Lussier 1 Lussier History Fair NHD Senior Division Individual Website Annotated Bibliography: Primary: Antoinette, Marie.

Letter to Maria Theresa. 14 June 1773. MS. Versailles, France. Marie Antoinette wrote this letter to her mother, Maria Theresa, after arriving at Versailles. Up to this point, she was so happy and loving of her new home and its inhabitants. She marveled at the joy and tenderness of even the poorest citizens at the sight of her with the soon to be King Louis XVI. There was a crowd of people all cheering and smiling; Antoinette was so happy with everything. Antoinette was also very found of Louis XVI at this point saying he was honorable and kind. The people truly loved the couple for now, even despite a bad economy and high taxes, but this would soon go awry. By using this letter as the before part of my argument, I can prove that Antoinette was definitely a turning point in history. Antoinette, Marie. "Marie Antoinettes View of the Revolution." Letter to Leopold II. 8 Sept. 1791. MS. N.p. Antoinette wrote this letter to her brother, Leopold II, seeking help in suppressing the French Peoples drive to Revolution. She pleads by saying that the French people are fearful and discontented due to the deceiving of Revolutionary leaders. Everyone is armed and destroying everything because of false information of the monarchy. Beyond France, she also fears that Revolutionary ideals will spread and flourish until every European country is taken over. Antoinette sees the untrue gossip and desperately wants to save France. This letter also shows her desire to help the common good. She isnt asking for her brother to save her, its France and every other country, as well as the tricked citizens of France. This proves that the lies spread of Antoinette caused the revolution and overthrowing of the French monarchy while also hinting at the end of all monarchies. Bohmer, Charles. Letter to Marie Antoinette. 12 July 1785. MS. Mass in a French Church, n.p. Bohmer, the jewelry store owner that made the diamond necklace, wrote this letter to Antoinette herself after numerous attempts at getting her to purchase it. Upon first glance, Marie Antoinette thought that he was trying to sell her another jewel but that wasnt the case. Antoinette even asked Madame Campan, who was good at solving riddles, and she was perplexed. Antoinette burned the letter and thought nothing more, while Bohmer assumed he had just sold Antoinette the legendary Diamond Necklace. Reading this letter helped me further understand the root of the problem and why Antoinette was innocent. It seems as if Bohmer is

Lussier 2 the culprit in sparking the Diamond Necklace Affair, the French Revolution, and ultimately changing France, and the world for that matter, for good. Bohmer and Bassanges. ""Memorandum to Her Majesty the Queen Concerning the Diamond Necklace Affair"" Letter to Marie Antoinette. 1786. MS. France, n.p. The jewelry store owners who made the infamous Diamond Necklace for Marie Antoinette recalled the history of events in this letter to Antoinette. Jeanne de la Motte, a schemer from the French court, tricked Cardinal Louis de Rohan, a lover of Antoinette, into buying the necklace for the Queen. The Queen had no desire for the necklace but la Motte told Rohan otherwise. This letter shows how the whole Diamond Necklace Affair was a sham and that Marie Antoinette was innocent. Sadly, the receipt said that we had received this amount from Her Majesty the Queen. This primary source showed me the roots of the Diamond Necklace Affair and how the French Revolution ultimately ensued. If de la Motte never tricked Rohan into purchasing the necklace, things may have been different but, because it is how it is, the Diamond Necklace Affair was a turning point. Burke, Edmund. "The Death of Marie Antoinette." 1793. Speech. In his speech, Burke laments the death of Marie Antoinette. He explains that she was glittering like the morning star full of life and splendor and joy when she came to France. She cared so much for the people and the nation while asking for so little in return. He condemns the revolution as unjust in the sense that it was not at the fault of Antoinette. So many disasters and tragedies affected Antoinette out of no fault of her own and she suffered death by guillotine. This revolution, in Burkes opinion, transformed the world into one without honor, chivalry, and justice because Antoinette was a sweet, caring girl that had no business on that guillotine. Burke helps explain why Marie Antoinette really wasnt at fault but inadvertently caused the revolution because of the untrue presumptions of the French people. Constant, Pierre. "The Carmagnole." Imprimerie Nationale, Paris. 1899. Pierre Constant wrote this song to inspire the French revolutionaries and also to create a song to unify the protesters. It chants that Antoinette promised to cut everyones throat in Paris but how the people stopped her from ruining their nation. Also, how Lewis promised loyalty but decided to help Austria with his wife. It basically sums up their rule as lies and deceit while the French citizens were valiant as they saved their great nation from backstabbing leaders. It is ironic because Antoinette was always in love with France and its people and only wanted the best for them. This song illustrates exactly how Antoinette came to be seen as the villain and why she inadvertently caused the French Revolution.

