hp, cu ngi b nn. Yu cu k s in tin hnh c lp in khu vc nh hng. Khi ng bm Cu ha v theo di tnh trng ca bm, bo m hot ng lin tc ca bm. nh ga kh nng ng cu quy m s c v yu cu h tr khi thy cn thit. Chy Thp chng ct:
79

 Khi bo ng tnh trng khn cp, tt c mi ngi khng c trch nhim tham gia ng cu phi thot khi khu vc nguy him theo s thot him v tp kt ti ni an ton. Thng bo, bo co BCH v cc n v lin quan v cc tnh hung CKC. Lc lng UCKC ti ch, s dng cc thit b cha chy di ng thch hp, cu ngi b nn. Ngi vn hnh ti C-01 nhn khn cp vo nt ESD ti khu vc hoc nt HS0102 A, hoc 0102B, ng van FV 0201 ng van FV 0501 dng khn cp HS0301A, 0301B tt bm P04A/B, bm P02A/B. S c ti cc Nh my ln cn: Theo di lin tc tnh hnh s c T chc hnh ng phi hp CKC theo cc quy trnh phi hp vn hnh, quy Nhn Ci bo ng khn cp, c lp khn cp cng ngh, x gim p khu vc ti Nh my c kh nng b nh hng bi s c trn c s nhn thy tnh hnh s c (chy n) ti khu vc ln cn c kh nng nh hng mt an ton n Nh my. Duy tr lin lc vi n v c s c ln cn theo st tnh hnh s c Chun b sn sng ng cu khi s c leo thang nh hng ti Nh my Condensate. 2.5.3 ng cu s c trn du Mc ch: Quy trnh ny dng ng cu khn cp cc tnh hung trn Du /Condensate ti Nh my Ch bin Condensate (CPP). Quy trnh ng cu s c trn Du /Condensate ca CPP nhm m bo cho vic sn sng ng cu, x l nhanh v c hiu qu cc s c trn Du / Condensate gy ra i vi mi trng, cng nh thit hi v con ngi, ti sn trong hot ng ch bin, sn xut kinh doanh ca Nh my. Quy trnh tp trung vo cc bin php p dng khi trn Du /Condensate vi khi lng ln hoc khi lng nh nhng c kh nng gy tc hi ln i vi mi trng, i vi vng nhy cm mi trng cao.
80

Ngoi ra quy trnh phn nh trch nhim ngha v, cc bc hnh ng cn thit trong tnh hung trn Du/Condensate trong hot ng ch bin, sn xut kinh doanh ca CPP. Phm vi ng dng: p dng cho Du /Condensate b trn ra ngoi ti khu vc bn b Nh my Ch bin Condensate. Phn h thng ng ng cng ngh v cc bn b cha trong phm vi Nh my Ch bin Condensate. 2.5.3.1 Xc nh v phn lai ng cu Nguyn nhn v nh gi ri ro Nguyn nhn: Du / Condensate b trn gy nhim mi trng v ri ro chy n, thit hi v ti sn, con ngi.v.vc th do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau nh: S r r ng ng, h thng chng ct. Trn bn b trong khi tin hnh bm chuyn bn, pha trn, nhp Condensate, Reformate. S c i vi h thng bm xut, cn xut, v cc thit b c cha xng du. Phn cp ng cu khn cp: Quy m s c v phn cp ng cu trn Du / Condensate theo khi lng quy nh phn cp trn du c Tng Cng ty nu ti Quyt nh s 949/Q- KHCNMT ngy 05 thng 3 nm 2001 ban hnh K hoch ng ph s c trn Du ca Tng Cng ty. Cp I: Di 50 tn Du / Condensate Cp II: Di 300 tn Du / Condensate Cp III: Trn 300 tn Du / Condensate. 2.4.3 Phng php ng cu s c trn du/condensate Yu cu ngn chn, c lp ngay lp tc s r r t ngun trn theo quy trnh vn hnh, quy trnh ng cu khn cp s c tai nn ph duyt. Nguyn tc ch o l c lp, quy gom v thu hi Du /Condensate ra khi mi trng bng phng php c hc theo phng chm cng nhanh cng gn ngun nhim cng tt bng cch s dng thit b chuyn dng ca cc cng ty c Hp

81

ng CSC trn Du/Condensate vi Cng ty PV Drilling v Cng ty TNHH Thanh Trung. Theo di lin tc s lan truyn v d tnh hng lan truyn Du/Condensate, tip theo da trn cc thng tin v gi v dng chy c phng n thch hp nhm ng cu c hiu qu v sn sng bo v tt nht cc ngun li nhy cm vi mi trng. nh gi nguy him cho con ngi, nguy c gy chy n ng thi trin khai cng tc phng chy cha chy theo cc quy trnh, phng n lin quan c ph duyt. Thng bo vi cc c quan chc nng c thm quyn a phng nh: U ban Nhn dn Tnh, S TN&MT v vng ang b nguy him. Nu Ngun trn c c lp, tp trung ngay vo cng tc thu gom v lm sch khu vc ln cn, u tin trc khu vc c nhy cm sinh thi cao nh vng cy con, tm, c .v.v.trong cc m ly . Vic lm sch nhng khu vc nhim s ko di, tuy nhin ngay sau khi s c xy ra, bin php cng nh cng ngh lm sch cn c xem xt k lng trnh nhng nh hng th cp, nh hng lu di. 2.5.4 Nhng tnh hung ng cu c th khi trn Du/Condensate 2.5.4.1 Tnh hung 1 (Trn Condensate khi nhp t Kho Cng Th Vi sang bn TK12A) VHV ti TK-12A v trm bm s 1: Khi pht hin trn Condensate, lp tc h ln: Trn du..Trn duTrn du bo bng b m cho Trng ca v bo ng ton Nh my s c trn du trong khi nhp. Yu cu phng iu khin TVT v CPP cho dng bm khn cp. Nhanh chng tip cn m van tay ca bn no gn nht v c th cha c lng cht lng t TK-12A thng sang mc an ton (trong khi nhp hng vo bn TK-12A th cc bn ln cn c mc cht lng trong bn thp, lun trng thi sn sng m nu tnh hung khn cp xy ra). ng c lp ngay lp tc cc van b ti khu vc bn TK-12A/B.
82

 Kt hp vi lc lng CSC, trc tip thc hin cc nhim v theo s ch o ca Trng ca sn xut v Ban Ch o CSC khn cp. Trng ca: Khi nhn tn hiu bo ng t VHV khu vc TK-12A, bo ng ton Nh my trn loa phng thanh: Hin nay ti bn TK-12A c s c trn du trong khi nhp, yu cu dng khn cp cc hot ng trong Nh my v trin khai CSC khn cp. Ra hin trng trc tip ch huy s c. iu ng lc lng trong ca ra ngay hin trng. Bo co i Trng i BV-AT v tnh hnh. Bo co Ban lnh o v tnh hnh v cch x l CSC. Ch o lc lng trong ca dng bm ht lng Condensate trn a vo bn. a lng Condensate cn li sau khi bm khng th ht c ra b x l nc thi thu hi li. Dng vt liu thm thm ht lng Condensate cn st li ti khu vc bn TK-12A/B. Kt hp vi lc lng cu ha cho x nc ra khu vc bn TK-12A/B, sau a lng nc ny v b x l nc thi V-41. i Trng i Bo V - An ton: Khi nhn tn hiu bo ng c s c trn du t Trng ca, lp tc bo ng ton Nh my. Thng bo cho lc lng BV-PCCC chun b i ph vi mi tnh hung chy n c th xy ra. iu ng Foam di ng, v cc thit b PCCC ra khu vc trn du sn sng i ph. Ra hin trng trc tip ch huy. K s phng iu khin:

83

 Khi nhn tn hiu bo ng t VHV t bn TK-12A, bo ng ton Nh my ti TK-12A c s c trn du, yu cu trin khai cc phng n ng cu s c khn cp. Thng bo vi phng iu khin TVT v s c v yu cu tt bm P-103. n nt PSD-3 ti Panel dng khn cp. Kt hp vi VHV ti TK-12A bit m van iu khin ca bn no gn nht v c th cha c lng cht lng mc an ton. Thng bo vi lc lng ng cu trn du k hp ng vi Nh my (nu s c ln). Nhn lnh ca Ban Gim c, m bo thng tin lin lc. Ban Gim c: Trc tip ch huy khi c mt. Bo co tnh hnh CSC cho Trng ban CSCKC. Gi in yu cu cc bn lin quan v lc lng ng cu tr gip t bn ngoi khi cn thit. Bm st hin trng ch huy s c. T chc hp, kim im rt kinh nghim. 2.5.4.2 Tnh hung 2 (Trn xng thnh phm ti bn TK-13B khi ang pha trn t cc bn TK-12A,TK-11B v V-13): VHV ti trm bm s 1: Khi pht hin trn du, lp tc h ln Trn du.. Trn du Trn du bo bng b m cho Trng ca v bo ng ton Nh my c s c trn du trong khi pha trn. Yu cu phng iu khin ngng khn cp hot ng pha trn. Tt bm P-12A/B, P-01A/B,P-02A/B v ng tt c cc van lin quan. Nhanh chng tip cn m van tay ca bn no gn nht v c th cha c lng cht lng t TK-13B thng sang mc an ton. ng c lp cc van b ti khu vc TK-13A/B.

84

 Kt hp vi lc lng CSC, trc tip thc hin cc nhim v theo s ch o ca Trng ca sn xut v Ban Ch o CSC khn cp. VHV ti trm bm s 2: Khi nhn tn hiu trn du t VHV trm bm s 1, ngay lp tc tt bm P-17 v P-11A/B, v ng tt c cc van lin quan. Nhanh chng ra khu vc s c h tr vi cc VHV khc. Trng ca: Khi nhn tn hiu bo ng t VHV TK-13B, bo ng ton Nh my trn loa phng thanh: Hin nay ti bn TK-13B c s c trn du trong khi pha trn, yu cu dng khn cp cc hot ng trong Nh my v trin khai CSC khn cp. Ra hin trng, trc tip ch huy s c. iu ng lc lng trong ca ra ngay hin trng. Bo co i trng i BV-PCCC v tnh hnh. Bo co Ban lnh o v tnh hnh v cch x l CSC. Ch o lc lng trong ca dng bm ht lng xng trn cho vo bn. a lng xng cn li sau khi bm khng th ht c ra b x l nc thi thu hi li. Dng vt liu thm thm ht lng xng cn st li ti khu vc bn TK-13A/B. Kt hp vi lc lng cu ha cho x nc ra khu vc bn TK-13A/B, sau a lng nc ny v b x l nc thi V-41. i Trng i Bo v - An ton: Khi nhn tn hiu bo ng c s c trn du t c cng, lp tc bo ng ton Nh my. Thng bo cho lc lng BV-PCCC chun b i ph vi mi tnh hung chy n c th xy ra. iu ng Foam di ng, v cc trang thit b PCCC ra khu vc trn du sn sng i ph.
85

 Ra hin trng trc tip ch huy. K s phng iu khin: Khi nhn tn hiu bo ng t VHV t bn TK-13B, bo ng ton Nh my ti TK-13B c s c trn du, yu cu trin khai cc phng n ng cu. n nt PSD-3 ti panel dng khn cp. Kt hp vi VHV ti TK-13B bit m van iu khin ca bn no gn nht v c th cha c lng cht lng mc an ton. Thng bo vi lc lng ng cu trn du nu s c ln. Nhn lnh ca Ban Gim c, m bo thng tin lin lc. Ban Gim c: Trc tip ch huy khi c mt. Bo co tnh hnh CSC cho Trng Ban CSCKC. Gi in yu cu cc bn lin quan v lc lng ng cu tr gip t bn ngoi khi cn thit. Bm st hin trng ch huy s c. T chc hp, kim im rt kinh nghim 2.5.5 Phn nh trch nhim ng cu s c 2.5.5.1 Qui nh chung Trong trng hp xy ra s c, hot ng ca tt c cc thnh vin lin quan c u tin trc ht cho vic sn sng tham gia cng tc ng cu khn cp theo trch nhim, nhim v c th quy nh trong k hoch ny v cc quy nh lin quan khc. n v hay Cng ty c giao din u ni vi Nh my Ch bin Condensate, kho cha Condensate Nam Cn Sn, Kho Cng Th Vi phi iu chnh thng nht quy trnh, k hoch CKC s c tai nn ca mnh thch ng vi quy trnh, k hoch CKC s c tai nn ca Nh my Ch bin Condensate v Tng Cng ty Du kh Vit Nam ng thi phi hp CKC theo cc quy trnh phi hp c tha thun trc. 2.4.5.2 Vai tr v phn nh trch nhim Qui nh trch nhim, nhim v c th ca cc bn tham gia ng cu khn cp.
86

Ban Ch o CKC Hot ng ca Ban ch o. Tr gip Trng BC v mi phng din nh ngi, phng tin, vt cht x l khc phc tnh trng CKC. Ch o t chc ng cu, hon thnh mc tiu t ra trong chin lc ng cu. nh gi chin lc ng cu bao gm nh gi mc nghim trng ca s c v mc tham gia ca Cng ty. BC c trch nhim nh gi v xc nh chin lc ng cu trnh Trng BC trong giai on u tin ca s c, theo st v iu chnh chin lc khi cn, kim tra cng tc ng cu ca Nh my Ch bin Condensate v cp nht cc thng tin v s leo thang ca s c cng nh v tc ng do s c gy ra.

Thng bo v hp tc vi chnh quyn cng an a phng, s TN&MT Tnh BR-VT, vi Tng Cng ty Du Vit Nam, vi cc c quan c chc nng lin quan; yu cu tr gip ngun lc ng cu v quyt nh thi im kt thc cng tc ng cu.

