Professional Documents
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(2)
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vnf;jzpfEkdifonf/ b*FgvDESifhrwl&if 'Dukvm;rsm;onf &ckdifbJjzpf&rnf/ &ckdifqkd
jcif;rSm &ckdifjynfom;[kqkdvkdjcif;jzpfonf/ eHygwf(2) tcsuf tkef;oD;xkdifonf[k
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ojzifh &ckdifajrmufykdif;)\ trsm;qufoG,fa&; bmompum;onf kd[if*smbmom
pum; (olwkdYtqkdt& &ckdifrS b*FgvDwkdY bmompum; &SdcJhonfukdvnf;owdjyK&ef
&Sdonf/ kd[if*smrsm;u &ckdifpum;jzifh qufoG,f&ef rvkdtyfcJhacs/ xkdYaMumifh &ckdifu
7
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taMumif;r&Sd
10
Between 1474 and 1515, the Arakanese Kings did not posses
Chittagong. After the reign of BaCaPru until 1550, Arakan was gorverned by
weak and insignificant kings. In Bengal however, jalaluddin Husain Shah
reigned since 1493, hailed as the greatest of the indepent sultan of Bengal. In
1513 the King of Tripura controlled Chithagong and invaded, according to
Rajannala, Arakan. But the invaders were rapidly repelled. Around 1515, Man
Raja ( 1501-1513/ 25) Concorquered Chittagong, but the their apparent of
Bengal, Nasiruddin, Nusratshah retook Chittagong until 1538. ( J. leider, 1998,p14/15) xkdumvtwGif;yif b*Fvm;u &ckdif ajrmufykdif;ukd tkyfcsKyfcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
(Qunungo,1988,163,192,194) ( Luchipoor)
(7) ]] 1246 ckwGif ppfwaumif;u xMuG &ckdifu ( Luchipoor) avmufcsDyl&f
11
b*FgvDaus;uRefrsm;ukd
rdom;pkESifh
aexkdifrIukd
[kyg&Sdonf/(txuforkdif;jyempmtkyf? pm-14)
vkH;0cGifhrjyKcJhacs
Mwef;)
ay:cJhonf[k
yg&Sdonfukd
tb,faMumifh
ukd;um;&oenf;/(pm-111)/
olwkdYta&;tom;onf a&ShaemufrnDjzpfaeonf/ ewfjrpf pef;atmif trnf&Sd pma&;q&m u
17 &mpkwGif jynfwGif;ukvm;rsm;u aomif;usef;ykefuefcJhonf/ (ukvm;pl&wef cwD&m rif;ukd
eef;jzKwfcJh
qlylrIay:
aygufcJh&jcif;jzpfonf/)
ukvm;rsm;u
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yef;0g(ppfwaumif;) okdYykdYxm;jyD; jynfwGif; ykefuefjcm;em;cJhonf/ &ckdifeef;usbk&if
rSL;rwfwpfcsKdYuvnf; ukvm;rsm;ESifh ylaygif;tultnD,lonf/ "g;ykdifBuD; aomufMu,f
ujynfwGif;ukvm;rsm;ukd
ajrmufpm;csD;jrifh
ukvm;ppfwyf
wpfwyfzGJYpnf;cJhonf/
4if;wyftm;jzifh 1773 ckwGif tmPmodrf; pEmokre trnfjzifh &ckdifbk&ifjzpfvmcJhonf
ponfjzifh &Sif;vif;xm;aMumif;awGY&onf/ (&ckdifwefaqmif? twGJ 15? 1977-78? pm 132134)
txufyg taMumif;tcsufrsm;? orkdif;q&mrsm;\ rSwfwrf;rsm;ukd axmufIygu
kd[if*smrsm;(olwkdYtac: &ckdifrS b*FgvDrsm;) onf ,cktcgrSom &ckdifrSm&Sdaejcif;r[kwf?
wjcm;a'orS ckd;0ifvmolrsm;vnf;r[kwf/ acwfOD;a0omvDacwfrSonf &ckdifwkdYtkyfcsKyfcJh
aom av;NrdKY? ajrmufOD;acwf toD;oD;rSmvnf; &SdaecJhaMumif; xif&Sm;aeayonf/ olwkdYpmtkyf
twnfjYyKxm;&Sdaom b*Fvm;rS zrf;qD;uRef av;aomif;ckESpfaxmifESifh b*FvmrS
a&muf&SdcJhaom yxefppfulwyfyg vlrsm;ukd ykHrSefvlOD;a&wkd;EIef;jzifh wGufcsuf ygu &mpkESpf
ckepfck ESpfckepf&mtwGif; jzpfvmrnfhOD;a&onf odef;okH;q,fausmfEkdifonf/ okdYaomf
,aeY&ckdifjynf\ ukvm;OD;a& (0g) rlqvifOD;a& (0g) kd[if*smOD;a& onf
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rlqvifrsmvnf;&Sdayonf/ 4if;wGif e,fcH? ajrcH wkdif&if;om;rsm;rS tpvmrfbmom0if
jzpfvmolrsm;? EkdifiHjcm;rsm;rS pD;yGg;a&;? vlrIa&;t& a&muf&SdcJhjyD; &ckdifwGiftajccsolrsm;?