Lussier 3 Countess DAdhmar. "The King of the Third Estate." Letter. June 1789. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/>. Countess DAdhmar was one of the Queens closest friends and she wrote this passage to express her discontent with the Kings decision to recognize the Third Estate in governmental affairs. She feels that the Kings choice to accept the third estate as official will ultimately ruin the royal monarchy, namely Antoinette. The Queen and her friends all feared that this increase in power for the poor would create chaos but the king did not care. Now, Queen tried to warn her husband about the despicable plots of the third estate and he simply responds that all is already done. He cannot retract his decision and that decision very well cost Antoinette her life and France its monarchy. Dscription De La Menagerie Royale D'Animaux Vivants. N.p.: n.p., 1789. Print. An anonymous author passed this pamphlet out in France with the intentions of sparking more disgust and hatred toward the royal family and Antoinette specifically. Antoinette was described as a prostitute that was brought from Austria. She wore a mask and smiled as people shouted Long Live the Queen but then removed it after assuming power. She is accused of eating Frances money and people while having affairs with many men. The author believes that Antoinette should meet some friends in the Salpetriere where many prostitutes reside. This was common thought for many French citizens of the time and directly shows how the hatred of Antoinette led to the Revolution and overthrowing of French Monarchy. Frron. "Fear of Aristocratic Politics." Orateur Du Peuple Apr. 1791, Vol. 1 ed., No. 6 sec.: 44-45. Print. Frron was a close ally to Jean-Paul Marat and a strong proponent of the French Revolution. He wrote this newspaper article in response to hearing about Leopolds attempt to create a multi-country alliance to stop the French Revolution. His main goal to drive and inspire the French people to fight and not succumb to this power. However, he also directly targets Antoinette because Leopold is her Austrian brother. This aids in the accusation that Antoinette is helping Austria and sending French money there. The people were rallied and Antoinette had an even larger target on herself, along with the rest of French royalty. This letter shows how there was so much gossip out there about Antoinette and how the people believed it and hated her. She didnt have a chance with all the rumors targeting her. Antoinette is indirectly the cause of the French Revolution. Hapsburg, Leopold Von. "The Padua Circular." Letter to Leaders of Austria, Prussia, Britain, Spain, and Russia. 5 July 1791. MS. N.p.

Lussier 4 Leopold von Hapsburg wrote this call to action to the leaders of other European countries of Austria, Prussia, Britain, Spain, and Russia because he sees the danger of Revolution in France. He had two motives: one was to help with sister, Marie Antoinette, and the other was to prevent the spread of Revolution across Europe. He can see the danger of the fall of the French Monarchy because then other countries will see the possibility and revolt as well. He is searching for help because he believes that all other European leaders should see the same threat in the French Revolution. Leopold also did have, however, personal letters from his sister, Marie Antoinette, which other leaders could not ever process; this probably made him act faster and more aggressive. Sadly, for Antoinette, her brothers actions could not stop the French people. They were too fired and driven by democracy and the fall of French monarchy, especially Marie Antoinette, the queen. This letter gives excellent proof as to why the French Revolution inspired other countries to revolution and caused turning points all over Europe. L'Autrichienne En Goguettes Ou L'Orgie Royale; Opera Proverbe. N.p.: n.p., 1789. Print. Marie Antoinette was a lover of fine arts and in particular, opera. Many pamphlets were distributed about her supposed lies, affairs, and stealing but this one in particular created an opera to mock her at the same time. A few men from French royalty came to the queens chamber but she was the one who provoked them and said that the king would not find out. This opera convinced the French people that Antoinette had many affairs with men of noble status and directly betrayed Louis XVI. It shows the rumors spread about her but also demonstrated an eve n greater hatred of Antoinette by using opera to take her, and the whole French Monarchy down. Secondary: Covington, Richard. "Smithsonian.com." Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian, Nov. 2006. Web. 8 Sept. 2012. <http://www.smithsonianmag.com/historyarchaeology/biography/marieantoinette.html>. The Smithsonian is a highly accredited source of information for pretty much all topics. Their museums include in-depth analysis from history to aeronautics to so much more. Smithsonian.com is an official website, published by the same company, that publishes articles on various topics. This article in particular taught me a lot about Marie Antoinette herself. I learned that she was a very outgoing and flirtatious person; this led to the many accusations of her having an affair with Axel von Fersen, as well as others. Furthermore, unlike her husband and other French nobles, she actually cared for the French people as well as the third estate. She understood their desire for democracy and would never had said Let them eat cake. Although she was a very sympathetic and kind person, gossip and lies spread about her led to her death and the end of the French monarchy.