Tng Gim c Cng ty / Trng Ban Ch o CKC. Triu tp, iu hnh cng vic ca Ban ch o CKC, ch o cc phng chc nng, n v trc thuc Cng ty x l, khc phc tnh hung CKC. iu phi cng tc ca BC. Quyt nh mc ca Cng ty trong hot ng ng cu. Quyt nh gii php CKC tng th, iu ng trin khai ngun lc ng cu. Quyt nh vic cung cp nhng thng tin cn thit v s c tai nn cho cc c quan truyn thng, thng tn bo ch.v.v. y vin thng trc Gim c Nh my. Trc tip gip Trng ban trong vic iu hnh cng vic ca Ban ch o CKC, trc tip ch o chuyn vin gip vic. Trc tip ch o CKC ti hin trng trong tnh hnh s c c bit nghim trng; u mi tng hp cc thng tin lin quan ti tnh hnh s c, tai nn; chu trch nhim lin lc vi cc c quan ngoi cng ty tham gia phi hp cc hot ng CKC.
87

 Ph trch vic son tho cc vn bn, bo co lin quan s c, tai nn. Trong mt s trng hp khi Trng ban y quyn cho y vin thng trc, ngi c y quyn c th thay mt Trng ban iu hnh cng vic ca Ban ch o CKC. Cc thnh vin khc trong Ban ch o. Tr gip Trng ban trong ch o, iu hnh phi hp CKC v nhng ni dung c lin quan n nghip v, chuyn mn, phng chc nng, n v trc thuc Cng ty . Khi cn thit, c th trc tip ph trch mt n v hoc mt b phn tham gia CKC. Chu trch nhim nhng cng vic c th theo s phn cng, ch nh ca Trng ban. -Ch o vic CKC, bo v mi trng, cu nn ngi b thng, gi cht, xem xt h tr, t vn v bin php v k thut an ton, cht lng ca cng tc sa cha khc phc s c trong CKC cng nh t chc iu tra s c, tai nn theo quy nh +Trng phng K thut Cng ngh: Ti u ti liu xut, ch o bin php k thut sa cha khc phc s c, ch vn hnh, bn v lin quan n CKC. +Trng phng Ti chnh - K ton: Ch o v m bo ti chnh cho hot ng CKC cng tc hu cn, gii quyt hu qu s c. +Trng Phng iu hnh sn xut: Kp thi thng bo cho cc n v khch hng v chnh sa thay i k hoch kinh doanh cho ph hp +Trng Phng T chc - Hnh chnh: Ch o vic iu ng, b tr lc lng, phng tin vn chuyn, cng tc hu cn tham gia CKC; gii quyt cng tc thm hi ng vin, gii quyt hu qu s c, tai nn theo quy nh, tha c lao ng

88

Kp thi thng bo cho Cng ty bo him phi hp gim nh, xc nh nguyn nhn gy ra tn tht, thit hi v thc hin cc bc tip theo, theo quy nh ca n Bo him ti sn hin hnh sau khi c kt qu gim nh. +T chuyn vin: - Theo di gim st tnh hnh s c, tai nn; duy tr lin lc vi khu vc s c; - Ty theo tnh hnh pht trin ca Tng Cng ty, tnh phc tp v quy m ca cng tc CKC Tng Gim c Tng Cng ty c th thnh lp T chuyn vin l cc chuyn gia gii m bo: Theo di, gim st tnh hnh s c, tai nn; duy tr lin lc vi khu vc s c. Tham gia xut cc phng n, bin php CKC. Theo ch o ca Trng ban hng dn cc lc lng phi hp tham gia CKC. Tham gia gii quyt hu qa v nguyn nhn gy ra s c. Gip chun b cc ti liu, h s, bo co lin quan n CKC cc s c tai nn.Lc lng ng cu khn cp ti hin trng: + Ph Gim c Nh my, i trng i BV-PCCC: L nhng ngi trc tip ch huy CKC bc ban u x l ti ch. nh gi theo di din bin v kh nng leo thang ca s c; bo co v duy tr thng tin lin lc thng xuyn vi cc cp, n v lin quan theo s thng tin lin lc CKC. Bo co Gim c Nh my, Tng Gim c Tng Cng ty xut triu tp Ban Ch o nu thy cn thit. Xin tr gip ca PC-23, Cng an tnh, chnh quyn a phng khi thy lc lng CKC ti ch khng kim sot s c tai nn. nh gi cc hot ng ng cu, chin lc ng cu hin ti v ngh b sung thm ngun lc hoc thay i chin lc ng cu nu cn nhm t c hiu qu cao hn. Thc hin ngay mnh lnh khc ca lnh o cp trn. + Trng ca: Khng nh li tnh hung CKC bng cch kim tra thc trng ca cc ch s: p sut, lu lng dng sn phm, s bo ng ca h thng F&G ti phng iu khin ( nu cn ra hin trng xc minh li).
89

Ngay lp tc dng thit b hoc Shutdown ton b Nh my Theo s trnh t thng tin lin lc c cng trc ht bo cho PG v cc bn c lin quan ti Nh my ng thi pht lnh bo ng, ch huy lc lng vn hnh trong ca; lc lng PCCC; lc lng bo v tin hnh ng cu khc phc s c. Gi vai tr ch huy ban u t chc, phn cng lc lng vn hnh, PCCC trin khai cng tc CKC khi PG khng c mt hoc cha kp n hin trng. C ngi theo di, kim tra li tnh trng hot ng ca thit b; c ngi theo di, ghi chp cc thng tin lin quan n s c theo Ph lc 03, ghi nht k CKC s c tai nn; c nhn vin trc ti Phng iu khin gi lin lc vi cp lnh o nhn ch o v bo co. Bo co lnh o PV OIL PM yu cu tr gip ngun lc ng cu nh lc lng, phng tin PCCC ca Cng ty v cc lc lng lin quan khc. + Vn hnh vin: Khi pht hin s c VHV hay ngi pht hin s c thc hin theo cc bc sau: Xc nh v tr xy ra s c, loi s c r r du, chy, tai nn Thng bo ngay v phng iu khin ng thi nhn nt bo ng ti v tr gn nht. ng van c lp thit b nu c th c, s dng cc trang thit b hin c CKC nh dng bnh cha chy, thit b cha chy c nh Ton b VHV trong ca thc hin cc bc CKC theo ch o ca Trng ca. + Lc lng BV- PCCC: Khi ng my bm cha chy (trng hp my bm khng hot ng t ng); ty thuc vo loi s c m dng cht cha chy ph hp cho tng cht chy. Thc hin cc bin php khc phc s c theo lnh ca Trng ca. Khi lc lng PC-23 n, phi hp vi PC-23 cha chy, n. Ch huy hng dn s tn ngi khng nhim v ngay lp tc ri khi khu vc nguy him. Nhanh chng t chc cu ngi b thng, s tn ti sn (nu c). Theo di ghi chp, hng dn lc lng ra vo tham gia CKC.

90

Theo di, thng k danh sch ngi vo, ra trc v sau tnh hung khn cp, s ngi ti v tr tp kt, bo co kt qu c th cho PG lm c s t chc phi hp tm kim, ng cu nhng c nhn c khng nh c th cn kt li trong khu vc xy ra s c. Bo v an ninh trt t ton b khu vc khng cho ngi khng c nhim v vo khu vc Nh my. Phi hp vi VHV dng cc bnh cha chy xch tay, di ng cha chy (nu l chy nh). + Lc lng bo dng sa cha: Lc lng c mt ti ch ngay lp tc phi hp vi lc lng vn hnh x l cc tnh hung CKC. Nhanh chng nm bt tm ra nguyn nhn s c, c lp thit b, x l v a thit b thot ra khi hin trng. n v chng trn du: Theo trch nhim v phm vi quy nh trong Hp ng khi xy ra s c trn Condensate : C trch nhim chun b, iu ng cc thit b, vt liu, nhn lc n ni xy ra s c, thc hin CKC mt cch nhanh nht, tt nht, m bo thu hi v x l lng Du/Condensate trn mc cao nht v gim n mc c th chp nhn thit hi ti mi trng xung quanh. Thc hin vic thu gom x l cc khu vc c Du/Condensate cn tn ti sau s c. i trng CKC l ch huy trng ti hin trng khu vc Nh my, thc hin phi hp vi cc bn c lin quan, ch huy cng tc CKC, lp bin bn s c ti hin trng bo co cc cp theo quy nh. 2.5.5.3 Cc n v c giao din u ni xut/nhp sn phm Phi hp x l ng cu trong phm vi qun l theo cc quy trnh phi hp, quy trnh CKC lin quan. H tr cc phng tin, ngun lc phc v cng tc CKC khi c yu cu theo cc phng n tho thun trc. 2.5.5.4 Thng bo bo ng Nhng quy nh chung:
91

Tt c cc s c xy ra ti CPP khi thc hin cc hot ng sn xut vn hnh, tn tr, ch bin v kinh doanh cc sn phm nhin liu lng thuc phm vi trch nhim qun l ca PV OIL Ph M d mc no u phi c bo co v Tng Cng ty . Trong trng hp xy ra CKC cp I, cp II, th n v qun l hot ng hoc ni c xy ra s c, tai nn ngay lp tc phi thng bo khn cp bng vn bn theo mu thng bo CKC v bng in thoi cho Trng ban ch huy hoc Ban ch o CKC. Nu c s c, tai nn xy ra thuc trch nhim ca ch phng tin, n v kinh doanh giao nhn hng ang c hot ng trong a bn v phm vi qun l ca Nh my, ngoi th tc thng bo ca K hoch CKC ny cn yu cu h tr CKC cng nh thc hin trch nhim bi thng (nu c). Ty theo tnh hnh thc t, quy m v mc nguy him ca tnh trng CKC, ng Trng Ban Ch o CKC s quyt nh vic bo co Tng Cng ty, Chnh ph theo K hoch hnh ng trong tnh hung khn cp ban hnh theo Quyt nh 3536/DKKHCNMT ngy 9/10/1997 ca Tp on Du kh Vit Nam. Mi cn b cng nhn vin ca cc n v ni xy ra s c cn nhanh chng thng bo vi ngi ph trch khi pht hin s c hoc kh nng dn n trn Du/Condensate bt c mc no. Ngi ph trch phi trc tip chuyn thng tin ti Lnh o ca mnh nh gi cc tc ng, tin hnh nhng hot ng c lp ngun trn v cc bin php an ton c th v tip tc thng bo cho cc cp cao hn theo quy nh. Nu mc trn Du/Condensate c nh gi trn 2 tn th PG Nh my lp tc bo co G Nh my, Ban Ch o CKC ca Cng ty v thng bo ngay vi BC ca Tng Cng ty v S TN&MT tnh B Ra - Vng Tu, Cng v Vng Tu. Nu mc di 2 tn th gi bo co bng vn bn cho Tng Cng ty trong vng 1 ngy. 2.5.5 Hun luyn din tp Hun luyn * Hun luyn c bn: Tt c CBCNV lin quan lm vic trong Nh my u phi c ph bin, hng dn v Quy trnh ny v c o to v hiu bit c bn v tnh hung CKC, nguyn nhn s c tai nn, nh gi mc s c v phn loi tnh hung CKC, nguyn tc ng cu, phng php ng cu c th cho cc khu vc, c cu t chc phn nh trch
92

nhim, cc bc tin hnh CKC, quy trnh thng bo- bo ng, thng tin lin lc, phi hp ng cu, ghi s nht k theo quy trnh Thi gian thc hin: 2 nm/ ln * Hun luyn chuyn su: Cho cc thnh vin BC tp trung vo phng php, chin lc, chin thut v ngun lc ng cu thc hin CKC. Cho cc thnh vin ban ch o tp trung vo cng tc qun l v ch o ng cu, qun l khng hong, chin lc ng cu, nh gi chin lc ng cu, cc vn mi trng, cc kha cnh php l, hp tc thng tin i chng Thi gian thc hin: 2 nm/1 ln. Din tp: Din tp cho lng CKC nhm t chc thc hin tt quy trnh Thng bo/Bo ng, x l CKC. Sau din tp phi c tng kt v nh gi v thi gian v phng thc ca Thng bo/Bo ng cp nht, hon thin h thng Thng bo/Bo ng. Mc tiu chnh ca din tp l kim tra cc hot ng thc t trong vic chun b sn sng cho CKC s c tai nn v xc nh nhu cu hun luyn b sung. Ni dung ca din tp ch trng vo: Cc hiu bit v ni dung quy trnh CKC. H thng thng tin lin lc v hp tc, phi hp. Kh nng quyt nh, mnh lnh v nhn lnh theo thi gian trong khi tin hnh cc hot ng CKC. Trch nhim v nhim v c th ca tng v tr, c nhn, t chc. 2.5.6 Cc vn khc 2.5.6.1 Quy nh chung m bo an ton thng tin lin lc, x l tt CKC ban u Cc knh thng tin lin lc gia Nh my v nhng thnh vin lin quan (Nh My ch bin Condensate, Tng kho xng du Vng tu, Kho Cng Th vi, cc Nh my c u ni xut nhp sn phm qua kho cng, tu thuyn trong thi gian vo lm hng ti kho cng, cc thnh vin trong BC, BCH) phi thng sut 24/24.
93

 Trong trng hp h thng thng tin lin lc b trc trc, cc bn c trch nhim phi hp, h tr nhau sa cha a h thng hot ng tr li trong thi gian ngn nht. Phng tin thng tin lin lc chnh trong qu trnh hot ng ti Nh my thng qua b m, in thoi ni b v ng di, trong trng hp s c thng tin chnh gia lc lng ng cu ti hin trng v phng iu khin, tu, PMPC , PV GAS thng qua b m v s c quy nh mt knh s dng ring trong trng hp khn cp. Ngn ng chnh s dng l ting vit . 2.5.6.2 Cu nn/ s cp cu y t ban u. Hai nguyn tc p dng cho tai nn ngi b thng lin quan vic s cp cu ban u vn chuyn n c s y t, bnh vin gn nht: Khi xy ra s c, tai nn phi in thoi lin h khn vi cc n v y t gn nht, gi xe cu thng. Nhng ngi b thng, k c ngi cht u phi c c chm sc y t ban u ngay sau khi cu nn ra khi s c, tai nn. Ngay lp tc dng phng tin vn chuyn chuyn dng, xe cu thng a n bnh vin. 2.5.6.3 Thay i, hon thin, cp nht: Quy trinh ny c cp nht sa i trnh G ph duyt ngay cho ph hp vi thc t. 2.6 Phng chy cha chy v vn mi trng nh my lc du Ct Li 2.6.1 Phng chy cha chy 2.6.1.1. Mc ch m bo an ton cho hot ng ca nh my cng nh tnh mng ca cng nhn do lun phi lm vic vi nguy c cao v chy n. Gim ti mc ti a nhng thit hi do cc s c chy n xng du xy ra trong qu trnh hot ng. 2.6.1.2. Mc nguy him v chy n trong Nh my Cc nguyn liu hay sn phm ca NMLD u tim n cao v nguy c chy,
94

n. Cc sn phm trong Nh my ph bin 2 dng: kh v lng v u l nhng cht d chy, n. Cc sn phm dng kh nng hn khng kh, do vy nu trong khng kh th sn phm kh s l l trn mt t. Cc sn phm lng nh hn nc, do vy s ni ln trn mt nc. Do c im nh trn ca cc sn phm kh v lng, v cng vi vic cc sn phm ny d dng bt chy nhit bnh thng nn khi cc sn phm ny chy th thit hi l khng th lng trc c. 2.6.1.3. Bin php cha chy xng du v sn phm Cng ging nh vic cha chy thng thng l mun dp tt m chy th phi c lp cht chy, ngun duy tr s chy (O 2), v mi la (la trn, tia la in, tia quang hc). Cn c vo c im ca cc sn phm du m th i vi tng loi sn phm ta c cch khc phc ring. Sn phm kh chy: dng nc phun dp tt, hoc dng bnh xt CO 2 ui O2. Sn phm lng chy: ta phun 1 lp bt ngn cch sn phm lng v O 2 chm dt s chy. 2.6.1.4. H thng phng chy, cha chy H thng ng ng, bm cha chy, cc ng phun v bnh xt cha chy l rt ln. H thng bm gm: 2 bm du Diesel (phng khi mt in), v 6 bm in li tm nhiu cp (2 ci ngp trong h, v 4 ci bm trn cn). Tuyn ng ng vi 2 ng xanh, : Xanh l ng ng nc v l ng ng cha bt cu ha. Ti nhng cm sn xut nhy cm c b tr vi phun bt cha chy v phn b nhng bnh xt kh CO 2 ti nhng ni c cng nhn trc, lm vic (khc phc nhanh
95

CO 2.