tdEd, b*Fvm;rS ppfa&;aMumifh wdrf;a&Smif0ifvmolrsm;? ay:wl*DESifhaygif; 16-17
&mpkrsm;twGif; &ckdifwkdYu b*Fvm;yifv,furf;ajca'orsm;rS zrf;qD;ac:aqmifvm
&ckdifjynfwGif tokH;csjcif;? ae&mcsay;jcif; cH&olrsm;ESifh &ckdifbk&ifrif;xD;? rif;bmBuD;?
rif;&mZmBuD; wkdYu b*Fvm; ppfqifa&;rStjyef zrf;qD;ac:aqmifvmaom okHYyef;
ukvm;rsm;\ rSwfwrf;vnf; &ckdif&mZm0ifrsm;rSm awGY&onf/ aMu;pm;ppfrIxrf;ESifh 4if;wkdY
\tquftEG,frsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/ 4if;wkdYukdyg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;ygu &ckdifjynf\
kd[if*sm\ vlOD;a&onf oef;aygifrsm;pGm&Sdayrnfjzpfayonf/ vufawGYwGif kd[if*smOD;a&
,aeYxkdrQavmufr&Sdao;yg/ taMumif;um; ,aeY kd[if*smorkdif;ukd a0zefIwfcsaeolrsm; \
rsKd;qufa[mif;rsm;onf olwkdYxufjyif;xefcJhonf/ kd[if*smqkd vkH;0rjrifvkd/ tjrpf rSp
qGJEIwfjzdKzsufvkdolrsm;jzpfcJhonf/ olwkdY\EkdifiHa&;? pD;yGg;a&; vlrIa&; zdESdyfcsKyfjc,frI?
&rf;um;Murf;wrf;rI 'Pft&yf&yfukd rcHr&yfEkdif &ckdifjynfrS wjznf;jznf; wdrf;a&Smif
oGm;a&muf&m trsm;pkrSm jynfyEkdifiHrsm;okdY a&muf&SdoGm;jyD;jzpfonf/ &ckdifjynfwGif; EkdifiHa&;?
vlrsKd;a&;? qlylrIrsm;? tqufrjywf orkdif;wpfavQmuf rMumrMum ay:aygufcJh &m
jrefrmjynfrbufokdY xGuajy;olrsm;&Sdovkd (e0wxkwf omoema&mif0gxGef;apzkdY 1997? pm63)
b*Fvm;okdY
xGufajy;wdrf;a&Smif&rIrsm;vnf;
tBudrfBudrf&SdcJhayonf/
b*Fvm;a&mufoltrsm;pkonf xkda'oukd ykdrkdvkHjcKHaom t&yfa'otjzpf awGYjrifjyD;?
xkdae&mwGifyif tajcpkdufoGm;cJhonf/ ppfwaumif;a'o&Sd bmompum;ESifh kd[if*sm
bmompum; wlnDeD;pyf&jcif;\ taMumif;&if;rsm;xJwGif xkdtcsufvnf; wpfaMumif;
14
(9)
(b*Fvm;
a*aZ;wD;,m;)
ppfwaumif;rSwfwrf;t&
0vDcgefonf
&ckdifwGif
tpvmrfw&m;pD&ifa&;pepf ( umZDw&m;pD&ifa&;pepf) toufoGif;cJhaMumif;od&onf/
umZDpepf rlqvifay:wGifomusifhokH;&onf/ bmomjcm;ay: rusifhokH;&yg/ xkdYaMumifh
0vDcgef tkyfcsKyfa&;umvonf okH;v r[kwfbJ tenf;qkH; 1426 rS 1429 xd okH;ESpf
ausmf&SdcJhonf/ olYtkyfcsKyfa&;atmuf umZDpepf usifhokH;jcif;aMumifh rlqvifrsm;&SdaeaMumif;
xif&Sm;onf/ xkdrlqvifrsm;onf ajrmufOD;acwfrwkdifrDav;NrdKYacwfu rlqvifrsm;yif
jzpfonf/ ajrmufOD;rwkdifcif &ckdifrSm rlqvif r&SdcJh[k a'gufwmat;csrf;? *syefu
olYaqmifyg;( 2003 ck )wGif rD;armif;xkd;jyjcif;onf ukd,fhzufom olYzufem apvkdNyD;
bufvkdufa&;omrIom jzpfonf/ xkdokdYbufvkduf a&;om;rIrSm ynm&Sifqkdolrsm; a&Smiftyf
aomtusifhjzpfygonf/ J.Leider \ ukd;um;csuft& yxefppfulwyftiftm; wpfaomif;
cefY[k od&onf/ ppfulwyfESpfBudrfvm ESpfaomif;cefY[kvnf;,lEkdifonf/ olwkdYu
ae&yfrjyef? &ckdifvkHjcKHa&;twGuf ajrmufOD;w0kduf tajcpkdufaexkdifcJhonf/ e,fcHtrsKd;orD;