Lussier 5 Erickson, Carolly. The Hidden Diary of Marie Antoinette. New York: St. Martin's, 2005. Print. Carolly Erickson is an author of historical fiction and non-fiction. She has added expertise in the French Revolution and is a very credible source. This novel recreates Antoinettes journal by encompassing her thoughts, emotions, and first hand view of the French Revolution. Allowing me to see how Antoinette viewed what was going on around her helped me gather ideas and perspectives that I otherwise could not have. Just short of the actual diary that Antoinette left in her cell the night before being executed, Erickson brilliantly captures the whole experience. Fraser, Antonia. Interview. Marie Antoinette and The French Revolution. PBS, 13 Sept. 2006. Web. 11 Oct. 2012. <http://www.pbs.org/marieantoinette/interviews/fraser.html>. PBS conducted this interview of a leading expert of Marie Antoinette, Lady Antonia Fraser. In this video she expertly combined facts with her analysis and opinions of major events in Antoinettes life. Although she taught me a lot about her whole life, the most important piece was about the Diamond Necklace Affair itself. Rohan was blinded by love and fell for the lie but Louis XVI was idiotic for trying him because he made the case public and opened up a web of gossip to be released on Antoinette, the scapegoat. I also found it interesting that nobody expected Antoinette to die. She was expected to be sent back to Austria (probably without her kids so we dont know if she would have went) but Jacques Hebert said, Bring me the head of Antoinette, thats what I want. He wanted to form a blond bond between all French citizens. Lastly, Antoinette showed her true character during her death because she maintained complete dignity while being embarrassed and exposed; the newspapers even commended this in the following days. Fraser truly helped me capture Antoinettes life by adding new perspective and analysis as to why Antoinette led to the French Revolution and fall of French monarchy. Fraser, Antonia. Marie Antoinette: The Journey. New York: Anchor, 2001. Print. Lady Antonia Fraser is a leading expert on Marie Antoinette and this novel is surely very reputable. I read through the pages pertaining to The Diamond Necklace Affair and this book deepened my understanding of Antoinette herself and her opinion of the situation. The necklace had 647 diamonds and 2800 carats, to which Antoinette responded, I find my jewel case rich enough. Antoinette was a very simple person who only looked out for the good of France. She even talked about spending that money on the French navy instead. I want to continue my search through this book but it is definitely helpful in explaining that the Diamond Necklace Affair was a turning point in history.