Do c im ca nh my l nm cnh con sng nn ngun nc dng cho

nhng C h thng bm, ng ng c b tr ti cc b cha cc sn theo h thng , nhng cm Condensate v cm Mini. H thng c tc dng ngn cch cc b cha phng khi s lan sang cc b khc bng h thng phun bt cha chy xung quanh . Cu to ca nhng b cha cc sn phm xng du:

phm v dc chy ca b

ny khng lan sang b kia. Khi mt b chy, th bao quanh ngn khng cho s chy

Cc b cha c lm bng st, sn cch nhit, mi ca b c cu to ty theo sn phm cha. Tuy nhin trn mi b c nhng b phn an ton sau: 2 van an ton x kh v ct thu li chng st. Trn mi b c h thng ng phun bt cha chy vo sn hoc khi cc b khc xy ra s chy. Bn ngoi b st c tng bo v bao quanh chng nhit v n cng nh ngn cch s chy lan ra ngoi b. Vi cu to b nh vy s gim c nguy c chy n v s mt mt sn phm trong qu trnh tn cha. Tm li c h thng phng chy cha chy hot ng theo nguyn tc t ng. Khi c s c chy n, bm s t ng bm, nu mt in th khi ng bm Diesel, ti ni chy vi phun s t ng phun, cc bn b bt. 2.6.1.5 Cng tc phng chy Khi b chy bi xng du, ni chung l s b thit hi, v thng l ln do s chy ca xng du l kh dp tt Do vy cng tc phng chy lun c cao mi ni. Gio dc thc t gic ca mi ngi v nguy c chy n, cng nh lun tp dt thnh thc cc k nng cha chy. thc v nhng hu qu nghim trng ca chy n v hiu bit v cch khc phc s chy l iu kin thit yu mt nh my lc du lun hot ng an ton. 2.6.2. Vn m bo mi sinh Nh my lc du Ct Li hot ng theo mt chu trnh kn, do c 2 ngun
96

phm trong b khi b

xy ra s chy. Pha bn trn c h thng ng xanh lm mt b khi thi tit nng nng

c lm mt v h thng phun

sn phm thi chnh nh hng trc tip n vn mi sinh l khi thi v nc thi. Khi t thi ra xng lc du. iu kin khi t thot ra t xng lc du c 2 ngun gc sinh ra: - Sinh ra t 2 l gia nhit Cc l t dng du FO t v lu lng du FO cung cp cho l t khong 5 tn/ngy, ng khi ca l cao khong 12m. Hi trong khi ca nh my lc du Ct Li c kim tra v mi sinh, c th nh bng Bng 2.5.1: Nng cc cht thi trong khi Nng cho STT Loi hi t Nng thc t php ti xng

1 2 3 4 5

SO2 (mg/m3) H2S (mg/m3) CO (mg/m3) CO2 (% 0) Bi khi (ht/cm3)

12-12.5 Vt rt nh 10 1.7 105

20 10 30 1-5 1000

- Khi thp t kh thi: (Phn kh khng ngng t trong qu trnh lc) Do cn c 1 phn nh kh khng ngng cn trong du m thnh phn l C1, C2, C3, C4, cc kh ny cng vi du i qua thit b ngng t, chng khng c dn n ct t (nh cm trc). Khi thng t kh thi khc vi khi l gia nhit t du FO, thnh phn ca khi ny ch c CO v CO
2

c SO 2, H 2S v ht khi. Tm li khi

thi ca xng lc du mc thng thng nu c cht c thi th u di nng bo v mi sinh cho php. Mt khc a im vng trng cch xa du nn vn nhim mi trng c th yn tm.
97

Nc thi ca nh my lc du Ct Li. Nc thi ca nh my c phn ra lm 2 loi: - Nc thi nhim du: Nc thi ny gm:

Nc thi t b tch mui, khng du, b nhim bn do cht ph nh, mui v Nc thi t cc bnh ngng t sn phm, thot ra vi lu lng khong 4m 3/h, Nc ma ri xung mt t nhim du trong 15 giy u.

du dnh theo. Nc thi ra vi lu lng khong 1m3/h. loi ny c nhim bn du.

- Nc thi khng nhim du: Nc thi sinh hat. du: Bng 2.5.2 : Hm lng cc cht thi trong nc STT Loi nc thi Lu lng (m3/h) Hm lng cc cht nhim bn mg/l 1 Nc thi t cc b phn tin mui Nc thi t cc bnh tch sn phm Nc ma nhim du trong 15 giy u 1 2 4 Mui Cl 200-280 Cht ph nh 300 Du kh 3000 Nc ma ri xung mt bng sau 15 giy. Lu lng ca nc thi nhim bn

Cc loi nhin liu 20003000 - Du 20 - Cht l lng 20

10-100

x l nc thi nhim bn du, nh my lc du Ct Li s

dng bin

php a nc thi nhim bn vo ng ring v a v h thng x l nc thi. H

98

thng ny gm c 3 b vi tng cng sut 340m3 v 1 ao dung tch 7840m 3. Cn i vi nc thi sinh hat khng nhim bn du v nc ma ln mt bng sau 15 giy ( ht nhim du) c dn v h thng mng ln trong xng, ti y c rong lm sch nc. Khi mc nc y cao hn mc nc cn thit mi cho thi ra sng. 2.7 An ton sn phm du nhn 2.7.1 Nhng im cn lu v an ton v sc khe khi s dng, tip xc vi du nhn 2.7.1.1 V sc khe Trnh ht phi hi, khi v cc cht bay hi to ra trong khi s dng. Trnh mt tip xc vi cc cht. Trnh tip xc vi da v cc dng c nhn. Trnh tip xc lu vi tt c du ng c s dng. Trnh da tip xc vi du truyn ng s dng v chng cha rt nhiu loi cn c hi, mt vi cht trong c kim chng bng thc nghim chng t c nh hng n da m khng th cha khi c. Nn thay i qun o b nhim du nhiu. Nn dng nhng loi qun o s dng mt ln v loi b chng sau khi dng. Ra tay k lng sau khi s dng cc cht ny, v nh lun ra tay trc khi n, ung v vo nh v sinh. 2.7.1.2 V an ton v mi trng Cn gi sn phm khng cho tr nh tip xc vi chng. Gi sn phm nhit thng trnh nhng nguyn nhn gy tia la. Cn lm sch cc cht ri vi ngay lp tc. Ngn chn vic cc sn phm du nhn xung t hay ngun nc. 2.7.1.3 Khi c chy Dp tt bng bt, bt, hi nc hay nu m chy nh dng oxit cacbon hay BCF. Khi chy nhng vng hp phi dng dng c th v o cu ha. 2.7.1.4 Khi sn phm Phi thu gom v dng cc ph ln b mt chng hoc dng cc cht c kh nng thm. Khng nn ra chng ri ri xung h thng thi. Sp xp cc sn phm vo thng cha du mt cch cn thn, c trch nhim. Khng sn phm gn ao h, ngun nc, cc rnh hay cc h thng thi. 2.7.1.5 V qun o bo h

99

Phi s dng qun o bo h, gng tay khng thm khi tip xc vi du nhn. Cn eo knh mt nu mt tip xc lu vi sn phm du. Cn c kim tra thng xuyn qun o bo h v v sinh chng v kh sch. 2.7.2 Cc bin php x l sau khi tip xc vi du nhn 2.7.2.1 Vi da Phi ra sch da vi x phng v nc sau khi tip xc. Thay i qun o b nhim bn nhiu v git l trc khi s dng li. 2.7.2.2 Vi mt Phi ra mt vi nc nhiu ln, phi cho m m mt. Phi tun theo hng dn y t nu c hin tng mt, u mt lu khi. 2.7.2.3 Khi nut phi sn phm du Nu c du trong ming, cn phi xc ra ngay bng nc sch. Cn theo ch dn y t nu nut phi mt lng du ln vo bng. Khng c lm cho nn ra. Khng c mt loi thuc gii c c bit no cng nh cc bin php cha tr khc mt cch c th. 2.7.2.4 Khi ht phi hi du Nu ht phi hi, khi v cc cht bay hi ca du s gy ra sng v u mi, hng. Cn chuyn ra ni thong kh v theo hng dn y t khi c triu chng ko di. 2.7.2.5 Nhng ch ring i vi da Bo v da. Da l ro cn chnh bo v c th t cc cht gy hi trong mi trng v n bao gm lp biu b mng pha ngoi v lp da dy pha trong. Lp da pha trong gm c lp t bo cht gip vi du t nhin to thnh mt ro cn khng thm. S c mt ca du t nhin l rt quan trng trong vic gi nc m c th dn n qu trnh loi nc ca da lm n cng v nt ra l cc t bo non lp di tip xc vi cc cht c hi hoc b nhim trng.Tc hi ca cc sn phm du khong n da l khi tip xc thng xuyn hay tip xc trong thi gian di vi cc sn phm du khong c th to ra cc tnh trng ca da khc nhau m c th xut hin c lp hay cng lc nh sau: S vim da do b chy rm khi tip xc vi cc cht c tnh cht gy chy. Cc cht ny tc ng n da ca tt c mi ngi mt d mc gy hi l khc nhau. Cc
100

nhin liu, c bit l cht lng c nht thp lm chy v mt nc ca da nn da kh, d gy vim da v nhim trng. Hin tng vim da do b chy rm l ph bin i vi da tip xc thng xuyn hay trong thi gian lu i vi cc sn phm du khong. S vim da do d ng xut hin ch nhng ngi rt nhy i vi mi loi ha cht c th m do kt qu ca nhng ln tip xc trc . S chy rm ca da trong nhng trng hp cng ging nh s vim da do chy rm nhng c mc nng hi d ch tip xc qua vi cht . Trong c hai trng hp trn, s chy rm lm cho da tr nn v nga. Nhng mn nc nh c th xut hin v v ra lm cho b mt da kh v bong ra v d dn n nt n v gy chy mu. S vim da pht trin trong thi gian di c th lm cho da dy v c vy. Vim da do bnh ngh nghip thng xut hin cng tay, mu bn tay v gia cc ngn tay nhng cng c th nh hng n bt c vng no tip xc vi cht . Mc d vic vim da c th xut hin cc la tui nhng phn ln xut hin tui trung nin, c trng hp phi sau 20 nm sau hoc hn khi tip xc vi chnh cht . Khi b vim da mt ln, da khng th tr li tnh trng ban u, ngay c khi trnh tip xc vi tt c cc cht nh hng khc. V vy vic phng nga bnh vim da l rt cn phi c quan tm v quan tm mt cch xng ng. Khi nang du hay mn trng c xut hin l do kt qu ca vic tip xc ca da vi cc sn phm du khong (c bit l nhng qun o b du s lm cho da tip xc lu vi du ). Du hiu u tin th hin thng l nhng mn du en nhng nhng ngi nhy cm hi c th phi chu ng cc mn hat m nht. Da tip xc thng xuyn v lu vi mt loi du bi trn, cc loi xng du, hay nhin liu c nhm hydroccbua thm (c bit l cc du nng), c bit vi ch v sinh c nhn khng tt c th dn n nhng vng da dy hay ni mn cm. Trong mt s trng hp s pht trin mn cm s tr thnh khi u c tnh. Thm vo mn cm nh hay cc khi u c th pht trin c da bnh thng. Nhng mn ny thng xut hin nhng vng l ra nh bn tay, cng tay nhng cng c th xut hin nhng vng d thng xuyn b tip xc bi qun o thm du. Cc dng c cha du khng nn t vo ti qun v d gy tip xc ca da vi du. Qun o lm vic cn
101

c v sinh thng xuyn v thay i ngay nu chng cha nhiu cht bn. l iiu quan trong gi gn tiu chun v sinh c nhn. Ung th da khng biu hin ngay trong vi chc nm sau khi tip xc vi du ln u tin v c th cha tr ngay bng cc bin php y t. Nhng c nhn m ngh nghip tip xc lu di vi cc sn phm du khong cn c ch dn h t kim tra thng xuyn. Phi nm c ch dn v nhng cht c kh nng gy ung th da v s dng cn thn trong mi thi im. Bt c ngi no da s b au lot m khng lnh nhanh chng ( mt d khng tip xc vi sn phm du trong thi gian di) cn c ch dn cha tr. Ngn nga s nhim bn da. Cch tt nht bo v da di nhng nh hng c hi t cc sn phm du l ngn nga s nhim bn da. S phng nga i vi mi con ngi khng hiu qu bng ngn nga t h thng. Nu khng c mt bin php hu hiu no gi sch ni lm vic th s khng th trch nhng cn du tch t. Hnh vi c th gim ng k vic tip xc ca da vi du: phi ra sch dng c v cng nhn trch t dng c dnh du vo qun o. Ni chung qun o c cht liu cotton hay poliete/cotton c th bo v tt da nhng ch thnh thong mi tip xc vi du. Ti nhng ni mt tip xc vi du cao th ngoi qun o bo v cn c thm gng tay, khu trang, giy chng ph hp. Qun o bo h cn c thay i thng xuyn v lm sch trc khi s dng li. Qun o nhim du khng ch st vo da. Cc loi kem chng nhim c c th gip chng li cc bi bn thm vo da nh c tc dng t hay khng c tc dng ngn cn cc cht c hi. Cc sn phm du cn c ra bng xa phng hay cc loi kem thch hp v nc m. Cc nhin liu v dung mi khng nn dng v bn thn chng c th gy vim da nu s dng nhiu ln. Cng nhn nn ra tay thng xuyn, c bit l trc khi n. Cht dng da cn c s dng thng xuyn (t nht l sau mi ca lm vic) v chng gip thay th cc cht du t nhin v chng kh da. 2.8 An ton trong nh my du nhn Vilube 2.8.1 An ton lao ng Ton b cn b, cng nhn nh my iu phi trang b y bo h v thit b bo h lao ng : nn, khu trang, gng tay
102

Lm vic ng gi quy nh, mi trng lm vic t tiu chun, c bi dng sc khe, nu lm vic tng ca c bi dng n ung thm. c hc v t vn v tnh c hi ca sn phm v a ra cc bin php hn ch, phng trnh. Trong khu vc lm vic u c ni quy,quy nh v an ton lao ng v v sinh cng nghip va m bo sc khe, tnh mng cho cn b, cng nhn vin va m bo c nng sut lao ng. 2.8.2 An ton phng chy cha chy Do tnh cht cha chy ca sn phm nn cn b cng nhn vin u c tm hiu v c thc cao v an ton phng chy,cha chy. Bn cnh , nh my trang b y cc thit b phng tin phng chy cha chy nh bnh CO2, bnh bt kh xch tay v xe y loi bnh treo cha chy t ng c b tr cc v tr d gy ra chy n v v tr thun li cho vic a vo s dng nu c s c, ngoi ra cn c bao b,h ct,nc Mi ni trong nh my treo cc khu lnh v phng chy cha chy cng nh cc bin php cu cha nu c s c xy ra. Cc cn b , cng nhn vin nh my cng thng xuyn c luyn tp, gi nh cc tnh hung chy, tp dt cc phng n phng chy cha chy. Cc thit b phng chy cha chy thng xuyn c kim tra bo dng nh k m bo hiu qu s dng an ton. Quy nh nghim cm mc cu in mt cch t khng m bo an ton. 2.8.3 X l ph thi v v sinh cng nghip Do tnh cht ca sn phm,cht ph thi rt nguy him i vi sc khe ca cn b cng nhn vin ni ring v nh hng rt nghim trng n mi trng nn nh my tm cch hn ch ti a cc cht thi ra trong qu trnh sn xut cht thi ra rt t,nu c c thu gom v x l kp thi. Cc v lon, can, cc cht cn bn khi khng cn ti ch s dng c x l trit , cc bao b, nhn , nt v cc rc bn c tp v cng nhn lm v sinh cng nghip thu gom vo can xc. Nc thi c x l lm sch trc khi thi ra mi trng
103

2.8.4 An ton thit b in Cng nhn vn hnh cc thit b v dng c in phi chp hnh cc bin php an ton in nh sau: Cm lm cng vic v in: thay ch ,tho lp dy in ,di chuyn cc thit b in.khi h hng v in phi bo ngay cho ngi c trch nhim bit Ch c php s dng cc thit b in v dng c c ni t (ni khng) bo v Khi pht hin cc trng hp khng bnh thng ,khi ng c in khng quay, khi lm vic c khi hoc la trong ng c, s vng quay gim, ng c nng nhiu phi ngt in v bo cho ngi c trch nhim bit x l.