rsm;ESifh tdrfaxmifusNyD; a&maESmoGm;onf/ xkdYaMumifhkd[if*sm tokH;tEIef;? "avhpkdufrSm
ygxefwkdY\ ,Ofaus;rIpkdufrsm; awGY&onf/ kd[if*smwkdYu ygxefwkdY\ zm&pDpmay ukdvnf;
avhvmoif,laMumif; awGY&onf/ &ckdifjynfwGif rlqviftm;vkH;onf zrf;qD; uRefrsm;r[kwf/
ppfa&;? EkdifiHa&;? bk&ifheef;awmf kH;wGif; vkyfief;rsm;aqmif&Gufa&;rSm yg0ifcJholrsm;
OD;a&awmfawmfrsm;rsm; &SdcJhonf/ xkdolrsm;ukd bmoma&;? Pmay? ,Ofaus;rI?
vGwfvyfcGifhay;kHru ajrawmifajrmufay;cJhonf/ okdYjzpfolwkdYonf &ckdifpmay ,Ofaus;rI?
bmompum;vTrf;rkd;rIatmuf ra&mufcJhbJ rdrdwkdYukd,fykdif ,Ofaus;rIjzifhoD;jcm; aevmcJhonf/
(Qanungo,
1988,
p-40)
ESifh(J.Leider, 1998,12)
ukdIyg/
wpfbufwGif
rlqvif(0g)kd[if*smwkdYuomvQif &ckdifvlaerI b0ay: vTrf;rkd;rI&SdcJhaMumif; orkdif;q&m Harvey
ESifh Hal wkdYuokH;oyfxm;onf/ ( Harvey, 1947,p-90)
(10)
(12)
20
22
23
24
Pamela
u &ckdifjynfa&S;a[mif;ausmufpm-aypmukd tajccH
The Kings of earliest Candra dynasty, who ruled from the end of the 4th to
the begininning of the 7th century are said to have descanded from the lineage of the
Hindu god Siva. The Lineage is mentioned again in connection with Ananda candras
grandfather, Vajrasakti.---The Candra kings Certainly did not neglect to support the
local Brahmins.Ananda Candra says that he built four temples, named after himself
for the Brahmins as well as providing them with land, servants and musicians.
(Pamela, 2001, 42)
26
Emile Forchhammer
XXVI )
xkdYtjyif
In describing the Bader mokan shrine in Akyab, Forchhammer
writes: the principal mosque has become the prototype for many
Buddhist temples like the one on plate XLIII; this pagoda( Andaw ceti ) is
in the most perfect type of blending of the Indian Mosque and the
Burmese turreted spire( p-61)
&nfGef;pmtkyfrsm;
(1) a'gufwmat;csrf;
(2) pHomatmifOD;
(3) Fochhammer, Emile,
(4) &ckdif'Drkdua&pD wyfaygif;pk
(5) G.E.Harvey,
]] &ckdifrS b*FgvDrsm;ESifholwkdY\orkdif;jyem }}
1990? &efukef? wm0efcHxkwfaool OD;apmarmif?
pHy,fOD;ykHESdyfwkduf? &efukef/
(1) Outline of Burmese History, 1947, Culcutta
31
(6) 'Gg&0wDq&mawmf
(&) q&mawmfOD;OmP
(8)
(9) &ckdifjynfaumifpD
(10) Gutman, Pamela
(11) Juseph,A
(12) Ghosh, J. M
(13) J.P. Leider
1998(B)
(14) Smart, R.B;
(17) &ckdifwefaqmif
rSwfcsuf
OD;tbltmeif\aqmif;yg;ESifUpmtkyfrsm;udk
romrmolwpfcsdKUu
uavmif trsdK;rsdK; wyfjyD; az:jyaeygojzifU (tm&ftzf*sD) &JU cGifUjyKcsufr&yJ wyfqifUul;
,laz:jyjcif; vHk;0cGifUrjyK/
(tm&ftzf*sD)
t,f'DwmtzGJU
32