Lussier 6 Gio. "Book Review: Marie Antoinette: The Journey By Antonia Fraser." Rev. of Marie Antoinette: The Journey. n.d.: n. pag. History and Other Thoughts. 3 Oct. 2011. Web. 19 Oct. 2012. After reading Marie Antoinette: The Journey, by Lady Antonia Fraser, I knew that I wanted my critical book review to be for that book. It was expertly written by an expert of Antoinette so I wanted to see what other people thought. Gio is a history buff who writes reviews and blogs for hundreds of historical biographies. She thought that Fraser wrote the book very well and was able to craft it in such a way so the reader feels sympathy for Antoinette. Antoinette was truly innocent so Fraser did accomplish her goal by basically proving that. The one thing that Gio criticized was Frasers take on Count Axel von Fersen. Fraser explicitly states that there is no evidence that they had an affair but still believes that it happened. This perplexed Gio and she was unsure why Fraser took that stance. Basically, this review affirmed by current understanding of Antoinette and allows me to take the current stance that she was wrongfully blamed but the gossip around the Diamond Necklace Affair ultimately made Antoinette the cause of the French Revolution and Fall of French Monarchy. Gorton, Drew. "Marie Antoinette and the French Revolution." PBS. PBS, 13 Sept. 2006. Web. 9 Sept. 2012. <http://www.pbs.org/marieantoinette/revolution/america_ france.html>. PBS is a well-known and highly credited source known for its expert documentaries. Leading the production of this website was Drew Gorton who has written numerous articles and websites regarding Marie Antoinettes life. With these two, impressive names/authors, this source has to be beyond credible. Upon examining this website, I came across an in-depth timeline of all the major events in Antoinettes life. This helped me put all the events that led to the turning point of the French Revolution, and ultimately the end of French monarchy, in perspective. Also, PBS provided a brief overview of many prominent figures during Antoinettes lifetime and this may help me when dealing with the people portion of the NHD theme. Overall, this website deepened my knowledge of Marie Antoinette as a whole and also helped me narrow my topic down. Grey, Juliet. Becoming Marie Antoinette: A Novel. New York: Ballantine Trade Paperbacks, 2011. Print. Juliet Grey has extensively researched European royal history and is a particular devotee of Marie Antoinette. Grey traces Antoinettes life from Austria all the way through her death. I learned extensive details about her life and tidbits here and there about the Diamond Necklace Affair. Despite not displaying concrete connections between the Diamond Necklace Affair and the French Revolution, a lot of the details she provides about the causes of the revolution allow me to make connections between the two events. This novel allowed me to make complex, inferred associations that I may have otherwise missed.

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Hand, Elizabeth, and John Sweet. The Affair of the Necklace. New York: HarperEntertainment, 2001. Print. Sweet wrote the screenplay of the The Affair of the Necklace and Hand later developed the novelization to transition the film into more sophisticated language. This novelization is largely about LaMottes life and transition from poor peasant to infamous aristocrat after the Diamond Necklace Affair. I learned more about why LaMotte wished to do the awful act, which would lead to the death of Antoinette and the transformation of France, and how she carried her scheme out. This helped me understand why the Diamond Necklace Affair occurred and why it became a major turning point. Lever, Evelyne. Marie Antoinette: The Last Queen of France. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2000. Print. velyne Lever is a contemporary French historian and writer who has specific expertise in Marie Antoinette; not to mention that her husband is also a famous French historian and he supposedly help edit her work. Her novel includes superb descriptions of setting, characters, and the tragedy of Antoinettes life. These vivid details painted a picture in my mind of Revolutionary France and allowed me to put myself into the scene. Much of what I took away from this novel was about Antoinettes childhood in Austria and her lack of experience and preparedness to be queen. I had not had much information regarding her life before becoming queen so this helps me draw connections to much of the gossip that went around about Antoinette: which led up the turning point of the Diamond Necklace Affair. Lotz, Nancy, and Carlene Phillips. Marie Antoinette and the Decline of French Monarchy. Greensboro, NC: Morgan Reynolds Pub., 2005. Print. Both authors are fairly well known for their studies on Antoinette but they also include a bibliography off many credible sources which proves this books authoritativeness. While the whole novel is focused on Marie Antoinette, a whole chapter is devoted to the Diamond Necklace Affair. I learned more about what actually went down and how Antoinette was tricked. It talked about Lamottes scheme and depth and also explained how dOliva acted like Antoinette to trick Rohan. Basically, it clarified and expanded my knowledge of the event. I also learned that Rohan burnt all his letters to and from Lamotte which explained why Lamotte got off relatively easily for her crimes. The trials of the Diamond Necklace Affair were ultimately what doomed Antoinette because they implied that she had a conspiracy with Rohan. Napoleon summed it up when he stated, The Queens death, must be dated from the Diamond Necklace Trial. Morse, Joseph Laffan, and William H. Hendelson. "Diamond Necklace, Affair of The," Funk & Wagnalis New Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. New York City: Funk & Wagnalis, 1972. 473. Print.