Khi ngng my ch s dng nt bm aptomat hoc cu dao b tr ngay trn my bi, bng, st.dnh vo cc dy dn, cu dao in, t in, hoc ri xung hm cp. Cc thit b in di ng khi mc vo ngun in, phi qua phch cm chc chn, tip xc tt. Cm cu mc in tm b, lng lo d gy chy n, h hng thit b v tai nn .

Khng c treo qun o hoc vt g ln cc thit b in, khng nc du,

Khi c bin bo khng an ton in treo my, tuyt i khng t tho g hoc s dng my . 2.9 An ton lao ng v mi trng trong nh my nha Ph M, m Ph M 2.9.1 Nha Ph M 2.9.1.1 Nhng cht cn ch trong nh my Nguyn liu (Vinylclorua Monomer (VCM), CH2 = CHCl) S lc v Vinylclorua Monomer: Mc d c bit n t hn 100 nm nay nhng Vinylclorua Monomer (VCM) ch tr thnh mt ha cht quan trng vo nhng nm 20 v 30 ca th k trc, khi sn phm trng hp ca VCM cho ta Polyvinylclorua (PVC) vi rt nhiu ng dng khc nhau. Di y l mt s tnh cht ha l ca VCM. iu kin nhit v p sut thng, Vinylclorua Monomer (VCM) l mt cht kh khng mu d chy, d n.

Nhit nng chy : -153,7 0C

104

Nhit si : - 13,4 0C

T trng hi : 2,15 (khng kh = 1) thun tin cho vic vn chuyn v bo qun, VCM thng c nn p sut khong 3 kg/cm2. Ti p sut ny VCM l mt cht lng trong sut, khng mu, c t trng 0,92 g/ml ( 25 0C). VCM tan rt t trong nc, d ho tan trong cc dung mi hu c. VinylClorua Monomer hay Vinyl Choride (VC) l nguyn liu chnh sn xut PVC. Trong qu trnh sn xut s dng 2 loi VC l FVC v RVC. FVC (Fresh Vinyl Choride): FVC l loi VC rt tinh khit (n 99.96%) c nhp khu t cc nh my sn xut VC Chu , ch yu t Malaysia v Indonesia. Tnh cht ha hc: Tnh cht ha hc c bit nguy him : Nhng vt liu khng tng thch : Kim loi v hp kim (c kh nng to ra hp cht nguy him, nh Acetylides). Nhng phn ng nguy him : C th phn ng mnh vi cc tc nhn oxy ha. C th to ra dng d n nh Vinyl Chloride Polyperoxide khi tip xc vi khng kh hoc Oxy. Vinyl Chloride c th kt hp rt mnh vi khng kh , Oxy hoc khi b lm bn to thnh Polyperoxides, c bit l nhit cao. Khi cc cht c ch (Hydroquinone, BHT) c th c thm vo (nu c yu cu) cho s ri ro l thp nht trong qu trnh polyme ha. Nhng sn phm phn ly nguy him : cc sn phm phn ly l Hydrogen Chloride, Cacbondioxide v Cacbon monoxide. c tnh : Gii hn ngh nghip : 7ppm/8h TWA. H hp : Nng p sut cao (8.000 10.000 ppm) c th gy chong, mt phng hng v gy lit tay v chn. Nng cao trn 100.000 - 200.000 ppm c th nguyn nhn gy hn m dn n bt tnh nhn s. Nu nng qu cao c th gy nhp tim khng bnh thng v i chp chong.
105

 Tip xc da : khi cht lng VCM bn trng da v phun ra dng tia c th gy bng phn da. Tip xc mt : gy nga, vim mt. Tiu ha : rt c th xy ra, nhng ch xut hin khi thi tit lnh. VCM pht tn ra mi trng trong thi gian di c th gy ung th. VCM c bit l cht gy ung th cho con ngi, Clo gy nguy him cho con ngi v l nguyn nhn gy ra bnh ung th Angiosar Coma. Gy tn hi n nhim sc th, thng trong chu vi t bo bch huyt, quan st r khi VCM mc cao trong gii hn ngh nghip. c im sinh hc : Tn ti v phn hy : VCM khng phi l sn phm thy phn trong nc. Cht ny khng b vi khun phn hy trong nc. VCM bc hi v mt i trong kh quyn, phn hy nhanh trong khng kh. S cu : Mt : Khi b bn vo mt ngay lp tc lm t mt bng dung dch ra hay nc lm sch mt trong khong 10 pht. Da : Sau khi b dnh vo da nn ra ngay lp tc vi nhiu nc. Nu c biu hin triu chng th phi s dng thuc c tr. H hp : a bnh nhn ra ni thong mt, gi m v ngh ngi. Tn hnh h hp nhn to nu nn nhn khng th c hoc nn nhn b mt kh nng t iu khin. Cho nn nhn dng cc thuc c tr. Tiu ha : Khng gy ra nn ma, nn nhn vn tnh to. Cho nn nhn xc ming ngay bng nc v ung 200 - 300 ml nc v dng thuc c tr. Cc loi thuc x l : X l cc triu chng v thc hin cc phng php theo cc ch dn. Thuc Adrenaline v mt s loi dc phm khc c tng hp cng loi th khng c dng cho cc nn nhn b bnh tim v n c th lm tim ngng p. Cc c tnh chng la v bt la : VCM l cht rt d chy cao v c tnh ph hy mi trng mnh. Dng bt kh, bt nc hoc CO2 dp la.
106

Thao tc bng tay : Khi thao tc bng tay ta nn trnh VCM tip xc trc tip vi da, mt v qun o bo h v c bit l khng ht kh ny. iu chnh lng tht thot vo mi trng thong c gii hn. Trnh tip xc vi phn d chy, cc thit b phi c ni t trnh hin tng tnh in. Trc khi lm cng tc bo tr, bo dng cc thit b th phi kim tra an ton ca thit b. Cn thn s tp trung hi nhng im thp trong ta nh, thng cha, nhng ni khai qut v VCM nng hn khng kh. Thng cha :

VCM sau khi c nhp vo s cha trong cc bn cha hnh cu lm bng vt liu thp Cacbon hoc thp khng g, th tch 2800m3, chu p lc cao nht 6.5 7 bar. c gi lnh v nhng ni thong gi, cch xa ngun la hoc ngun nhit.

Khi thi ra phi m bo c nhn c bo v hon ton trong sut qu trnh dn dp lng thi ra. Hp th lng thi ra bng ct, t hoc bt k vt liu hp th thch hp khc, khng s dng mn ca hoc nhng vt liu d chy khc hp th lng thi ra. RVC (Recovery Vinyl Choride) y l loi VC khng phn ng trong qu trnh sn xut. N c thu hi v c cha trong cc thit b thu hi VC. RVC cha mt lng nh cc cht khng tinh khit, cha nhiu nc khong 0,1%. RVC cn cha mt lng nh cc hp cht c lin kt i, lin kt ba sinh ra trong qu trnh sn xut. Lng cho php ca cc hp cht ny l nh hn 20 ppm. V RVC cha nhng tp cht nn RVC s quyt nh chnh n tnh cht ca sn phm. Ty vo lng RVC thu hi v tnh cht ca n m lng RVC s c cho cng vo FVC theo mt t l nht nh. Thng RVC chim t 1015% VC trong nguyn liu u vo ca mt m sn phm.
107

2.8.1.2 Tnh cht ca mt s ha cht Cat C Cat C c tn ha hc l Ethyl Chloroformate (M=108.5).

Cng thc ha hc : C2H5OCOCl.

Cat C l cht lng nguyn cht c nng khong 98,9%.

Cat C l cht c kh nng chy n cao, rt d phn ng vi nc sinh ra HCl v CO2, do n c kh nng n mn. Cat C c cha trong thng Polyethylene 200 kg.

Cat C l mt cht c, c th l c nht trong cc ha cht s dng trong nh my. N cc c khi ht phi, khi ht vo vi nng cao c th gy t vong, tip xc vi Cat C nng thp trong thi gian di c th gy ra cc bnh mn tnh v mt v ng h hp. Cat C tn ti dng lng, khng mu hoc hi vng, c mi hng, cay. Gy ra hin tng chy nc mt khi ht phi Cat C. Cat C c bo qun trong thng kn, t ni thong mt kh ro. Bo qun trnh xa ngun gy n. Cat D Cat D c tn ha hc l Hydrogen Peroxide.

Cng thc ha hc : H2O2 (M=34.02).

C nng t 20% 60%.

Cat D l cht lng khng mu, c mi hng cay yu. Trong qu trnh sn xut s dng H2O2 c nng l 35%. Cat D c tnh c l do tnh n mn ca n. N l cht khng chy, nhng khi phn ng vi mt s cht th n li tao ra cht rt d chy. Khi tip xc thng xuyn vi kh ca H2O2 c th gy cc bnh mn tnh v ng h hp.

Cat D c bo qun ni kh ro thong mt, trnh xa cc hp cht c kh nng chy n cao. Gi trong cc bnh kn ban u trnh s phn hy. Cat E Cat E c tn ha hc l Natri Hydroxide. Cng thc ha hc l NaOH (M=40.01).
108

 NaOH l cht kim mnh, c tnh n mn mnh. Cat E gy nguy him khi tip xc trc tip. c s dng dng lng khng mu, khng mi.

Cat E c bo qun ni kh ro thong mt. Nhit ct gi 18380C. Khng c ct gi trong thng nhm, thng thy tinh hoc bn trng men thy tinh. Dng bnh Polyethylen (PE) cha Cat E.

Cat E c dng trong qu trnh sn xut l dung dch 5% trong nc. Cat B Cat B tn thng mi l Laurox W40-GD4.

Tn ha hc l Dilauroyl Peroxide 40% (pH : 5 8), M=398,6. N tn ti dng huyn ph, mu trng v c mi nh mi ca keo dn tng. Cat B t nguy him khi tip xc. N l cht c kh nng oxy ha v d b phn hy nhit nn c th gy nguy him chy n. Do Cat B phi c ct gi trong kho lnh, nhit ct gi 5 27 0C. Cn gi kn np bnh v trnh xa ngun nhit v ngun gy n, thi gian ct gi ti a l 12 thng.

2.9.1.3 An ton lao ng v phng chng chy n Sc khe v An ton lao ng mi trng i cng vi vic sn xut bt nha PVC th cng ty cng rt ch trng n vn an ton v sc khe cho cn b cng nhn vin (CNV), v vic bo v mi trng. Cng ty xem y l phn khng th tch ri khi cng tc qun l kinh doanh. Phng chm c cng ty a ra bo v sc khe v an ton lao ng cho cn b CNV nh sau : Ngn chn thng tt v ri ro v sc khe cho cn b CNV, nh thu v nhng ngi xung quanh. To ra mt ni lm vic an ton v cng c thi quen lm vic an ton da trn nhng qui nh ca a phng v tiu chun Quc T. To nn s an tm, nhit tnh trong cng tc an ton v tin hnh hun luyn mt cch c hiu qu. Ngn nga thit hi v ti sn v thit lp ng cu trong trng hp khn cp. Gi gn v bo v mi trng.
109

Tt c cc cn b cng nhn vin, nh thu khi lm vic trong nh my iu c trang b cc thit b bo h lao ng nh : m bo h, knh bo h, gng an ton, bo h ton c th Bng 2.9.1 Quy nh v bo h lao ng trong nh my Nha v Ha cht Ph M

Khu vc

V tr

MINIMUM PPE M bo h Giy bo h Gng an ton Knh bo h bo h ca PMPC

Khu vc Nh tip khch Nh kho cha sn khng phm sn xut, Nh xng bo nh lm dng vic v Nh kho ha cht cc khu Canteen vc khc Khu sn Thng cha VCM xut v Thng cha du nh lm nhin liu Thp lm lnh vic VC SLURRY Phng th nghim Nh iu khin trung tm Bm nc cha chy Khu vc sy Khu vc h tr Nc kh khong Hi nng
110

Khu vc sn xut chnh

Cc h thng thit b trong nh my lun c t trong trng thi hot ng xuyn sut, mt v d l cc thit b hot ng c gn my bm, nh my lun lun lp rp hai bm cho mi thit b nhm mc ch thay th mi khi mt my b hng hc hoc n k hn bo tr, m bo nng sut cao nht, ng thi ngn chn cc mi nguy him tim n khi cc thit b xy ra s c t ngt. Ngoi ra, mi mt h thng thit b, khu vc trong nh my u c gn cc bin cnh bo an ton nhm gip cho nhn vin d dng lm vic, nhn bit cc khu vc thit b c s dng theo nhng mc ch khc nhau. 2.9.1.4 Phng chng chy n Cc cng ty lin quan n cc ngun nguyn liu cng nh sn phm t du kh th cng tc phng chng chy n lun lun c t ln hng u. i vi nh my Nha v Ha cht Ph M th cng tc phng chng chy n cng khng ngoi l. Hng tun nh my lun t chc cc bui din tp phng chng chy n, h thng cu ha trong nh my c kim tra rt nghim ngt. i cu ha ca nh my lun tc trc sn sng nhm phng cc s c c th xy ra. 2.9.2 Nh my m Ph M 2.9.2.1 Cng tc qun l mi trng Cc ngun cht thi c trong nh my: Cht thi rn: rc thi sinh hat, ph liu pht sinh trong qu trnh bo dng, cc lai xc tc rn ht hiu lc s dng. Cht thi lng: cc dng cht thi cha ha cht, nc thi sinh hat, nc lm mt. Cht thi kh: kh thi t Gasturbine, l hi ph tr, h thng primary reformer, nh thp to ht v h thng uc t 2.9.2.2 Cht thi rn v bin php x l Khi lng cht thi rn: khong 730tn/nm Thnh phn cht thi rn
111

Rc thi sinh hat v c cy kh: chim lng ln c thu gom v vn chuyn bi cng ty v sinh th huyn Tn Thnh Cc ph liu pht sinh trong qu trnh bo dng: (khng ng k) phoi tin. st thp vn. gi lau khng i hi x l c bit s c phn loi, thu gom, vn chuyn v thi b bi cng ty v sinh th huyn Tn Thnh.

Cht xc tc v cc rc thi c hi khng cn hiu qu s dng s c thu gom ring v hp ng vi cng ty chuyn mn x l.

2.9.2.3 X l nc thi Lng nc s dng v ngun cp nc: Nc ngt c cung cp bi cng ty cp nc tnh B Ra Vng Tu. Nhu cu s dng ca nh my l 150m3/h. Trong , 120m3/h c s dng cho sn xut hi nc, cn li c s dng cho sinh hat v cc hng nc ra trong nh my. Nc sng th Vi dung b sung cho h thng nc lm mt 2000m3/h, nc song vo nh my c b sung cht ng cn, cht dit khun v c s dng cho cc thit b trao i nhit trong dy chuyn sn xut sau c tun han lm lnh s dng li v mt phn c thi b. Lg nc thi v ngun tip nhn nc thi: Lng nc lm mt: 1700m3/h. Nc lm mt dung ch cc thit b trao i nhit gin tip nn khng b nhim ha cht. Do vy nc c thi qua ng thi chung ca khu cng nghip in m ra sng Th Vi. Lng nc ti nhim du: 20m3/h. Nc nhim du ch yu uc pht sinh t cc cm my nn, c thu gom vo h thng rnh v ng dn ring v h thng x l nc nhim du, nc sau khi x l c thi qua h thng thi chung. Lc nc thi sinh hot: 50m3/h. c thu gom t cc b vo h thng dn ring v h thng x l nc sinh hot, nc sau khi x l c thi qua h thng thi chung. RThi nc ma: nc ma c thu gom t cc rnh trong nh my c chy qua 2 cng ti cng s 2 vo ng thi nc ma chung ca khu cng nghip ra sng th Vi. 2.9.2.4 Cc bin php bo v mi trng X l cht thi:
112

H thng x l nc thi nhim du: 20m3/h. H thng x l nc sinh hot: 20m3/h. H thng x l nc nhim NH3.

Thu gom x l cht thi rn. Gim st mi trng:

Kim tra, bo dng, hiu chun thit b, phng nga v x l kp thi cc im r r ha cht c hi, d chy n.

Cc ngun kh thi

Kh thi t xng NH3 v ph tr. Bng 2.8.2: Hm lng cht c trong kh thi ng khi Refomer 10SK-2001 221.080 162 ng khi Gastur 10-B9001 364.200 236 ng khi Boiler 10-B8001 45.080 151 TCVN 6991:2001

Thng s

Lu lng (Nm3/h) Nhit (oC) Thnh phn (mg/Nm3) xy CO SOX NOX Bi

3% max 150 max 250 -

15% max 150 Max 103 8,0

3% Max 150 Max 250 -

150 150 300 400

Bng 2.8.3: Kh thi t xng URE (Ti nh thp to ht v uc t 20-PK-1001) TT 1 Danh mc Ch tiu Khng kh x t nh thp to ht: Lu lng (Nm3/h) Nhit (oC) 760.000 45
113

Tiu chun

Bi Ure (mg/Nm3) NH3 (mg/Nm3) 2 Kh thi t uc t: Lu lng ((Nm3/h) NO2 (mg/m3) NH3 (mg/m3)

35 30

50 (TC NHTG) 30 (TCVN 69912001) (KCN=0,6; KV=1

700 42 Max 60

Q<5000 m3/h) 600 60

2.9.2.5 Bin php gim thiu nhim khng kh H thng thu gom v x l kh thi Cc kh thi t nh my d t tiu chun thi ra mi trng (thao TCVN 6991-2001), nhng vn cha nng cc cht nhim cao hn vi tiu chun cht lng khng kh xung quanh. Do , trong nh my lp t cc ng khi c cao kh thi pht tn ti mt t t tiu chun khng kh xung quanh. TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 K hiu 10-SK2001 10-B8001 10-BTn ng thi Chiu cao ng khi thit b Reforming 40m th cp ng khi ni hi ph tr ng khi my tuc bin kh 30m 30m 110m 45m 110m

9001 20-Z-1008 uc t thp to ht 40-PKuc t kh tng hp/ kh 1001/1002 NH3 20-PKuc t thp p xng Ure 1005

H thng uc t H thng uc t kh tng hp cng sut: 298,190 kg/h. H thng uc t ammoniac cng sut: 349, 674 kg/h. H thng uc t: h thng uc t s oxy ha c kh d chy, c v kh d n mn thnh cc hp cht t c hi. H thng bo m hiu sut t chy cao phn tn tt, gim nng cc cht nhim.
114

Chng trnh gim st mi trng, gim st mi trng khng kh. Gim st bng hai trm quan trc t ng t hai v tr chin lc trong nh my theo hai hng gi ch o. Cc d liu c truyn v my tinh trung tm 15pht/ln, gm: bi, NH3, CO, NO2. TT 1 2 Tn v tr Ch tiu gim st Trm quan trc s 1 (40- Bi, NH3, CO, NO2 EMS-1001) Trm quan trc s 2 (40- Bi, NH3, CO, NO2 EMS-1002) 2.9.2.6 Nhng phng php bo v mi trng khc c p dng ti nh my Trang b b phn cch m, gim thanh cho cc thit b ng. Nhn vin lm vic cc ni c n cao c trang b bt tai chng n. Trang b cc u d kh c, d chy n (34 ci), c nhn vin an ton gim st lin tc 24/24h bng my o sch tay Scut SCT 096-2560. Trang b h thng ng ngn khn cp, van x v uc t. Bo dng, hiu chun kp thi cc thit b. Lp m cy xanh: >20% tng din tch nh my. Nh my c lc lng ng cu cc tnh hung khn cp. 2.10 Vn mi trng v kho st ti nh my ch bin k Dinh C v cng PVGAS Vng Tu. 2.10.1 Tng quan 2.10.1.1 Mc ch ca chng trnh gim st mi trng Chng trnh c thc hin vi mc ch kho st hin trng mi trng ti cc khu vc hot ng sn xut ca Cty KVT, xc nh nhng ngun gy nhim cha c kim sot, nh gi din bin cht lng mi trng qua nhng nm gn y, t xut cc bin php kim sot, ci thin, khc phc v gim thiu nhim trong thi gian ti. Chng trnh gim st mi trng c trin khai ti cc khu vc sau: CTY CH BIN KH VNG TU (KVT)
115

A- Nh my x l kh Dinh C B- Kho Cng PVGAS Vng Tu Chng trnh gim st nhm i cc mc ch sau: Xc nh hin trng v din bin cht lng mi trng khng kh cc khu vc trn. nh gi cc nh hng do cc hot ng sn xut ti Nh my x l kh, kho cng du kh n mi trng xung quanh. nh gi v cng tc bo v mi trng trong qu trnh hot ng sn xut kinh doanh ca cc cng ty trc thuc. nh gi hiu sut x l ca cc h thng x l nc thi nhim du ti Nh my x l kh Dinh C. xut cc bin php nhm vic hon thin cng tc bo v mi trng ti cc khu vc gim st. 2.10.1.2 Ni dung chng trnh gim st Chng trnh gim st gm nhng ni dung chnh sau: Kho st, thu thp, ly mu, o c cc thng s nhim trong khng kh xung quanh (KKXQ) cng nh trong kh thi cng nghip. Phn tch cc mu nc thi, nh gi cng tc qun l cht thi hin ti ang p dng, Tng hp nh gi hin trng cht lng mi trng t cc kt qu gim st ti v tr kho st chiu theo tiu chun mi trng hin hnh, nh gi kt qu cc hot ng bo v mi trng Cng ty thc hin 2.10.1.3 Kt qu t c Xy dng bo co tng hp vi cc ni dung v hin trng cht lng mi trng v cng tc bo v mi trng ti khu vc c kho st, nh gi hin trng cng nh din bin cht lng mi trng khng kh ti cc khu vc. nh gi cht lng nc thi u ra,

116

 Xy dng cc kin ngh c th nh: cc hnh ng ci tin, cc chng trnh cn p dng nng cao hiu qu ca cng tc bo v mi trng ti cc khu vc nu trn, 2.10.1.4 T chc thc hin Chng trnh gim st nm 2009 c thc hin vo cc ngy 24, 25 & 26/06/2009 vi s tham gia ca cc n v sau: C quan t vn: Vin K thut Nhit i v Bo v Mi trng. n v h tr thc hin: Phng An ton Bo v Cty KVT, cn b an ton GPP & Kho cng 2.10.1.5 Phm vi kho st Chng trnh gim st cht lng mi trng thc hin phm vi cng vic bao gm: kho st nh gi cht lng mi trng khu vc KKXQ v kh thi cng nghip ti cc cng trnh kh thuc Cty KVT v ly mu phn tch cht lng nc thi. m bo mu c ly cc v tr c trng, cc loi mu v s lng mu c ly theo hoch nh ph hp vi tnh cht hot ng ca cc khu vc. Thnh phn mi trng khng kh c kho st v nh gi, c th nh sau: Mi trng lao ng v khng kh xung quanh Tng s im gim st: 09 v tr khng kh xung quanh v, 08 ngun thi cng nghip, 05 mu cht lng nc thi, 02 mu nc sinh hot. Bng 2.10.1 V tr cc im o c gim st cht lng mi trng khng kh xung quanh TT KH V tr thu mu Cc thng s gim st

A - Nh my x l kh Dinh C L1-1 K/v nh n 1. L1-2 L2-1 K/v ngoi hng ro gn khu 2. L2-2 vc Flare-Burnpit 4. 6. L3-1 K/v nh dn ccnh nh my CO, NO2, SO2, Bi, H2S, CxH y, Pb L3-2 100m L4-1 K/v nh dn cch nh my L4-2 200m
117

TT KH

V tr thu mu

Cc thng s gim st

B Cng PVGAS B Ra L5-1 K/v nh n 8. L5-2 1 L6-1 K/v Cng ngoi kho cng 0. L6-2 cch hng ro 100m 1 L7-1 K/v Cng ngoi kho cng 2. L7-2 cch hng ro 200m CO, NO2, SO2, Bi, H2S, CxH y, Pb L8-1 K/v ng vo cng PVGAS 1 (ngoi hng ro gn TKL8-2 4. 101A/B) 1 L9-1 K/v ngoi hng ro gn cu 6. L9-2 cng s 1 Bng 2.10.2 V tr cc im o c gim st cht lng kh thi cng nghip TT KH V tr thu mu Cc thng s gim st

C Cc ngun kh thi ti Nh my x l kh Dinh C E1CO, NOx, SO2, Bi, H2S, CxH y 18. E12 1

Kh thi my nn kh K1101-D

E21
1

9. E22

Kh thi my nn kh K 01-A

E32
1

1. E32

Kh thi my nn kh K -02/03

2 3.

E41

Kh thi my pht in G 71-A

E42

118

TT KH E52
1

V tr thu mu Kh thi my pht in G 72

Cc thng s gim st

5. E52

E62
1

7. E62

Kh thi Heater H 31-A

E Cc ngun kh thi ti Kho cng PVGAS Vng Tu E7Kh thi my pht in - 01 2 1 CO, NOx, SO2, Bi, H2S, CxH y 9. E7- (1275 KVA)
2

iu kin ly mu: Gim st cht lng khng kh, kh thi v nc thi trong tnh trng vn hnh bnh thng. Tn sut: Ti mi im ly 2 mu vo hai thi im trong ngy lp li. Cc ch tiu phn tch, gim st cht lng khng kh xung quanh: hm lng bi l lng, SO2, NO2, CO, Hydrocacbon(CxHy) v H2S. (2 mu/im x 9 im = 18 mu).Kh thi cng nghip c kho st ti nh my Dinh C ti cc im thi c nh vi cc thng s: bi, NOx, SO2, CO, CxHy v H2S, (08 ngun 02 ln= 16 mu). Nc thi ly mu ti 05 v tr: Bng 2.10.3 V tr ly mu nc V tr ly mu M1: Nc thi ti HTXL nc thi nhim du GPP (YNhit , c, COD, 71), M2: Nc thi u ra HTXL nc thi nhim du GPP (sauBOD5, TSS, Tng N, coaleser), Tng P, Hm lng du, M3: im thi ra mng sui Tre. Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Hg, M4: im thi ra mng Nam Cn Sn, M5: im thi nc thi u ra HTXL nc thi nhim Fe, Sunfua, Clorua du ti cng PVGAS Vng Tu,
119

Thng s gim st

Nc cp sinh hot ly mu ti 02 v tr: V tr ly mu N1: u vo h thng nc sinh hot ti nh my GPP Thng s gim st pH, c, mu, cng, cn ton phn,
N2: u vo h thng nc sinh hot ti kho cng PVGASCOD, Fe, Cl , NO2 ,

Vng tu

NO3-, NH4+, F-, PO43-, SO42-, E.coli

2.10.1.6 Phng php gim st v cc thit b do t Cc phng php c s dng trong vic thc hin chng trnh gim st cht lng mi trng: Cc phng php ly mu, bo qun mu v phn tch: ph hp vi cc Tiu chun Vit Nam (TCVN), Thng quy K thut Y hc Lao ng v V sinh Mi trng (B Y t), T chc Tiu chun Quc t (ISO) v Standard Methods. Phng php nh gi: Da trn cc ti liu hng dn tiu chun cht lng mi trng Vit Nam t nm 2005 (TCVN) v v cc vn bn c lin quan. i vi mu khng kh xung quanh v mi trng lao ng, chiu cao ly mu k t mt sn 1,5 m. Tiu chun phng php v thit b c th nh sau: Mu khng kh xung quanh: Bi Theo TCVN 5067-1995 v Thng qui k thut YHL &VSMT 1993 B Y t. Thit b: Hight Sample HVS 500 (SIBATA - Nht Bn), cn phn tch: Sartorius BP 211D, nhy 1 x 10-5gr (c).

Dioxit lu hunh (SO2)

Theo TCVN 5971-1995 (ISO 6767-1990). Thit b: Desaga 312 (c), Spectronic genesys-5 (M).

Kh dioxit nit (NO2)

Theo TCVN 6137-1996 (ISO 6768-1985). Thit b: Desaga 312 (c), Spectronic genesys-5 (M). Cacbon Oxit (CO) Theo tiu chun B Y T 52 TCN 352-89.
120

Thit b: Spectrophotometer Spectronic genesys-5 (M), Desaga 212 v 312 (c), o b tr bng Multilog 2000 (M).

THC (CxHy)

B Y T-Thng qui K thut YHL & VSMT; 1993), Standard Methods. Thit b: Desaga 312 (c); Spectrophotometer Spectronic genesys-5 (M), Gas Chromatograph - Perkin Elmer (M).

Kh Hydrosunphua (H2S)

Theo Methods of Air Sampling and Analysis (Tp 3 ca James P. Lodge, Jr.,Editor). Thit b: Desaga 312 (c); Spectrophotometer Spectronic genesys-5 (M). Pb bi Theo TCVN 1652-1996 ( ISO 9855 - 1993), Thit b: Hight sample HVC 500; AAS; Spectronic Genesy 5 (M); Cc thng s ngun thi cng nghip Bi tng cng Theo TCVN 5977- 1995 (ISO 9096- 1992). Thit b: Thit b gim st ngun SIBATA (Nht Bn).