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Funk & Wagnalis is a well known brand of encyclopedias but I researched them a tad just to make sure it is credible. From what I found, it is a very scholarly encyclopedia and the version I have, in particular, is very well researched; especially for its age. In this broad context source, I read about The Diamond Necklace Affair and learned an overview of the event. Cardinal Louis de Rohan had ordered the $300,000 necklace from Comtesse Jeanne de la Motte because she had written letters, as if she was Antoinette, saying that she wanted the necklace so badly. Rohan loved Antoinette and wanted to make her love him but when the necklace mysteriously went missing; he denied the payment and was arrested along with de la Motte for fraudulence. This whole scheme was preposterous but had dire result for Antoinette as it propelled the Revolution and the end of the French monarchy. Mossiker, Frances. The Queen's Necklace. New York: Simon and Schuster., 1961. Print. Frances Mossiker is an American author best known for her historical novels and arguably his most famous is The Queens Necklace. Mossikers novel is very dense with facts and figures and he includes particular depth on the accusations and outcomes of the trial of the Diamond Necklace. I learned how each character felt about their particular experience of the trial. He discussed the trial and how it happened so I got a better idea about how the trial directly led to public resent about Antoinette and ultimately how that led to the French Revolution. Schama, Simon. Interview. Marie Antoinette & The French Revolution. PBS, 13 Sept. 2006. Web. 1 Dec. 2012. <http://www.pbs.org/marieantoinette/interviews/schama.html>. PBS conducted this interview of a leading expert of Marie Antoinette, Simon Schama. In this video he professionally combines facts with humor and opinions of major events in Antoinettes life. He discusses the repercussions of the Diamond Necklace Affair and how she somehow received the most punishment from the trial. Later, Schama states and expands upon Antoinettes death and her dignity and self control which helped me connect back to some of my text on that specific page of my website. Schama truly helped me capture Antoinettes life by adding new perspective and analysis as to why Antoinette led to the French Revolution and fall of French monarchy. Steel, Mark. Vive La Revolution. Chicago: Haymarket, 2006. Print. Steel is a leading expert of the French Revolution and while the book doesnt talk about the Diamond Necklace Affair in much depth, it does help me learn about why Antoinette was blamed and the rational of the French citizens. Antoinette was known to spend a lot as her dress allowance was 150000 livres and she had recently spent 400000 livres on a pair of diamond bracelets. In fact, her dress allowance was 300 times the average annual salary of a Frenchman. Even though

Lussier 9 these factors give direct evidence as to why Antoinette bought the necklace, she did not because she truly cared about her people more than herself. She even says to Rohan, Oh no, I couldnt possibly spend that much while my people are starving. This source shows why French citizens blamed Antoinette for the Diamond Necklace Affair and why they overthrew the French monarchy. Zweig, Stefan, Eden Paul, and Cedar Paul. Marie Antoinette, the Portrait of an Average Woman;. New York: Viking, 1933. Print. Stefan Zweig was an Austrian playwright, novelist and journalist who wrote many historical biographies with great research and validity. One of his most famous works was Marie Antoinette, the Portrait of an Average Woman, which actually was later used by Hollywood to craft a successful movie about Antoinette. Zweig devotes two chapters of his book about Antoinette exclusively to the Diamond Necklace Affair as well as the following trial. Although I had already read about most of the information about the event, Zweig does a great job at making a direct correlation between the scandal, trial, and why Antoinette was blamed. Basically, he explains why the French people despised Antoinette after the Diamond Necklace Affair and why the trial was detrimental to the royal family. These explanations will help me connect the Diamond Necklace Affair to the NHD theme of Turning Point because he thoroughly explains why it directly sparked revolution in French minds.