Kh thi: SO2, NOx, CO, CO2 ,O2 nhit

Theo TCVN 6192-2000 (ISO 10396-1993), TCVN 6501-1999. Thit b o trc tip ngun thi bng Testo- 350 v Testo-360(c). Nc thi v nc cp sinh hot: Mu nc c ly mu theo TCVN TCVN 6663-14:2000 (ISO 566714:1998).Phn tch theo TCVN tng ng, Standard Methods, Thng qui k thut y hc v sinh lao ng, Thit b ng b ca trm Quan trc v phn tch Mi trng: hp th nguyn t (ASS), Spectrophotometer Spectronic genesys-5 (M); Gas-Chromatograph Perking Elmer... Bng 2.10.4 Phng php phn tch p dng tiu chun Vit Nam v Standar Methods.
TT Thng s Nhit cng Phng php o - phn tch o trc tip bng thit b TOA (c) ISO 6059:1984 (E) 121

pH SS DO COD BOD5 Tng nit Tng P Du khong Cu Pb Zn Cd Cr Hg Fe N-NO2N-NO3ClE.coli PO43-

TCVN 6192:1999 (ISO 6060:1989) TCVN 6625:2000 (ISO 11923:1997) o trc tip bng thit b TOA (c), TCVN 7325:2004 TCVN 6491:1999 (ISO 6060:1989) ISO 7393:97 Part 1 & 2 TCVN 5987:1995 (ISO 5663:1984) TCVN 6202:1996 (ISO 6818-1: 1986 ASTM D3650:93 TCVN 6193: 1996 (ISO 8288:1986 E) TCVN 6193: 1996 (ISO 8288:1986 E) TCVN 6193: 1996 (ISO 8288:1986 E) TCVN 6193: 1996 (ISO 8288:1986 E) TCVN 6193:1996 (ISO 8288:1986 E) TCVN 665:2000 (ISO 11885:1996) TCVN 665:2000 (ISO 11885:1996) TCVN 6178:1996 (ISO 6777-1:1984) EPA 353.2 TCVN 6194:1996 TCVN 6187-2:1996 TCVN 6202:1996

2.10.2 Hin trng cht lng mi trng ti nh my GPP kho cng PVGAS Vng Tu 2.10.2.1.iu kin a hnh, thi tit v c im ca nhng khu vc gim st M t s lc v hin trng cc khu vc c kho st trong t gim st cui thng 06 nm 2009 do VITTEP v KVT phi hp thc hin. a) Nh my GPP V tr kho st: Cc v tr xung quanh nh my trong bn knh 200m cch hng ro pha bn ngoi nh my. Khong thi gian bui sng, thi tit nng nng gi nh, Flare chy vi ngn la nh, burnpit khng tin hnh t cn x. Khu vc khong t pha trc cng nh my, cch cng khong 100m ang tin hnh san lp mt bng xy dng khu vn phng lm cho cm hnh chnh nh my GPP trong tng lai. Thi im ly mu ti khu vc nh n xe ti chuyn ch vt liu san lp ra vo thng xuyn nn gy pht tn mt lng bi ln vo khng kh khi vc ln cn.

122

Khu vc tip gip hng ro gn Flare Burnpit c s cm nhn v mi kh gas pht tn trong mi trng (trong thi im bui chiu). Trong khu vc nh my x l kh Dinh C c nhng ngun kh thi cng nghip, vn hnh lin tc, (ngun thi t cc my my nn kh, my pht in chy bng ng c kh), cc my pht in chy bng du DO ch s dng d phng cho in li. b) Kho cng PV GAS Vng Tu V tr kho st: Cc v tr xung quanh Kho Cng Vng Tu trong bn knh 200m cch hng ro pha bn ngoi kho cng. Thi im bui sng: Thi tit nng nng, gi nh, hng gi chnh ng Nam-Ty Bc, Khu vc mc n trung bnh, khng cm nhn thy mi c bit no trong mi trng KKXQ (LPG v Condensat). Thi im bui chiu: iu kin VKH: nng nng gi nh, hng gi chnh ng Nam Ty Bc. Lu lng xe ra vo kho cng t, khng c tu xut hng ti thi im kho st. My pht in cng sut 1.275 KVA, ang vn hnh trong trng thi khng ti Flare ti kho cng chy vi ngn la trung bnh Nc thi pht sinh ti kho cng thi im kho st l rt t, h thng XLNT hin ti tm ngng hot ng v khng c u vo. Nhn dng cc vn mi trng: Cng PVGAS vi c th l lu tr, xut nhp LPG v Condensat nn hu nh tc ng n mi trng xung quanh l khng ng k, ch yu nht vn l vn nc thi v qun l cht thi rn, ngoi ra kh thi t my pht in l ngun thi khng lin tc, ch s dng trong trng hp d phng mt in li quc gia v vy tc ng ca ngun ny l rt nh. 2.10.2.2 Kt qu phn tch Cht lng khng kh xung quanh: Bng 2.10.5 Cht lng khng kh xung quanh

123

V tr thu mu T H A - Nh my x l kh Dinh C L11

Nng cht nhim (g/m3) CO NO2 SO2 Bi

H2S

CxHy

Pb

L12

K/v nh n

3.900 3.400

79 78 90 94 61 64 57 49

55 60 67 64 53 55 44 53

450 360 280 270 270 250 230 230

1,1 1,1 1,1 1,0 1,2 1,8 1,9 1,6

6.800 6.500 14.00 0 12.00 0 6.000 6.000 6.000 6.000

0,50 0,50 0,40 0,40 0,40 0,40 0,35 0,30

L21

L22

K/v ngoi hng ro gn 2.500 khu vc Flare-Burnpit 2.500 K/v nh dn cch nh 2.100 my 100m 2.300

L31

L32

L4K/v nh dn cch nh 2.000 L4- my 200m 2.000 2 C Cng PVGAS B Ra L51 1

L52

K/v nh n

3.300 3.600

48 53 48 46 47 45 40 50 35

63 54 61 60 41 42 56 52 27

260 270 340 320 340 330 240 250 200

2,0 1,5 1,4 1,2 1,2 1,0 1,4 1,6 1,2

3.300 3.000 2.400 2.500 2.100 2.500 4.100 4.000 3.100

0,35 0,50 0,30 0,30 0,45 0,30 0,50 0,50 0,20

L61

L62

K/v Cng ngoi kho 2.600 cng cch hng ro 100m 2.500 K/v Cng ngoi kho 2.500 cng cch hng ro 200m 2.400 K/v ngoi hng ro gn 2.000 TK-101A/B) 1.800 K/v ngoi hng ro gn 1.500 cu cng s 1

L71

L72

L81

L82

L91

124

T T

K H L92

V tr thu mu

Nng cht nhim (g/m3) CO NO2 SO2 Bi 1.200 30.00 0 30 200 43 350 200 300 -

H2S 1,4 42

CxHy 3.000 5.000

Pb 0,20 1,50* -

TCVN 5937:2005 TCVN 5938:2005

Cht lng kh thi cng nghip Bng 2.10.6 Cht lng kh thi cng nghip
T K Nng cht nhim (mg/Nm3) CO NOx SO2 Bi 135 120 6.380 6.970 8.200 8.450 1.615 1.745 5.125 4.740 28 30 1.740 2.050 1.000 < 10 < 10 < 10 < 10 < 10 < 10 < 10 < 10 < 10 < 10 20 < 10 120 145 1.500 12,0 10,0 6,0 12,0 15,0 10,0 12,0 14,9 24,0 32,0 8,1 10,5 22,0 21,4 400

V tr thu mu T H C Ngun thi ti N/m x l kh Dinh C E1-1 Kh thi my nn kh K 1101- 830 E1-2 D 660 E2-1 Kh thi my nn kh K 01- 10 E2-2 A/B 10 E3-1 10 Kh thi my nn kh K 02/03 E3-2 10 E4-1 10 Kh thi my pht in G 72 E4-2 10 E5-1 Kh thi my pht in G 71- 10 E5-2 A 10 E6-1 440 Kh thi Heater H 31-A E6-2 10 D Ngun thi ti Cng PVGas Vng Tu E7-1 250 Kh thi my pht in 01 E7-2 210 TCVN 5939:2005 1.000

H2S < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01 7,5

CxHy 2,2 2,2 3,0 2,6 2,7 2,6 2,9 2,1 2,0 2,2 3,6 3,8 1,0 1,1 -

Cht lng nc thi Bng 2.10.7 Cht lng nc thi

TCVN TT Thng s Nhit pH c COD n v
o

M1 6,9 70 881

M2 28,4 6,7 33 1.054

M3 27 125

M4 23

M5 6,6 25

5945:2005 (B) 40 5,5-9,0 80,0

C NTU mg/l

BOD5 TSS Tng N Tng P Du khong Cu Pb Zn Cr (VI) Cd Hg

mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

589 557 < 1,0 0,05 2,12 < 0,001 < 0,001 0,020 < 0,02 < 0,001 < 0,001 0,50 0,01 33

785 410 < 1,0 0,05 4,56 < 0,001 < 0,001 0,025 < 0,02 < 0,001 < 0,001 0,44 0,01 20

12 0,03

10 0,03 0,01 22

17 7 0,23 0,05 0,05 < 0,001 < 0,001 0,015 < 0,02 < 0,001 < 0,001 0,11 0,01 20

50,0 100 30,0 6,0 5,0 2,0 0,5 3,0 0,10 0,01 0,01 5,0 0,5 600

0,01 20

Fe mg/l 2S (sulfua) mg/l Clmg/l (clorua)

Ghi ch: M1: Nc thi ti HTXL nc thi nhim du GPP (Y-71), M2: Nc thi u ra HTXL nc thi nhim du GPP (sau coaleser), M3: Nc thi u ra HTXL nc thi nhim du GPP (Sui tre), M4: Nc thi u ra ti Nam Cn Sn Terminal, M5: im thi nc thi u ra HTXL nc thi nhim du ti cng kho cng (Sng Th Vi) Cht lng nc cp sinh hot: Bng 2.10.8 Cht lng nc cp sinh hot
T T TCVN Thng s pH c mu cng n v NTU Pt - Co mgCaCO3 /l N1 6,6 3 2 225 N2 6,4 3 1 123 5502:200 3 6-8,5 5 15 300

126

Cn

ton

phn COD Fe Cl- (clorua) Nitrit (NO2-) Nitrat (NO3-) Amoni (NH3-) FPO43SO4E.Coli

mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l MPN/100 ml

305 5 0,10 21 0,15 0,27 < 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,2 3

312 5 0,12 20 0,17 0,24 < 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,2 3

1000 0,5 250 1,0 10 3 0,7-1,5 KPH

Ghi ch: N1: u vo h thng nc sinh hot ti nh my GPP, N2: u vo h thng nc sinh hot ti cng PVGAs Vng Tu 2.10.2.3 Nhn xt v nh gi kt qu gim st cht lng mi trng Trn c s cc kt qu o c, phn tch cht lng cc thng s nhim khng kh v nc thi ti cc v tr trong khu vc hot ng sn xut v so snh vi cc tiu chun mi trng ca Vit Nam, c th a ra nhng nhn xt sau: nh gi cht lng mi trng khng kh xung quanh Hin trng cht lng mi trng khng kh xung quanh Trong t kho st ny, hin trng mi trng cng nh cc vn khc c lin quan u c kho st c th: nh hot ng ca uc, burnpit, my pht in, cc ch cng ngh vn hnh Kt qu o c cht lng mi trng khng kh xung quanh ti nh my GPP v kho cng th hin c th qua cc thng s o c sau: Bng tm tt s liu o c nng cc cht nhim trong mi trng KKXQ ti nh my GPP v Kho Cng trong t gim st thng 06-2009 Bng 2.10.9 Hin trng cht lng mi trng khng kh xung quanh
Thng s A- Khu vc GPP B- Kho cng

127

Khong nhn (g/m3)

ghi Trung bnh, (g/m3)

Khong nhn (g/m3)

ghi Trung bnh, (g/m3)

TCVN 5937:2005(a) TCVN 5937:2005(b) (a) (b)

2.00 CO NO2 SO2 H2S Bi CxHy Pb 0 49 44 1,0 230 6.00 0 0,30 -

3.90 0 94 67 1,9 450 14.0 00 0,50 2.588 72 56 1,4 293 7.913 0,41 1.200 30 27 1,0 200 3.600 53 63 2,0 340 2.350 44 49 1,4 274 30.000 200 350 300 1,50* 42 5.000 -

2.100 - 4.100 3.017 0,20 - 0,50 0,36

g/m

Din bin hm lng CO trong mi trng KKXQ khu vc Nh my GPP - Kho Cng Vng Tu, t quan trc 06.2009
TCVN 5397:2005, CO 30.000 m/m
3

L8-Kho Cng

L5-Kho Cng

L6-Kho Cng

L7-Kho Cng

Nng bi trung bnh ti cc khu vc kho st

128

L9-Kho Cng

L1-GPP

L2-GPP

L4-GPP

L3-GPP

5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0

g/m 3 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

Din bin hm lng SO trong mi trng KKXQ khu vc 2 Nh my GPP - Kho Cng Vng Tu, t quan trc 06.2009
3 TCVN 5397:2005, SO 350 m/m 2

L7-Kho Cng

L5-Kho Cng

L6-Kho Cng

L8-Kho Cng L8-Kho Cng L7-Kho Cng

Nng bi trung bnh ti cc khu vc kho st

g/m

Din bin hm lng CO trong mi trng KKXQ khu vc Nh my GPP - Kho Cng Vng Tu, t quan trc 06.2009
TCVN 5397:2005, CO 30.000 m/m
3

L5-Kho Cng

L6-Kho Cng

Nng bi trung bnh ti cc khu vc kho st

129

L9-Kho Cng

L1-GPP

L2-GPP

L4-GPP

L3-GPP

5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0

L9-Kho Cng

L1-GPP

L3-GPP

L4-GPP

L2-GPP

g/m 3 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

Din bin hm lng SO trong mi trng KKXQ khu vc 2 Nh my GPP - Kho Cng Vng Tu, t quan trc 06.2009
TCVN 5397:2005, SO 350 m/m3 2

L7-Kho Cng

L5-Kho Cng

L6-Kho Cng

L8-Kho Cng

Nng bi trung bnh ti cc khu vc kho st Hnh 2.10.10 Nng bi trung bnh ti cc khu vc kho st
g/m 1,5 1,2 0,9 0,6 0,3 L1-GPP L3-GPP L4-GPP L2-GPP L8-Kho Cng L5-Kho Cng L6-Kho Cng L7-Kho Cng L9-Kho Cng 0,0
3 TCVN 5397:2005, Pb 1,5 m/m

Din bin hm lng Pb trong mi trng KKXQ khu vc Nh my GPP - Kho Cng Vng Tu, t quan trc 06.2009

L9-Kho Cng

L1-GPP

L3-GPP

L4-GPP

L2-GPP

Nng Pb trung bnh ti cc khu vc kho st

130

g/m 5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0

Din bin hm lng H 2S trong mi trng KKXQ khu vc Nh my GPP - Kho Cng Vng Tu, t quan trc 06.2009

TCVN 5397:2005, H 2 S 42 m/m

L8-Kho Cng

L5-Kho Cng

L6-Kho Cng

L7-Kho Cng

L9-Kho Cng

L1-GPP

L3-GPP

L4-GPP

L2-GPP

0,0

Nng H2S trung bnh ti cc khu vc kho st

g/m

Din bin hm lng C xHy trong mi trng KKXQ khu vc Nh my GPP - Kho Cng Vng Tu, t quan trc 06.2009
TCVN 5397:2005, C xHy 5.000 m/m
3

20.000 15.000 10.000 5.000 0

L8-Kho Cng

L5-Kho Cng

L6-Kho Cng

L7-Kho Cng

L9-Kho Cng

L1-GPP

L2-GPP

L4-GPP

L3-GPP

Nng CxHy trung bnh ti cc khu vc kho st

Hnh 2.10.11. Nng trung bnh ti cc khu vc kho st Nhn xt v cht lng mi trng KKXQ nh my GPP v Kho Cng
Nh my GPP Thng s Bi Ti khu vc KKXQ nh my GPP lng bi o c l t 230-450 g/m3, Khu vc trc cng chnh nh my GPP ghi nhn hm lng bi kh cao, vt mc ti a tiu chun cht lng mi trng khng kh xung quanh quy nh. nh hng chnh n khu vc ny giai on ny l hot ng san lp, 131 Kho cng PVGAS Kt qu o c phn tch hm lng bi trong khng kh khu vc Kho Cng c kt qu t 200-340 g/m3. Ti mt s thi im Trong t gim st ny nng bi vt mc tiu chun cho php, c th nh L6 - L7 c lc hm lng bi o c l 320-340 g/m3, vt gii hn ti a

xy dng ang din ra ti khu vc trn.

cho php. Nguyn nhn chnh ca vn ny l do mt lng bi ln t hot ng san lp cng nh chuyn tr vt liu gy ra, hin ti KCN Ci Mp (Cch Kho Cng khong 500m) ang tin hnh san lp mt bng trn din rng.

Thng s NO2 Ti GPP, t o c thng trong 06-2009, nng NO2 dao ng t 49 n 94 g/m3. Nng kh NO2 cao nht ghi nhn c vn thp hn ngng cho php ca tiu chun TCVN 5937:2005 qui nh. So snh gia cc khu vc kho st thy rng s khc bit l khng ln, c th biu din qua biu so snh nng NO2 Thng s SO2 Nng kh SO2 trong khng kh ti khu vc nh my GPP mc thp, kt qu phn tch cho thy gi tr trung bnh ghi nhn c l t 44-67 g/m3. So vi mc ti a TCVN 5937:2005 qui nh mc ti a cho php l 350 g/m3 th nng kh SO2 o c t tiu chun cho php v cht lng mi trng khng kh xung quanh. Thng s CO Hm lng CO ghi nhn c ti cc v tr kho st dao ng t 2.000 3.900 g/m3, nhng gi tr ny u thp v nh hn gii hn ti a ca TCVN 5937:2005 quy nh ( 30.000g/m3). Cht lng khng kh xung quanh cc khu vc c kho st t tiu chun v thng s nng CO. Thng s H2S H2S: l kh gy mi kh c trng, kt qu kho 132

Hm lng NO2, ti Kho Cng ghi nhn c l 30-53 g/m3, kt qu ny kh thp so vt mc ti a (200 mg/m3) v t Tiu chun Vit Nam qui nh v cht lng mi trng khng kh xung quanh i vi thng s trn. So vi t gim st trc, trong t ny khng c s khc bit ln no v mc nhim NO2 trong khu vc Kt qu kho st nng kh SO2 ti Kho Cng 05 v tr o khc nhau ghi nhn c trong khong 27 n 63 g/m3, nhng gi tr ny vn thp hn nhiu so i mc ti a tiu chun Vit Nam qui nh (TCVN 5937:2005, SO2 350 g/m3).

So vi khu vc nh my GPP, CO trong khng kh xung quang Kho Cng c nng thp hn, c th cc gia tr o c t 1.200 3.600 g/m3, t tiu chun Vit Nam cho php i vi thng s ny.

Khu vc kho cng, thng s H2S trong

st nng kh H2S ny ti GPP t gim st thng 06/2009 cho thy nng H2S tn ti trong khu vc ch di dng vt vi nng rt thp, cc kt qu phn tch ghi nhn nng H2S trong khng kh t 1,0-1,9 g/m3, nhng gi tr ny u t tiu chun cho php ( 42,0 g/m3 TCVN 5937:2005) Thng s CxHy Gi tr trung bnh nng CxHy ghi nhn trong t gim st ny nh my GPP dao ng trong khong v 6.000-14.000 g/m3. Ging nh trong cc t quan trc trc y lm lng tng hydrocarbon ti khu vc GPP lun cao hn nhng khu vc khc, y l vn c trng ca loi hnh cng nghip ch bin cc sn phm kh. S hin din ca CxHy trong khng kh khu vc nh my Dinh C vi nng cao r rt so vi nhng khu vc khc l t nhng nguyn nhn c bn sau: lng du cn trong nh my tn lu tr trong cc sumpit, sumbox, nht l cn du trong h thng x l nc thi v ti khu vc burnpit s d dng lm bc hi mt lng hi CxHy, nht l trong trng hp lng cn ny tn lu cha c no vt. Ngoi ra c th ch bin cc sn phm LPG do vy s c lng nh r r t qu trnh t kh d, v t vic r r kh t cc thit b cng ngh ca nh my.

khng kh khu vc ny ch tn ti di dng vt vi nng rt thp, c th l t 1,0-2,0 g/m3, (gii hn ti a tiu chun Vit Nam l 42 g/m3)

Nng CxHy ti khu vc Cng PVGAS Vng Tu, thp t tiu chun cho php (TCVN 5938:2005), 2.100-4.100 g/m3

nh gi xu hng din bin cht lng mi trng khng kh xung quanh cc nm gn y A- Nh my dinh c 2003 06/2009
133

35,0 30,0 25,0 20,0

mg/m3

Din bin cht lng mi trng khng kh xung quanh khu vc nh my Dinh C t 2003-06/2009
CO 100NO2 100SO2 1000H2S 100Bi CxHy

15,0 10,0 5,0 0,0

05/2003 09/2003 12/2003 05/2004 09/2004 07/2005 12/2005 12/2007 06/2008 12/2008 06/2009

t gim st

Hnh 2.10.12 Din bin cht lng khng kh khu vc nh my x l kh Dinh C 2003-06/2009 Khu vc nh my Dinh C, vic quan trc cht lng khng kh lun c thc hin t nm 2003 n nay, cc s liu quan trc lin tc ny cho thy mt s nt xu hng din bin nh sau: Hm lng bi v CxHy ti khu vc ny c khuynh hng bin ng tng trong nhng nm gn y, c th l t t gim st 07/2005 n 06/2009. Trong t gim st 06/2009 ghi nhn s gia tng nh so vi thng 12/2008. Thng s CO din bin kh n nh qua cc nm gn y, khng c s bin ng no ln c ghi nhn trong nhng ln o c gn y. Nhn mt cch tng th, din bin cht lng mi trng khng kh khu vc GPP qua th trn cho thy c hai giai on r rt l trc v sau 2004. Trc 2004, cc s liu din bin khng n nh v nng cc kh nhim kh cao so vi s liu trong giai on sau, Giai on sau 2004 2008, din bin cc thng s n nh, khng c bin ng ng k no v cht lng mi trng khng kh khu vc GPP qua cc nm gn y. Giai on 2004 n nay nh my i vo hot ng n nh do vy cht lng mi trng khng kh khu vc ny cng cho thy tnh n nh, cc thng s nhim u thp v t tiu chun cho php (ngoi tr thng s c th l CxHy). Cng PV GAS Vng Tu:
134

Din bin cht lng mi trng khng kh xung quanh khu vc kho cng PVG Vng T t 2006-6/2009 AS u

mg/m 10,00

CO 100NO2 100SO2 1000H2S 100Bi CxHy

8,00 6,00 4,00 2,00 0,00 12/2006 12/2007 06/2008 12/2008 06/2009

Hnh 2.10.13 Xu hng din bin cht lng mi trng khng kh xung quanh k/v Kho Cng Vng Tu t 2006-06/2009. S liu qua trc ti Kho Cng PVGAS Vng Tu t nm 2006-06/2009, cho thy ti y cht lng mi trng khng kh lun c duy tr vi cht lng tt, cha c du hiu b nhim, ngoi tr mt s trng hp hm lng bi ghi nhn c vt mc tiu chun qui nh vi nguyn nhn ch yu b tc ng t hot ng ngoi vi, ln cn khu vc Kho Cng. Xu hng chung nhng nm gn y l nng cc cht nhim hin din trong khng kh khu ny vc gim nh. nh gi nhim cc im thi c nh (ngun kh thi cng nghip) Hin trng vn ngun thi kh cng nghip ti GPP v Kho Cng Bng 2.10.14 Kt qu o c phn tch cht lng kh thi cng nghip
T K Nng cht nhim (mg/Nm3) CO NOx SO2 Bi H2S 830 660 135 120 < 10 < 10 12,0 10,0 < 0,01 < 0,01 2,2 2,2

V tr thu mu T H C Ngun thi ti N/m x l kh Dinh C E1-1 E1-2 Kh thi my nn kh K1101D

CxHy

135

Nng cht nhim (mg/Nm3) CO NOx SO2 Bi H2S T H < E2-1 10 6.380 < 10 6,0 Kh thi my nn kh K 010,01 < A/B E2-2 10 6.970 < 10 12,0 0,01 < E3-1 10 8.200 < 10 15,0 0,01 Kh thi my nn kh K 02/03 < E3-2 10 8.450 < 10 10,0 0,01 < E4-1 10 1.615 < 10 12,0 0,01 Kh thi my pht in G 72 < E4-2 10 1.745 < 10 14,9 0,01 < E5-1 10 5.125 < 10 24,0 Kh thi my pht in G 710,01 < A E5-2 10 4.740 < 10 32,0 0,01 < E6-1 440 28 20 8,1 0,01 Kh thi Heater H 31-A < E6-2 10 30 < 10 10,5 0,01 D Ngun thi ti Cng PVGas Vng Tu < E7-1 250 1.740 120 22,0 0,01 Kh thi my pht in - 01 < E7-2 210 2.050 145 21,4 0,01 TCVN 5939:2005 1.000 1.000 1.500 400 7,5 T K V tr thu mu

CxHy 3,0 2,6 2,7 2,6 2,9 2,1

2,0 2,2 3,6 3,8

1,0 1,1 -

Ngun thi kh thi cng nghip ti nh my Dinh C c xc nh l cc my nn kh, my pht in dng ng c kh, ngoi ra cn c cc Heater. Trong t gim st va qua Nh my thc hin kim tra pht thi cc ngun kh thi cng nghip kt qu cho thy mt s nt chnh v ngun pht thi kh thi ti GPP, c th nh sau: Hai my nn kh K 01-A v K 02-3 s dng nhin liu l kh, c hm lng NOx trong kh thi cao gp 6 n 8 ln so vi mc ti a tiu chun cho php.

136

Kh thi ca Heater H31-A c nng cc cht nhim t tiu chun cho php (TCVN 5939:2005). My pht in G 72 (s dng nhin liu DO), kh thi vt tiu chun cho php i vi thng s NOx 1,7 ln. Trong cc ngun kh thi ti GPP, kh thi my pht in l ngun thi c t nh hng nht v ch vn hnh d phng (ch hot ng trong trng hp c s c v h thng in ca GPP). My nn kh u vo K1101 D c kh thi t tiu chun thi cho php cc thng s c bn theo tiu chun TCVN 5939:2005. My pht in khu vc Kho Cng c nng NOx trong kh thi vt mc ti a cho php khong 1,7 - 2,0 ln. Din bin s liu kh thi cng nghip ti GPP quan cc nm 2007 - 06/2009
10.000
TCVN 5939:2005, NOx < 1000 mg/Nm 3

8.000 mg/Nm 6.000 4.000 2.000 0

Kh thi my Kh thi my nn kh K1101- nn kh K 01D A/B 123 205 143 128 8847 6769 4994 6675 Kh thi my Kh thi my Kh thi my Kh thi Heater nn kh K pht in G 71pht in G 72 H 31-A 02/03 A&B 7304 6320 6387 8325 814 1660 2898 1680 1697,5 2130 3574 4933 59 19 39 29
3

2007 06/2008 12/2008 06/2009

Bng 2.10.15 th so snh thng s NOx trong cc ngun thi ti nh my GPP qua 02 t qua trc gn y. nh gi cht lng nc thi : Hin trng cht lng nc thi cng nh ngun tip nhn ti GPP- Kho Cng Bng 2.10.16 Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc thi
137

TCVN TT Thng s Nhit pH c COD BOD5 TSS Tng N Tng P Du khong Cu Pb Zn Cr (VI) Cd Hg Fe S2(sulfua) Cl(clorua) n v
o

M1 6,9 70 881 589 557 < 1,0 0,05 2,12 < 0,001 < 0,001 0,020 < 0,02 < 0,001 < 0,001 0,50 0,01 33

M2 28,4 6,7 33 1.054 785 410 < 1,0 0,05 4,56 < 0,001 < 0,001 0,025 < 0,02 < 0,001 < 0,001 0,44 0,01 20

M3 27 12 0,03 0,01 20

M4 23 10 0,03 0,01 22

M5 6,5 28 14 9 < 1,0 0,05 0,05 < 0,001 < 0,001 0,010 < 0,02 < 0,001 < 0,001 0,28 0,01 12

5945:2005 (B) 40 5,5-9,0 80,0 50,0 100 30,0 6,0 5,0 2,0 0,5 3,0 0,10 0,01 0,01 5,0 0,5 600

C NTU mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Ghi ch: M1: Nc thi ti HTXL nc thi nhim du GPP (Y-71), M2: Nc thi u ra HTXL nc thi nhim du GPP (sau coaleser), M3: im thi ra mng sui Tre, M4: im thi ra mng Nam Cn Sn, M5: im thi nc thi u ra HTXL nc thi nhim du ti cng PVGAS Vng Tu.
Nhn xt

Nc thi nhim du pht sinh t qu trnh vn hnh t GPP hin ti c thu gom v x l bi Cty TNHH Vit Xanh, nh my tm ngng x nc thi vo ngun tip nhn t 08/2008.Do vy cht lng nc ca hai ngun tip nhn hin nay l kh tt khng c du hiu b nhim. Mu M4 & M5 ly ti im thi ca mng thot nc trm Nam Cn Sn v Sui Tre c cht lng nc thi vn n nh qua cc
138

nm, nng cc cht nhim vn nm trong gii hn tiu chun cho php (TCVN 5945:2005, B). Mu nc thi u ra HTXL nc thi ti Cng PV GAS Vng Tu (M 3) qua cc kt qu phn tch cho thy nc thi u ra c cht lng kh tt, cc thng s kim tra trong t ny u t tiu chun thi TCVN 5945:2005, B. nh gi xu hng din bin cht lng nc thi v cht lng nc ngun tip nhn (sui Tre & Mng terminal Nam Cn Sn) Bng 2.10.17 Cht lng nc thi u ra cc nm 2006-2007-2008-2009
Nh my GPP
mgO 2 /L 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2007 06-2008 12-2008 06-2009
Hm lng BOD5, mu nc thi sau HTXL (Sau Coaleser) ti GPP , qua cc nm qua

Kho cng PVGAS

mgO 2 /L 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2006 2007 062008 122008 062009

Hm lng BOD5, mu nc thi sau HTXL ti cng PVGAS , qua cc nm qua

mgO 2 /L 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 2007 06-2008 12-2008 06-2009
Hm lng COD, mu nc thi sau HTXL (Sau Coaleser) ti GPP , qua cc nm qua

mgO 2 /L 80 60 40 20 0 2006 2007 06-2008 12-2008 06-2009

Hm lng COD, mu nc thi sau HTXL ti cng PVGAS , qua cc nm qua

139

mg/L 5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0 0,0 2007 06-2008 12-2008 06-2009
Hm lng du khong, mu nc thi sau HTXL (Sau Coaleser) ti GPP , qua cc nm qua

mg/L

1,5 1,2 0,9 0,6 0,3 0,0 2006 2007 06-2008 12-2008 06-2009
Hm lng du m khong, mu nc thi sau HTXL ti cng PVGAS , qua cc nm qua

So snh mt vi thng nhim c th nh hm lng BOD5, COD, du khong ca mu nc thi ly sau h thng x l ca GPP v Kho Cng Vng Tu, chng ta c th thy mt v nt chnh xu th din bin cht lng nc thi u ra nh sau: Cht lng nc thi u ra (sau h thng x l) ti khu vc Kho Cng l kh tt, hm lng nhim cht hu c o c l kh thp, nhng nm gn y c s gi tng nh, tuy nhin nhng thng s ny vn nm trong gii hn tiu chun qui nh. Nc thi nhim du t nh my GPP tm thi khng pht thi ra mi trng. Bng 2.10.18 Cht lng nc ngun tip nhn thi ti Nh my GPP (sui Tre & Terminal Nam Cn Sn).
Mu nc ti sui Tre Mu nc ti mng Terminal Nam Cn Sn
Hm lng BOD 5 , mu nc mng terminal Nam Cn Sn, qua cc nm qua
BOD5

mgO2/L 50 40 30 20 10 0
20 01 20 03

Hm lng BOD5 , mu nc sui Tre, qua cc nm qua

BOD5

mgO 2 /L
50 40 30 20 10 0

20 05

20 06

20 07 06 /2 00 8 12 /2 00 8 06 /2 00 9

20 04

2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

0612- 062008 2008 2009

140

mgO 2 /L 80 COD 60 40 20 0

Hm lng COD , mu nc sui Tre, qua cc nm qua

mgO 2 /L
80

Hm lng COD, mu nc mng terminal Nam Cn Sn, qua cc nm qua COD

60 40 20 0

06 /2 00 8 12 /2 00 8 06 /2 00 9

20 03

20 04

20 05

20 07

20 06

2003

2004

2006

2007

062008

122008

062009

mg /L

Hm lng du m khong , mu nc sui Tre, qua cc nm qua

Du m khong

mg/L
5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0 0,0

Hm lng du khong, mu nc mng terminal Nam Cn Sn, qua cc nm qua Du m khong

5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0 0,0

06 /2 00 8 12 /2 00 8 06 /2 00 9 20 01 20 03 20 04 20 05 20 06 20 07

2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

0612- 062008 2008 2009

Din bin mt vi thng s c bn v cht lng nc 02 ngun tip nhn nc thi ca GPP l mng terminal Nam Cn Sn v sui Tre, t nm 2001 06/2009 nh sau: Mc nhim cht hu c (th hin qua nng BOD 5 v COD) ca hai ngun tip nhn gim so vi s liu cc t gim st trc trong nm 2007. T cc s liu trn c th thy rng cht lng nc ti mng Nam Cn Sn v sui Tre trong ba t gim st gn y kh n nh v ang c khuynh hng tt dn ln. Qua s liu quan trc lin tc nhng nm va qua v hm lng du m khong trong ngun tip nhn nc thi ti GPP, c th nhn thy mc nhim du m khong trong hai ngun tip nhn l kh thp hu ht ch xut hin mc vt, v xu hng ny kh n nh trong hai nm 2007 v 2008. nh gi cht lng nc cp sinh hot:

Bng 2.10.19 nh gi cht lng nc cp sinh hot

141

T T s

Thng s pH c mu cng Cn ton phn COD Fe Cl- (clorua) Nitrit (NO2-) Nitrat (NO3-) Amoni (NH3-) FPO43SO4E.Coli

n v NTU Pt Co mgCaCO3/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l MPN/100m l

N1 6,5 4 0 145 324 6 0,11 25 0,20 0,30 < 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,2 0

N2 6,4 0 0 129 369 5 0,05 20 0,14 0,26 < 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,2 3

TCVN 5502:2003 6-8,5 5 15 300 1000 0,5 250 1,0 10 3 0,7-1,5 0

Ghi ch: N1: u vo h thng nc sinh hot ti nh my GPP, N2: u vo h thng nc sinh hot ti cng PVGAS Vng Tu. Nhn xt v cht lng nc sinh hot Mu nc cp sinh hot ti Kho cng v nh my GPP c ly mu ti 02 cnteen. Nhng khu vc ny u s dng ngun nc c qua lc s b lm ngun c s dng ch yu trong sinh hot. Kt qu ly mu phn tch hai mu nc ny cho thy, v c bn cht lng nc sinh hot ti Kho cng v nh my GPP l ph hp vi tiu chun Vit Nam yu cu i vi cht lng nc sinh hot (TCVN 5502:2002). 2.10.3 Cng tc bo v mi trng 2.10.3.1 Cc ni dung cng tc bo v mi trng thc hin Nc thi: nc thi sx nhim du, nc thi sinh hot, nc thi t khu vc kho cng (sc ra bn) c qun l, thu gom v x l trit trc khi thi ra mi trng. Kt qu gim st cho thy nc thi sau x l ti cc im thi u t TCVN 5945:2005, B.
142

Hin h thng x l nc thi nhim du ti GPP hin ang c tin hnh nng cp ci thin hiu qu x l, d kin thi gian hon thnh vo cui nm 2010 (hin ti nc thi nhim du c chuyn giao cho nh thu thu gom x l l Cty TNHH Vit Xanh). H thng thot nc ma c tch ring hon ton. Hng nm, qu trnh tu b c duy tr m bo thot nc tt v khng b nhim bn t cc ngun khc, nc ma c qui c l nc sch, c php thi thng vo ngun tip nhn khng qua x l. Kh thi: Hin nay GPP u ni vi h thng in li quc gia s cung cp in cho hot ng ca nh my trong trng hp cc my pht in chy bng kh b s c, my pht in chy bng du DO G-72 hin ch s dng trong trng hp b s c c h thng in chy bng kh v in li quc gia, do vy hin ti nh hng t ngun ny n cht lng mi trng khng kh l khng ng k. Tuy vy bn cnh vi c th cng ngh, nh my GPP s dng cc my nn kh cng xut ln, cc my nn ny c ng c s dng nhin liu l kh t nhin, kh thi pht sinh t cc ng c c hm lng NOx kh cao (kt qu gim st kh thi cng nghip lin tc cc nm va qua th hin r vn ny). Vic x l cui ng ng vi NOx l khng mang tnh thc t v mt cng ngh cng nh phi bo m tnh an ton tuyt i v chy n khi tin hnh thi cng trong cc cng trnh kh. Do i vi vn ny kh c th tip cn theo cch loi b hay hn ch pht thi m nn tip cn theo hng lm gim nh hng tc ng bng cc bin php nh: gia tng kh nng khuych tn, thit lp vnh ai cy xanh cch ly v tng cng gim st mi trng trong khu vc a ra nhng cnh bo kp thi. Cht thi rn: i vi cht thi nguy hi, cng ty tin hnh v hon tt th tc ng k ch ngun, v c cp s QLCTNH 77.000053.T. cht thi nguy hi c chuyn giao cho n v c chc nng ph hp thu gom vn chuyn x l. Danh sch cht thi nguy hi pht sinh trung bnh 01 thng ti c s

143

T T

Tn cht thi Du m bi trn (t packing

Trng thi tn ti (rn /lng/bn)

S lng (kg) 237,5 m3 871 kg 12 ci 18 01 01 17 02 04 17 05 04 17 06 05 10 07 01 M CTNH

Lng my nn) Du thi t thit b tch nc Lng Nc lu du t thit b tch Lng du ln nc Nc ln du du sc ra TKLng 101A/B Cht hp ph, gi lau dnh du Rn m Bao b thi Rn Tng s lng

Vic qun l cht thi nguy hi, cht thi rn sinh hot, cht thi c kh nng si sinh ti ch pht sinh t hot ng ca nh my GPP c thc hin a trn hng dn ca cng vn s 244/GPP V/v qui nh qun l cht thi ti GPP ban hnh ngy 15/06/2009, c bn nh sau: Cht thi nguy hi pht c Cty phn loi ti ngun pht sinh, tp chung ng ni qui nh, Cty k hp ng thu gom x l cht thi nguy hi vi cng ty TNHH Vit Xanh theo hp ng s 65/2008/KVT-VIETXANH/D4, k ngy 20/08/2008. Cht thi rn sinh hot: phn loi t u, lu cha ring bit c thu gom v x l nh k bi Cty CTT & DVCC Huyn Long in, theo hp ng s 01/2008/KVTCty CTT & DVCC, ngy 05/01/2009. Nhng tht thi c kh nng ti sinh ti ch nh: giy, bo cc loi, bao b hp nha c nh my qun l theo hng ti sinh ti ch (theo cc hp ng ma bn ph liu thng thng) hn ch thp nht lng thi ra mi trng. 2.10.3.2 K hoch ci thin mi trng

144

Da trn nhng vn mi trng c nhn din t kt qu kho st o c trong t gim st va qua. Vin K thut Nhit i v Bo v Mi trng ngh k hoch ci thin mi trng trong thi gian ti cho cc cng trnh kh c th nh sau:
Vn c Ni dung k hoch khc phc nhn din Nc thi Nc thi 12/2010 Thi gian Ngi thc hin thc hin Cng ty Ch bin kh Vng Tu (N/m x l kh Dinh c) - Nh thu c chc nng ph hp. u tin s dng in li quc gia khi c s c v h thng my pht Kh thi my in chy bng ng c kh Thng pht in gim thiu vic s dng my pht xuyn chy bng du DO gy nhim mi trng. Xem xt s ph hp chiu cao ca Nng kh cc ng khi thi ca cc my nn m bo iu kin khuych tn tt nht, hn ch ti a nh hng n mi trng lao ng cng nh KKXQ Lm thm v tr ly mu khi thi ti ng thi my nn K01, K 02/03 Cht thi rn-CTNH 12/2010 Cng ty KVT (P. K thut - n/m Dinh C) - Nh cung cp thit b nn kh P. K thut sn xut ti GPP

nhim du ti Hon tt ci to h thng nc nh my Dinh thi nhim du C

Kh thi

NOx trong kh thi vt mc tiu chun cho php

Duy tr vic thc hin qun l cht thi nguy hi theo ng lut nh, gim st tun th theo cng vn hng dn 244/GPP.

Thng xuyn

P.An Ton Cty KVT Cn b an ton GPP v Kho cng

145

Vn khc

Duy tr ch thc hin gim st cht lng mi trng nh k, theo cng vn 300/STNMT, ngy

Thng

xuyn 28/04/2005. Lp bo co k khai np ph BVMT i vi nc Tin hnh thi, sau khi tt KVT- VITTEP Tin hnh lp thc tc xin cp php x nc thi vo hon

ngun nc theo Ngh nh 149/2004/N-CP v vic nng thng t hng dn thc hin TT02/2005/TT- cp HTXL BTNMT nc thi ti GPP 2.10.4 Kt lun

Trn c s kt qu phn tch, o c v nhng nh gi v hin trng mi trng khu vc nh my GPP v Kho Cng PVGAS Vng Tu t gim st 06/2009, mt s kt lun c rt ra nh sau: 2.10.4.1 Cht lng mi trng khng kh xung quanh Mi trng khng kh xung quanh kho cng PVGAS Vng Tu v nh my GPP v c bn vn duy tr trng thi kh tt, phn ln cc thng s c t tiu chun cho php theo tiu chun tham chiu TCVN 5937:2005. Bn cnh s liu gim st cng cho thy bi khu vc khng kh xung quanh nh my GPP tng kh cao so vi cc t trc y do chu nh hng ln t cc hot ng xy dng ang din ra trong khu vc. 2.10.4.2 Kh thi cng nghip Trong t gim st va qua, ti nh my Dinh C thc hin kho st o c pht thi cc ngun kh thi t qu trnh hot ng sn xut, so vi tiu chun TCVN 5939:2005 mt s kt lun c rt ra, c th nh sau: Hai my nn kh K 01-A v K 02-3 s dng nhin liu l kh t nhin, kh thi c hm lng NOx trong kh thi cao gp 6 n 8 ln so vi mc ti a tiu chun cho php. My pht in G 71-A, kh thi cng vt tiu chun cho php i vi thng s NOx t 4 n 5 ln.
146

My pht in 01, cng xut 1275 KVA, d phng ti Kho Cng PVGAS Vng Tu (s dng nhin liu DO), kh thi cng vt tiu chun cho php i vi thng s NOx sp x 2 ln. 2.104.3 Cht thi rn Vn cht thi rn, nht l cht thi nguy hi c cc n v trc thuc ch trng quan tm, c cn b tham gia tp hun trin khai cng tc tin hnh lp cc thu tc qun l CTNH theo ng thng t 12/2006/TT-BTNMT ngy 26/12/2006. Cng ty c cp s ng k qun l cht thi nguy hi s QLCTNG 77.000053.T, ngy 27 thng 6 nm 2008. Cht thi nguy hi c phn loi, tp kt ng v tr qui nh v chuyn giao cho Cty TNHH Vit Xanh vn chuyn x l. Cht thi sinh hot c thu gom vn chuyn x l nh k bi Cty Cng trnh th v Dch v Cng cng Huyn Long in n v c chc nng ph hp. Cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi, c qun l theo hng tng cng ti a t l ti ch (dng ph liu) v ti s dng (bao b), giao li cho cc n v thu phu ph liu ti ch. 2.104.4 Cht lng nc thi Kt qu kim tra cht lng nc ti cc ngun tip nhn (Sui Tre v mng Terminal Nam Cn Sn) cho thy hai ngun tip nhn ny vn duy tr cht lng nc kh tt, cc thng s nhim c bn u t tiu chun thi Vit Nam cho php (TCVN 5945:2005, B). Nc thi cng sau h thng x l ti kho cng PVGAS cht lng kh tt, t tiu chun thi cho php (theo TCVN 5945:2005, A). 2.10.4.5 Cht lng nc cp sinh hot Nc cp sinh hot ti GPP v kho cng Vng Tu c ly mu t ngun nc s dng hai cn tin, ngun nc ny l t nc ngm trong khu vc c qua lc s l s b, kt qu phn tch cc thng s cht lng c bn cho thy, nc hai khu vc ny ph hp vi mc ch s dng cho nhu cu sinh hot, theo TCVN 5502 : 2003. 2.104.6 Cc vn khc

147

Cng ty thc hin tt cng tc bo v mi trng, an ton chy n v phng chng cc s c mi trng c th xy ra. Nhng chng trnh ng ph s c trong c d tnh cng vi k hoch chi tit. Bn cnh cc chng trnh ny c din tp nh k hng nm nm nng cao kh nng sn sng trong mi tnh hung. Nghim chnh chp hnh cc quy nh ca c quan qun l mi trng a phng v thc hin tt cc yu cu theo Phiu thm nh Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng. nh k phi hp vi cc 2.104.7. H thng tiu chun an ton mi trng ang dng Hin PVGAS c cp chng nhn h thng qun l tch hp An ton Cht lng Mi trng ISO 14001 - ISO 9001 - OHSAS 1800

148

149

150